pharmacy dissertation topics

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Theses and Dissertations--Pharmacy

Theses/dissertations from 2024 2024.

Investigating a New Drug Target in Alzheimer’s Disease: NOX2 , Tiffany Adams

Design of Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonists for Potential Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis , Lindsay Kornberger

Theses/Dissertations from 2023 2023

Self-Assembled Ternary Polypeptide Nanoparticles With Improved Biostability For Drug Delivery In Cancer Therapy , Preye Mike Agbana

Investigation of Folate-Poly(Glutamic Acid)/Polyethylenimine/DNA Complexes for in vitro Gene Delivery , Caleb Akers

POPULATION-BASED EVALUATION OF TREATMENT PATTERNS, DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC CASTRATION-RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER , Yue Cheng

An Epidemiological and Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic Investigation into the Impact of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales , Justin Clark

STRIVING FOR APPROPRIATE ANTIBIOTIC USE: A BIOMARKER INITIATIVE, AND OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH AZITHROMYCIN EXPOSURE , Amanda Gusovsky

New Tools for Biocatalysis: Studies on the Carminomycin 4-O-Methyltransferase DnrK , Elnaz Jalali

Optimization of Orally Bioavailable Inhibitors of Defective in Cullin Neddylation 1 (DCN-1) , Leah Kovalic

Genetic and Pharmacogenetics Associations of Cancer Disparities in Appalachia , Nan Lin

Design and Synthesis of Small Molecular Inhibitors of DCN1-UBE2M Interaction , Tucker J. Moseley

Effectiveness of a long-acting cocaine hydrolase in metabolizing cocaine and its physiologically active metabolites , Linyue Shang

Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Highly Selective Microsomal Prostaglandin E2 Synthase-1 (mPGES-1) Inhibitors , Madeline Stewart

INVESTIGATING THE USE OF mPGES-1 INHIBITORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSMS , Lauren M. Weaver

DEVELOPING A BIOCATALYTIC TOOLBOX TO AID IN UNDERSTANDING NUCLEOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS , Jasmine Brianna Woods

BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS OF PROTEOMIC AND GENOMIC DATA FROM NSCLC TUMORS ON PROGNOSTIC AND PREDICTIVE FACTORS OF IMMUNOTHERAPY TREATMENT , Mark Wuenschel

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Response of Dopaminergic System to Cocaine Exposure, Recovery after Cocaine Abstinence, and Impact of a Long-acting Cocaine Hydrolase , Jing Deng

ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL FACILITATORS TO USE OF HIV PRE-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS (PrEP) IN A YOUNG TRANSGENDER POPULATION , Noah Dixon

Studies Toward the Development of an Improved Countermeasure for Synthetic Opioid Overdose , Sidnee L. Hedrick

Development of zafirlukast derivatives active against Porphyromonas gingivalis , Kaitlind C. Howard

Investigating the Physical Stability of Amorphous Pharmaceutical Formulations , Travis W. Jarrells

THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF LIVER AND INTESTINE IN REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT , Rupinder Kaur

LIPOSOMAL TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE GENE DELIVERY , David Nardo Padron

DEVELOPMENT OF ACCURATE AND EFFICIENT COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGIES FOR PREDICTING PROTEIN-LIGAND AND PROTEIN-PROTEIN BINDING FREE ENERGIES , Alexander Hamilton Williams

BUILDING TOOLS FOR IMPROVED MODULATION OF THE HUMAN GABAA RECEPTOR, A CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TARGET FOR THE TREATMENT OF ANXIETY , Garrett Edward Zinck

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How to get through the MPharm dissertation

The MPharm dissertation is one of the longest pieces of writing we create as pharmacy students. I remember feeling quite anxious about it all. I wasn’t too sure how I was going to write 10,000 words on a topic which at the time I had no idea about, however once I got into it, I really enjoyed writing my dissertation.

The dissertation is usually a lengthy process composed of weeks filled with intense research, several draft versions, blog entries, and supervisory meetings. I was fortunate enough to get a research project in the area of pharmacy education. My project focused on student learning in integrated pharmacy curricular. At the time of receiving my title I wasn’t sure what to expect, but I was intrigued to see what developed once I started. I began my dissertation by conducting a literature search which allowed me to access the plethora of literature available within the field of pharmacy education. I made sure my literature search was as specific as possible to ensure the papers were relevant and accurate for the research topic. I remember when I would hear or read ‘buzz words’ like ‘integrated’ or ‘curriculum’ my ears would crop up and my eyes would become fixed on the particular article. It was also ironic that during the end of my dissertation the GPhC consultation on the initial education and training standards for pharmacists began. However, the MPharm dissertation is not always plain sailing and everyone’s experience varies, here I share four-tips which helped me get through the MPharm dissertation. I hope they will be useful for MPharm students starting their dissertation.

Firstly, organisation. Dissertation deadlines may seem like a long time away, but make sure you are aware of your deadline and start planning in advance. Within a qualitative research project, you may need to conduct interviews or focus groups with participants, and therefore ethical approval is necessary before you start data collection. This process can sometimes take a couple of weeks and slightly delay data collection, so it’s important to account for this. The best way I found to organise my time was by making lists and drafting a timeline or timetable. Aim to plan each week and write down what you want to get out from that week. It’s important to have a clear and coherent plan to keep on top of things, just make sure you know what your aiming for each week. Don’t worry too much if you don’t meet your plan or something else comes in the way that’s normal, but just getting into a habit of planning is really good. You can use post-it notes, diaries or the reminders app on your phone to maintain your progress.

Secondly, don’t panic. This is sometimes easier said than done. The dissertation can sometimes be stressful so try and be enthusiastic and remain positive. Speak to your peers, supervisor or module co-ordinator if you’re feeling overwhelmed, they will be more than happy to re-assure you that everything’s ok. There are also organisations like pharmacist support who can help you if you’re feeling like you just need to speak to someone anonymously.

Thirdly, work hard play hard. Make sure you give yourself at least one day of the week where you don’t think about your dissertation. For me personally this was Friday. I used this time to go out and see friends and visit the new restaurants and cafes that had opened in Newcastle. This was a great way for me to catch up with all my university friends who I would rarely see during the week. This becomes more important nearer to the end of your dissertation, as you will notice your stress levels increase, and you get a lot of encouragement from your peers to keep soldiering on.

Lastly, Enjoy it! Although the dissertation can sometimes feel overwhelming, the skills you learn from the MPharm dissertation are invaluable and the process is a real learning curve. You definitely strengthen your friendship groups during this time but also build good rapport with your supervisor. Once you have your dissertation printed and bound in your hands the surge of pride and achievement is just indescribable, and you soon realise that the good times at university are coming to an end.

About the author:

Ausaf Hayat Khan, recently completed his MPharm  at Newcastle university. He will soon be pursuing his preregistration training within the hospital sector and will be presenting his dissertation at the 10th Biennial Monash Pharmacy Education Symposium 2019.

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Completed Thesis Projects

Omokhodion Eriakha — Beliefs and Factors that Influence Intentions to Initiate Antihypertensive Medications

Saara Nasruddin — New Pharmacist Practitioner Experiences of Listening and Responding to Patient-Driven Misinformation  Prachi Prajapati — Impact of Cardiovascular and Mental Health Comorbidities on All-Cause Healthcare Utilization among Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

Emily Gravlee — Naloxone Accessibility Across Mississippi

Saumil Jadhav — Acceptability and Feasibility of Healthcare Communication Consideration for Altering Perceptions toward Influenza Vaccine: A Qualitative Study

Shishir Maharjan — Opioid Tapering and Mental Health Crisis in Older Adults

Irene Nsiah  — Factors Influencing Postpartum Contraception Uptake

Queenie Paltanwale — Understanding Attitudes Towards Deprescribing Among Older Adults with Osteoporosis

Wesley Sparkmon — Community Pharmacist Perceptions of Increased Technician Responsibility

Ian Freeman — The Association between Patient Characteristics and Use of Statin and Metformin among Elderly Women with Breast Cancer and Diabetes

Sonam Nair — Facilitators and Barriers to Biosimilar Adoption: A Systematic Review of the Global Stakeholder Perspective

David Allen III — Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS): Reasons for Use and Associated Factors in Self-Selected Nicotine Concentrations

Siddhi Korgaonkar — Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Non-Vitamin K Antagonists Oral Anticoagulants and Warfarin in Elderly Patients with Non-Valvular Artial Fibrillation and Diabetes

Chukwuebuka Dibie — Predictors of Dental Opioid Analgesic Prescribing, Opioid Use and Dental Emergency Department Visits in the Mississippi Medicaid Population

Yiqiao Zhang — Opioid Use for Treatment of Acute Pain among Children and Adolescents enrolled in Mississippi Medicaid

Ashley Crumby — The Decision to Pursue Pharmacy Residency Training: Motivators, Barriers, and the Fear of Missing Out

Neeri Wahidullah — Predictors of Medication Nonadherence in Children/Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Mississippi Medicaid Program

Kaustuv Bhattacharya — Burden of Depression among Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients Enrolled in National Medicaid

Nicholas Keeling — Payer Perspectives on Preemptive Pharmacogenetic Testing

Sasikiran Nunna —  Biological and Psychosocial Risk Factors of Stroke in African Americans Enrolled in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS)

Tristen Jackson —  Primary Care Providers’ Provision of Therapeutic Lifestyle Change Counseling for Patients with Cardiovascular Risk

Sujith Ramachandran — Determining Physician and Patient Characteristics that Predict the Use of Atypical Antipsychotics Children with Mental Health Disorders

Divya Verma — Impact of Refill Synchronization Medication Adherence for Chronic Disease

James Parrett — Pharmacists’ Preparedness for Acute Medical Emergencies

Ruchitbhai Shah — Community Pharmacists’ Attitudes Toward an Expanded Class of Nonprescription Drugs

Sai Dharmarajan — Case-Mix Adjustment of Adherence Based Pharmacy Quality Indicator Scores

Namita Joshi — Factors Affecting Community Pharmacy Owners’ Attitudes toward and Likelihood to Adopt RxSync Service

Tasneem Lokhandwala — Do statins improve outcomes in patients with asthma on inhaled corticosteroid therapy? A retrospective analysis of the Mississippi Medicaid database 2002-2004

Hafiz Oko-Osi — Market Response to FDA Safety Warnings: A Case Study Using an Interrupted Time Series Analysis of the Medicare Database for 2006-2008

Tushar Padwal — An Examination of Factors Influencing the Program Choice of Graduate Students in the Pharmaceutical Sciences

Zainab Shahpurwala — Pharmacy-level Quality Measures and the Consumer: Preferences and Attitudes

Sumit Verma — The Strategic Value Driver Model: A Methodology For Examining Value Drivers For A New Pharmaceutical Product In Diabetes

Amod Athavale — The Measurement of Pharmacy Loyalty and its Use in the Development of Marketing Strategies for the RxSync Service™

Ram Sankar Basak — Willingness to Influence Indication-Based Off-Label Prescribing: An Investigation of Hospital Pharmacies

Krutika Jariwala — Factors that Physicians Find Encouraging and Discouraging about Electronic Prescribing: A Quantitative Study

Clive Mendonca — Product-Specific and Disease-Specific Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising (DTCA): An Investigation of Post-Exposure Information Search Behavior

Kyle Null — Consumer Acceptance of Health-Related Technologies:  Incorporating Perceived Health Risk into the Technology Acceptance Model

Vennela Thumula — Type 2 Diabetes in Children: Estimates of Epidemiology, Quality of Care, Costs and Resource Utilization in a Medicaid Population

Leonardo Torres — Pharmacists’ Rating of Relevance of Available Information in Deciding the Validity of Opioid Medication Prescriptions

Philip Schwab — Cigarette Sales in Pharmacy: An Examination of the Relationship Value of Customers Who Purchase Cigarettes in Retail Pharmacies

Gayatri Gopal — Examining the Influence of Perceived Risk, Perceived Variability, and Confidence on Consumers Intentions to Seek OTC Medication Advice from Health Professionals

Su Bunniran — Examining Attributions of Blame and Consumer Trust Following Market Withdrawal of a Pharmaceutical Product

Nekshan Jalnawala — A Study of the Influence of Detail Message Characteristics on Physicians’ Beliefs about Medications and Credibility

Doug Paul — Pharmaceutical Marketers’ Perceptions of the Benefits and Drivers of the First-Mover Advantage in Pharmaceutical Markets: An Exploratory Study

Ravi Sadasivan — The Effect of Visual Images in Printed Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Medications on External Information Search

William Lobb — The Effect of a School of Origin Variable on the Traditional Predictors and Prediction of Undergraduate Pharmacy Students’ Academic Performance

Mansi Shah — Effects of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising on the Quality of the Patient-Physician Relationship

Kornkanok Arntson — Determinants of Influence: An Investigation of Pharmacist Activity in the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee

James Blake Thompson — College Preparation for Pharmaceutical Sales Careers

Saurabh S. Sewak — Cybermarketing of Pharmaceuticals: A Case for Style Over Substance?

Vivek Kaisare — An Exploratory Investigation of the Potential for Direct-to-Consumer Advertising in the Type 2 Diabetes Market

Joseph Keith Bonnarens — Determining the Level of Patient Care Specialty Service Development and Entrepreneurial Characteristics Present in Independent Community Pharmacy

Donna Sue West — Information Technologies in Community Pharmacy Practice

Alicia Corrine Sanders Bouldin — Pharmacists’ Perceptions of Herbal Medicines: A Descriptive Study

John Paul Bentley — A Study of the Feasibility of the Utilization of Health Related Quality of Life Instruments in the Community Pharmacy Settings

Ram Mohan Chukkapalli — Consumer Self-Medication Behavior: the Influence of Different Factors on Consumer’s Purchase Decisions in the Selection of OTC Analgesics

For thesis project titles prior to 1995, please see the Department History page .

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Recent Pharmacology Theses

Here is a list of students who have recently defended their Ph.D. Thesis in Pharmacology, along with a brief description of their thesis work.

3/14/24 Jianan Zhang - “Structural and Biophysical Regulation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinases dROS1 and ErbB3”

03/10/2023 Joel Sexton - Disentangling Sequence Constraints on the Coflin N-terminal Phosphorylation Site

Mar 2023 Iris van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh - Kinase Dynamics Underlie Mechanisms of Sensitivity and Resistance of EGFR with LUAD Mutations to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

Feb 2023 Zechen Wang (Anderson Lab) - Tackling FGFR Fusion-Positive Cancers with a Novel Synergistic Combination of FGFR and HDAC Inhibitors

Mar 2022 Chun Hu - Understanding distinct roles of EGFR family mutations in different cancers

Feb 2022 Michael Bond - Towards Tumor-Cell Specific Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras: Identification of first-in-class degraders of oncogenic KRASG12C, DcpS, and MAGE-A3

Jan 2022 Joshua Sheetz - The Dead Receptor Paradox: Insights into Receptor Tyrosine Kinases with Intracellular Pseudokinase Domains

Jan 2022 Joseph Fowler - Inflammatory stress disrupts endothelial cell cholesterol homeostasis and increases SREBP2-dependent gene expression to amplify the acute inflammatory response

Aug 2021 Courtney Smith - Regulation of TIM-3 by Phosphatidylserine

Jul 2021 Brian Shi - Proteome-wide screening for mitogen-activated protein kinase docking motifs and interactors

03/02/2021 Eunice Cho - PPP6C Regulation of ERK Signaling in Melanoma

02/15/2021 Ban Edani - Structural Elucidation of the cis-prenyltransferase NgBR/DHDDS Complex Reveals Novel Insights in Regulation of Protein Glycosylation

12/14/2020 Shanique Alabi - Mutant-selective Degradation by BRAF-targeting PROTACs

11/20/2020 Valerie Su - Serine Phosphorylation of ICAP1 Inhibits its Nuclear Accumulation

11/04/2020 Vincent Duong - Evaluation of NRTI-mediated toxicity through the human mitochondrial polymerase PrimPol

08/04/2020 Victor Ruiz - Computer-Aided Discovery of New Inhibitors of C. hominis Thymidylate Synthase-Dihydrofolate Reductase

01/15/2020 Keith Weise - Regulation of activity and localization of the budding yeast kinases Kin1 and Kin2

01/10/2020 Eric Rosenberg - Perturbing the activities of chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR5

11/25/2019 Yasmin Kadry - Biochemical and functional characterization of kindlin interactions

09/23/2019 Ashley Sizer - O-GlcNAc transferase-dependent regulation of serum response factor and vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype

03/01/2019 Zachary Gannam - Exploring the allosteric inhibition of a MAPK phosphatase linked to Duchenne muscular dystrophy

01/24/19 William Gray - Nucleoid Size Scaling and Intracellular Organization of Translation Across Bacteria.

01/14/19 Lee Ying - Epigentic Approaches to Understanding Adipogenesis, and Translational Approaches to Treating Obesity.

10/05/18 Molly Ryan - Understanding the Consequences of Oncogenic FGFR Mutations on Drug Resistance, Signaling, and Tumorigenesis

09/27/18 Daniel Iwamoto - Structural basis of the filamin A actin-binding domain interaction with F-actin

09/12/18 Lie Ma - Elucidation of the Activated State of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor

09/10/18 David E. Puleo -Targeting the Mutant JAK2 V617F Tyrosine Kinase by Small Molecules that Bind to its Pseudokinase Domain

03/01/18 Tomoaki Sasaki - Characterization of APOBEC3 Family Proteins as Potent DNA Mutators in Human Cancers

02/12/18 Elizabeth Mo - Augmentors are in vivo ligands to the ALK family of receptor tyrosine kinases: function and evolution

09/26/17 Chad Miller - Comprehensive Profiling of a Kinase Family Defines Features Essential for Selective Substrate Targeting

11/30/2016 Amelia Luciano - The Role of Akt1 & Clock S845 phosphorylation in Circadian Regulated Transcriptional Rhythms

09/23/2016 Allison Goldberg - An Exosite Required for Efficient Targeting of MAP Kinase Kinases by the Metalloproteinase Antrax Lethal Factor

08/12/2016 Yagmur Muftuoglu - Mechanisms of substrate specificity and insights into activation of phosphatidylionositol phosphate kinases

06/02/2016 Andrea Mislak - Insights into the Activity, Resistance, and Toxicity of Antivirals Targeting HIV Reverse Transcriptase

02/23/16 Phillip Murray - Discovery and Characterization of Ligands for the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase ALK: AUG-alpha, AUG-beta and Heparin

12/10/15 Yifei Yang - Molecular basis for Polycystin- 2 channel regulation and assembly its C-terminal tail

12/08/15 Jacqueline Heiss - Prion Protein Regulates Amyloid- Beta Dendritic Spine Pathology in a Mouse model if Alzheimer's Disease

10/15/15 Celeste Greer - Histone Deacetylases Positively Regulate Transcriptional Elongation

2/24/15 Oriana Fisher - Structural studies of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations 2 (CCM2) reveal the basis for its interactions with protein binding

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Recent research project titles in Part II Pharmacology

The department offers a wide range of research projects, which are undertaken during the Lent Term. Below are a selection of projects offered recently. The subheadings are fairly arbitrary – many projects have clear impact in a range of areas – but hopefully convey the breadth of research topics available.

Understanding receptors

• The role of intracellular loop 1 of the adenosine A2a receptor in mediating signalling bias
• Biased agonists of the Apelin receptor
• RAMP-directed signalling bias of the calcitonin-receptor-like receptor
• Visualizing activation-induced structural changes in ionotropic glutamate receptors using AFM imaging

Intracellular signalling

• Repurposing known drugs as inhibitors of the store-operated calcium entry pathway
• How do intracellular Ca 2+ stores refill?
• Calcium responses underlying Insulin-like peptide 5 signalling in mouse colonic epithelium
• Effects of fluoride on ion transport in epithelial cell monolayers

Neuropharmacology

• Characterisation of sensory neurones using retrograde tracing
• Role of Ca 2+ signals in chemotaxis of glioma cells

Cardiovascular pharmacology

• The effect of shear stress on the prothrombotic responses of the endothelium
• Cl - -sensing properties of WNK4 modulates K + homeostasis in the distal nephron
• ‘Surfing the PHOME ’: extending and probing the druggable platelet proteome
• Elucidating the mechanisms underlying neutrophil recruitment to the vascular endothelium
• Novel vasoactive peptides and cardio-metabolic function

Cancer pharmacology

• Novel approaches for the inhibition and degradation of intracellular protein targets associated with pancreatic and colorectal cancers
• Investigating the biology of BCL11A in basal-like breast cancer
• Searching for modifiers of Aurora kinase stability using tandem fluorescent protein tags

Antibacterial pharmacology

• Evaluating the intrinsic mammalian toxicity of some molecules that inhibit lipoteichoic acid synthase of Gram-positive bacteria
• Transport mechanism of a multidrug transporter from Vibrio cholera

Recent pharmacology dissertation titles offered in Part II BBS

The department offers a wide range of dissertation titles for students taking Part II BBS. Below are a selection of titles offered recently. The subheadings are somewhat arbitrary, but hopefully convey the wide scope of themes on offer and the huge importance of pharmacology to biomedical science.

New therapeutic strategies

• Therapeutic potential of intrabodies
• Targeting protein-protein interactions as a therapeutic strategy
• The use of pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine
• Quantitative systems pharmacology – is this the future of drug discovery?
• Is germline CRISPR editing ready for the clinic?
• Impact of big data on drug R&D and healthcare
• Targeting virulence as a potential strategy for combating pathogenic bacteria
• Pharmacological chaperones and their application in treating diseases

Challenging the dogma

• Is aspirin a useful anti-thrombotic?
• Are SSRIs really competitive inhibitors of SERT?
• What are the mechanisms of drug entry in cells and tissues?
• The relative significance of drugs and diet in influencing plasma lipid levels?

Understanding disease to guide therapy

• The amyloid hypothesis and potential treatments for neurodegenerative diseases
• Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes
• The role of neutrophils in arterial thrombosis
• What are the links between hypoxia and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease)?
• Is chronic visceral pain a manifestation of central or peripheral processes?
• Bacterial host interactions in the development of chronic visceral pain: does early life exposure to pathogen influence pain sensitivity in adulthood?
• Bacterial host interactions in cystic fibrosis

From molecular mechanism to drug target

• Targeted degradation of CFTR: prospects for therapeutic interventions in CF
• Duel glucagon and glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists as new treatments for type II diabetes
• The structure of the exocytotic fusion pore
• How do SNAREs mediate membrane fusion?
• Trapping pain with TRPs: are TRP channels good targets for alleviating pain?
• Pharmacological intervention in the cell cycle
• Lipid transporters in health and disease
• Store-operated calcium entry pathway as a potential therapeutic target
• Cellular functions of Bax inhibitor-1
• Can the naked mole-rat cure cancer?

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Theses and Dissertations School of Pharmacy

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Full text for dissertations and theses included in this collection dates back to 2011. For older dissertations, check the library’s catalog CatalogUSMAI or Dissertations and Theses database .

Recent Submissions

The Economic Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Comparative Effectiveness of Maintenance Inhaler Medications in the United States

Immunomodulatory nanoparticles as a multimodal approach to attenuate immune dysregulation in severe inflammation and sepsis, conversion of small-molecule inhibitors into heterobifunctional compounds in the discovery of novel chemotherapeutics, utilizing pharmacometrics to facilitate generic drug development of orally inhaled products and optimize pharmacotherapy of antifibrinolytics.

Development of Mass Spectrometric Methods for Analysis of Sphingolipids and Oligonucleotides

Integration of Quantitative and Qualitative Mass Spectrometric Workflows to Evaluate the Role of Plasmalogen Glycerophosphoethanolamine in Disease Progression

HDX-MS, Molecular Dynamics, and Modeling: An Integrative Approach to Model Solution Structural Ensembles

PTGFRN as a Target for Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) Development in Mesothelioma and Medulloblastoma

Development of an In-Cell Footprinting Method Coupled with MS for the Study of Proteins in Three-Dimensional Cancer Models

The Effect of Medication Information Delivery Format on Cognitive Load and Knowledge Retention of Informal Caregivers

The Effects of Graded Versus Ungraded Individual Readiness Assurance Tests on Pharmacy Students’ Assessment Performance and Achievement Goals in a Team-Based Learning Classroom

Under-ascertainment and underreporting of adverse events in clinical trials

Determination of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in E-cigarettes, E-liquids, and Generated Aerosols

A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Model Framework For Treatments Of Early-Stage Huntington’s Disease Patients In The United States

Evaluation of Evidence in Economic Models Used for Decision-Making: Development of the Data Inputs in Value Economic Evaluations (DIVEE) Checklist

Regulation of retinoid homeostasis by cellular retinol-binding protein, type 1

Method Optimization of a New Automated Platform for Proteome-Wide Structural Biology

Effect of Excipients on the Performance of Spray-dried Amorphous Solid Dispersion (ASD) in Tablets

The Regulatory Role of the Cytoplasmic Heme Binding Protein PhuS in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Development of the Lennard-Jones Parameters for the Polarizable Classical Drude Oscillator Force Field

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Pharmacy refers to a field within healthcare that encompasses the handling, distribution, and supervision of medicines. The pharmaceutical industry produces drugs for medical rehabilitation and generates revenue through business growth. It offers great potential for academic research, and students can benefit from this by selecting effective pharmacy dissertation topics and solving pharma problems.

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List of Latest Pharmacy Research Topics 2024

Best research topics in pharmacy, prime thesis topics in pharmacy, importance of finding pharmacy research paper topics that matches your research interests.

Choosing pharmacy research paper topics that align with your interests is crucial. When you pick a topic you're passionate about, it makes the research process more enjoyable and meaningful. Your enthusiasm can lead to a better understanding and a more engaged exploration of the subject. So, finding a topic that matches your interests not only makes the research journey interesting but also enhances the quality of your work.

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The synthesis of intermediates for conversion to cortisone analogues 

Chemotherapeutic agents in the quinolinol series 

Design of Intratumoral Immunostimulant Formulations 

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Physicochemical stability and effector function of IgG4-Fc: impact of photo-induced chemical modification and glycosylation 

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Preservation of Human T Cell Membrane Integrity after Drying and Rehydration 

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• Potential Research Projects

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Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacometrics

Title: Implementing Pharmacogenomics into Community Pharmacy Practice to Personalise the Treatment of Depression Contact:  Associate Professor Chris Freeman

Title:  Developing pharmacokinetic models for immunosuppressants in solid organ transplant patients Contact:   Dr Christine Staatz

Title:  Improving the use of immunosuppressant agents in solid organ transplant patients Contact:   Dr Christine Staatz

Medication Use, Safety and Health Services Research

Title:  The ethics of pharmacogenomic testing in community pharmacy Contact:  Doctor Adam La Caze

Title: Pharmacy ethics and the opioid crisis Contact:  Doctor Adam La Caze

Title:  Improving the use of immunosuppressant agents in solid organ transplant patients Contact:   Dr Christine Staatz

Title:  Establishing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models for antibiotics used in special paediatric populations Contact:   Dr Christine Staatz

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Title:  Engineering peptides and proteins as therapeutics Contact:   Dr Peter Moyle

Title:  Improving the delivery characteristics of protein / peptide drugs Contact:   Dr Peter Moyle

Title:  Deciphering the roles of post-translational modifications Contact:   Dr Peter Moyle

Title:  Recombinant, semisynthetic and synthetic vaccines Contact:   Dr Peter Moyle

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Title:  Engineering nanostructures and nanomedicines using supercritical fluid technology Contact:   Dr James Falconer

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Title:  Discovery of new drugs from indigenous Australian plants using supercritical fluids Contact:   Dr James Falconer

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Title:  Bioresponsive porous silicon-polymer composite nano- and micro-particles for oral protein delivery Contact:   Dr Amirali Popat

Title:  Mesoproous silica nanoparticles synthesis and application in drug delivery, diagnosis and therapeutic protein delivery Contact:   Dr Amirali Popat

Title:  Inorganic nanoparticles for targeting bacterial biofilms Contact:   Dr Amirali Popat

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Title:  Calcium homeostasis in cancer: identification and characterisation of novel drug targets  Contact:  Professor Greg Monteith  and  Professor Sarah Roberts-Thomson

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Title:  Physiological regulation and the role of calcium transporters   Contact:   Professor Greg Monteith

Title:  Morphine and metastasis Contact:   Associate Professor Marie-Odile Parat

Title:  Role of caveolar proteins in glioblastoma Contact:   Associate Professor Marie-Odile Parat

Title:  Effect of perioperative pharmacotherapy of cancer patients on tumour Biology  Contact:   Associate Professor Marie-Odile Parat ,  Dr Ben Ross  and  Professor Nick Shaw

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Title:  Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel molecules for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease Contact:   Dr Ben Ross

Title:  Computer-aided design, synthesis and evaluation of new drugs for cancer, pain and neurodegenerative diseases Contact:   Dr Ben Ross

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111 Pharmacy Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on pharmacy, 🌶️ hot pharmacy essay topics, 👍 good pharmacy research topics & essay examples, 💡 simple pharmacy essay ideas, 🎓 most interesting pharmacy research titles.

• The Competitiveness of Saudi Pharmaceutical Industry
• Pharmacy as a Professional Field and Its History
• Pfizer Pharmaceutical Company and Its Market Relations
• Drug Testing in Pharmacology
• Asthma: Pharmacology and Medicines Management
• Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals
• Pharmacy: A Career Pathway
• Evidence-Based Pharmacology: Major Depression In this paper, a certain attention to different treatment approaches that can be offered to patients with depression will be paid, including the evaluation of age implications.
• Pharmaceutical Advertising is Propaganda This paper has shown through a discussion that pharmaceutical advertising can be propaganda or informative and helpful to the life of a patient.
• Pharmaceutical Industry: Drug Development Drug development is a lengthy process but rightly so since the result should be playing a curative role and not disease inducer.
• Reverse Logistics in Pharmaceutical Industry: Handling Products Back to the Manufacturer Reverse logistics plays an enormous part in the pharmaceutical industry as poor-quality goods must be delivered safely back to the final disposition point.
• Ranitidine Medication’s Pharmaceutical Analysis Ranitidine has been shown to be an effective treatment for DUs and GUs, GERD, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and pyrosis when used at appropriate dosage levels and frequency.
• Researching Retail Pharmacy Retail pharmacies are on the leading edge of rendering health care services to patients after the pharmacist has filled the consumer’s drug.
• Virginia State Board of Pharmacy vs. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council Representing drug customers, the Virginia Citizens Consumer Council opposed a policy enacted by Virginia state that made it unlawful for pharmacists to promote their drug costs.
• Drug Release: Ethical Dilemma in Pharmaceutics A moral issue has emerged as to whether a pharmaceutical company has to release a new drug or not. This drug is thought to be an effective treatment of depression.
• Pharmacogenetics in Clinical Practice The improvements in the understanding of the effect of genetic differences on interpersonal variability in drug response contributed to the development of pharmacogenetics.
• Distribution Chain in the Pharmaceutical Industry International pharma trade is subject to government regulations, limiting the distribution of exported raw materials to ensure safety and prevent contamination.
• Outsourcing in the Pharmaceutical Industry Technology is the powerful force that now drives the world toward a single converging commonality. No place and nobody is insulated from the alluring attractions of modernity.
• PharmaCARE: Product Safety & Intellectual Property Using the case of PharmaCARE, this paper discusses legal and ethical considerations in marketing and advertising, product safety, and intellectual property.
• Animal Use in Pharmacology: Negative Effects on Humans and Animals The use of the animal to develop drugs for humans may result in the manufacture of harmful medicines. The substances used to manufacture the drugs have adverse impacts on animals.
• CVS Pharmacy’s Strategic Plan of Expansion The strategic plan of CVS Pharmacy includes opening its stores worldwide, meaning going out of the USA borders.
• CVS Pharmacy Inc. SWOT Analysis The paper is a SWOT analysis of CVS Company to understand the various factors, both internal and external, that affect its operations and how they could be used.
• Pharmacology and Influence of Antibiotics Throughout the essay, both the fundamental conceptual concepts of science and the science-based properties of drugs are described.
• Retail and Supply Chain in the Pharmaceutical Industry Retail is the result of work to optimize B2B strategy and logistics. The pharmaceutical industry has become a classic business that increases sales and revenue from customers.
• Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Management: Operational Plan Due to the specificity of its activity, a healthcare organization tends to require a pharmaceutical supplier which provides medicines to be vended in the facility.
• Pharmaceutical Industries: Changes and Challenges Pharmaceutical industries are responsible for the manufacture of drugs. Like any other industry that we know, they aim at making profits.
• Database Design Proposal for Pharmaceutical Products Project is crucial for healthcare professionals to realize all the DDIs and avoid prescription errors. The database is useful for hospital managers to control substance use.
• Employee Engagement in Pharmacy Services Employee engagement illustrates willingness and desire of employees to give their best and outperform themselves daily, motivated to contribute to organizational success.
• Pharmaceutical Companies and Utilitarian Ethics One of the ethical questions is whether pharmaceutical companies are morally obliged to ensure that their products are not consumed illegitimately or in an abusive manner.
• Pharmacology Transcribe: Explore More The take away for this teachable explore more is that I want you to remember medications that are on medication list, and what are they for.
• Pharmacology: Drug Licensing Opportunity Obtaining a license for a new drug is a very costly and time consuming affair. Any pharmaceutical company would have to weigh all its options before embarking on such a process.
• Toxicological Evidence in Forensic Pharmacology Forensic toxicology entails the analysis of stains and drugs found in fluids and solid materials collected from a crime scene. Numerous methods are used in a toxicological analysis.
• Using Testing as a Learning Tool: Pharmaceutical Education The presentation about medication errors was introduced to new nurses and nursing students at the progressive care unit of the local hospital in Dallas.
• How Pharmaceutical Patents Create a Monopoly A breakdown of reasons why pharmaceutical corporations deserve patent rights, alongside potential negative effects associated with them, form the basis of this paper.
• Flagyl ER: Pharmacological Characteristics Flagyl ER is one of the medications that use metronidazole as an active component for the treatment of bacterial, parasitic, and protozoal infections.
• Metformin in Pharmaceuticals and Medicine Metformin stimulates glycogen formation and improves the transmission capacities of all varieties of membrane glucose carriers by interacting with glycogen synthase.
• Pharmacology Research: Cyclophosphamide The paper discusses Cyclophosphamide. It is a widely used chemotherapeutic prodrug that treats different types of cancer in a wide range of patient populations.
• Cloud Technology Innovation in Pharmaceutical Company Digital technology facilitates the storage of records and access to databases, but with each passing year, using physical hard drives becomes less efficient.
• Fibromyalgia Pharmacological Management Antidepressants and anti-seizure medications can be more effective for fibromyalgia treatment. It is vital to know about the side effects of medications to ensure patients’ safety.
• Why Pharmaceutical Industry Is High-Tech and Knowledge-Intensive Pharmaceuticals is one of the most high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries in the global economy, which is determined by three groups of interrelated factors.
• The Profound Knowledge of Pharmacology The successful absorption of the drug depends on various aspects. The profound knowledge of pharmacology allows for gaining more rapid treatment results.
• Acupuncture vs. Medication: A Comparative Study for Migraine Prevention The current paper aims to compare the efficiency of managing migraines by employing acupuncture and pharmacotherapy clinical processes.
• Merck’s Pharmaceutical Company Ethical Dillema The dilemma raised by Merck’s management is defined by two outcomes: the pharmaceutical company invest money in unsound project or have abandoned because of disproportionality.
• Unpatented Pharmaceuticals for American Public The pharmaceutical industry is greatly influenced by the registration of intellectual property rights for a product that has been manufactured.
• Acupuncture vs. Standard Pharmacological Therapy for Migraine Prevention “Systematic Review: Acupuncture vs. Standard Pharmacological Therapy for Migraine Prevention” is a study conducted by Zhang.
• Microeconomics Case Analyses in Pharmacology This paper examines the pharmaceutical industry using the theory and models of industry structure and Pfizer’s make-or-buy decision for developing and producing its COVID vaccine.
• Aspirin: Vascular Pharmacology Aspirin is one of the most used medications worldwide, with its history going back to 1897. It is a plant-based drug made out of salicylic acid.
• Interaction of the Pharmaceuticals with Alcohol Intake It is important to establish the key value of healthy living based on the interaction with the pharmaceuticals and alcohol intake to avoid developing a dependency on the elements
• Advanced Pharmacology: Arthritis Treatment Arthritis is more regular among aging adults, though it can be diagnosed in any other person irrespective of age, including children.
• Marriage and Family Therapy and Pharmacological Treatment The notion of marriage and family counseling presupposes a sophisticated process during which professionals are to adopt an integrative approach to the therapy.
• Major Depressive Disorder: Pharmacological Treatment SSRIs are effective first-line treatment for MDD. This class of medications includes many antidepressants with comparable effectiveness in treating this disorder.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Pharmacological Treatment Approved medications can help treat PTSD symptoms and improve patient outcomes. SSRIs, such as sertraline, have been shown to reduce anxiety and increase concentration.
• Economics for Pharmaceutical Companies The paper discusses pharmaceuticals. They are an industry that is doing well financially due to the patents and exclusive rights they enjoy due to their developments.
• Pharmaceutical Science: Vicodin The aim of report on the drug known as Vicodin to highlight the truth in relation to its position and verify the truth behind claims made in reports such as Herper’s.
• Pharmacology: Uses of Albuterol and β2-Adrenergic Agonist This paper is aimed at reviewing research articles aimed at studying the use of albuterol and β2 adrenergic receptor agonist and defining the optimal frequency of its usage.
• National Pharmacy Technician Association One of the biggest global certified associations for pharmacy technicians is the National Pharmacy Technicians Association. This association was established in Houston, Texas.
• Accessing the Pharmacy Services: Safe Medication When receiving medication from a pharmacist, it is important to be aware of the extent of the pharmacist’s competency and their knowledge of the subject matter.
• Pharmaceuticals in the U.S.A. Analysis The purpose of the paper is to discuss the accessibility of medications to the population in the USA, their prices.
• Medical Pharmacology: Noradrenaline Effect on Vascular Rings Noradrenaline is a hormone produced as a catecholamine by the sympathetic neurons from the heart; it is mainly used as a neurotransmitter.
• Purdue Pharmaceutical Company’s OxyContin Opioid The adverse effects of OxyContin presuppose the development of addiction, deterioration of the overall state, and even death.
• Comparison of the Pharmacy Laws This paper aims to compare two laws related to the operation of pharmacies – the Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) and the Texas Pharmacy Act.
• Certification, Licensure, and Registration of Pharmacy Technicians The rules for certification, licensure, and registration of pharmacy technicians will be discussed in terms of the differences among these procedures with a focus on Texas laws.
• Importance of Compliance Procedures in Pharmacy Compliance procedures have been instituted in the pharmaceutical industry as a measure to foster professionalism in the practice of pharmacy and also to ensure public safety.
• Genetics or New Pharmaceutical Article Within the Last Year Copy number variations (CNVs) have more impacts on DNA sequence within the human genome than single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
• Heath Care – Impact on Pharmaceutical Companies The signing of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act will demand that the Pharmaceutical industry align their practices within the guidelines of this legislation.
• Pharmaceutical Industry: Effective Market Strategy Effective market strategy greatly determines the successful performance of a business. A marketing strategy in the pharmaceutical industry.
• Ethics in Medical and Pharmaceutical Industry Ethics in the medical and pharmaceutical industry is a vital component of providing quality services and developing products that will benefit the patients.
• Disease Pathology, Management, and Pharmacological Impact for Tularemia and Hantavirus The purpose of this paper is to describe disease pathology, management, and pharmacological impact for Tularemia and Hantavirus.
• Veteran Pharmaceutical: Cause and Effect Due to the economic crunch being experienced all over America and the whole world at large, there has been a decline in profits for Veteran in the last few months.
• Cialis Production: Pharmaceutical Review The case relates to a firm that is in the process of innovating and launching a new drug with the brand name Cialis in the market. The drug is aimed at treating impotence in men.
• System Approach to Organizational Change: Pharmacy Automation As per the discussion and analysis in the paper, it will be clear that the automation and networking in a pharmacy enables to expand its customer base thus increasing the business.
• The Concept of Pharmacogenetics: Brief Analysis The present paper includes a brief analysis of the concept of pharmacogenetics, that is the study of people’s genetically determined responses to some drugs.
• Medical Pharmacology: The Langendorff Experiment The Langendorff experiment aimed at using an ex vivo isolated rat heart preparation to demonstrate the pharmacological effects of two unknown drugs.
• New Pharmaceuticals and Their Path to the Market When a new pharmaceutical is invented, several steps need to be taken to bring it to the market. Effective marketing is preceded by primarily drug development and manufacturing.
• Pharmacogenetics Characteristics and Development Pharmacogenetics is a relatively young branch of medical science, but it is supposed to have significant potential when it comes to the effectiveness of treatment methods.
• Vapi Pharmaceutical Firms: Strategies for Toxic Waste Disposal Vapi (India) pharmaceutical companies’ strategies on toxic waste products don’t satisfy and comply with laws and legislation on toxic waste management.
• Computerized Provider Order Entry in Pharmacology Computerized provider order entry is an information system that provides a possibility to digitally enter the patient data and chart.
• PharmaCARE: Ethical and Legal Issues The case of PharmaCARE entails a scenario of manipulating the intellectual property rights responsible for safeguarding the production rights of PharmaCARE.
• National Pharmacy: Mobilising Creativity and Innovation This paper is focused on utilising innovation and creativity theoretical models to improve the work environment at the National Pharmacy L.L.C.
• Pharmacy and Policy: Inappropriate Prescription of Drugs It is essential to develop a policy that would enable to reduce the practice of multiple drug prescriptions and eliminate excess financial and health costs associated with it.
• The UK Pharmaceutical Industry: International Business This article will discuss the international business opportunities and risks faced by the pharmaceutical industry in the UK.
• Lack of Leadership in Pharmaceutical and Medical Companies This document concentrates on pharmaceutical and medical companies. It describes and expounds the unethical instances that these companies encountered in the course of their activities.
• CVS Company’s Pharmacy Fulfillment Process The current fulfillment process at CVS seems to be overly complicated of the entrepreneurship to function efficiently and make sure that the customers’ needs are met adequately.
• Caffeine Use in Medicine and Pharmacy Caffeine is used is increasingly becoming popular. The authors of the published research article are distinguished researchers in the field of medicine and pharmacy.
• Turing Pharmaceuticals’ Unethical Price Hikes Turing Pharmaceuticals received so much media attention due to an overnight increase in the price of the drug Daraprim from $13.50 per pill to $750.
• Pharmacy Technician Career: Programs That Can Help People to Become a Good Pharmacy Technician It is possible to outline some existing programs which can help a person to become a good Pharmacy Technician in Oklahoma.
• The Environmental Condition of the Global Pharmaceutical Industry Pharmaceutical industry presently undergoes a sluggish growth with the intensification of pricing policies, sluggish growth of prescription drugs.
• PharmaCare Company Ethical Issues This paper presents a case study of PharmaCare, which is one of those companies that have been victims of ethical issues. It will consider the emerging marketing strategy.
• PharmaCARE Company Analysis: Stakeholders and Practices PharmaCARE is one of the leading pharmaceutical companies in the world, which has made a significant contribution to the development of drugs and treatment of diseases.
• Pharmacare Company Ethic and Corporate Responsibility This paper evaluates the ethical and corporate responsibility issues that arise in the scenario presented involving Pharmacare: ethical treatment of employees and whistle blowing.
• Deregulating the Pharmacy Market: The Case of Iceland and Norway
• Margins and Market Shares: Pharmacy Incentives for Generic Substitution
• Mission and Target Market of Rite Aid Pharmacy
• Pharmacy: Where Serving Others Is the Key to Success
• Weighing, Measuring and Compounding in Pharmacy
• Bringing the Gap That Exists in Pharmacy Communications
• Why Is the Pharmacy Profession Not Just a Four-Year Commitment?
• Pharmacy: Medicine and Motivating Factors
• Hospital Pharmacy Decisions, Cost Containment, and the Use of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
• Young Mothers and the Marketing of Pharmacy Services
• Overview of Intranet Pharmacy Information Systems
• Sales and Inventory System of a Pharmacy
• Pharmacy Data Integrity for Optimal Analytics
• Healing, Serving and Educating in Pharmacy
• Independent Pharmacy Gives Main Street American Service
• Generic Pharmacy Inventory and Point of Sale System
• Strategic Marketing Management for Boots the Pharmacy
• Tools for Hospital Pharmacy Process Improvement
• Chemical Principles for Pharmacy Technicians
• Why Did Walgreens Eventually Become America’s Leading Pharmacy?
• Strategic Risk Management for Llyods Pharmacy

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This essay topic collection was updated on January 8, 2024 .

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The modern Russian pharmaceutical market: consumer attitudes towards distance retailing of medicines

Liudmila lobuteva.

Department of Organization and Economics of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation

Alisa Lobuteva

Oksana zakharova, oxana kartashova, natalia kocheva, associated data.

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

In Russia, remote retail trade of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines was legalised. According to statistics as of April 2020, consumer demand in the categories of “online pharmacies” increased by 803%.

The study was conducted in two stages by cross-sectional method using a structured questionnaire in the central region of Russia: 1st stage - July-August 2020; 2nd stage - February-March 2021. The results of the study were obtained using qualitative (method of discussions in focus groups) and quantitative methods (survey) of sociological research, logical and statistical analysis. The representativeness of the data was ensured by a sufficient sample size including 1194 consumers (with confidence probability = 0.95 and confidence interval ≤ 0.05).

The number of respondents fully supporting the legalisation of online trade in medicines increased. Consumer attitudes towards online commerce depend on the age group of the respondents. 1.5 times more respondents over 46 years (12.1%) are strongly against distance selling of medicines compared to survey participants aged 18 to 25 years (7.8%). Six months after the first survey, no respondent strongly opposed the sale of prescription medicines through the internet, whereas in the first survey half of consumers held this view. The percentage of respondents who considered pharmaceutical counselling when purchasing medicines online as extremely important decreased by a factor of 4 over time (10.9%) M (08.2020) = 3.66 (0.992); M (03. 2021) = 3.17 (0.981) t = 7.66 ( p  < 0.05). Consumers consider accessibility for people with disabilities (80.3%) to be the most significant advantage of distance selling medicines.

Consumer demand for the purchase of medicines online will grow as this type of sale has undeniable advantages. However, some risks remain when buying medicines online.

One of the most relevant areas in the Russian pharmaceutical market today is the remote retail sale of medicines. The sale of medicines online has a rich history, especially in the USA, where Internet pharmacies appeared in early 1990s. Since then, many countries have developed their own Internet pharmacies and online medicine sales. Most distance selling is done by ordering the required medicine online and then delivering it.

In the European Union (EU) medicines can be purchased online. Consumers should only buy medicines from Internet pharmacies registered with the national competent authorities in EU Member States to reduce the risk of purchasing substandard or fake medicinal products. To this end, the European Commission designed a dedicated logo that appears on the websites of registered Internet pharmacies. By clicking on the logo, the purchaser will be redirected to the page of that pharmacy in the list of legally operating online pharmacies and retailers [ 1 ].

Germany represents the largest online pharmacy market, accounting for approximately 56% of the market share in 2019. The UK and France are, respectively, the second and third largest remote retail medicine markets [ 2 ].

Scandinavian countries are also actively developing the online pharmacy market. For example, the total e-commerce market in Sweden is estimated to be at least EUR 9 billion as of 2021. Pharmaceutical e-commerce is estimated to be around EUR 500–600 million, which represents around 6% of the total e-commerce market [ 3 ].

In the UK, the number of online pharmacies increased almost by 7 times between 2009 and 2020 (from 56 to 390) [ 4 ].

China is considered one of the most advanced countries that has been actively developing distance selling of medicines for several decades. As of 2019, it is estimated that online sales of medicines in China amounted to RMB 13.8 billion, 115 times more than in 2012 (RMB 0.12 billion) [ 5 ].

In Russia, according to the legislation, the distance selling of medicines includes the receipt, formation, storage and delivery of orders for medicines, as well as their dispensing.

In the government of the Russian Federation, remote retailing of medicines has been actively discussed since 2017. Legislators tried to build a new system for selling and delivering medicines to consumers. At that time a draft law on online sale of pharmaceuticals passed the first stage of approval. But then its consideration was suspended.

Consideration of the draft law resumed in 2020, in part due to pressure from circumstances surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. Parliament Members considered the government draft law on online sales of medicines at the second stage of approval on 31 of March. On April 3 the Federal Law of April 3, 2020 No. 105-FZ [ 6 ] was passed, amending the Federal Law of April 12, 2010 No. 61-FZ “On the Circulation of Medicines” [ 7 ] and Article 15.1 of Federal Law No. 149-FZ of July 27, 2006 “On Information, Information Technology and Information Protection” [ 8 ].

On 18 of May, the Government of the Russian Federation published Resolution No. 697 of May 16, 2020 “On Approval of the Rules for Issuing Permission to Conduct Retail Trade in Medicinal Products for Medical Use by Distance Selling, Conducting Such Trade and Delivery of the Medicines to Citizens and Amending Certain Acts of the Government of the Russian Federation Regarding Retail Trade in Medicinal Products for Medical Use by Distance Selling” [ 9 ].

In accordance with this Resolution, only pharmacies holding a pharmaceutical license and having obtained a special permit can carry out distance sales of medicines. The permit itself is issued by the Federal Service for Healthcare Supervision (Roszdravnadzor). The rules also detail requirements for the content of the website of a pharmacy organisation selling pharmaceuticals remotely. Medicines can be delivered to the purchaser’s place of residence, stay or actual location or another address indicated by the purchaser. Medicines may be delivered by employees of the pharmacy or by third-party couriers engaged by the pharmacy on the basis of an agreement. The third-party courier company must have special equipment for delivery of medicines, including for maintaining a required temperature. The rules do not contain any requirements for qualifications of couriers, their pharmaceutical or other special education [ 9 – 13 ].

Currently, only non-prescription medicines are allowed by default in the Russian Federation for distance selling. Prescription medicines can be sold remotely in emergency circumstances if the government decides so. Narcotic, psychotropic medicines and medicines containing more than 25% of alcohol cannot be sold remotely under any circumstances.

Following the adoption of relevant regulations, statistics show that 12% of Russians ordered from online pharmacies for the first time in April 2020, with an 830% increase in consumer enquiries in the “online pharmacy” categories [ 14 ].

Thus, a current importance and relevance of the topic has determined the purpose of this study - to identify consumer attitudes towards the remote retail sale of medicines on the Russian pharmaceutical market.

The purpose of this study was to identify the features of remote medicines retail trade in the Russian pharmaceutical market.

The objects of the study were 1194 questionnaires filled out by consumers. The authors used the method of cross-sections on specially developed structured questionnaires, the method of logical analysis, qualitative (method of discussion in focus groups) and quantitative methods (survey, questioning) of sociological research. Focus group discussion was undertaken to test the questionnaire and identify shortcomings. The discussion was attended by 3 groups of 6 respondents disposed by age. Participants in the study filled out a questionnaire in advance. The discussion went on for an hour. The transcription of the data collected was followed by a comparative analysis of the respondents’ quotes. By using the focus group method, a “pilot study” was carried out, which helped to test the respondents’ understanding of the interpretation of the concepts and the meaning of the questions before collecting the data, and helped to confirm the relevance of the research topic.

For this study, a continuous sample was used, covering all units of the general population. Respondents filled out the questionnaires on their own. Two sociological surveys were conducted as part of the study: the first in July–August 2020 (792 questionnaires) and the second in February–March 2021 (402 questionnaires).

The survey of consumers was carried out using a specially designed questionnaire consisting of two modules. The first stage in the development of the questionnaire was the analysis of the topic of the survey and the formulation of questions, then a pilot questionnaire was developed with a predominance of open questions. At the next stage of the development of the questionnaire, a pilot survey and analysis of its results were carried out. And the final stage of developing the questionnaire was to clarify the wording of the instructions and the content of the questions. In total, the questionnaire included 2 modules.

The first module of the questionnaire includes questions describing the composition of respondents by age.

The second module of the questionnaire consists of three groups of questions. The first group of questions seeks to identify respondents’ views on the legalisation of distance selling of over-the-counter, prescription, narcotic and psychotropic medicines.

The second group of questions aims to explore the frequency with which consumers purchase medicines online, as well as what consumers perceive as changes in medicine prices in online segment of the market.

The third group of the questions contains multidirectional questions. The respondents’ answers to these questions reveal consumers’ opinions about the importance of pharmaceutical counselling in the selection of medicines in online pharmacies and the details of delivery of medicines to customers, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of online sales, as perceived by consumers.

All questions in the questionnaire are in closed or semi-closed form. Closed questions allow respondents to choose from ready-made answers (multiple or single choice) or answers on a point scale. Semi-closed-ended questions allow respondents to choose from ready-made answers with the option of responding independently.

To determine the reliability of the results obtained in this study, the method is based on the definition of the so-called Student’s criterion t (reliability coefficient). Its value is determined by the ratio of the difference between the compared average values to the error of their difference. The error of the difference is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of the average errors of the compared values.

The results of the processing of respondents’ opinions provided detailed data on consumer attitudes towards remote retailing of pharmaceuticals.

The results of the study were processed and systematised using qualitative and quantitative methods of sociological research and descriptive statistics, using Microsoft Office Excel 2019 programs.

The representativeness of data at 95% confidence level and ± 5% margin of error was ensured by a random, simple sample of a large size (1194 respondents), as well as by the use of a modern statistical package.

The results obtained by applying the method of discussion in focus groups are reflected in Table  1 .

Identification of the strengths of distance retailing through focus group discussions

Thus, during the discussion, it was determined that “accessibility for the disabled” and “accessibility for the elderly” should be combined into “accessibility for people with disabilities”, “the ability to order medicines at any time” and “the ability to order medicines to anywhere” is also combined into one answer: “the ability to order a drug at any time and place”. Respondents suggested that the strengths of “the ability to order drugs without interrupting work” and “the ability to order drugs while doing personal business” can be combined into “saving time”. “The lack of promotional items” was not approved by the respondents as a strong point of the distance selling of medicines. It was also proposed to replace “the ability to make a purchase of medicines from home in bad weather” with “The ability to make a purchase of medicines in comfortable conditions” (Table  2 ).

Identification of the weaknesses of distance retailing by the method of discussion in focus groups

Based on the results obtained, only 16.6% of respondents consider the lack of social contacts during the purchase of medicines online as a weakness of the distance selling of medicines, therefore this anticipated weakness was not included in the survey. The discussion participants also suggested that it would be appropriate to combine “the risk of receiving an ineffective medicine” and “the risk of receiving an unsafe medicine” into “the risk of receiving an ineffective and unsafe medicine”, as well as “increased risk of drug abuse” and “increased risk of self-treatment” in “increased risk of drug abuse and harm to health.” “Impossibility to order narcotic and psychotropic drugs” and “Impossibility to order poisonous and potent drugs” were also combined.

The results of processing the responses to the first module of the questionnaire allowed to create a profile of the respondents who participated in the study.

A total of 1194 consumers took part in the survey: 792 respondents in July–August 2020 and 402 respondents in February–March 2021.

The findings indicate that in the two surveys (08.2020 and 03.2021), the number of consumers with a positive attitude towards remote retailing of medicines increases: M (08.2020) = 3.82 (0.966); M (03.2021) = 4.02 (0.897); t = 3.377 p  < 0.05.

Changes in the attitudes of different age groups of consumers towards remote retailing of pharmaceuticals over the analysed period are visualised in Table ​ Table1 1 .

Table  3 shows that among consumers aged 18 to 25 there is an almost twofold increase in the number of those who believe they are more likely to support online sales of medicines. At the same time, the number of respondents who are indifferent to innovations on the pharmaceutical market almost halves.

Evolution of consumer opinions (%) in different age groups towards online sales of medicines for the period 08.2020 to 03.2021

In the group of consumers aged 26 to 45 there is a more than 1.5-fold increase in the number of respondents who are rather supportive of the reform. At the same time, the number of respondents who are rather not in favour of online sales of pharmaceuticals is decreasing.

The number of respondents in the age group of consumers over 46 has almost doubled, who are more likely to support the innovations in the medicines trade. At the same time the percentage of indifferent consumers has more than halved.

It should be emphasised that in all age groups of consumers, not a single respondent to the second survey in February–March 2021 spoke out strongly against the sale of medicines via the internet. This differs significantly from the attitudes expressed by consumers participating in the first survey in July–August 2020.

Thus, in all three age groups of consumers, there is a trend towards positive attitudes towards distance retailing of medicines.

The present study allows us to trace changes in consumer opinion regarding the legalisation of distance retailing for three categories of medicines (medicines that are dispensed from a pharmacy without a doctor’s prescription, with a doctor’s prescription, and those containing narcotic medicines and psychotropic substances). The results of the study are visualised in Table  4 .

Evolution of consumer perceptions (%) of online trade in the three product categories over the period from 08.2020 to 03.2021

It was found that over the period under analysis there was an almost 1.5-fold increase in the number of consumers who fully support remote retail sales of over-the-counter medicines. The number of respondents with a neutral attitude to such reforms in the OTC trade increased by more than 3.5 times.

Over the analysed period the number of consumers who fully support the legalisation of distance selling of prescription medicines has doubled. The number of consumers who are indifferent to the sale of prescription medicines via the internet has increased by more than 7 times. At the same time, the number of consumers who are rather not in favour of distance selling of prescription medicines has increased by more than 1.5 times.

There was a significant change in the opinion of consumers who were categorically against the distance selling of OTC and prescription medicines. None of the respondents in February–March 2021 spoke out strongly against the legalisation of online sales of prescription and over-the-counter medicines. However, in the July–August 2020 survey, half of the consumers were categorical. However, in the July–August 2020 survey, half of consumers were strongly against the remote sale of prescription medicines and almost one in six consumers was against the sale of over-the-counter medicines.

The number of respondents who were categorically against the possible legalisation of remote retail sales of medicines containing narcotic medicines and psychotropic substances decreased by more than 1.5 times. At the same time, the number of hesitant consumers, who indicated that they would rather not support the online sale of such groups of medicines, increased almost sixfold. The number of respondents who were indifferent to such innovations increased significantly.

It is thus established that, between July–August 2020 and February–March 2021, the number of consumers with a negative attitude towards the legalisation of distance selling of prescription, over-the-counter, narcotic and psychotropic medicines has decreased, while the number of consumers with a positive or neutral attitude towards this reform has increased.

This study has identified significant changes in consumer demand for distance purchasing of medicines (Fig.  1 ).

Evolution of consumer demand (%) for remote purchase of medicines from 08.2020 to 03.2021

It was found that between July–August 2020 and February–March 2021, the number of respondents who had never bought any medicines remotely decreased by almost 3 times. At the same time, the number of consumers who have repeatedly purchased medicines online has more than doubled, and the number of consumers who have sometimes purchased medicines remotely has increased by 1.5 times.

Figure  2 shows how important the information received from the pharmacy worker (pharmacist) is for consumers when choosing a medicine over the Internet.

Evolution of consumer opinion (%) from 08.2020 to 03.2021 on the relevance for them of pharmaceutical counselling when purchasing medicines online

It was found that over the period under analysis the possibility of pharmaceutical counselling remains important for consumers when purchasing medicines online, but the degree of this importance is changing. Thus, the number of consumers who consider the possibility of pharmaceutical counselling to be largely important for them has increased by more than 4 times. At the same time, the number of consumers who still consider such an opportunity to be extremely important has decreased by almost 4 times.

This study reveals consumers’ perceptions of changes in medicine prices following the legalisation of remote retail sales of medicines (Fig.  3 ).

Distribution of consumer perceptions (%) of price changes following the legalisation of distance selling of medicines

As can be seen from Fig. ​ Fig.3, 3 , the majority of consumers are convinced that the prices of medicines due to online sales will not change, will decrease slightly or even drop significantly. The smallest part of consumers assume that the distance selling of medicines will lead to a sharp increase in their prices.

One of the main aspects of the remote retail trade of medicines remains the delivery of medicines to the place of residence, stay or actual location of the buyer or to another address indicated by the buyer. As noted above, current Russian legislation does not contain any requirements for qualification of couriers who deliver medicines, or for their pharmaceutical or other specialized education.

The present study has identified who consumers think should deliver the medicines (Table  5 ).

Distribution of consumer opinion (%) on who should deliver medicines to the address indicated by the customer

More than half of the consumers surveyed accept the possibility of medicine delivery by courier without pharmaceutical or medical education, but under certain conditions. As such conditions, consumers see the existence of a legal act making the courier responsible for the delivery of the requested medicines or the existence of an appropriate cooperation agreement between the courier and the pharmacy where the medicines are ordered. It should be noted that every third consumer admits the possibility of delivery by courier only if he/she has special education. Almost every fifth respondent believes that the courier must have a medical or pharmaceutical education. Even more stringent requirements for the courier are set by almost twice as few consumers, who are convinced that only pharmaceutical workers of the pharmacy where the order is placed should work with the medicines even during their delivery to the customers. A small proportion of consumers remain indifferent to the issue of delivery in distance retailing.

The present study assessed the strengths and weaknesses of the distance selling retail product according to consumers. Consumers were asked to select from two pre-formulated lists of the main strengths and weaknesses of distance selling of medicines, each of which had the most significance for consumers. The results, ranked in order of importance to consumers, are visualised in Tables  6 and ​ and7 7 .

Distribution of consumer perceptions (%) of weaknesses in distance retailing

Distribution of consumer opinions (%) on the strengths of remote retail sales of medicines

The main disadvantages of distance retailing are perceived by consumers as the risk of receiving ineffective or unsafe medicines, lack of confidence that the pharmacy has a legal right (legal capacity) to sell medicines distantly, and lack of pharmaceutical counselling in selecting medicines. It should be noted that while the risk of receiving poor-quality medicines is, in the opinion of the vast majority of consumers, the most serious disadvantage of remote retail sales of medicines, the absolute confidence in the effectiveness and safety of medicines was mentioned by the smallest number of consumers as an advantage of this type of sales (Table  7 ).

A significant number of consumers also identified other disadvantages of distance retailing. These weaknesses include: the possibility of harm to health due to increased risk of medicine abuse; lack of delivery to the right address; difficulties in selecting medicines due to the numerous analogues; and the potential waste of money due to the purchase of unnecessary medicines. Lack of pharmaceutical counselling for medicine delivery is 4 times less of a concern for consumers than for medicine selection. The least significant disadvantage of the distance selling of pharmaceuticals, according to consumers, are problems in the functioning of the Internet on a technical level. At the same time, some consumers believe that this type of pharmaceutical trade has no weaknesses at all.

However, the weaknesses of online sales identified in this study can be compensated for by a number of perceived benefits of online sales (Table ​ (Table7 7 ).

The greatest strengths of distance retailing were identified by an overwhelming majority of consumers (3/4 of respondents) as: accessibility for people with disabilities; the ability to order at any location and time; time savings; and safety during pandemic. Significant advantages of this type of trade for almost half of the respondents are the possibility to independently determine the availability of the required medicines, as well as to order different products at one site and choose the required medicine from a wide range of similar medicines. Almost every third consumer is convinced that remote retail sale of medicines saves money, allows to purchase medicines in comfortable conditions, and provides an opportunity to get a lot of information about the requested medicines. It should be noted that the absolute confidence in the efficacy and safety of medicines was mentioned by the smallest proportion of consumers as one of the advantages of Internet retailing.

In the current scientific literature, the topic of legalisation of remote retail trade in medicines has been the subject of research by leading Russian and foreign scientists.

Numerous studies show that the number of consumers who accept the option of buying medicines online increases over time. According to the present study, the number of consumers who fully support the purchase of OTC medicines online has increased by 1.5 times over time (31.7% in the first survey and 43.5% in the second survey), which is consistent with the results of USA researchers. Levaggi et al. [ 15 ] believe that the internet and e-commerce have revolutionised society, the economy and the world of health in general. But beyond the potential to improve consumer health, the Internet can also pose major risks to consumer health. A study by the authors found that the strategies used by online pharmacies vary according to the quality, quantity, and target group of the medicines in question, mainly targeting groups of consumers who wish to use the medicines without consulting a doctor.

However, the Internet is a limitless and low-controlled space. Almost half of the respondents (48.2%) do not trust Internet sales of medicines due to a lack of confidence in the legitimacy of distance selling from the pharmacy where they purchase the product. This correlates with the results obtained by Hungarian scientists (András Fittler, Róbert György Vida, Mátyás Káplár and others). The scientists [ 16 ] point out that over the past two decades the Internet has become the accepted way to purchase products and services, and buying medicines online is no exception. Although thousands of Internet pharmacies are available online, the real size of the market is unknown. Consumers who use the Internet more and buy products online are more likely to buy medicines remotely. However, there is a risk of buying medicines online from illegitimate sites. Illegitimate websites that sell fake or substandard medicines and pose as online pharmacies pose a serious risk in the distance selling of medicines. Such unregistered pharmacies may exploit consumers’ trust and cause harm to their health.

Nevertheless, despite the uncertainty about the legitimacy of pharmacies selling medicines online, the number of respondents who fully support the online sale of prescription medicines doubled during the study period (9.2% in the first and 19.6% in the second survey, respectively). At the same time, a study authored by Grazia Orizio, Peter Schulz, Serena Domenighini and other scientists from England proved that only 51 pharmacies (out of 118 surveyed) (43.2%) indicated the exact location. 81.4% of online pharmacies did not require a prescription from the physician. This suggests that the issue of regulating the websites of online pharmacies and the online sale of prescription medicines requires additional adjustment [ 17 ].

Similar observations have been documented by other studies. For example, a study by British scientists Boyd et al. [ 18 ] found that online pharmacies that confirmed their UK location (25%) required a prescription before purchasing antibiotics and were appropriately registered. Online pharmacies without a location (50%) had various prescription requirements, but were not properly registered. 45% of online pharmacies did not require a prescription before purchase. In 80% of the Internet pharmacies, the consumer decided on the choice, dosage and quantity of antibiotics. The authors’ study highlights safety concerns for customers purchasing antibiotics online. The authors conclude that regulations are urgently needed for online antibiotic suppliers.

Therefore, online pharmacies that are not authorised to dispense medicines online should be strictly controlled.

Mackey and Nayyar from England [ 19 ] also state that there is an urgent need for finding international consensus, more research and technology development to combat illegal online pharmacies.

Thanks to many studies aimed at identifying the cause of widespread illegal Internet pharmacies, such as the scientific work of Vida et al. [ 20 ] or Penley et al. [ 21 ], the global pharmaceutical community has concluded that online surveillance bodies need to be improved.

Studies by Abanmy [ 22 ] and Fittler et al. [ 23 ] have highlighted the need for concerted and targeted action by international organizations to tackle uncontrolled sales of counterfeit and substandard medicines.

At the same time, it is necessary to carry out preventive work with consumers.

For example, Italian researchers, Orizio et al. [ 24 ], believe that a two-tiered approach should be adopted to increase the benefits and minimise the risks associated with online pharmacies. The first level should focus on policy - laws should regulate Internet pharmacies internationally. The second level should focus on the individual. This approach is to increase the health literacy needed to make good health-related choices, recognise the risks and maximise many opportunities offered by the world of medicine.

Many studies aim to determine the level of consumer awareness of the risks of buying medicines online and how to protect themselves from buying a substandard product. The present study also addresses the above issue. Our findings show that consumers perceive online sales of medicines to have weaknesses: the risk of receiving ineffective or unsafe medicines (71.6%), lack of confidence in the eligibility of distance selling medicines (48.2%), lack of pharmaceutical counselling in choosing medicines (43.1%), risk of harmful health consequences (31.2%) and others. However, selling drugs online has undeniable strengths. The advantages of remote retail sales were recognised by consumers. Most consumers of this study include accessibility for persons with disabilities (80.3%), the ability to order drugs at any place and time (77.5%), saving time (76.6%) and safety in a pandemic (74.5%). Meanwhile, in Saudi Arabia, the purchase of medicines online has become increasingly relevant over the past three decades among the consumers. The scientists Alwhaibi et al. [ 25 ], emphasise that consumer perception and understanding of how safe or risky it is to purchase medicines online is very important. Overall, 36% of participants in the authors’ study had ever purchased a product online. The most common positive motivating factors were lower costs (55.7%), easy access to the Internet (54.1%), a wide range of medicines (52.6%) and confidentiality (43.6%). About 60.4% of participants thought that it could be safe to buy medicines online. Only 32.7% of participants distinguished between registered and unlicensed commercial websites. The results of the authors’ study clearly demonstrate the need in Saudi Arabia to raise awareness of the safety of obtaining medicines remotely.

One of the main benefits of distance retailing is the minimum of social contact when buying a medicine, which was a lifesaver when the COVID-19 pandemic struck the world in 2020, challenging mankind. In the Russian Federation, for the first time, remote retail sale of medicines for medical use was legalized, which are dispensed from pharmacies without a doctor’s prescription. And also, as an exception, rules have been adopted that stipulate the possibility of selling prescription medicines in emergency situations, such as a pandemic, for example. During this challenging time, pharmaceutical workers have had to change their strategies for dealing with public health emergencies. Nadeem et al. [ 26 ], as well as Hasen et al. [ 27 ] came to similar results after conducting research in their countries.

According to researchers from China such as, Lia et al. [ 28 ], or for example, Liu et al. [ 29 ], pharmacists play a vital role in guiding the pharmaceutical industry and faced with the COVID-19 pandemic, pharmacists were able to fully utilize their professional expertise, rationally analyse the current situation, rapidly formulate telemedicine strategies, and work together and effectively deliver innovative pharmaceutical services to ensure the safety and rational use of medicines.

Scientists from Italy: Baldoni et al. [ 30 ] – or from Spain: Tortajada-Goitia et al. [ 31 ] – believe that the pandemic has become the starting point for the development of many innovative methods of pharmaceutical care, including telepharmacy (a form of pharmaceutical care in which pharmacists and patients are located in different locations and can interact using information technologies).

One of the main issues in distance retailing of medicines is their delivery. Several countries have opted for postal services as the safest way to deliver goods to customers.

The authors of scientific papers on the delivery of mail-order medicines ordered online are Fernandez et al. [ 32 ], as well as Neil et al. [ 33 ] believe that postal orders offer patients a better chance of achieving good adherence to medicines with the right dosages and amounts taken.

However, a study by Schmittdiel et al. [ 34 ] from the United States uncovered the barriers and factors faced by mail-order customers. Barriers to the use of mail-order pharmacies included: unpredictability of medicine delivery dates, concerns about mail safety and the difficulty of coordinating refill orders across multiple prescriptions. However, mail-order pharmacy delivery offers greater access and convenience (e.g., no need to queue). Nowadays, in the Russian Federation, Russian Post is now known to deliver medicines ordered online. In partnership with industry aggregator platforms and marketplaces, Russian Post [ 35 ] is responsible for logistics and product operations, and platform solutions ensure information exchange between pharmacies, distributors, pharmaceutical companies and Russian Post warehouses.

Remote retailing of medicines is actively developing in many countries around the world and is gaining more and more followers every day and is an innovative and relevant trend in the Russian pharmaceutical market. This study shows that different age groups of consumers are showing a positive trend towards distance retailing of medicines. There is an increase in the number of consumers who fully support the legalisation of the sale of medicines that are dispensed from pharmacies strictly in accordance with a doctor’s prescription. There has been a decrease in the number of respondents who need pharmacy counselling when choosing medicines online. Thus, consumer loyalty to distance retailing of medicines is increasing and the demand for online purchasing is growing. Accordingly, in the near future, the number of medicines sold online and the number of pharmacies providing remote purchase services will increase. However, global experience suggests that the sale of medicines online should continue to be tightly regulated.

The strength of the study

The study was conducted in the central region of the Russian Federation and covered a sufficient sample size to ensure representativeness of the data. The present study can form the basis for further research in finding the most effective and safest way to provide pharmaceutical services remotely. The data obtained in this study may be useful for planning further productive activities of pharmacies that retail medicines online, as well as for the authorities that regulate the remote sale of medicines.

Limitations of the study

The study has some limitations, which are related to the limited mobility of consumers during the COVID-19 pandemic and a limited time available to respondents for answering the researcher’s questions. In order to facilitate data collection, the study was conducted using a specially designed structured questionnaire, most of the questions being formulated in closed form (with a pre-determined choice of answers) or semi-closed form (pre-determined choice of answers with an option for respondents to answer independently).

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all participants in the study for their reliable, interested and timely responses.

Authors’ contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by LL and AL. The first draft of the manuscript was written by OZ, OK and NK. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Availability of data and materials

Declarations.

The research was conducted ethically in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. The research was approved by the local ethics committees of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University). Informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Not applicable.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Bearcat alums become Tiger’s footwear designers

A degree in industrial design from daap led two uc alumni to the design team for sun day red.

One might say that Charley Hudak has an affinity for big cats: Bearcats and Tigers that is.

That’s because Hudak, a 2011 graduate of the University of Cincinnati’s School of Design, is the creative shoe designer for Tiger Woods’ new line of golf apparel and equipment called Sun Day Red (an arm of TaylorMade Golf) which officially launched May 1.

While Woods has been sporting the Sun Day Red shoes and apparel — which features  a leaping tiger logo — at various golf tournaments, Hudak has been behind the scenes leaping (for joy) himself. 

"I have to pinch myself every day when I wake up," DAAP alum Charley Hudak says of his spot on Tiger Woods' creative team for the golfer's new brand, Sun Day Red. Photo/provided.

“I have to pinch myself every day when I wake up,” the shoe designer says of meeting with Tiger Woods several times a year. “Tiger is very involved in the process, down to the shoelaces,” he says.  

Before this, Hudak’s career path took him from studying design in UC’s College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning (DAAP), to leaving his footwear imprint at athletic companies such as Puma, GREATS, DC Shoes, AND 1 and FootJoy.  

In 2023 he joined TaylorMade and embarked on a yearlong process to get Sun Day Red to the market. 

It was pretty much a startup, “with all boots on the ground,” where he oversaw not only the creative process but sourcing materials, suppliers and manufacturing, he says.  

Getting there 

A Pennsylvania native, Hudak first attended Miami University in Ohio to pursue a liberal arts degree, but his teenage love of athletic shoes — known as being a “sneakerhead” — led him in the direction of footwear design and a transfer to UC.   

While the undergraduate classes and design studios at DAAP are the bedrock of earning a design degree, Hudak says that real-world experiences are the building blocks to success.

“I didn’t have anyone to show me what existed out in the world when I was young,” he says, so to encourage early learning experiences, Hudak’s senior thesis/capstone project for his design degree was a program called “Tread,” that teaches athletic shoe design to middle and high schoolers. 

It was obvious from that first year that he had a gift.

Laurie Wilson Associate director of student affairs and adjunct professor and DAAP Camps director

Hudak launched the program at Cincinnati’s Robert A. Taft Information Technology High School with major athletic shoe brands.

That same year, in 2011, the college established DAAPcamps — a summer program that attracts middle school and high school students from across the country who are interested in various DAAP degrees — and Hudak volunteered with the camp that summer. Once he established himself in the footwear industry, he returned to lead DAAP’s footwear design camp each summer and he still does so today.

“It was obvious from that first year that he had a gift for working with youth and instilling a passion for design in a subject they knew and loved — sneakers,” says Laurie Wilson, adjunct professor and DAAPcamps director.

Paying it forward

At every place of employment, Hudak says he has implemented a co-op program and employed UC students. That step, he says, stems from his own co-op education, which at the time was far more limited than the robust athletic partnerships DAAP currently has with the industry. Hudak says that back in the day, he traveled on his own accord to athletic brands across the country looking for an internship. 

“Every time I did that, I came across somebody from UC working there,” he says of the school’s reputation for graduating leaders in the footwear industry then and now.   

He says he plans to implement a co-op at Sun Day Red as well. 

“Shoe designers are industrial designers,” says professor Wilson, “and Charley Hudak is an inspiration and a gifted motivator and educator.

We are fortunate to call him DAAP’s own, she adds.

Another DAAP connection

UC industrial design alum Cody Caldon joins Sun Day Red. Photo/provided.

Hudak isn’t the only Bearcat involved in Woods’ new line.

Fellow DAAP alum Cody Caldon, ’21, came on board at TaylorMade as a senior footwear designer in 2024, not knowing he would be working on Tiger Woods’ new brand.

“This pushed my excitement to another level,” Caldon remarks on collaborating with a stellar new design team, led by Hudak, and the “greatest golfer of all time” to build golf products.

Caldon says this career step was made possible because he learned from the best industrial designers via DAAP academic co-ops and subsequent employment. 

While at DAAP, Caldon co-oped at Moen, Catalyst Product Development Group and Deckers Brands. At Deckers, he worked across the internal team brands Hoka, Teva, UGG and Sanuk. 

“These three very different experiences gave me the information necessary to decide my direction.” From there he interned at Columbia, the sports apparel and equipment company, where he says he gained the understanding of how to build designs and how footwear differentiates between activities such as hiking, running and training. 

The golf niche, however, came after graduation, with employment at Titleist/FootJoy, the largest brand in golf: “It was an incredible learning experience that required me to learn the technicalities of golf-specific footwear and how to create products that are the most innovative in the market.” 

Featured image at top provided by TaylorMade. 

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