business case study class 12

Business Studies Class 12 Case Studies With Solutions

Here we have to provide Case Study Of Business Studies Class 12 CBSE PDF Download from BST Class 12 case studies with answers books prepared by the subject experts.

Case Study Of Business Studies Class 12 CBSE PDF

Business studies class 12 case studies with solutions, answers.

Part A & B: Principles and Functions of Management & Business Finance and Marketing

• Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 1 Case Studies
• Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 2 Case Studies
• Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 3 Case Studies
• Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 4 Case Studies
• Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 5 Case Studies
• Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 6 Case Studies
• Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 7 Case Studies
• Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 8 Case Studies
• Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 9 Case Studies
• Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 10 Case Studies
• Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 11 Case Studies
• Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 12 Case Studies

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NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12

• NCERT Solutions
• Business Studies

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies - FREE PDF Download

NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12 is prepared to help students understand and excel in their studies. These solutions cover all the chapters and topics in the NCERT Business Studies textbook, providing clear explanations and step-by-step answers to textbook questions. They are prepared by our experienced subject experts, ensuring they are accurate and easy to understand. By using NCERT Solutions Class 12 Business Studies, students can grasp complex concepts, practice important questions, and prepare effectively for exams. Class 12 Business Studies NCERT Solutions is an important study material for students helping to achieve high marks in their Class 12 Business Studies exams.

NCERT Class 12th Business Studies Solutions are prepared by Vedantu Master Teachers according to the updated CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Syllabus . Download it for FREE and make your learning easy. 

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies| Chapter-wise List

Given below are the chapter-wise NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies. These solutions are provided by the experts at Vedantu in a detailed manner. Go through these chapter-wise solutions to be thoroughly familiar with the concepts.

The following Chapters have been removed from NCERT Class 12th Business Studies for the Academic year 2024-25

Financial Markets

Entrepreneurship Development .

Quick Overview of NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12

NCERT Solution for Class 12 Business Studies covers all the chapters and exercises spanning from Chapters 1 to 11.

Using NCERT Solutions for Class 12th Business Studies to practice textbook questions can help students to understand their level of preparation and comprehension of concepts.

The solutions are prepared according to the revised academic year 2024-25 syllabus.

It provides a detailed explanation of all the fundamental concepts covered in Class 12 Business Studies.

Vedantu’s NCERT Business Studies Class 12 Solutions offers various resources, including class notes, essential concepts and formulas, exemplar solutions, and additional recommended books for further study.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12th Business Studies: Chapter Details, Concepts & Important Study Links

Chapter 1: Nature and Significance of Management

NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 1: Nature and Significance of Management provide a comprehensive understanding of the basic concepts and importance of management in business. These solutions help students:

Understanding what management is, its characteristics, and its significance in organisations.

Gaining insights into the various functions of management, such as planning, organising, staffing, directing, and controlling.

Recognising how management helps to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively.

Learning how coordination integrates various activities and processes within an organization.

Examining the diverse perspectives on management and how it combines elements of art, Business Studies, and profession.

Applying theoretical knowledge to practical scenarios to better understand the significance of management in the business world.

Important Topics of Chapter 1: Nature and Significance of Management

Characteristics of Management

Objectives of Management

Importance of Management

Levels of Management

Important Study Materials for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 1: Nature and Significance of Management

Chapter 2: Principles of Management 

NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 2: Principles of Management lay a strong foundation for understanding the core concepts of management and its practical applications. These solutions help students to:

Learn about the fundamental principles of management, including planning, organising, staffing, directing, and controlling, and how each principle contributes to effective management practices.

Understand the significance of various management principles in achieving organizational goals and enhancing overall efficiency.

Explore the contributions of key management thinkers like Henri Fayol and F.W. Taylor, and how their theories and principles have shaped modern management practices.

Apply management principles to real-life business scenarios through case studies and practical examples, enhancing their problem-solving and decision-making skills.

Gain insights into the importance of adaptability and flexibility in management to cope with changing business environments and challenges.

Discover the role of ethical management practices and how they contribute to the long-term success and sustainability of an organization.

Important Topics of Chapter 2: Principles of Management 

Principles of Management: The Concept

Nature of Principles of Management

Significance of Principles of Management

Taylor’s Scientific Management

Techniques of Scientific Management

Important Study Materials for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 2: Principles of Management 

Chapter 3: Business Environment

NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 3: Business Environment is essential for students to comprehend the dynamic and complex nature of the business environment. These solutions help students:

Understand the concept of the business environment and its significance in shaping business activities and decisions.

Learn about the different dimensions of the business environment, including economic, social, technological, political, and legal factors.

Explore the impact of various environmental factors on business operations and strategies.

Analyse the role of government policies and regulations in influencing the business environment.

Gain insights into how businesses adapt to changes in the environment to remain competitive and successful.

Important Topics of Chapter 3: Business Environment

Meaning of Business Environment

Importance of Business Environment

Economic Environment in India

Dimensions of Business Environment

Important Study Materials for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 3: Business Environment 

Chapter 4: Planning 

NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 4: Planning provides a comprehensive understanding of the planning process in business. These solutions help students to:

Grasp the significance of planning in achieving business objectives and how it helps in the foundation for all other management functions.

Understand the steps involved in the planning process, including setting objectives, developing premises, identifying alternatives, evaluating alternatives, selecting the best alternative, implementing the plan, and follow-up action.

Learn about the various types of plans such as single-use plans, standing plans, policies, procedures, methods, rules, budgets, and programs.

Explore the benefits of planning, including providing direction, reducing risks, minimising wasteful activities, facilitating decision-making, and establishing standards for controlling.

Recognise the limitations of planning, such as rigidity, the environment's unpredictability, and the potential to create a false sense of security.

Apply their knowledge through practical exercises and real-life business scenarios provided in the solutions, enhancing their ability to plan effectively in various business contexts.

Important Topics of Chapter 4: Planning 

Importance of Planning

Features of Planning

Limitations of Planning

Important Study Materials for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 4: Planning

Chapter 5: Organising

NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 5: Organising provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the organising function in business. These solutions help students to:

Grasp the key concepts of organising, including the meaning, importance, and process of organising in business.

Learn about the different steps involved in the organising process, such as identifying and grouping activities, assigning duties, and establishing reporting relationships.

Understand the significance of organization structure and the various types, such as functional, divisional, and matrix structures.

Explore the concept of delegation of authority, its importance, and how it facilitates efficient management and effective utilization of resources.

Gain insights into decentralization, its benefits, and how it differs from centralization in terms of decision-making and control.

Study the principles of organising, such as the scalar chain, unity of command, and span of control, and how they contribute to efficient business operations.

Important Topics of Chapter 5: Organising

Steps in the Process of Organising

Importance of Organising

Organisation Structure

Types of Organisation Structures

Important Study Materials for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 5: Organising

Chapter 6: Staffing

NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 6: Staffing is essential for students to grasp the key concepts of managing human resources in organizations. These solutions help students:

Learn about the staffing process, including recruitment, selection, training, and development of employees.

Understand the importance of staffing in achieving organizational goals and maintaining a productive workforce.

Explore different methods and sources of recruitment, and how to select the right candidates for various job roles.

Gain insights into the various types of training programs and their significance in enhancing employee skills and performance.

Understand the role of performance appraisal in evaluating and improving employee performance.

Learn about the compensation and incentive plans that motivate employees and ensure job satisfaction.

Important Topics of Chapter 6: Staffing 

Importance of Staffing

Evolution of Human Resource Management

Staffing Process

Aspects of Staffing

Important Study Materials for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 6: Staffing

Chapter 7: Directing 

NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 7: Directing helps students grasp the key concepts of this vital business function, which focuses on guiding and motivating employees. These solutions are prepared to enhance understanding and prepare students for exams effectively. By studying this chapter, students will:

Learn about the various elements of directing, including supervision, motivation, leadership, and communication.

Understand the importance of directing in achieving organizational goals by ensuring efficient and effective work performance.

Explore different leadership styles and their impact on team dynamics and organizational success.

Discover various motivation theories and techniques to inspire and engage employees.

Gain insights into effective communication methods that enhance coordination and decision-making within an organization.

Understand the role of supervision in monitoring and guiding employees to achieve desired outcomes.

Learn how directing integrates with other management functions like planning, organizing, and controlling to ensure a cohesive and productive work environment.

Important Topics of Chapter 7: Directing 

Importance of Directing

Principles of Directing

Elements of Direction

Important Study Materials for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 7: Directing

Chapter 8: Controlling

NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 8: Controlling provides comprehensive guidance on the essential aspects of the controlling function in management. These solutions are prepared by subject matter experts to help students:

Understand the significance of controlling as a crucial managerial function that ensures all activities are aligned with the organization's goals.

Learn about the various steps in the controlling process, including setting performance standards, measuring actual performance, comparing it with standards, and taking corrective actions.

Explore different techniques and tools used in controlling, such as budgets, financial statements, and ratio analysis.

Grasp the importance of effective control in improving efficiency, reducing wastage, and achieving organizational objectives.

Study the relationship between controlling and other management functions like planning, organizing, and directing.

Important Topics of Chapter 8: Controlling

Importance of Controlling

Limitations of Controlling

Relationship Between Planning and Controlling

Controlling Process

Important Study Materials for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 8: Controlling

Chapter 9: Financial Management

NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 9: Financial Management provides comprehensive guidance to students studying this crucial topic. These solutions are prepared to help in understanding the principles and practices of financial management in businesses. They cover key concepts such as financial planning, capital structure, sources of finance, and financial decision-making processes. By using these solutions, students can:

Understand the fundamentals of financial management, including the importance of planning and decision-making in business finance.

Learn about various sources of finance available to businesses and their implications on financial stability and growth.

Explore different aspects of capital structure and its impact on the overall financial health of a company.

Gain insights into financial statements, their analysis, and interpretation to make informed business decisions.

Practice solving numerical problems and case studies to reinforce understanding and application of financial management concepts.

Important Topics of Chapter 9: Financial Management

Meaning of Business Finance

Financial Management

Financial Decisions

Important Study Materials for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 9: Financial Management

Chapter 10: Marketing

NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 10: Marketing, provides comprehensive explanations and solutions to help students understand the marketing concepts. These solutions are prepared to cover every aspect of the chapter. By using these solutions, students can:

Grasp the core concepts of marketing, such as market segmentation, marketing mix, and consumer behaviour, with clarity and precision.

Explore real-world examples and case studies that illustrate how marketing strategies are applied in different industries and scenarios.

Gain proficiency in analysing market trends, understanding consumer preferences, and strategising effective marketing campaigns.

Practice solving questions related to marketing theories and applications, thereby enhancing their problem-solving skills and exam preparation.

Develop a deeper understanding of the role of marketing in business success and its impact on organizational growth and profitability.

Important Topics of Chapter 10: Marketing

Marketing Management

Marketing Management Philosophies

Functions of Marketing

Important Study Materials for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 10: Marketing

Chapter 11: Consumer Protection

NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 11: Consumer Protection, offers comprehensive guidance to students on the principles and practices of consumer rights and protection. By using these solutions, students can:

Explore the fundamental rights of consumers and their significance in safeguarding consumer interests.

Understand the mechanisms and institutions established for consumer protection in India, such as consumer courts and forums.

Learn about various consumer rights, including the right to information, right to safety, right to choose, and right to redressal.

Gain insights into consumer responsibilities and ethical considerations in business transactions.

Important Topics of Chapter 11: Consumer Protection

Importance of Consumer Protection

From Consumer’s Point of View

The Consumer Protection Act, 2019

Consumer Responsibilities

Important Study Materials for Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 11: Consumer Protection 

Benefits of Referring to Vedantu’s NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12

Vedantu’s NCERT Business Studies Class 12 Solutions offer numerous student benefits. These solutions are prepared to enhance comprehension and help in effective exam preparation. Here are some of the key advantages:

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies are straightforward to understand, ensuring that students grasp the fundamental concepts without any confusion.

They are presented in a phased manner to facilitate better comprehension, breaking down complex problems into simple, manageable steps.

All questions from each chapter are thoroughly answered, ensuring that students have access to complete solutions for their studies.

The solutions outline all necessary processes and concepts, helping students prepare effectively for their exams.

By using these solutions, students can identify their weak areas, improve their problem-solving skills, and gain a deeper understanding of scientific concepts.

Important Study Materials for Class 12 Business Studies

Along with this, students can also download additional study materials provided by Vedantu for CBSE Class 12 Business Studies–

FAQs on NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12

1. How Many Chapters are to be Studied in the Class 12 Business Studies?

Students have to study all 11 chapters which are present in the form of questions and solutions in business Class 12 NCERT Solutions. The following are the chapters and their topic names.

Chapter 2: Principles of Management 

Chapter 3: Business Environment 

Chapter 4: Planning 

Chapter 5: Organising 

Chapter 6: Staffing 

Chapter 7: Directing 

Chapter 8: Controlling 

Chapter 9: Financial Management 

Chapter 10: Marketing 

Chapter 11: Consumer Protection 

2. How to Effectively Use the Class 12 Business NCERT Solutions?

In order to use the NCERT Solutions of Class 12 BST, one must first understand the core subject-matter, which will be discovered when the student manages to study all 12 chapters involved in the syllabus. An essential component to using the NCERT Solutions of Class 12 Business Studies effectively is to first read all 12 chapters before attempting questions and CBSE Class 12 Business Studies NCERT Solutions. The chapter-wise NCERT of Business Studies Class 12 solutions are sure to show students all the important points to remember when studying all the chapters along with the NCERT solutions for Class 12 BST.

3. What is Marketing Management according to Class 12 Business Studies?

Marketing management refers to the management of functions of marketing. This is actually the method of organizing, directing as well as controlling various activities that are related to the marketing of goods and services for satisfying the needs of the customers and achieving organizational targets. To learn more about the concepts related to Marketing Management for Class 12 it is advisable to download the NCERT solutions by Vedantu for Class 12 that will help you to understand it better.

4. How do you write a short note in the exam of Class 12 Business Studies?

The marking scheme provided by CBSE demands brief and to-the-point answers. Hence, avoid writing extra information because it won't fetch more marks. Rather, it will only waste your precious time. If there is no mention of the number of points required, write one point for each mark allotted with a proper explanation of the same. For example, for a 5-mark question, write 5 points with an explanation of each point. Note that the elaboration of each point must not exceed 3 sentences.

5. How many books are there in Business Studies Class 12?

CBSE Class 12 has two books as per the syllabus for Business Studies. Total number of chapters in the books are 11. The first book is Principles and Functions of Management and the second book is Business Finance and Marketing. To help you ace your exams and understand the topics better, going through your NCERT books is the most important part of excelling in the Class 12 boards. However, only the books are not enough. So, it's a good idea to download the NCERT solutions for Class 12 Business Studies by Vedantu, which provide clear cut answers as well as concepts explanations.

6. Where can I get the NCERT Solutions of Class 12 for Business Studies of all chapters?

Vedantu provides  the Class 12 NCERT Solutions for Business Studies for all chapters. The Solutions are created by the best faculty in the subject. Hence, it is a huge help to students to learn and clear their concepts in Business Studies, thus helping them score well in the board exam. These solutions are easily available online at Vedantu's website and are perfect for the exam point of view as well as to clear your concepts properly. These solutions are your guaranteed way to ace your exams.

7. What are the major topics in Class 12 Business Studies?

The following are the most important topics discussed in Class 12 Business Studies: 

Principles of Management

Organization

Business Finance

Entrepreneurship Development

These solutions are easily available online at Vedantu's website and the app and are your best friend if you want to learn and top your exams from the comfort of your home. As a bonus, these are all free to download, meaning you will be able to study according to your convenience without paying anything. Explained in the easiest language, the solutions by Vedantu are undoubtedly the best in the market.

8. How can a Class 12 Business Studies project benefit students?

A Class 12 Business Studies project offers students the opportunity to apply theoretical concepts to real-world scenarios, fostering practical understanding and skills development. Through project work, students can explore various aspects of business management, such as marketing, finance, and human resources, while also enhancing critical thinking, research, and presentation abilities. Additionally, completing a project enables students to demonstrate their knowledge and creativity, thereby enriching their learning experience and preparing them for future academic and professional endeavors.

9. How can Business Studies Class 12 Notes and NCERT Solutions help in exam preparation?

Business Studies Class 12 Notes provide concise summaries of key concepts, theories, and case studies, while NCERT Solutions offers comprehensive answers to textbook questions. Together, these resources serve as invaluable study aids, enabling students to understand concepts thoroughly and practice answering questions effectively. By utilizing both Class 12 Notes and NCERT Solutions, students can reinforce their understanding, memorize important points, and prepare comprehensively for Business Studies exams.

10. Is Class 12 Business Studies Tough?

Class 12 Business Studies can be challenging, but it's manageable with regular study and practice. The subject covers various topics like management, finance, and marketing. Understanding key concepts and staying updated with current business trends helps. With good notes, consistent revision, and solving past papers, you can score well.

NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR CLASS 12

Cbse class 12 study materials, home tuitions in india, important update.

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• Class 12 Business Studies...

Class 12 Business Studies Case Study Questions

Table of Contents

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Download the app to get CBSE Sample Papers 2023-24, NCERT Solutions (Revised), Most Important Questions, Previous Year Question Bank, Mock Tests, and Detailed Notes.

In this article, we will discuss how to get CBSE class 12 Business Studies Case Study Questions from the myCBSEguide App and our Student Dashboard for free.

For the students appearing for class 12 board exams from the Commerce Stream, Business Studies is a core subject. Business Studies as a subject provides a way of perceiving and interacting with the business ecosystem . It well establishes the interdependence of business on various social, political, legal and economic forces and vice-versa. Business Studies is a purely theoretical and a relevantly easier subject for the Commerce students. Business Studies class 12 exam is a highly scoring subject and it facilitates the students to increase their percentile and excel in academics.

12 Business Studies Paper Design

The exam is divided into 2 parts:

• Part A generally contains questions from Principles and Functions of Management and carries 60 marks.
• Part B comprises questions from Business Finance and Marketing, it carries a total of 40 marks.

The syllabus of class 12 Business Studies comprises 12 chapters that are divided into 2 books

• Principles and Functions of Management
• Business Finance and Marketing

Business Studies Syllabus

CBSE has released the latest class 12 syllabus (2022-23) for Business Studies. 

Business Studies Case Study Questions

Case-based questions have always been an integral part of Business Studies class 12 question papers for the past many years. Students are required to focus more on case studies as they require the application of their knowledge of the key business concepts. In the year 2021-22 CBSE introduced a few changes in the question paper pattern to enhance and develop analytical and reasoning skills among students. Sanyam Bhardwaj, controller of examinations, CBSE quoted that case-based questions would be based on real-life situations encountered by the students.

The purpose was to drift from rote learning to competency and situation-based learning. He emphasized the fact that it was the need of the hour to move away from the old system and formulate new policies to enhance the critical reasoning skills of students. Introducing case study questions was a step toward achieving the goals of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

What is a case study question? (Business Studies)

A case study in reference to Business Studies can be thought of as a real-world test of how the implementation works. It is predominantly a report of an organization’s implementation of something such as a practice, a product, a system, or a service. Case studies based on NCERT text form a substantial part of the Business Studies examination. Initially, they were confusing for both students and teachers but now there is a clarity that has made the question paper more student-friendly. A significant weightage has been given to case-based and application-based questions.

Critical and Analytical Thinking

These questions demand critical and analytical thinking on behalf of the students. The best part of these questions is that they provide conceptual hints and keys that point to the right answer. According to the new pattern implemented by CBSE, case-based questions would carry a significant weightage of more than 30% in the Business Studies question paper.

Case Study Passage

As part of these questions, the students would be provided with a comprehensive passage, based on which analytical questions will have to be answered by them. The students would be required to read the passage carefully before attempting the questions. In the coming examination cycle (2022-23), case-based questions have a weightage of around 30%.

Types of Case Study questions in Business Studies

CBSE plans to increase the weightage of such questions in the following years, so as to enhance the intellectual and analytical abilities of the students. Case study questions would be based on various topics and chapters in Business Studies. It is expected from the students to have complete knowledge of the concepts in their syllabus.

They will have to let go of the shortcut techniques and get to read their textbooks with full concentration, especially for solving case-based questions in Business Studies for the passages given are generally lengthy and require an in-depth study. The best part of having these questions is that the question itself projects a hint of its solution.

The questions asked could be :

• Direct and simple-such questions can easily be solved as the answers are either there in the given passage or the student can solve it at ease by reading and analyzing the passage carefully.
• Indirect and application-based- These are the ones that would require the student to have complete knowledge of the topic and could be answered by application of the concepts. The answers to such questions are slightly tricky and not visible in the given passage, though the passage would highlight the concept on which the questions would be asked by CBSE.

Class 12 Business Studies Case Study

Case study questions asked by CBSE were stated to be quite challenging by many students. It prominently focuses on real and present scenarios of the business world. Though the exam, on the whole, was quite direct and its difficulty level was termed out to be moderate. Around 30% of the question paper consisted of case-based questions that required high-order thinking and analytical skills from the students.

Content of Case Study Questions

The concept of case-based questions is not new since CBSE has always included questions based on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTs) and case-based questions. Though now we will have an increased percentage of such questions in the question paper. The student has to keep in mind that the concept-based questions can be attempted only with the proper understanding of the business concepts.

Benefits Of Case-based Questions

Class 12 Business Studies syllabus comprises two books and CBSE can ask Case study questions from any of them. Students must prepare themselves thoroughly for both the books. They must practice class 12 Business Studies case-based questions from the various options available to them.

• Enhance the intellectual capabilities of the students.
• Provide a complete and deeper understanding of the subject.
• Inculcate analytical reasoning and temperament in students.
• Help students retain knowledge for longer periods of time.
• Would definitely help to discard the concept of rote learning and cramming without understanding the core of the subject.
• The questions would facilitate bringing out the much-awaited change in the prevalent system of education in India that hinders the strengthening of practical learning.

Some Case-Study Questions (Business Studies) Class 12

Here are some case study questions for CBSE class 12 Business Studies. If you wish to get more case study questions and other related study material, download the myCBSEguide App now. You can also access it through our Student Dashboard .

Business Studies Case Study 1

Read the following text and answer the questions: ABLEX Ltd. is a big and well-reputed company. The biggest challenge for the company is managing many employees at the same time. As the company has various departments like human resources, marketing, finance,etc., it is very necessary for the company to maintain unity in different departments. All the employees work hard for the organisation. Despite their different interest, they all perform various activities together so as to achieve the objectives of the company. The career of employees is shown a developmental path through proper training modules and job enrichment. Ajay is a manager who assigns all duties and responsibilities to his employees in the department. He uses all sources to develop proper communication with them and leaves no attempt to motivate them.

• It integrates Group Efforts
• It is a Continuous process
• It ensures Unity of Action
• It is Pervasive
• Top Level Management
• Middle-Level Management
• Lower Level Management
• Supervisory Level Management
• Economic objectives
• Social Objectives
• Organisational Objectives
• Personal Objectives

Answer Key:

• (c) It ensures unity of action
• (b) Middle-level management
• (c) Personal objectives
• (a) Directing

Business Studies Case Study 2

Read the following text and answer the question: Mohan works in a bulb manufacturing company. Each bulb that is manufactured is of standard size and quality. Further, if there is any unrequited type of bulb manufactured then its production is stopped. Last month when the company came to know that 10-watt bulbs were no more liked by customers, their production was stopped. He works in the purchasing department. His job is to purchase the filaments required to make bulbs. This time when he purchases the filament he gets the instruction from the seller that some special care needs to be taken in the first hour of fixing the filaments inside the bulb. Mohan knows this information should be given immediately to the production department before the assembling process starts. However, he finds that his company’s policies only allow him to give the message to his immediate boss who will further pass this message to his boss. The passing of this message will continue until it reaches the desired person in the production department. Based on the passage answer the following questions:

• Method study
• Fatigue study
• Standardization and simplification
• None of these
• Scalar chain
• Departmentalization
• Division of Work
• None of the above
• Organization
• Authority and Responsibility
• All of these
• Division of work
• Scalar Chain
• (b) Fatigue study
• (a) Scalar chain
• (c) Gang plank
• (a) Division of work

Business Studies Case Study 3

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Two years ago Radhika completed her degree in food technology. She worked for some time in a company manufacturing chutneys, pickles and murabbas. She was not happy in the company and decided to have her own organic food processing unit for the same. She set the objectives and the targets and formulated an action plan to achieve the same. One of her objectives was to earn 10% profit on the amount invested in the first year. It was decided that raw materials like fruits, vegetables, spices, etc. will be purchased on three months’ credit form farmers cultivating organic crops only. She also decided to follow the steps required for the marketing of the products through her own outlets. She appointed Rakesh as a production manager who decides the exact manner in which the production activities are to be carried out. Rakesh also prepared a statement showing the number of workers that will be required in the factory throughout the year. Radhika informed Mohan about her sales target for different products, area wise for the forthcoming quarter. While working on the production table a penalty of 100 per day for not wearing the caps, gloves and apron was announced.

• Standing Plan
• (a) Objectives
• (c) Procedure
• (b) Programme

Tips to Solve Case Study Questions in Business Studies

Let’s try to comprehend and solve case study questions of class 12 Business Studies. As mentioned earlier, the entire syllabus is divided into 2 books. It is expected from the students to rigorously follow the NCERT book as the language written is quite simple and crisp. The exam in spite of being totally theoretical is quite scoring.

• Read the passage in depth.
• Try to comprehend the situation and focus on the questions asked.
• Generally, the passage given in Business Studies is lengthy but the solutions are brief and simple.
• Can follow a reversal pattern, i.e read the questions before and then search for the answers. You will save time.
• Answer briefly and precisely.
• Focus on solidifying key Business Studies fundamentals for acing any case study. If your concepts are clear, you will hardly face any difficulty in answering them.
• While answering the case study, pick the keywords or any keyline based on which you are withdrawing your conclusion. You need to highlight the reason for your answer.

These simple points if kept in mind will definitely help the student to fetch good marks in case study-based questions in class 12 Business Studies.

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NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies provide a wide range of concepts and advanced information regarding the subject, including all the questions provided in the NCERT books. Students who wish to score remarkable grades will be able to ace their exams using the NCERT Solutions given at BYJU’S.

Business pursuits influence the day-to-day lives of all people as they work, spend, save, invest, travel, and relax. Business affects jobs, earnings, and chances for personal endeavour and enhancement. Business affects not only the class of living and quality of lifestyle but also the environment in which the people reside.

In Class 11, we studied the fundamental aspects of the subject. NCERT Solutions Business studies for Class 12 is an advanced level of Class 11 NCERT Solutions.

Chapterwise NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies is given below.

The following chapters have been removed from the NCERT Class 12 Business Studies textbook 2023-24.

Financial Markets

Entrepreneurship Development

Access and download  NCERT class 12 Books  here.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies provides a wide range of illustrative examples which help the students to comprehend and learn quickly. The above-mentioned is the syllabus for CBSE Class 12 . For more solutions and study materials of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, visit BYJU’S or download the app for more information and the best learning experience.

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• Class 12th /

Business Studies Class 12 Case Studies

• Updated on  
• Feb 12, 2021

The Central Board of Secondary Examination [CBSE] carries out periodic changes frequently in the structure of syllabus and question pattern across different commerce subjects . With more and more questions being added which aim to evaluate concept application, analysis and interpretation, the prevalent practice of theoretical learning is being done away with. The inclusion of Business Studies class 12 case studies is a step in this direction. Further, the vast nature of syllabus in the subject makes this way testing much more practical in place of merely listing and rewriting. Here, we present a full-fledged guide on how to tackle these case studies questions in a way that can get you better scores.

This Blog Includes:

Overview & structure, what is a case study, business studies class 12 case studies: examples, how to solve case studies in business studies class 12.

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Business studies broadly encompass ‘Principles and Functions of Management’ which deal with management, its nature, elements, theories and application as well as ‘Business Finance and Marketing’ which concerns financial markets , marketing management and consumer protection. Before taking a look at the Business Studies Class 12, take a look at the pattern of the paper is as follows:

Note: Case studies are not separate sections or parts. They can be asked as all across the above-mentioned sections.

In particular, case studies are based on real-life scenarios which concern business-related situations. This involves, for instance, cases wherein a person starts a business concern, problems faced in its management, a unique set of circumstances encountered and a host of other different situations. The students are required to correlate concepts in management and solve questions based on their understanding of such concepts. Identification of a particular aspect of Business Management is also a highly used testing criterion.

Here are a few examples of case study questions you can expect to see in the Class 12 Business Studies paper based on official CBSE Question Paper 2020:

Umang Gupta is the Managing Director of Denver Ltd. The company had established a good name for itself and had been doing well. It was known for the timely completion of orders. The Production Manager, Ms Kanta was efficiently handling the processing of the order and had a team of fourteen motivated employees working under her. Everything was going on well. Unfortunately, she met with an accident. Umang knew that in the absence of Ms Kanta, the company may not be able to meet the deadlines. He also knew that not meeting the deadlines may lead to customer dissatisfaction with the risk of loss of business and goodwill. So, he had a meeting with his employees in which accurate the speedy processing of orders was planned. Everybody agreed to work as a team because the behaviour of Umang Gupta was positive towards the employees of the organisation. Hence everyone put in extra time and efforts and the targets were met on time. Not only this, Umang visited Ms Kanta and advised her to take sufficient rest. 1. Identify the leadership style of Umang Gupta and draw a diagram depicting the style. 2. State any two values highlighted by the behaviour of Umang Gupta. (CBSE, Delhi 2017)

Indian Youth Organisation (IYO) organised a visit of its members to an old age home to inculcate the habit of social work among them. The visit revealed that the living conditions of the inmates of the old age home were not hygienic. So, the IYO members decided to clean the premises. During their cleanliness drive, they realised that the old age home also required pest control. But some of the inmates of old age home were reluctant about it because they believed that the pest control might create health problems for them. IYO, therefore, decided to provide ethical, safe and odourless pest control. They showed to the inmates of old age home a pamphlet of the proposed pest control product which promised easy, inexpensive and long-lasting pest control. The inmates happily agreed and the pest control was carried out. It worked for a fortnight but to their dismay, the effect started wearing off. IYO contacted the pest control company which kept on postponing their visit. After waiting for a month, IYO filed a cased in the consumer court. The consumer court was satisfied with the genuineness of the complaint and issued necessary directions to the pest control company. 1. State the six directions that might have been issued by the court. 2. Also, identify any two values that are being communicated by IYO to society. (CBSE, Delhi 2017)

ABC Ltd is a consumer appliance company established in 1992. With its effort of quality maintenance, it has established a competent name in the market for its products. In its efforts of specialisation, it has set up different departments of finance, sales, manufacturing, technical services and maintenance services. As the spaces of operation have risen along with soaring consumer demand, ABD Ltd came to resolution to alter its current principle of management in order to meet varying requirements of the environment.  Write the specific general principle of management the company intends to modify to meet the changing requirements.

Gold Land Pvt. Ltd. is a wheat-producing company. Daily 5000 bags of wheat weighing 10 kg each are produced here. In comparison to the previous year, this ere has been less number of bags produced on a per-day basis. The number is around 4500 which is less than the target of 5000 set by the company. The company however has been able to reduce the costs involved in comparison to last year’s spending on the production and packaging of each bag. The quality of bags has also been up to the mark. Identify the concept of management ignored here.

A floor manager of a mall is a very good manager as he utilizes all the functions of management to minimize the cost of maintenance of his area. He directs all the staff members under him to follow the targets and advises them to put their efforts in the direction of the achievement of these targets. Under his guidance, the employees admit that they learn a lot and are able to meet their targets. This has led to an increase in their salaries. Identify the importance of management highlighted above.

A bank named ‘Dhan Sangraha Karta’ allows the Kapoor family to deposit their money time and again in it. It gives a definite return to this family which is in the form of interest. To get this interest the money stored in the household of Kapoor family gets entry into this bank. Nearby there is a stock exchange, Mr Rajan Kapoor, who is the head of the family, goes there and buys securities. He says that in this way more return in earned by him on his saved money though the risk is also there. 1. Identify the process in the above case performed by the bank and the stock exchange. 2. What are the roles of the bank and the stock exchange with respect to each other? 3. Name a condition for the bank to perform its role in this process. 4. Name a condition for the stock market to perform its role in this process.

To make the sports day of the school successful the Headmaster of the school divided all the activities into task groups each dealing with a specific area like holding of the event, the arrangement of medals, refreshments etc. Each group was placed under the overall supervision of a senior teacher. The physical education teacher was made responsible for holding different events, the home science teacher for refreshments and the Maths teacher for medals. Identify the function of management performed by the Headmaster in doing so.

Exploring Class 12 notes? Don’t Forget to Check Out Our Exclusive Guide on CBSE Accountancy Class 12 !

RTVB Technologies Ltd. entered the gaming market via its launch of a comprehensive gaming brand name that focused on gaming consoles, games and other accessories. This was done after careful consideration of changing consumer needs and market trends. While its products are expensive, they are of high quality as well as eco-friendly. Their efforts were to differentiate their product from the existing items available in the market and devoted significant efforts, time and money in the creation of the brand name as without this they can only focus on awareness for generic products and can never be sure of sale of products. After some time, their efforts led to a positive growth in demand of products and parallelly as the customers liking also grew, the higher price was no longer a buyer. Over time, the company’s gaming brand became regarded as a status symbol owing to its impressive quality and consumers by using them felt a sense of pride. I. What is RTVB Ltd.’s marketing management philosophy? II. In the above case, describe the benefits of branding to the marketeers.

Note: You can access more Business Studies Class 12 Case Studies here .

Since they aim to analyze the student’s understanding of business studies and management studies, the case studies in Class 12 can be intricate and complex ones to comprehend. But there are many ways to easily solve them and grasp the concepts covered under Business Studies. We have enlisted some of the best tips and tricks you can utilise to crack the case studies in Business Studies Class 12:

Read NCERT Books for Business Studies thoroughly and go through all the topics covered in each chapter. NCERT books can be your best buddy in exploring the nuances of business and management as they describe the essential topics in a simpler and uncomplicated manner. Once you have read all the chapters given in NCERT as well as the case studies under each chapter then move towards studying with reference books.

While solving case studies for Business Studies Class 12, understand the question carefully and highlight all the key aspects mentioned that seem important. This can vary from the changes brought forward by a business firm to a decision that led to something important or the beliefs and philosophies an enterprise started with. Highlight all the key pointers and then start drafting the answers.

If the question asks an analysis of a certain aspect of a decision or management, it’s better to write down all the key pointers elucidating the pros and cons of the issue you are asked to analyse . Once you have the pointers, you can write down the answer easily.

Don’t write lengthy answers and try to make them concise and insightful . Adhere to the word limit provided and draft a comprehensive answer accordingly.

Some questions might explicitly mention the topic from the syllabus for Business Studies Class 12 such as “analyse the step taken by ______ Manager as per the Functions of Management”. You can use this as a hint to answer the question as per the concepts covered under the Functions of Management in the syllabus. Look out for such hints in the question on case studies as they can help you draft an impressive and high-scoring answer.

While preparing for the class 12 examinations, one can make use of the following resources:

• Case Studies Mentor in Business Studies Class- XII by Alka Dhawan
• Case Studies in Business Studies by Tapan Pathak for CBSE Class 12 by Tapan Pathak
• Business Studies with Case Studies for Class-XI by Sandeep Garg
• Business Studies for Class 12 – Question-Answer Bank by MeriPustak
• CBSE Class 12 Business Studies-Case Studies by Shiv Das
• Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Class 12 Business Studies Book by Oswaal Books
• Business Studies for Class 12 by RK Singla
• All In One Business Studies CBSE class 12 2019-20 (Old Edition) by Arihant Experts
• ABD’s Business Studies – Mastering Case Studies – (Class XII) (2019-2020) by Neeru Sethi

It requires a solid grasp over business and management concepts to tackle Business Studies Class 12 Case Studies. If you are planning to pursue a degree in Business after class 12, take assistance of our team of experts at Leverage Edu and we’ll help you find a suitable course and university thus gearing you up for a successful future ahead.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

CBSE Notes for Class 12 Business Studies

Revision Notes for CBSE Class 12 Business Studies – Free PDF Download

Free PDF download of CBSE Class 12 Business Studies revision notes and short key-notes to score more marks in your exams, prepared by our expert Business Studies teachers from the latest edition of CBSE (NCERT) books.

• Nature and Significance of Management
• Principles of Management
• Business Environment
• Controlling
• Financial Management
• Financial Market
• Consumer Protection

LearnCBSE.in Class 12 Business Studies notes Advantages:

• Concise and clear concepts written in a lucid manner.
• You can read the entire content without Login.
• The Revision notes for Class 12 CBSE Business Studies are available for Free Download in PDF format.

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NCERT Books Class 12 Business Studies PDF Download

NCERT Books Class 12 Business Studies in English and Hindi Medium with NCERT solutions free pdf download . Download Business Studies exam support material for the students studying in Class 12. PDF download NCERT Business Studies books class 12.

NCERT Books Class 12 Business Studies Free PDF Download

PDF Download official prescribed Business Studies Class 12 NCERT textbook below. Book based on Latest Business Studies Class 12 Syllabus . Class XII NCERT Business Studies Books are easy to understand with fundamental explanations.

NCERT Book Bst-Business Studies Class 12

Ncert bst-business studies book class 12 free pdf download.

• Chapter 1 Nature & Significance of Management
• Chapter 2 Principles of Management
• Ch 3 Business Environment
• Chapter 4 Planning
• Chapter 5 Organizing
• Ch 6 Staffing
• Chapter 7 Directing
• Chapter 8 Controlling
• Ch 9 Financial Management
• Chapter 10 Financial Market
• Chapter 11 Marketing
• Ch 12 Consumer Protection
• Chapter 13 Entrepreneurship Development

व्यवसाय अध्ययन – NCERT Bst-Business Studies Class 12th Books All Chapters in Hindi Medium

Ncert व्यवसाय अध्ययन – ncert bst-business studies  class 12 part 1 book in hindi, ncert व्यवसाय अध्ययन – ncert bst-business studies  class 12 part 2 book in hindi, ncert books class 12 free pdf download, leave a reply cancel reply.

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4 Super TIPS To SOLVE CASE STUDIES in Business Studies Class 12

Ultimate Tips To Solve Case Studies in Business Studies Class 12

Students preparing for Board Exams often get confused with Case Studies. Here are 4 Super Tips To Solve Case Studies in Business Studies Class 12, explained with the help of  30 Case Studies, on the basis of Board Question Papers (modified) for the ultimate guidance of students.

After reading the previous two articles on Case Studies along with this one thoroughly(links given at the bottom), It is a surety that ‘ The student can score 100% marks after reading NCERT books’ .

Case Studies are not a matter of Rote-Learning . Practice will definitely help you.

Following main points must be specially considered for solving Case Studies for 100% marks:

4 Super Tips To Solve Case Studies in Business Studies Class 12

• Study NCERT books
• Memorize Headings as per NCERT books.
• Learn proper Diagrams and Examples of NCERT books.
• Revise Keywords and brief notes
• Read the last sentences of the question carefully to check the requirement of the question.
• Then, read the case twice to answer the questions asked.
• Always answer these questions on the basis of case given.

Special Instruction:

• In these case studies, underlined words indicate the answer/hints.
• Words in RED focus on the question.

Case Study- 1

Somesh’s father is working as a section in-charge in a government office. Identify the level of management at which he is working ? State any five functions that he has to perform at this level.

• Lower level of management.
• Then write five functions of lower level of management

Case Study- 2

ABC Power Ltd. set up a factory for manufacturing solar lanterns in a remote village as there was no reliable supply of electricity in rural areas. The revenue earned by the company was sufficient to cover the costs and the risks. As the demand of lanterns was increasing day- by-day, the company decided to increase production to generate higher sales. For this/they decided to employ people from a nearby village as very few job opportunities were available in that area. The company also decided to open schools and crèches for the children of its employees .

Identify and explain the objectives of management discussed above.

• Organisational objectives and Social Objectives, (as evident from lines underlined in question.)
• Then explain these two.

Case Study – 3

Sumona works as a designer in an export house. As per the terms of an order received by the export house, she has to get 1000 units of denim jackets made in 15 days @ ₹2000 per jacket. She is able to complete her target production in 20 days because in order to complete the order in 15 days she would have made the workers work over time. As a result, the cost of production per jacket may have increased by ₹ 100. In the context of the above case, Is Sujata efficient in her work? Explain by giving a suitable reason in support of your answer.

• Yes, Sumona is efficient.
• As she has been able to get 1000 units of denim jackets made @ ₹2000 per jacket.

Case Study – 4

Ramesh joins an IT firm as a system analyst after completing his masters in Computer Science. As the nature of his work demands he has to work in very close coordination with all the departmental heads in the firm, very soon Ramesh realizes that each departmental head has own individual style of working. They differ greatly in their day-to-day approach to work. They tend to deal with a given situation , an issue or a problem through a combination of their own experience, creativity, imagination, initiative and innovation. In the context of the above case, Identify and explain the nature of management highlighted in the above case.

• Management - art.
• Then explain Management as an art.

Case Study – 5

Sachin after completing his entrepreneurship course from abroad returned to India and started a coffee shop ‘Aroma Coffee Can’ in a famous mall in New Delhi. The speciality of the coffee shop was the special aroma of coffee and a wide variety of flavours to choose from. Somehow, the business was neither profitable nor popular. Sachin was keen to find out the reason. He appointed Sakshi, an MBA from a reputed college, as a Manager to find out the causes for the same. Sakshi took feedback from the clients and found out that though they loved the special unique aroma of coffee but were not happy with the long waiting time being taken to process the order. She analysed and found out that there were many unnecessary obstructions in between which could be eliminated. She fixed a standard time for processing the order. She also realised that there were some flavours whose demand was not enough. So, she also decided to stop the sale of such flavours . As a result within a short period Sakshi was able to attract the customers. Identify and explain any two techniques of scientific management used by Sakshi to solve the problem.

• The two techniques of scientific management used by Sakshi (any two)
• Simplification (Standardisation and Simplification):
• Motion study
• Then explain these techniques.

Case Study – 6

Telco Ltd. manufactures files and folders from old clothes to discourage the use of plastic files and folders. For this, they employ people from nearby villages where very less job opportunities are available. An employee, Harish, designed a plan for cost reduction but it was not welcomed by the production manager . Another employee gave some suggestions for improvements in design, but it also was not appreciated by the production manager . State the principle of management that is violated in the above paragraph.

• Principle of Initiative.
• Then explain it.

Case Study – 7

The principles of Taylor and Fayol are mutually complementary. One believed that management should share the gains with the workers while the other suggested that employees’ compensation should depend on the earning capacity of the company and should give them a reasonable standard of living. Identify and explain the principles of Favol and Taylor referred to in the above paragraph .

• ‘Remuneration of employees’ and ‘Harmony, Not Discord’.
• Then explain both.

Case Study – 8

Rajeev works as a plant superintendent in a carpet making factory. In order to complete the export orders on time, the production manager asks him to make the workers work over time whereas the finance manager is strictly against this practice because it will increase the cost of production. Moreover, Rajeev feels that since the company is manufacturing handmade carpets as well as machine made carpets there is a lot of overlapping of activities. Therefore, there should be two separate divisions for both of them wherein each division should have its own in charge, plans and execution resources. In context of the above case:

• Identify and explain the principle of managemen t which is being violated.
• Also identify the principle of management that Rajeev feels should be implemented in the factory.
• Unity of command.
• Unity of direction

Case Study – 9

After finishing her BBA degree course, Tanu gets a job of Assistant Manager in a retail company through the reference of her cousin Taru who works in the same company as a Senior Manager. Taru decides to guide Tanu through her experience by making her aware of the important facts about management in practice. She tells her that neither the principles of management provide any readymade, straitjacket solutions to all managerial problems nor they are not rigid prescriptions , which have to be followed absolutely. In context of the above case : Identify the two features of principles of management mentioned in the above paragraph by quoting lines from the paragraph.

• The two features of principles of management
• General guidelines
• Then underlined portion is to be shown in commas for quoting.

Case Study – 10

After completing her MBA, Beni took up a job with a multinational company named Fortio. The company paid good salaries and perks to its employees . The wages were within the paying capacity of the company that provided the employees with a reasonable standard of living . The company also had a good work-culture and the behaviour of superiors was very good towards their subordinates. Beni was very happy in this organisation but due to long working hours, she did not have time to cook her meals. She had to depend upon outside food which was deteriorating her health. She observed that this problem was faced by many of her colleagues, not only in her company but also in many other companies. This was because of increase in the number of working women and non-availability of hygienic home-cooked food. She identified this as a great opportunity and decided to give up her job to supply packaged home-cooked food to office-goers at a reasonable price. At the end of the day, she also distributed the leftover food to the nearby night-shelters.

• State the dimension of business environment being discussed above.
• State the principle of management being followed by Fortio.
• Social Environment
• ‘Remuneration of employees’.

Case Study – 11

After completing his MBA from the USA, Mr. Ajay came to India to start a new business under the banner Ecom Creations Ltd. He launched a new product in e-learning for senior secondary school students in the commerce stream which already had an established market in the UK and the USA but not in India. His business started flourishing in India. As a result, more Indian companies entered into the market with other subjects also. Identify and quote the lines from the above paragraph which highlight the significance of understanding business environment.

• Helps in assisting in planning and policy formulation
• It enables the firm to identify opportunities and getting the first mover advantage
• It helps in improving performance of an enterprise through continuous monitoring
• It helps the firm to identify threats and early warning signals

Case Study – 12

The court passed an order to ban polythene bags as:

• These bags create many environmental problems which affect the life of people.
• Innovative techniques are being developed to manufacture jute bags at low rates.
• Incomes are rising and people can afford to buy these bags.

Identify the different dimensions of business environment by quoting lines from the above particulars.

• Legal Environment:
• Social Environment:
• Political Environment:
• Technological environment:
• Economic Environment:

Case Study – 13

Suhasini, a home science graduate from a reputed college, has recently done a cookery course. She wished to start her own venture with a goal to provide ‘health food’ at reasonable prices. She discussed her i dea with her teacher (mentor) who encouraged her. After analysing various options for starting her business venture, they short listed the option to sell readymade and ‘ready to make’ vegetable shakes and sattu milk shakes. Then, they weighed the pros and cons of both the short listed options.

• Name the function of management being discussed above and give any one of its characteristics .
• Also briefly discuss any three limitations of the function discussed in the case.

Planning, write one feature, then write its limitations.

Case Study – 14

Two years ago, Madhu completed her degree in food technology. She worked for sometime in a company that manufactured chutneys, pickles and murabbas. She was not happy in the company and decided to have her own organic food processing unit for the same. She set the objectives and the targets and formulated an action plan to achieve the same. One of her objectives was to earn 10% profit on the amount invested in the first year . It was decided that raw materials like fruits, vegetables, spices, etc. will be purchased on three months’ credit from farmers cultivating only organic crops. She also decided to follow the steps required for marketing of the products through her own outlets. She appointed Mohan as the Production Manager who decided the exact manner in which the production activities were to be carried out. Mohan also prepared a statement showing the number of workers that will be required in the factory throughout the year . Madhu informed Mohan about her area wise sales target for different products for the forthcoming quarter. While working on the production table, a penalty of ₹ 100 per day for not wearing caps, gloves and apron was announced. Quoting lines from the above paragraph, identify and explain the different types of plans discussed.

Case Study – 15

Alliance Ltd. is engaged in manufacturing plastic buckets. The objective of the company is to manufacture 100 buckets a day. To achieve this, the efforts of all departments are coordinated and interlinked and authority-responsibility relationship is established among various job positions. There is clarity on who is to report to whom. Name the function of management discussed above.

Case Study – 16

Kiran Industries is a company dealing in office furniture. The company chose to diversify its operations to improve its growth potential and increase market share. As the project was important, many alternatives were generated for the purpose and were thoroughly discussed amongst the members of the organisation. After evaluating the various alternatives, Sukhvinder, the Managing Director of the company, decided that they should add ‘ Home Interiors and Furnishings’ as a new line of business activity .

Name the framework , which the diversified organisation should adopt , to enable it to cope with the emerging complexity?

Divisional structure

Case Study – 17

Alpha Enterprises is a company manufacturing water geysers. The company has a functional structure with four main functions - Production, Marketing, Finance and Human Resource. As the demand for the product grew, the company decided to hire more employees. Identify the concept which will help the Human Resource Manager in deciding the actual number of persons required in each department. 

Workload analysis.

Case Study – 18

Sahil, the director of a garments company, is planning to manufacture bags for the utilisation of waste materials from one of his garments units. He decided that his manufacturing unit will be set up in the rural area of Odisha where people have very less job opportunities and labour is available at a very low rate. He also thought of giving equal opportunities to men and women. For this, he selected S. Chatterjee, Inderjeet Kaur, Aslam and Sarabjeet as heads of the Sales, Accounts, Purchase and Production Departments.

• Identify and state the next two steps that Sahil has to follow in the staffing process after selecting the above heads.
• Placement and Orientation:
• Training and Development:

Case Study – 19

Mr. Shubhendu Bose is the owner of Bikmac Enterprises carrying on the business of manufacturing various kinds of biscuits. There was a lot of discontentment in the organisation and the targets were not being met. He asked his son, Naval, who had recently completed his MBA, to find out the reason. Naval found that all the decision-making of the enterprise were in the hands of his father . His father didn’t believe in his employees . As a result, both the employer and the employees were not able to understand each other’s messages in the same sense . Thus, the employees were not happy and targets were not met.

Identify any two communication barrier s because of which Bikmac Enterprises was not able to achieve its target.

State one more barrier each of the types identified in (1) above.

• Organisational barriers: Organisational Policy
• Psychological barriers: Distrust.

Organisational barriers: Status: Psychological barriers: Premature evaluation:

Case Study – 20

Rajat, a sales manager, achieved his sales targets one month in advance. This achievement was displayed on the notice board and a certificate for the best performance was awarded to him by the CEO of the company.

• Name the incentive provided to Rajat.
• Identify the type of incentive.
• List two other incentives of the type identified in part (2).
• Recognition.
• Non-financial incentive.
• Job security and Status.

Case Study – 21

Hina Sweets is a renowned name for quality sweets since 1935. Harsh the owner of Hina Sweets was worried as the sales had declined during the last three months. When he enquired from the Sales Manager, the Sales Manager reported that there were some complaints about the quality of sweets. Therefore Harsh ordered for sample checking of sweets . Identify the step taken by Harsh that is related to one of the functions of management.

Measurement of actual performance is the step in controlling process being described.

Case Study – 22

‘AS Ltd.’ is a large company engaged in assembling of air-conditioners. Recently the company had conducted the ‘Time’ and ‘Motion’ study and concluded that on an average, a worker can assemble ten air-conditioners in a day. The target volume of the company in a day is assembling of 1,000 units of air-conditioners. The company is providing attractive allowances to reduce labour turnover and absenteeism. All the workers are happy. Even then the assembling of air-conditioners per day is 800 units only. To find out the reason, the company compared actual performance of each worker and observed through CCTV that some of the workers were busy in gossiping.

Identify the function of management discussed above.

State the steps in the process of the function identified which are discussed in the above paragraph.

Controlling.

The steps involved in the process of controlling:

• Setting standards of performance:
• Measurement of actual performance:
• Comparison of actual performance with the standards:
• Analysing deviations:

Case Study – 23

“A business that doesn’t grow dies”, says Mr. Shah, the owner of Shah Marble Ltd. with glorious 36 months of its grand success having a capital base of RS.80 crores. Within a short span of time, the company could generate cash flow which not only covered fixed cash payment obligations but also create sufficient buffer. The company is on the growth path and a new breed of consumers is eager to buy the Italian marble sold by Shah Marble Ltd. To meet the increasing demand, Mr. Shah decided to expand his business by acquiring a mine. This required an investment of ₹120 crores. To seek advice in this matter, he called his financial advisor Mr. Seth who advised him about the judicious mix of equity (40%) and Debt (60%). Mr. Seth also suggested him to take loan from a financial institution as the cost of raising funds from financial institutions is low. Though this will increase the financial risk but will also raise the return to equity shareholders. He also apprised him that issue of debt will not dilute the control of equity shareholders. At the same time, the interest on loan is a tax deductible expense for computation of tax liability. After due deliberations with Mr. Seth, Mr. Shah decided to raise funds from a financial institution.

Identify and explain the concept of Financial Management as advised by Mr. Seth in the above situation. State the four factors affecting the concept as identified in part (1) above which have been discussed between Mr. Shah and Mr. Seth.

Capital structure

The four factors affecting capital as discussed above:

• Cash flow position:
• Risk Consideration:

Case Study – 24

Tata International Ltd. earned a net profit of ₹50 crores. Ankit, the finance manager of Tata International Ltd. wants to decide how to appropriate these profits . Discuss any five factors which will help him in taking this decision .

Five factors affecting dividend decision are to be discussed.

Case Study – 25

‘Apparels’ is India’s second largest manufacturer of branded Lifestyle apparel. The company now plans to diversify into personal care segment by launching perfumes, hair care and skin care products. Moreover, it is planning to open ten exclusive retail outlets in various cities across the country in next two years. In context of the above case: Identify the two factors affecting the fixed capital needs of the company by quoting lines from the paragraph.

• Diversification:
• Growth prospects:

Case Study – 26

Supriya’s grandmother who was unwell, called her and gave her a gift packet. Supriya opened the packet and saw many crumpled share certificates inside. Her grandmother told her that they had been left behind by her late grandfather. As no trading is now done in physical form , Supriya wants to know the process by adopting which she is in a position to deal with these certificates.

• Identify and state the process.
• Also give two reasons to Supriya why dealing with shares in physical form had been stopped.
• Dematerialization
• Problems with dealing in physical form to be written.

Case Study – 27

Identify the Marketing Management philosophy adopted in the following cases:

• Mansi, a shoe manufacturer for school students, decided to maximize her profit by producing and distributing at large scale and thereby reducing the average cost of production .
• Nisha, a school bag manufacturer decided to improve the product for profit maximization and thus added a water bottle holder to the existing design.
• Jasdeep, a dealer in school uniforms, decided to maximize his profit by using different aggressive promotional efforts.
• Amar is engaged in manufacturing of refrigerators. He surveyed the market and found that c ustomers need a refrigerator with a separate provision of water cooler in it. He decided to launch the same refrigerator in the market.
• Production concept
• Product concept
• Selling concept
• Marketing concept

Case Study - 28

“Every time I travelled, people asked me to bring them chips, khakra and pickles from all over the country,” says Anoushka. Finally, she and her colleague, Sumeet, decided to make out of it. They launched a face book bags, asked people what they wanted and they came up with a list of about 100 places and tried up with two dozen vendors to begin with. They were servicing people from Jaipur who wanted spices from Kerala , people form Panipat who wanted halwa from Jammu and people from Delhi who ordered for fresh tea leaves form Darjeeling . Through their business they wished to bridge the gap between sellers and buyers. The business is now worth millions.

Explain any two important activities that Anoushka and Sumeet will have to be involved in for making the goods available to the customers at the right place, in the right quantity and at the right time.

Activities / Components of Physical Distribution: (any two)

• Order processing:
• Transportation;
• Warehousing:
• Inventory Control:

Case Study - 29

Pragya bought an iron of a reputed brand for ₹1500 but it caused an electric shock while it was being used. Pragya wants to exercise her ‘Right’. Identify the ‘Right’ under which she can be protected .

Right of safety

Case Study - 30

Dushyant, who was a vegetarian, went to a snack bar for having French fries and later on found out that it has non-vegetarian content. Neither the advertisement nor the packing of the product displayed that the product has non-vegetarian content . Will Dushyant be able to claim compensation? Which right of the consumer is violated?

• The seller has violated the Right to information.

An interesting method to solve case studies.

How to solve case studies in Business Studies?

Check Your Understanding

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NCERT Books

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Free PDF Download | Chapterwise NCERT Solutions of Class 12th BST

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies can be an extremely helpful resource for students in their preparation. Class 12 Business Studies NCERT Solutions covers questions from all the NCERT Books for Class 12 Business Studies . Class 12th NCERT Solutions of Business Studies will strengthen your fundamentals and help you score good grades in exams. NCERT Solutions of Class 12 Business Studies are given by experts adhering to the latest CBSE Syllabus Guidelines.

Download Complete  NCERT Solutions PDF from class 6th to 12th as per your requirement and learn the concepts effectively.

Chapter-wise NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Free PDF Download

Make the best out of the Chapterwise NCERT Solutions Class 12 Business Studies for both Parts 1 & 2 over here and resolve your queries regarding the subject. All you have to do is simply click on the respective chapter links and learn the concepts within quite easily. Students can complement their preparation by taking help of our article on Business Studies MCQs for Class 12 with Answers and improvise on the areas of need accordingly.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Part 1 Principles and Functions of Management

• Chapter 1 Nature and Significance of Management
• Chapter 2 Principles of Management
• Chapter 3 Business Environment
• Chapter 4 Planning
• Chapter 5 Organising
• Chapter 6 Staffing
• Chapter 7 Directing
• Chapter 8 Controlling

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Part 2 Business Finance and Marketing

• Chapter 9 Financial Management
• Chapter 10 Financial Market
• Chapter 11 Marketing
• Chapter 12 Consumer Protection

You can also Download Free  NCERT Books  for class 1st to 12th

Class 12th NCERT Solutions for Business Studies PDF Download

Business Studies Class 12 NCERT Solutions PDF Versions will help you understand how the subject is easy at surface level. Don’t worry about the accuracy of the solutions present here as all of them are explained to you after ample research. All the 12th Std Business Studies NCERT Solutions present here are as per the CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Syllabus . NCERT Book Solutions of Class 12 Business Studies include illustrative examples that help you comprehend and learn the concepts quickly.

Importance of Class 12 Business Studies NCERT Solutions

There are plenty of benefits referring to the 12th Std Business Studies NCERT Solutions and they are as below

• Class 12 Business Studies NCERT Solutions offers in-depth explanations for all the complex topics.
• CBSE Class 12th Business Studies Notes available is as per the Latest CBSE Curriculum.
• 12th Class NCERT Book Business Studies Solutions can save you a lot of time as we have explained all the topics in one place.
• You can learn and grab the concepts much quickly and effectively as well as score better grades in exams taking the help of the Business Studies NCERT Solutions for Class 12.
• Solve the questions regularly and attempt the exam with utmost confidence.

FAQs on CBSE Class 12th NCERT Solutions of Business Studies

1. Where do I get Chapterwise NCERT Solutions of Class 12 Business Studies?

You can get Chapterwise NCERT Solutions of Class 12 Business Studies for free on NCERTBooks.guru a trusted portal.

2. How to download Business Studies Class 12th NCERT Solutions?

You can download Business Studies Class 12th NCERT Solutions by simply tapping on the quick links available.

3. How to study for the CBSE Business Studies Paper for Class 12?

You can study for the CBSE Business Studies Paper for Class 12  by using the preparation resources like NCERT Solutions of Class 12 Business Studies, CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Notes, BST Sample Papers, etc.

We wish the data shed regarding the CBSE Class 12 Business Studies NCERT Solutions has been useful to you. For any other queries do ask us through the comment section so that our team can guide you. Bookmark our site to avail latest updates on NCERT Books, MCQs, NCERT Solutions of other Classes in no time.

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Business Studies Study Material for CBSE Class 12

Class 12 business studies advances your knowledge of the business world from what you learned in class 11 business studies teaching more important topics like management, planning, market, consumer protection, etc. completely prepare for the board or competitive exams with our cbse class 12 business studies study material that provides a structured blueprint with chapter-wise notes updated according to 2024-25 cbse guidelines. you can also test your knowledge with sample papers and the previous year's board question exam paper with solutions..

Discover a smoother learning journey through our effortless roadmap

Chapter 1: Nature and Significance of Management

Management : Meaning, Characteristics, Objectives, and Importance

Difference between Efficiency and Effectiveness

Nature of Management as a Science, Art and Profession

Levels of Management - Top, Middle and Lower

Functions of Management - Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing and Controlling

Coordination in Management : Concept, Features & Importance

Difference between Coordination and Cooperation

Chapter 2: Principles of Management

Nature and Significance of Principles of Management

14 Principles of Management by Henri Fayol

Difference between Unity of Command and Unity of Direction

Principles of Scientific Management

Techniques of Scientific Management

Difference between Time Study and Motion Study

Difference between Fayol and Taylor Theories of Management

Chapter 3: Business Environment

What is Business Environment ? | Meaning and Features

Importance of Business Environment

Dimensions of Business Environment

Economic Environment in India

New Industrial Policy : Features & Impact

Concept and Features of Demonetization

Chapter 4: Planning

11 articles

Planning: Meaning, Features, Importance and Limitations

Planning Process: Concept and Steps

Types of Plans: Standing Plan and Single-use Plan

Difference between Standing Plans and Single-Use Plans

Difference between Policies and Objectives

Difference between Policies and Strategy

Difference between Policies and Procedures

Difference between Procedures and Methods

Difference between Procedures and Rules

Difference between Policies and Rules

Difference between Rules and Methods

Chapter 5: Organising

10 articles

Organising : Meaning, Importance and Process

Types of Organisation Structure

Difference between Functional Structure and Divisional Structure

Formal and Informal Organisation

Difference between Formal and Informal Organisation

Elements and Importance of Delegation

Difference between Authority, Responsibility and Accountability

Centralization and Decentralization

Difference between Centralization and Decentralization

Difference between Delegation and Decentralization

Chapter 6: Staffing

12 articles

Staffing : Meaning, Definition, Features and Importance

Staffing and Human Resource Management

Staffing Process

Sources of Recruitment (Internal and External: Meaning, Merits and Demerits)

Difference between Internal Recruitment and External Recruitment

Steps in Selection Process

Difference between Recruitment and Selection

Importance of Training and Development to Organisation and Employees

Methods of Training: On-the-Job Methods and Off-the-Job Methods

Difference between On-the-Job Training Methods and Off-the-Job Training Methods

Difference between Training and Development

Difference between Training, Development and Education

Chapter 7: Directing

19 articles

Directing: Meaning, Characteristics and Importance

Principles and Elements of Directing

Importance of Supervision

Features and Importance of Motivation

Process of Motivation

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Financial and Non-Financial Incentives

Difference between Financial and Non-financial Incentives

Features and Importance of Leadership

Types of Leadership Styles

10 Qualities of a Good Leader

Which is more effective Push or Pull marketing ?

Communication: Meaning, Definition, Features and Importance

Elements of Communication Process

Communication Channels | Formal and Informal

Formal Communication: Meaning, Types, Merits and Demerits

Informal Communication: Meaning, Networks, Merits and Demerits

Barriers to Effective Communication

Measures to improve Communication Effectiveness

Chapter 8: Controlling

Controlling in Management: Meaning, Nature, Importance and Limitations

Relationship between Planning and Controlling

Process of Controlling

Chapter 9: Financial Management

Role and Objectives of Financial Management

Types of Financial Decisions

Investment Decision: Meaning and Factors affecting Investment Decision

Financing Decision: Meaning and Factors affecting Financing Decision

Dividend Decision: Meaning and Factors affecting Dividend Decision

Financial Planning: Objectives and Importance

What is Capital Structure?

Factors affecting the choice of Capital Structure

What is Fixed Capital and Working Capital?

Factors Affecting the Fixed Capital

Factors Affecting the Working Capital

Chapter 10: Financial Markets

15 articles

Financial Market : Meaning, Functions, and Classification

Instruments of Money Market

What is Capital Market?

Difference between Money Market and Capital Market

What are the different Methods of Floatation of Securities in Primary Market?

Difference between Primary Market and Secondary Market

What is Stock Exchange?

Trading Procedure on a Stock Exchange

Basic Stock Market Terms | Common Terms in Stock Exchange

Depository System: Meaning, Services and Constituents

Demat Account: Types, Importance & How to Open

What is National Stock Exchange of India (NSEI)?

What is Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI)?

Difference between NSEI and OTCEI

Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI): Objectives and Functions

Chapter 11: Marketing

24 articles

Marketing: Features and Functions

Advantages and Disadvantages of Commercial Paper

Marketing Management Philosophies

Elements of Marketing Mix : 4Ps

What is Product Mix?

Classification of Products

Difference between Convenience Products, Shopping Products and Speciality Products

Difference between Consumer Products and Industrial Products

What is Branding?

Packaging: Meaning, Levels, Importance and Functions

Labelling: Meaning, Types and Functions

Price Mix: Meaning and Factors Affecting Price Determination

What is Place/Physical Distribution Mix?

Types of Distribution Channels

Factors Determining Choice of Channels of Distribution

Components of Physical Distribution

What is Promotion Mix?

Advertising : Features, Merits and Demerits

Objections to Advertising

Personal Selling: Features, Merits and Role

Qualities of a Good Salesman

Difference between Advertising and Personal Selling

Sales Promotion: Merits, Demerits and Activities/ Techniques

Public Relations (PR) : Meaning, Importance, Roles and Tools

Chapter 12: Consumer Protection

Consumer Protection: Meaning, Importance and Means

Consumer Rights and Responsibilities

Who is a Consumer?

Consumer Protection Act 1986 v/s Consumer Protection Act 2019

Redressal Agencies under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019

Remedies available to Consumers under Consumer Protection Act 2019

Study Material Overview:

Our CBSE Class 12 Business Studies material provides concise notes covering the entire syllabus, keeping in mind the chapter-wise weightage for exams. Our resources include solved board papers for practice, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of business concepts. Equip yourself for success with our study material.

What do we offer?

GeeksForGeeks has curated the best study material for CBSE Class 12 business studies by taking inputs from teachers and pass-out students. The study material is the best choice to revise class 12 business studies before exams. We have provided chapter-wise notes, with extra emphasis on the important concepts that are frequently asked in board exam papers. Along with notes, the study material also consists of the previous year's board question paper solutions so that students can know the correct method to answer a question. By the end of this study material, you will have completed the entire class 12 business studies syllabus and mastered all important concepts. You can also test your knowledge with the help of a sample paper.

Key Highlights of this Study Material:

• Based on Latest NCERT Guidelines and update for the 2024-25 academic session.
• The in-depth teaching of the most important topics of CBSE class 12 Business studies.
• The use of images and infographics makes it a better choice than hand-written notes.
• The study material is easily accessible through the use of the internet.
• Practice and learn using sample paper and board paper solutions.

GeeksforGeeks breaks down complex ideas into easy-to-understand concepts. Very helpful.

With GeeksforGeeks, It become easy to understand class 12th Business Studies. Their easy explanations and helpful practical examples make studying less stressful.

Aryan Gupta

Easy to read and Understand. Great Business Studies learning Material

Rohan Singh

Class 12 Business Studies Guide: Clear, simple, and exactly what I need for exams.

How many chapters are in Business Studies Class 12?

There are 12 chapters in CBSE class 12 business studies. They are categorized into two parts- Part A and Part B. Part A contains 8 chapters and Part B contains 4 chapters.

Is it necessary to use the Class 12 Business Studies notes PDF?

CBSE class 12 business studies note pdf is useful when revising the entire syllabus, but our study material not only helps you revise the entire syllabus but it will also help you revise specific important topics.

What should be the study plan to ace the CBSE class 12 Business Studies board exam?

The study plan to ace your business studies board exam should be, learning and revising important topics from our study material. Practice the previous year's questions, and at last, be consistent and practice every day.

How does this study material help in learning CBSE class 12 business studies?

The study material provided here is an updated study material that compiles every important concept with practice examples and solutions. After completing this study material, you can easily score 95+ in your board exams.

Are NCERT solutions helpful for Class 12 Business Studies?

Yes, NCERT solutions provide detailed solutions to all questions in the NCERT textbooks and are very helpful.

How to effectively use study materials for Class 12 Business Studies?

To effectively use our class 12 business studies study material, understand the concepts, practice questions regularly, and solve previous years examination questions.

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Content Curator | Updated On - Jul 11, 2024

NIOS Class 12 Business Studies Question Paper 2018 with Answer Key pdf is available for download here. The exam was conducted by National Institute of Open Schooling on April 20, 2018 in the Afternoon Session 2:30 PM to 5:30 PM. The question paper comprised a total of 30 questions.

NIOS Class 12 Business Studies Question Paper 2018 with Answer Key

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West Bengal Board Class 11 Business Studies Syllabus 2024-25: Download Syllabus PDF For Free

West bengal board class 11 business studies syllabus 2024-25: this article discusses the syllabus of business studies released by the west bengal board for class 11 students. download the syllabus from the direct link. .

West Bengal Board Class 11 Business Studies Syllabus 2024-25: In the state of West Bengal, the body entrusted with the administration of education is the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. The Council has made available the latest syllabus for students of class 11 for the academic session 2024-25. Students don’t have to worry about searching for the syllabus as they are available in the school section of Jagran Josh. Here we have provided the WBCHSE Class 11 Business Studies syllabus in a downloadable format, that is PDF. Students can easily save the PDF on their phones, laptops or other devices. 

West Bengal Board Class 11 Business Studies Course Objectives

West Bengal Board Class 11 Business Studies Syllabus 2024-25

To download the complete syllabus PDF, click on the link: 

West Bengal Board Class 11 Business Studies Project Work 2024-25

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Exposing the Dangers of Targeting Children as Consumers

July 03, 2024 • By The UCI Paul Merage School of Business

Over 50 years ago, studies were done to determine how advertising to children affected their consumption of junk food, cigarettes and alcohol. The results underscored the need to focus more research on the well-being of underage consumers and the influence of marketing on their physical, emotional and mental health.

In the decades since those early studies, academics have continued to explore the interaction between kids and marketing. Professor Connie Pechmann of the UCI Paul Merage School of Business, together with several colleagues from distinguished business schools across the country, has been studying the topic’s history to gain insights that may be useful to policy makers and others.

Pechmann joined Deborah Roedder John, professor of marketing at Carlson School of Management at the University of Minnesota, and Lan Nguyen Chaplin, professor of marketing at the Department of Integrated Marketing Communications, Northwestern University, in coediting a series of papers that provide an overview of the last 50 years of research on the consumer behavior of children. Their lead article, “Understanding the Past and Preparing for Tomorrow: Children and Adolescent Consumer Behavior Insights from Research in Our Field,” was published in April 2024 in the Journal of the Association for Consumer Research , the world’s largest global consumer research organization.

“We’ve been studying children and adolescent consumer behavior for 50 years,” says Pechmann. “The focus has always been on risks to their health and mental well-being. However, the target has changed over time. We started out with television advertising being the greatest risk, but now it’s moved toward social media, cannabis, vape and poverty.”

Overcoming Obstacles to Protect Children

As necessary as it is to understand how advertising negatively affects children, Pechmann says the research can be very difficult. “There isn’t a lot of research done on children because they’re such a protected group. You have to go through many more hurdles. Parents, of course, want to protect their children, and if the activities are illegal—like alcohol or cannabis—parents don’t want to reveal the information, so it makes it even harder.” The necessity of anonymity further limits the potential scope of research, because it prevents researchers from monitoring a subject’s progress over time.

Parents can be a source of complication as well. During interviews, parents can interfere with the process, which can reduce the accuracy of a child’s answers.

Such barriers haven’t stopped Pechmann and her coauthors from studying the consequences of advertising on children and their behaviors. “Everyone is very passionate about children,” she says. “We all started out as children. Many of us have children, so everyone is interested in protecting children and adolescents.”

To overcome the challenges associated with researching children and their consumer behaviors, Pechmann and her coauthors had to be creative. “Several of us arranged to go into schools, and we offered the schools something in return: drug education, for example,” she says. “In exchange for an hour of class time to collect data, we provided an additional class period of drug education to fill their state requirements. It’s not easy, but if you work hard, you can do it.”

Leveraging Government Surveys and Social Media

Some user data on children were available through social media and government surveys. “In Canada, the government decided to do a very large survey of children and adolescents on smoking,” says Pechmann. “California also does a healthy kids survey. Of course it’s anonymous, but they also go through schools, and they provide the data for free. Every once in a while, if we’re trying to reach really young children or children and their parents, we will work through a preschool or a nonprofit group that helps with parenting and very young children.”

Providing a Historical Overview of Childhood Research

In their article, Pechmann and her colleagues provide a historical overview of research on child consumers. “We start out looking at the ’70s and ’80s research on television advertising to children,” says Pechmann. “That was the main issue at the time. In the ’80s and ’90s we studied media literacy and how to teach children to become more savvy consumers. We also studied parenting behavior because parents have a huge influence on their kids. This led to a classification of parenting styles.”

It wasn’t until the mid-1990s through around 2010 that researchers started to look into children’s use of cigarettes and alcohol. “These products are illegal for children to use,” says Pechmann, “so we wanted to understand how they were using them and why. 2010 was also the year we started to study food because of rising childhood obesity rates, which has now spread globally.”

In 2020 research shifted to the effects of social media on children. “The average teenager spends eight and a half hours a day in front of a screen,” Pechmann says. “It’s frightening. Twenty-two percent of adolescent deaths in the United States are from suicide. We don’t always think about the mental health issues that result from these activities.”

In addition to social media consumption, researchers have also looked at how poverty shapes children. “One in six youth who are 17 or younger live in poverty in the United States,” says Pechmann. “That number is increasing, but we also need to talk about multiculturalism because that’s also increasing substantially. Until now, our focus has always been on white youth. We need to focus on Black and Brown children and the issues relevant to them.”

Exposing the Impact of Media and Advertising on Children

Pechmann is optimistic about the positive news coming from the research. “In 2004 the EU finally decided to ban advertising to children and adolescents,” she says. “That was something the United States tried to do in the ’70s and ’80s, but it didn’t succeed. There are some examples of successes, like when we see the smoking rate declined massively because there was so much attention on youth and smoking in the ’90s.”

Youth smoking was in decline until Juul came along with different flavors of vape. “Then it went back up again. Sometimes we close the door, and it opens back up, or it’s a slightly different door.”

The reason why this research is so important is that, up until age 18, young people are highly vulnerable to advertising. “There’s a lot of neuroscience that explains why adolescents and children are so vulnerable,” says Pechmann. “They’re much more attuned to rewards, much less attentive to consequences and risks, much more tolerant of ambiguity, much more sensitive to social cues and much more impulsive, so they don’t have a lot of cognitive control.” This is an advertiser’s dream, she says.

The Importance of Proper Parenting

While the research sometimes seems like it contains an abundance of dismal news, Pechmann wants to emphasize the silver lining. “We’ve learned a lot about what makes a good parent,” she says. “I’m not sure how easy it is to train parents, but we have extensive research that says the best parenting style is authoritative—not authoritarian where you boss [your children] around.”

Parents definitely need to set rules and boundaries, establish consequences, and set expectations so their children don’t make too many troubling choices, she says. “You have to be flexible. If you establish a punishment, it should be a reasonable punishment.”

Emphasizing the Value of Media Literacy

One positive takeaway from the research is the importance of media literacy. “We’ve made a lot of progress in this area because we now really understand how to teach that,” says Pechmann. “For example, California just passed a law that says they have to cover media literacy from elementary school through high school, and we know what to teach.”

Educational strategies must be adjusted for the student’s age, she says. “If someone is 7 or 8 years old, you can’t teach them the same thing as if they’re 17. When they’re 17, you can talk about tobacco companies targeting them. When they’re 7, you can teach them there’s such a thing as an ad that tries to persuade them to do something.” Yet, they have difficulty grasping that idea. “Let them know there’s an agenda behind the ad, and advertisers are likely to exaggerate the benefits. That’s where you start. There’s a lot of guidance here.”

One fascinating aspect of their research showed that the most effective deterrent to smoking, for example, was not to focus on the negative health effects but on social acceptability. “The Truth campaign made big gains against tobacco by saying smoking was socially unacceptable,” says Pechmann.

“That seems to be the way to go because young people don’t expect to live to be 70 years old. They think middle age is 30 or 40, so it doesn’t work to talk about the long-term health effects of smoking. The old anti-smoking and anti-drug messages were very much health-based: ‘Here’s your lung after smoking for years,’ and ‘here’s your brain on drugs.’ That approach has hopefully disappeared because it doesn’t work. Young people want immediate rewards, but they do not want immediate rejection from their friends for being uncool.”

How Persistence Pays Off

When it comes to advocating for children, Pechmann has learned persistence is key. “Today around 14 states have passed media literacy laws,” she says. “You have to be very persistent. If you just keep putting the articles out, and you keep sharing the data, it may take up to 50 years, but eventually we can start to legislate educational programs that benefit children and adolescents.”

The lesson here is to keep going, she says. “We can’t expect an immediate response. It’s taken 40 years, and we’re finally getting traction. The people who did the early research are about to retire, and it’s only now making a difference. That’s the lesson we have to learn as researchers. We are having an impact, but it might take a while.”

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Mastering crisis management with scenario planning, complete transparency and backbone.

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Eric Allais is President & CEO of PathGuide Technologies, which provides warehouse management and shipping solutions for distributors.

Business leaders know crises are inevitable. While not all events rise to the level of the Tylenol tampering, the Pepsi syringe scare or the Ford-Firestone fiasco, these incidents have shaped crisis management. Johnson & Johnson’s handling of the public scare around its cyanide-laced capsules in 1982 rewrote the book on crisis management. In today’s world of 24/7 news, social media and viral videos, we must be prepared to respond accurately and decisively to maintain trust and protect brand reputation.

Let’s look at the role scenario planning, transparent communication and decision-making under pressure play when it comes to effective crisis management.

From Complaints To Crisis

Consider the typical customer service complaint. Although a far cry from a corporate crisis on the scale of Tylenol, it could escalate into a much bigger issue. Effective leaders quickly address these complaints after doing their research because they can escalate if not resolved in a timely manner. While managers are often empowered to handle complaints, sometimes it’s best to tackle these issues directly from the top. This level of attention goes a long way to alleviate customer concerns.

Each complaint is a chance to build trust, offer reassurance and refine your approach. More serious internal issues, like workplace harassment complaints, demand decisive and immediate action. This approach helps underscore a commitment to maintaining a respectful, safe working environment. Both scenarios require thoughtful, direct engagement guided by a well-prepared leader. A minor customer complaint resolved sincerely can prevent a loyalty crisis, while immediate action on more severe internal matters helps maintain morale and avoid potential legal challenges.

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Another important tool in the leader’s toolbox is scenario planning. While some see it as fortune-telling, it’s about preparing for a wide range of plausible futures. Corporate embezzlement, product defects and recalls or cybersecurity breaches are all potential scenarios that should be strategized. Things like accounting controls are necessary to limit access to financial records and other reporting data.

Sensitive industries, such as pharmaceutical distribution or consumables, involve multiple quality control and security layers to demonstrate proactive protection. Like chess moves, leaders need to think ahead and identify potential gaps in these scenarios—including worst-case outcomes—to assess the impacts and plan accordingly. This scenario planning should be incorporated into regular training for leadership teams to ensure readiness if a crisis hits. With experience comes a certain level of judgment about the likelihood of a crisis.

Staying Calm Under Pressure

While scenario planning helps anticipate crises, staying calm, cool and collected under pressure is equally critical. In a crisis, balancing quick decision-making with the need for thorough analysis can be extremely difficult. The most effective leaders use strong emotional intelligence to remain composed. This helps them avoid making rash decisions that could exacerbate the situation.

Unfortunately, less experienced managers might lack perspective and can let emotions dictate their decisions. They can make more drastic decisions than necessary, which may cause more harm than good. With a cool head, decisions can be made on accurate, comprehensive analysis instead of hurried, emotional reactions, which is crucial for managing stakeholder relationships.

Building Trust In Turbulent Times

Transparent communication is key when managing stakeholder relationships during a crisis. Know who your most interested parties are in any given situation. Leaders should engage closely with them to limit narratives that might be manufactured by others who think they know what’s happening (but don’t) or who like to speculate and make incorrect assumptions. Demonstrating any potential upside, where possible, can also help reduce anxiety.

Be candid by openly sharing what you believe people need to know and why. Align purpose with mindfulness when sharing what you know and what you plan to do about it. Determining the right amount of information to disclose requires careful judgment. Too little could lead to speculation and panic, while too much might overwhelm and confuse your audience.

A caution: In some cases, transparency is incredibly challenging. Board discussions in a crisis are often confidential in nature, but some level of transparency is needed. Too many details, however, can lead to misrepresenting the spirit of what was said, as people tend to focus on what they expect to hear.

Empowering Employees On The Front Lines

Employee feedback can be invaluable when refining your crisis management strategy, as they are often closest to the cause and the “first responders.” It’s critical to get their story—and get it right. Leaders should involve their teams in crisis response and resolution, where appropriate, so they can contribute ideas on the best ways to remedy the situation. And don’t sell them short; employees often understand the nuances of a crisis, making them able to offer detailed insight that can guide a more effective response.

Just remember: People don't like surprises unless it’s a surprise birthday party. Involving the team in your response can go a long way toward maintaining a positive, honest environment. Don’t keep them guessing because playing it straight shows a meaningful commitment to providing clear, consistent communication during an incredibly difficult time.

Learning From Experience

Once the crisis is resolved, do not skip the all-important step of conducting a post-mortem meeting to clarify what happened and how the same situation can be avoided in the future. These meetings help you and the team understand what worked and what didn’t while managing the crisis. It’s just as important to read up on the experiences of other companies to learn what happened to them and what they did to resolve such a crisis. Benchmarking against industry peers can also help refine your crisis management approaches for the next time around.

Hopefully, MBA programs won’t have to examine a case study about how you handled a crisis facing your company. But preparing for the unexpected is just part of doing business for today’s leaders. Fostering a culture of readiness and resilience can make all the difference in managing crises effectively. This preparedness, combined with proactive scenario planning and transparent communication, serves as the foundation for effective crisis leadership.

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Understanding retirement needs

• How much do you need to retire comfortably?
• How much to save based on age

Building your retirement savings

Adjusting for inflation, lifestyle, and healthcare costs.

• General rules of thumb
• Seeking professional advice

How Much Do I Need to Retire? A Complete Guide to Retirement Planning

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• Target savings will vary for each future retiree, depending on one's expenses and current salary.
• Many advisors recommend saving 15% of your earnings annually or even more if you are getting a late start.
• Multiple income streams and a conservative withdrawal rate ensure you don't run out of money.

Acquiring adequate retirement savings doesn't happen overnight. For most people, saving enough for retirement requires decades of dedication and strategic financial planning . But how much do you actually need to save to ensure a comfortable retirement? 

Here are the best retirement plans , calculators, investment strategies, and tips you can use to ensure your retirement savings plan is on track. 

Assessing your retirement needs

Unfortunately, there's no general number to aim for when saving toward retirement. Your target retirement savings goal will differ greatly from your siblings', neighbors', and even your coworkers' goals since the amount you'll need largely depends on personal factors.

However, one rule of thumb applies to everyone: The sooner you start saving, the less effort you'll need to put in to reach your goal, and the better-positioned you'll be later in life. 

According to the 2024 MassMutual Retirement Happiness Study , the average age for retirees in the U.S. is 62. If you were to live to 85, this means you'd need enough money to cover all your expenses (and retirement goals) for at least 22 years. Economic factors like inflation will also certainly impact your savings over time.

Estimating your retirement expenses

Understanding what you expect retirement to look like will help determine how much you'll need to fund that lifestyle. If you plan to travel the world in luxury, your budget will differ from someone wanting to bird watch from the backyard each morning.

In retirement, your savings will cover many of the same expenses you had pre-retirement. This includes costs like food, housing, transportation, clothes, gifts, utilities, insurance (including a health plan), and travel.

In most cases, these expenses won't change much from pre- to post-retirement, which makes creating a budget easier. But if you have big plans for your retirement years (moving to a new state or country, buying a bigger home, increasing travel, etc.), you must calculate how much your new standard of living will cost. 

How much do you need to retire comfortably? 

The first step to adequately saving for retirement is to determine how much you'll need. This means analyzing current and future expenses and deciding how much you can afford to put away each month. You may also want to use a number of different savings and investment vehicles or passive income streams.

Financial advisors suggest saving around 10 times your current salary by the time you reach retirement age. Before you retire, you should aim to reduce your annual expenses as much as possible, including paying off existing debt. This can help stretch your retirement savings for even longer. 

As always, it's wise to consult with a trusted financial planner to help you determine your unique needs and retirement savings strategy.

How much to save for retirement based on your age

One way to see if you're on track to reach a comfortable retirement savings is to aim for a multiple of your current annual earnings. This serves as a rough estimate so you can get a better sense of your situation. Remember that the amount of savings required to ensure a comfortable retirement varies according to your projected retirement costs and even the specific investments you choose for your retirement portfolio.

According to Fidelity , here's how much you should have saved up each decade to meet your retirement goals:

Financial advisors recommend dedicating 15% of your annual income toward retirement. However, depending on your retirement goals, financial obligations, and current assets, you may need to save even more.

Types of retirement accounts (401(k), IRA, etc.)

There are multiple savings vehicles and income streams to consider for building your nest egg. These can affect how much you need to save today, depending on which sources of income are available to you.

Some of the most popular types of retirement accounts include: 

• 401(k) plans: Employer-sponsored investment vehicles with compounding power and tax advantages to help you grow your nest egg steadily over time. Money in a 401(k) can be invested in various securities, and your contributions may even be matched by your employer, amplifying your efforts. Funds can be distributed without penalty beginning at age 59 ½, or earlier with certain exceptions.
• IRAs: IRAs are retirement accounts individuals open through major banks, credit unions, and other financial institutions. The best IRA accounts include traditional, Roth, SEP, and SIMPLE IRAs. IRAs have the same tax advantages as 401(k)s but offer more flexibility over how your funds are allocated.
• Traditional pension plans: Traditional pensions are another employer-sponsored investment vehicle certain businesses offer. With a pension, your employer is responsible for contributing and investing the funds in your account. The amount contributed is determined by employee earnings and years at the business. 

Outside of savings accounts, other ways to generate income during retirement include:

• Social Security benefits: Social Security is a government program that provides individuals with monthly retirement and disability benefits. You can opt-in to start receiving Social Security benefits as early as age 62, but you'll receive lower payments. Financial experts recommend delaying Social Security until you reach full retirement age (age 70). 
• Annuities: Annuities are another retirement income source to consider. They're offered by insurance companies and act as a long-term investment vehicle. After purchasing an annuity — either with a lump sum or periodic purchase payments — you will receive regular payments over the course of your retirement.

Planning for inflation in retirement

Remember to consider inflation and its impact on your savings. For instance, in 2024, there have been inflation rates of 3%, following the 3.3% increase in 2023 and the high 6.5% rate in 2022. Generally, you should account for inflation of approximately 2% per year.

However, certain economic, political, or natural disasters can cause unexpected spikes in inflation. In those cases, you may experience significant financial losses that require you to permanently or temporarily adjust your lifestyle and budget. One of the best ways to hedge against inflation and market downturns is by continuing to invest after retirement . 

Healthcare costs and long-term care planning

Try to account for potential unexpected expenses, such as medical care for you and your spouse or even financially helping a child or grandchild.

"The most common expense that a retiree can ignore (or forget to budget for) is end-of-life expectancy expenses," says Jim Ludwick, a CFP and member at Garrett Planning Network . "This includes caregivers coming to your house, going into assisted living, or skilled nursing. Those are very expensive parts of people's lives. And a lot of times that can eat up quite a bit of savings if it goes on for an extended period of time."

Downsizing and lifestyle adjustments

When planning your retirement lifestyle, consider where you want to live. You may want to downsize depending on your preferred lifestyle, savings amount, and priorities. That said, your priorities may be buying your dream retirement home or moving to a certain location. In this case, be sure that you factor those larger expenses into your budget.

Retirement planning general rules of thumb

While everyone's situation and needs will differ, there are a few primary rules of thumb that most financial advisors follow, which you should consider when determining how much to save for retirement.

Retirement income as a percentage of pre-retirement income

Many financial professionals recommend that you account for between 70% and 80% of your pre-retirement income each year in retirement. This means that if you currently earn $60,000 per year, you should plan to spend between $42,000 to $48,000 annually once you retire. 

This isn't a set rule for everyone, and you may need to even account for more savings. "Many people need to have income streams (or savings and investments) cover 80%, 90%, or even 100% of their pre-retirement budget," Ludwick says. It all depends on your specific expenses now and in retirement.

Saving 15% of your earnings every year

If you start saving for retirement early enough, an annual savings rate of 15% may be sufficient to meet your goals. If you're off to a late start, you may need to save a lot more each year to catch up. 

"As you get older, the amount needed for savings to reach the same end goal roughly doubles every 10 years," says Tolen Teigen, chief investment officer for FinDec . "So, if someone waits ten years to start saving, instead of 30, they are now 40. Instead of 8% to 10% annually, they are now looking at 16% to 20% saved to reach the same end number."

Saving 10 times your income by retirement age

As mentioned above, many financial advisors and firms like Fidelity recommend having approximately 10 times your annual salary saved by the time you reach retirement age. While this may not be exactly what you need, it's a good target to keep in mind as you go. You can always adjust it depending on your projected needs in retirement.

The 4% withdrawal rule 

Many retirees are concerned about running out of money once they reach retirement. The 4% rule may be a good guideline to avoid this. While many factors can affect the actual drawdown process, the 4% rule can be a good place to start if you want to avoid running out of money.

This rule states that retirees can withdraw up to 4% of their retirement savings in year one of retirement. So, if you have $2,000,000 in retirement savings, you would withdraw $80,000 that first year. In year two, you would adjust that $80,000 for inflation and withdraw that amount from your savings.

Keep in mind that while the 4% rule is standard, some financial advisors say your actual withdrawal percentage could be anywhere from 3% to 5%.

Seeking professional advice when retirement planning

There is no one-size-fits-all approach to saving for retirement. Everyone's needs will be different, and so will their approach to saving, including when they start and how much they can set aside each year. Consulting with a certified financial planner or other retirement expert is the best way to understand your unique needs.

"Planning ahead and checking in on your efforts" is key to saving enough for the retirement years, Ludwick says."It's dangerous when you're 75 and realize you're running out of money and you have to move in with a younger sibling or something." 

His advice? "If you want to stay independent, do your homework ahead of time. Think about all those things that could possibly happen. If they don't happen, you're lucky … and your kids and grandkids can have a nice gift that you leave behind."

You can calculate how much you need to retire by assessing your expected expenses, considering your desired lifestyle, current expenses, projected inflation, and healthcare costs. Business Insider's free retirement calculator can help you see if you're on track to secure a comfortable retirement. You can also use other rules of thumb, such as having an annual savings rate of 15%.

The 4% rule in retirement planning suggests withdrawing 4% of your retirement savings each year to prevent you from prematurely running out of money for at least 30 years. It's a general guideline to help estimate how much you need to save. However, some advisors recommend more or less than that rate.

You can maximize your retirement savings by regularly contributing to tax-advantaged retirement accounts like 401(k)s and IRAs to maximize employer matching contributions, investment opportunities, and compound interest. Generally, it's best practice to max out your retirement accounts first. Also, adopt a diversified investment strategy for greater portfolio growth and risk management.

The sooner you start planning for retirement, the easier it will be to compound your savings and reach your goals. Starting in your 20s and 30s allows more time for your investments to grow. It's still possible to catch up if you start in your 40s or 50s by saving more aggressively and adjusting your strategy, but it will be generally more stressful. 

Common mistakes to avoid in retirement planning include underestimating expenses, waiting to start saving, relying too heavily on Social Security, failing to diversify investments, spending too quickly, and not accounting for healthcare costs and inflation. The best way to avoid these common mistakes is by creating a thorough financial plan and consulting a financial advisor.

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