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Importance of Clean Water and Advantages of Water Dispensers

• Categories: Water Water Quality

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Words: 429 |

Published: Jan 15, 2019

Words: 429 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

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Introduction, importance of water in our life, references:.

• Gleick, P. H. (2010). Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Island Press.
• World Health Organization. (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization.
• United Nations. (2010). Resolution 64/292: The human right to water and sanitation. United Nations General Assembly.
• Kumar, P., & Kumar, S. (2018). A Review on Drinking Water: Source, Quality and Health Issues. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(4), 349-353.
• Environmental Protection Agency. (2020). WaterSense: Drinking Water and Water Efficiency. United States Environmental Protection Agency.

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Water Dispenser Advantages and Disadvantages

Water dispensers have become indispensable in most homes. They provide clean, tasty, and healthy water at your convenience hence worth investing in.

Table of Contents

Talk to anyone with a water dispenser, and they’ll most likely tell you that they just can’t do without it.

Does this mean that water dispensers have no drawbacks? Not really. Just like other household appliances, water dispensers have a few cons too.

And therefore, in this post, we’ll go through water dispenser advantages and disadvantages to help you make a wise buying decision.

Water Dispenser Advantages

Discussed below are great reasons why you should get a water dispenser for your home.

• Gives You Clean and Tasty Water

Water dispensers provide clean and safe water at your convenience. Most even come with built-in purifiers that get rid of contaminants in the water.

Removing chemicals and impurities from dispenser water makes it tasty than tap water. Tea, coffee, soup, or anything else cooked using this water gets a better taste as well.

• Encourages People to Take Water

Although almost everyone knows that taking sufficient water per day is great for their health, very few observe this. The habit is actually a little challenging to follow if you don’t have easy access to water in your home.

Health experts argue that to stay hydrated, you need to take a minimum of 7 ounces a day, and with a dispenser, this is possible.

The appliance is known to encourage people to take more water.

• Better Skincare

Persons with water dispensers tend to drink more water. The more water they consume, the better they look.

You’ll notice this as time goes by. Water consumption helps in skincare.

Your skin will get less dull, not dry or itchy, and more vibrant.

• Encourages a Sugar-Free Diet

Most people rely on sugary drinks like soda or juice to quench their thirst. This causes different health issues as the sugars and added flavors contribute to the buildup of toxins in the body.

A water dispenser comes in as a healthy distraction for many. It places water at your disposal and reduces the need for soft drinks.

• Serves More People

If you like entertaining guests in your home, you need a water dispenser. Should your guests ask for water, you can serve them all at once.

They also won’t have to wait for minutes for you to boil water for them; instead, they can even serve themselves. Your loved ones can make drinks such as tea or coffee as you work on their snacks or f

• Saves Time and Money

A water dispenser saves a lot of time for you as you only need to press the knob for the water to flow. There’s no boiling on the stovetop, plugging in the kettle, and waiting for your water to get hot.

You’ll find it convenient, especially if you usually leave early for work or if you are a working parent.

These appliances also save you the hassle of purchasing bottled water from time to time which is quite expensive.

• Helps Prepare Instant Tea or Coffee

Did you know that you can prepare instant coffee or tea with hot water from a dispenser? You don’t have to waste time making your morning tea using a kettle.

You just need to press the hot water button and dispense hot water to prepare your hot beverages.

• Space-Saving

With a water dispenser, you don’t have to buy bottled water, which takes too much space, especially in the fridge. It’ll save you a lot of space.

• Safe to Use and Hygienic

Water dispensers are easy to clean and hygienic. They provide water that is free of impurities and contaminants, thus eliminating passing on colds and flu in cold seasons.

The appliance is also easily accessible and easy to use. Most also come with a child safety lock to protect kids from hot water burns.

These units also stand stable and firm hence not easy to push down.

• Eco-Friendly

Water dispensers have greatly changed the way the world operates. You can keep your home clean with no bottles littered around.

Water Dispenser Disadvantages

Although highly effective, water dispensers come with a high upfront price . Add this to the regular refilling of the water bottle (if it’s a bottled model); it gets more expensive.

You also have to factor in the frequent water filter replacement costs.

• Require Frequent Maintenance

Once you get a water dispense, get ready to clean it regularly if you don’t want your water to get contaminated.

Regular maintenance of the appliance might not sit well with persons who lead an extremely busy life.

• Require Electricity

Almost all water dispensers require electricity to operate. This means that you can’t use the appliance in case of a power outage.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: what is the aim of a water dispenser, q: are water dispensers favorable to tap water, q: how long is the water in a water dispenser good for, q: what should i look for when buying a water dispenser, q: is a water dispenser bad for health, q: are plastic water dispensers safe, q: are there risks with water dispensers, q: why should you add a water dispenser to your home.

Water dispensers are essential appliances in our homes as they provide us with the healthcare we deserve. The appliance encourages hydration, enables you to prepare hot beverages instantly, saves space, is easy to use, and promotes a sugar-free diet.

One important factor to consider when purchasing a water dispenser is the quality of the unit’s plastic. You don’t want to end up with one made from low-quality plastic.

We're celebrating a decade of outsized impact! Learn more

Dispensers for Safe Water: An Updated Review of the Evidence

Dispensers for Safe Water provides safe water through a household water chlorination service to four million people in Kenya, Malawi and Uganda. Dispensers represent an important innovation in the rural water sector because they solve several challenges that have traditionally hindered sustainable, quality water services. 

Why are we taking a close look at the evidence of impact of Dispensers for Safe Water?

We only implement programs that have been rigorously evaluated, that have proven and measurable impact, and that are cost-effective. We periodically review and assess the evidence base for our programs to ensure that we are aware of potential changes which may impact our assessment of the underlying strength of evidence for a program, and to adapt our programs.  The following is our current assessment of the evidence base for Dispensers for Safe Water.

In 2014, we summarized the previous evidence in a post: Chlorine Dispensers Work for Safer Water. By 2017 new studies prompted us to re-evaluate whether the evidence base for Dispensers for Safe Water remained sufficiently robust to meet our criteria for impact and cost-effectiveness.  Led by the Chair of our Board of Directors, Amrita Ahuja , we conducted a rigorous review process with input from external experts and thought leaders in the field of water and health.

What’s The Upshot?

After a thorough review that we detail below, we continue to have confidence that Dispensers for Safe Water is backed by strong evidence and is highly cost-effective. 

What Did We Examine?

We conducted a literature review that included: systematic reviews, meta-analyses and very recent literature (i.e. that became available after the last meta-analysis was published) linking water quality and health, and studies relevant for understanding chlorine’s impact on water quality. 

We sought to answer the following questions:

• What is the causal link between chlorine treatment and water quality?
• What is the causal link between water quality and health outcomes?
• What is the role of user adoption in realizing health benefits?
• What are criticisms about survey biases in the literature and where do we stand regarding those?

Below is a synopsis of evidence in each of these areas, followed by a detailed summary of key studies.

The Synopsis

1. What is the causal link between chlorine treatment and water quality?

Evidence from lab and field tests show that chlorine does indeed improve water quality.  Chlorine is very effective at killing most bacterial and viral pathogens . It is less effective against parasites like cryptosporidium and when there is a large amount of organic matter in water. Safety concerns with dilute chlorine are minimal, and it is widely used as a disinfectant in water treatment plants around the world.  Chlorine can provide residual protection for up to three days (depending on storage conditions), which means that it not only disinfects but can also prevent recontamination . This is important in places where people store collected water in their homes (as is common in many of the areas where Dispensers for Safe Water works), as safe handling may be hard to guarantee.

We also have confidence that chlorine actually kills many of the pathogens that cause diarrhea in real-world settings.  The key evidence comes from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study , published in 2013, that identified the main pathogens causing diarrheal disease among children under five from seven different sites across Asia and Africa. The most attributable cases of diarrhea were due to four pathogens: rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ST-ETEC), and Shigella.  Chlorine is effective against three of these four pathogens.  A re-examination of this data identified six pathogens as important in causing the majority of moderate to severe childhood diarrhea, and chlorine is effective against five of these. 

2. What is the causal link between water quality and health outcomes?

The basic mechanism by which water treatment improves health outcomes continues to be strongly supported by the evidence base. There are two independent strands of literature:

(a) A vast epidemiological literature that suggests significant reductions in diarrhea – roughly 25% on average – in communities provided with a drinking water quality intervention. Four systematic review articles survey and assess the evidence for water quality interventions in developing countries on child health, particularly diarrheal diseases. Three of them conclude that the health benefits of interventions like chlorination are clear, but dependent on consistent use, which can be a challenge with some technologies.  The fourth concludes that water treatment can be helpful, but does not find improvements from chlorination to be statistically significant when adjusting for potential bias from lack of blinding. Two recent studies, conducted after the last review was published, also show that water treatment significantly reduces diarrhea, including one from rural Kenya, in areas close to those we work in. 

(b) An economics literature that demonstrated that the expansion of safe water projects reduces child mortality.

3. What is the role of user adoption in realizing health benefits?

Three of the four systematic reviews mentioned above consider the impact of sustained use of water treatment and health.  All three reach the conclusion that high adherence is important for maintaining impact. This is, of course, not surprising: A product cannot provide health benefits if people don’t use it. We note that Dispensers for Safe Water has a verified high sustained use by users. 

4. What are the criticisms about survey biases in the literature and where do we stand regarding those?

The key outcome measured by most of these studies is reported diarrhea, rather than a more objective measure, and in most studies, treatment is not blinded from study participants or researchers.  Hence, some have raised concerns that survey response bias accounts for most or all of the reductions in diarrhea attributed to water treatment. While we agree there should be more studies with objectively verifiable outcomes, the concern seems exaggerated.  Self-reported outcomes are correlated with more objectively verifiable measures such as the sustained use of water treatment and microbial concentrations in water; we would not expect this to be the case if outcomes were driven primarily by survey response biases.  Additionally, to account for all or most of the observed effects of water treatment, bias from lack of blinding would need to be very high.  Also, recent studies which try to adjust for the lack of blinding through innovative survey strategies continue to show that water treatment reduces diarrhea.  

And Finally…

The biggest “threats” to the effectiveness of our program are actually good news:  Economic growth and development mean that people are getting less poor, water infrastructure is improving, and child mortality is going down. In terms of our program design, this means that we need to make sure that we are working in areas of high need (high diarrhea rates, poor health outcomes, poor access to health care, high poverty) and are achieving high levels of user adoption within those areas.

Our current program monitoring data suggests that we are operating in areas of high need, where diarrhea and child mortality rates are high.  Additionally, adoption remains high, and the vast majority of those who treat their water have water that meets WHO standards for safety.

We reviewed the evidence base linking water chlorination to health outcomes. We found that chlorine does indeed improve water quality and is very effective at killing most diarrhea-causing pathogens. Having reviewed two independent strands of literature – a vast epidemiological literature and economic literature – we found that the basic mechanism by which water treatment improves health outcomes continues to be strongly supported by the evidence base. Perhaps unsurprisingly, we found that high adherence to household water treatment interventions is important for maintaining impact. And finally, we discussed concerns with survey biases and assert that these seem overblown. We suggest a more practical approach followed by Cochrane review authors who apply some reasonable discounting methods, and who still find health impacts from chlorine are significant.

Key Takeaway

We have therefore emerged from this review process with confidence in the evidence behind our program.

If you like to read in more detail what evidence we examined, please read on for a more detailed review.

THE DETAILED EVIDENCE

Below we present more detail from the findings of our review of the current evidence base.

The epidemiological literature on the health benefits of safe water is complemented by evidence from lab and field that chlorine does indeed improve water quality.  Chlorine is very effective at killing most bacterial and viral pathogens. It is less effective against parasites like cryptosporidium and when there is a large amount of organic matter in water. Safety concerns with dilute chlorine are minimal, and it is widely used as a disinfectant in water treatment plants around the world.  Chlorine can provide residual protection against pathogens for up to three days (depending on storage conditions), which means that it not only disinfects but can also prevent recontamination. This is important in places where people store collected water in their homes, as safe handling may be hard to guarantee.

Regarding the effect of chlorine on diarrheal microbes, the original Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS), published by Kotloff et al. in 2013 , was the largest conducted study on diarrheal disease in developing countries. It was monumental for our understanding of the underlying causes of diarrhea. The study identified the main pathogens causing diarrheal disease among children under 5 from seven different sites across Asia and Africa. The most attributable cases of diarrhea were due to 4 pathogens: rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ST-ETEC), and Shigella.  Chlorine is effective against three of these four pathogens.  Liu et al. (2016) later reassessed the causes of diarrhea found in the GEMS study.  The six most attributable pathogens were: Shigella, rotavirus, adenovirus, ST-ETEC, Cryptosporidium, and campylobacter. These six pathogens accounted for 77.8% of all attributable diarrhea in the GEMS sample. Chlorine is effective against five of the six most attributable pathogens.

2. What is the causal link between water quality and health?

Evidence from the Epidemiology Literature

Four systematic review articles survey and assess the evidence for drinking water quality interventions in developing countries having an impact on child health, particularly diarrheal diseases. Three of them conclude that the health benefits of water quality interventions like chlorination are clear but dependent on consistent use, which can be a challenge with some technologies.  The fourth concludes that water treatment can be helpful, but does not find improvements from chlorination to be statistically significant when adjusting for potential bias from lack of blinding.  These reviews focus on “point-of-use” treatment. Dispensers may be thought of as “point-of-collection” treatment, rather than point-of-use; but epidemiologically this should not matter.  The reviews include:

Clasen et al. (2015) , the most recent Cochrane Review on the topic, includes 55 studies, most of which were conducted in low- or middle-income countries (LMICs) covering over 84,000 participants. Results indicate that improving the microbiological quality of water at the point of use significantly reduces diarrhea, by about a quarter for chlorination and 50 percent for filtration, in the studies reviewed. The review indicates that these impacts hold even in areas with poor sanitation and at improved and unimproved sources of water. The authors caution not to interpret this as meaning that filters are much more effective than chlorination (or vice versa) since these were not compared head-to-head but instead evaluated in different contexts with different study populations and designs.

Hence, the authors conclude that: “Interventions that address the microbial contamination of water at the point-of-use may be important interim measures to improve drinking water quality until homes can be reached with safe, reliable, piped-in water connections. The average estimates of effect for each individual point-of-use intervention generally show important effects.”  Sub-group analysis also suggests that effectiveness improves with adherence, so optimizing coverage and long-term usage remain important.

Waddington et al. (2009) , a 3ie Review, covers 65 rigorous impact evaluations of water, sanitation and/or hygiene interventions on diarrhea morbidity, covering 71 distinct interventions assessed across 130,000 children in 35 developing countries during the past three decades. It concludes that point-of-use water quality interventions appear to be highly effective – and indeed, more effective than water supply or source treatment in reducing diarrhea – but that this is very sensitive to the ability of the program to sustain high rates of adoption. A product cannot provide health benefits if people don’t use it.

Arnold and Colford (2007) conducted a systematic review of all studies that measured diarrheal health impacts in children and the impact on water quality of point-of-use chlorine drinking water treatment. Twenty-one relevant studies were identified and a meta-analysis provided summary estimates of the intervention effect. The intervention reduced the risk of child diarrhea by 29%, and up to 40% if you look at effects only among people actually using the product, as opposed to only being offered it.

Wolf et al. (2014) included 61 studies on improved sources or water treatment at home, and 11 studies on sanitation. Overall, improvements in drinking water and sanitation were associated with decreased risks of diarrhea. The authors found that use of water filters and provision of high-quality piped water and sewer connections, were associated with greater reductions in diarrhea compared with other interventions.  Chemical disinfection was found to be effective, but not when taking into account bias from lack of blinding.  The authors conclude that: “The results show that inadequate water and sanitation are associated with considerable risks of diarrheal disease and that there are notable differences in illness reduction according to the type of improved water and sanitation implemented.”

It is worth highlighting individual studies (in preparation for publication or published) that became available after the above reviews were published:

Null et al. (in process) present results from a three-year cluster randomized controlled trial of point-of-collection (POC) chlorination via chlorine dispensers in Western Kenya. The study sample included forty-nine water sources (824 households), randomly assigned to receive a dispenser versus the control group with access to socially marketed bottles from shops. Adoption was more than five times higher in treatment versus control even at 3-years post-dispenser installation, and households in the treatment group had significantly less contaminated drinking water and lower rates of diarrhea than those in the control group. 

Ercumen et al. (2015) in a study in Bangladesh also showed that both safe storage alone and safe storage plus chlorination significantly reduce diarrhea (by 31 and 36 percent respectively) in children under two, underlining the benefits of improved water.  Diarrhea was self-reported, but other health measures not affected by water quality (e.g. ear infection, skin disease) were also collected, with no significant differences between treatment and control.

Evidence from the Economics Literature

The following papers in the economics literature complement the epidemiologic evidence on water quality and add to our understanding of the health impacts (child mortality) of improved water and sanitation.  On their own, they show the importance of improved water quality rather than of point-of-use chlorination.  However, combined with the strong evidence that point of use chlorination improves water quality, they make a strong contribution to the case for chlorination’s impact on health.  This is further strengthened by recent evidence on the links between water quality and diarrhea, and evidence showing that many (although not all) of the microbes that cause moderate to severe diarrhea are ones that chlorine is effective against.

Cutler and Miller (2005) use historical variation in the timing and location of water filtration and chlorination technology adoption across U.S. cities to identify the contribution of improved water quality to improved public health in U.S. cities. They find that safe water was responsible for about half the observed decline in mortality and nearly two-thirds of the reduction in child mortality in cities.

In a rural setting Watson (2006) analyzes the introduction of various water and sanitation interventions on Native American reservations in the United States from 1960–98. She leverages differences in the size, timing and location of these interventions to isolate the impacts of the program, distinct from other factors affecting infant health. The study suggests that a 10% increase in the fraction of homes with improved water and sanitation services reduced infant mortality by 4%. Infant mortality also fell among local residents not living on the reservation, and thus without access to the new services—which suggests that there may have been positive externalities associated with the program.

Galiani, Gertler, and Schargrodsky (2005) study a privatization reform in 30% of municipal water companies in Argentina in the 1990s to identify the impact of the expanded coverage with safe water. They estimate that child mortality overall fell 5–7% in areas that privatized their water services because the reform did succeed in expanding coverage with safe water.  The effect was largest in the poorest areas, at around 24%, and was not correlated with causes of death unrelated to safe water.

There are typically two concerns voiced with these studies.  First, they are not randomized trials, and second, they are far in time, space and specific type of project from modern day household chlorination.  On the first point, while they are not randomized controlled trials, they use careful statistical techniques to identify causal links between water infrastructure improvements and health benefits.  Also, especially given reducing childhood mortality, randomized trials on mortality require increasingly large sample sizes and are becoming increasingly expensive.  Hence, we will likely have to rely on high-quality statistical studies of these kinds to contribute to our best available information on childhood mortality.  On the second point, the environments in which these studies were conducted were similar to those in developing countries today in that water was not the only source of disease microbes (e.g. there was often open defecation/incomplete unsafe sanitation, animals in the environment, etc.).  Also, the basic biological pathway – reduced contamination leads to reduced disease – remains similar between the two types of programs. 

For an evaluation in a present-day rural setting that is most closely comparable to the setting where dispensers are used, Kremer et al. (2011) study a “spring protection” program that improves water quality at the source in rural areas in Kenya. Spring infrastructure investments reduce fecal contamination partially, but not completely, just as one might think of chlorine doing (though of course without the benefits of residual protection). Nonetheless, child diarrhea, as reported by mothers, falls by one-quarter.  The estimates of health benefits are fairly close to those in the epidemiology literature.

Three of the four systematic reviews mentioned above consider the impact of the sustained use of water treatment and health.  All three reach the conclusion that high adherence is important for maintaining impact. This is, of course, not surprising: A product cannot provide health benefits if people don’t use it. We note that Dispensers for Safe Water has a verified high sustained use by users .  For example, Classen et. al. (2015) conclude that “Evidence indicates the more people use the various interventions for improving water quality, the larger the effects, so research into practical approaches to increase coverage and help assure long-term use of them in poor groups will help improve impact.” Waddington et. al. (2009) and Arnold and Colford (2007) both note that maintaining adoption over time remains important in maintaining impact.    Brown and Clasen (2012) , using a mathematical modeling approach, also suggest that adherence is important for high adoption.  

The reviews all document the short duration of the studies that are available for their analysis, and the need for more trials that are blinded or rely on objective measures of health outcomes instead of self-reported diarrhea.  However, the key concern with the quality of evidence seems to center around the lack of blinding in most studies, and the failure of the few blinded studies that exist to show impacts ( Schmidt and Cairncross, 2009 ).  While we think this points to a real issue, and support the call for more blinded studies and studies with objective outcomes, we also think it is somewhat overblown for the following reasons:

• Blinded studies constitute only a small fraction of the studies on water treatment, and as discussed below, all these studies have fundamental problems. This is not to deny that more blinded studies would not be useful; however, those we currently have are not very informative, and should be given limited weight in assessing the evidence. A fuller discussion of existing blinded studiesis provided below
• The impact of chlorination is large, and survey biases would have to be very large to explain away the full impact seen in studies of chlorination. The most recent Cochrane review tries to adjust for the lack of blinding, and finds that chlorine is beneficial even when accounting for this. The impact is somewhat attenuated (20 percent versus 25 percent), but still meaningful. (Note: The authors caution that their methodology for adjusting for lack of blinding is adapted from medical trials and not validated in field trials. However, at the very least this analysis would suggest that if the full impact of chlorination is from survey bias, these biases would be very large as compared to what is seen in medical trials.)
• Two recent studies which at least partially try to address issues of survey bias have shown strong positive results of water treatment: (1) Null et. al.’s study (in preparation for publication) includes infrequent surveys, which minimize survey bias and (2) Ercumen et. al. 2015 use placebo outcomes (ear infection, skin conditions) which do not improve with water treatment, even though diarrhea does.
• Luby et al. (2015) assess the impact of the microbiological quality of water on childhood diarrhea in Bangladesh and found that E. coli contamination was associated with increased childhood diarrhea in the period immediately following testing. This study was conducted only within the control group of a larger study, so there was no risk of bias because participants were recipients of an intervention. The timing of effects also suggests a link from contamination to diarrhea and not the other way around. This is consistent with other studies which suggest that reduced contamination leads to less or less severe intestinal diseases – e.g. Gruber et al. show that E. Coli concentrations are positively correlated with diarrhea incidence, and Mintz et al. show that salmonella incubation period and severity is strongly correlated with dose of contaminated food consumed in a disease outbreak.
• As mentioned above, all three systematic reviews which consider the issue draw a link between adoption of water treatment (which is objectively verifiable, in the case of chlorine treatment) and health impact

Blinded Studies

In most epidemiological studies on water treatment, the key outcome is one that is reported rather than objective – i.e. a parent (usually a mother’s) reports diarrhea instances in children. The concern is that in the absence of blinding, all or most reductions in diarrhea are subject to survey response bias, especially because of the few studies that do blind treatment, most do not show that water treatment reduces diarrhea. 

Clasen et al. (2015) , the most recent Cochrane Review that covers 55 studies, explicitly considers the potential bias from the fact that the majority of the studies are not blinded.  It adopts techniques from the medical trial literature to adjust meta-analysis results for the lack of blinding.  The results are attenuated (approximately 20 percent reduction in diarrhea from chlorine treatment instead of an approximately 25 percent reduction if lack of blinding is not accounted for) but still positive and significant even when this potential is accounted for.  The review also specifically considers nine trials that were blinded and notes that all had significant problems with either study design or “power” (i.e. the sample size being large enough to detect outcome differences between treatment and control groups, given actual diarrhea rates and adoption).  Five were in areas with high quality water, including four in developed countries (three in the USA ( Colford et al, 2002, Colford et al, 2006 , Colford et al, 2009 ), one in Australia [ Reller et al. 2011 ] and one in Ghana [ Jain et al. 2010 ], but with relatively low levels of contamination). The study in Ghana by Jain et al. 2010 also included a placebo arm which itself may have reduced up to 90% of the contamination, and one other study also had a placebo that likely reduced contamination.  In addition to having an effective placebo, this study also had high rates of reported water consumption from untreated sources.  Two other studies [Austin, 1993] and [ Boisson et al. 2013 ] had low adoption rates and were hence likely underpowered to detect effects.  The Boisson (2013) study also had much lower than anticipated diarrhea rates and the other [Austin, 1993] is not peer reviewed.  The remaining study [ Krichhoff et al. 1985 ] included only 112 people from 16 households.  

While many studies have problems, the above-mentioned are fundamental issues which undermine the extent to which studies can be informative. For example, what can one say about the effectiveness of water treatment if water is not contaminated in the first place?  What can one say about the comparative effectiveness of a treatment if the placebo control intervention also removed the vast majority of microbes? The issue of adoption is also a very important one. Most epidemiological studies are designed to be able to detect effects at the 5 percent significance level with 80 percent power (i.e. detect effects 80 percent of the time that they are actually present).  They are also typically designed to achieve take-up rates of 60 percent or higher.  With adoption rates that are lower than projected, the risk of missing a real effect is increased significantly beyond 20 percent.  If take-up rate is more like 30 percent (e.g. Boisson, 2013 [15]), then your treatment group consists of 70 percent people who are not using the intervention and diluting any effects on the 30 percent of users.  Hence, any effects experienced by those 30 percent of users become very hard to detect without large sample sizes. 

Our Take on Blinding

While blinding remains an important issue, and more studies with blinding and/or with objective outcomes would be useful, the concern seems exaggerated for the following reasons:

(1) Recent research suggests that diarrhea reduction and diarrhea rates do seem to be correlated with real outcomes such as the sustained use of water treatment and microbial contamination; we would not expect this to be the case if reductions were driven primarily by survey response bias. 

(2) For all or most of the diarrhea reduction from chlorine to come from survey effects, the effects of blinding would be much larger than typically seen in most medical studies

(3) The existing blinded studies have fundamental flaws, which make them unable to provide much information on whether water treatment reduces diarrhea;  hence, their not showing impacts of water treatment is neither surprising, nor a reason to rethink the entire (much larger and more robust) body of work on water treatment

In summary, while we think that the need for blinded trials and more trials with objective measures is real, we think that it is overstated. Assuming that all or most of the estimated effects of chlorination come from survey effects in the absence of blinding (a) ignores some nuances in recent literature which suggest otherwise; (b) ignores an established link between lower microbial contamination and disease; (c) suggests that survey effects are very large and (d) gives undue weight to a few blinded studies that cannot provide much information on diarrheal disease and health at the expense of a larger and more robust body of work.  A more reasonable approach seems to be that followed by the Cochrane review authors, with possibly some reasonable discounting of impacts due to biases from lack of blinding.

If you made it this far…

Congratulations! We are motivated and inspired to emerge from this review process with confidence in the evidence behind our program, and we invite you to follow our progress.

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The Science Behind Automatic Water Dispensers: How Do They Work?

Microsoft’s Copilot Evolves with Advanced AI Integrations and New Features

We see them everywhere, from our homes to our workplaces. Automatic water dispensers have become increasingly popular in recent years, appearing in public places such as offices and airports, and are even being used at home for convenience. But how do they work?

This article will explore the science behind these devices and uncover their engineering and technology. We’ll also examine the advantages and disadvantages of automatic water dispensers and how they can fit into your home or office. So if you’re curious about how automatic water dispensers work, keep reading!

Introduction to Automatic Water Dispensers

Water dispensers dispense water on demand  and are commonly found in offices, public buildings, and homes. Automatic water dispensers are a type of water dispenser that uses a sensor to detect when a user’s hand or container is placed underneath the spout and dispenses water automatically.

Automatic water dispensers are convenient because they provide hands-free operation . They can also be more hygienic than manual water dispensers since there is no need to touch the spout with your hand.

The Technology Behind Automatic Water Dispensers

Water dispensers are becoming increasingly popular, as they offer a convenient way to get filtered water without having to lug around bottles or jugs. But how do they work?

The technology behind automatic water dispensers is pretty simple.

It uses gravity to dispense water from a reservoir into a cup or other container. Bottle-type dispensers typically have a capacity of 2-5 gallons.

Automatic water dispensers use one or more valves to control water flow. These valves are owned by either a mechanical device such as a float switch or an electronic control system. The float switch turns the water off when the reservoir is empty, while the electronic control system regulates the flow of water based on user demand.

Some water dispensers have additional features, such as ice makers or hot water options. These usually work similarly, using filters to purify the water before it is dispensed.

Automatic water dispensers are a great option since they are relatively inexpensive and easy to maintain.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Automatic Water Dispensers

As with any appliance, automatic water dispensers have pros and cons. Plus, they’re convenient – you can fill your water bottle or glass without lifting a finger . They’re also usually quite affordable, and some models come with filters to improve your water quality . On the downside, automatic water dispensers can be pretty noisy, and if you don’t clean them regularly, they can become breeding grounds for bacteria.

Different Types of Automatic Water Dispensers

Different types of automatic water dispensers use various technologies to dispense water. Some use sensors to detect when a user’s cup or bottle is placed under the spout, while others use infrared technology to detect when a user’s hand is placed near the spout. Still, others use a combination of both technologies. The type of automatic water dispenser you choose will depend on your personal preferences and budget.

There are two main types of automatic water dispensers: those that use an infrared sensor and those that use an ultrasonic sensor. Infrared sensors detect the heat signature of a user’s hand or container, and ultrasonic sensors detect the sound waves emitted by a user’s hand or container.

Both infrared and ultrasonic sensors are accurate, but ultrasonic sensors are more reliable since they are not affected by changes in ambient temperature. Automatic water dispensers that use ultrasonic sensors usually have a “sleep mode” feature that conserves energy when no activity is detected.

Safety Tips to Consider When Installing and Operating an Automatic Water Dispenser

When it comes to automatic water dispensers, safety should always be a top priority. Here are a few safety tips to keep in mind when installing and operating an automatic water dispenser:

• Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions when installing your automatic water dispenser.
• Ensure that the area around your automatic water dispenser is clear and free of obstructions.
• Do not allow children or pets to play near the automatic water dispenser.
• When filling the reservoir of your automatic water dispenser, be sure to fill it appropriately.
• Never remove or tamper with the safety features of your automatic water dispenser.

1.    How to make sure my automatic water dispenser is safe?

When using an automatic water dispenser, there are a few safety considerations to keep in mind. First, always make sure the water reservoir is full before turning on the dispenser. If the reservoir is empty, the pump can overheat and become a fire hazard. Second, be careful to fill the reservoir evenly; the water level should be below the fill line to prevent water from overflowing and damaging the dispenser. Finally, unplug the dispenser when it’s not in use to avoid electrical hazards.

2.    How to maintain my automatic water dispenser?

Automatic water dispensers are a convenient way to have fresh, filtered water at your fingertips. But like any appliance, they require regular maintenance to keep them running smoothly. Here are some tips on how to maintain your automatic water dispenser:

Change the filter regularly. Depending on the model of your water dispenser, the filter will need to be changed every 1-6 months. Check your owner’s manual for specific instructions.

Clean the reservoir and spigot monthly. Unplug your water dispenser and remove the reservoir. Wash it with warm, soapy water and rinse it well. Wipe down the spigot with a clean cloth or sponge.

Descale as needed. Over time, mineral deposits can build up inside your water dispenser, causing it to work less efficiently and produce lower-quality water. If you notice a decrease in performance, it’s time to descale your machine. This process involves cleaning the interior components with a descaling solution (available from most manufacturers).

3.    Is an automatic water dispenser worth it?

Yes, the hygiene that comes with using automatic water dispensers in public places makes them worth buying.

4.    Is my automatic water dispenser safe?

It is entirely safe, but measures should be taken to keep them clean to prevent microbial growth.

Final Thoughts

Automatic water dispensers are a great way to quickly and easily dispense water without manually lifting bottles or filling cups. With the help of advanced technology, these devices can accurately measure how much liquid is dispensed and provide a convenient and hygienic solution for all sorts of applications. Whether you’re looking for an efficient way to keep your guests hydrated or want something easy to use in your own home, automatic water dispensers could be the perfect solution.

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Original Research Article Automatic Indoor Water Dispensing Machine ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT

• January 2019

• Federal University of Petroleum Resources

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Essay on Water for Students and Children

500+ words essay on water.

Water is one of the most important substances for life on earth to function. It is equally important for humans as well as animals. Water does not merely help us survive, but it is significant for our day to day functioning. It has numerous uses when we come to think about it. Majority of our earth is covered with water itself, but, not all of it is safe for consumption. Therefore, it makes it essential for us to utilize this transparent substance chemical wisely. Moreover, if we look at the shortage of water happening in our country, it makes it all the more important to conserve it immediately.

Uses of Water

As we have already said that water has numerous uses, we will see where it is used. This part will most importantly help us realize the importance of water . It will make humans aware of what absence of water in the following areas can do to human life. As India’s main occupation is agriculture, water is exhaustively used here. Irrigation and cattle rearing requires a lot of water. Thus, a lot of farmers’ livelihood depends on it.

Further, industries use water for various purposes. It comes in handy when cooling, manufacturing and transporting several goods. For instance, thermal power plants consume quite a substantial amount of water for their running.

Furthermore, the domestic use of water cannot be left behind. In the day to day life of the common man, water plays a vital role. That is to say, from drinking water to washing utensils, we need water every step of the way.

After that, plants need water to survive and make food. It is one of the main elements which help them grow. Hence, water is extremely important for humans, animals, and plants to survive .

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Do not Waste Water

While water is quite essential and yet so scarce, however, people fail to realize this fact. They waste water with little or no care for the results of this activity. There are various ways in which one can avoid wasting water . To begin with, all households must get their leaking taps checked. They should fix them immediately as every drop is precious.

Similarly, we must choose buckets instead of showers for bathing. This is a very debatable topic and it needs to be settled. Showers waste a lot of water, so people must prefer buckets. This particular habit is quite commonly found in most of the households. People do not turn off their taps while brushing their teeth and washing utensils. Always remember to keep the tap off when doing so.

In addition, encourage rainwater harvesting system in all homes. This can help conserve water like never before.

In short, water is essential for the survival of mankind. But, it is, unfortunately, being waster rapidly. Every citizen and government must come together to tackle this issue. Governments must ensure all areas get water equally. On the other hand, citizens must keep in mind to use it wisely and not waste it unnecessarily.

FAQs on Water

Q.1 State the importance of water.

A.1 Water is of the utmost importance for human and animal life. It gives us water to drink. It also comes in great use for farmers and industries. Even common man requires water for various purposes like drinking, cleaning, bathing and more.

Q.2 List the ways to avoid wastage of water.

A.2 Everyone must avoid wasting water. We can do so by fixing our leaking taps, avoiding showers for bathing, and turning off taps when brushing. Furthermore, we can adopt rainwater harvesting system to conserve water.

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Right Now | Pros of Propinquity

The “Water Cooler” Effect

May-June 2011

Chatting around the water cooler may yield more than office gossip; it may help scientists produce better research, according to Harvard Medical School (HMS) investigators. 

The benefits of collaboration are well accepted in the scientific world, but researchers with the HMS Center for Biomedical Informatics wondered whether physical proximity affects the quality of those collaborations: Do scientists who have more “face time” with colleagues produce higher-impact results? To test the hypothesis, they examined data from 35,000 biomedical science papers published between 1999 and 2003, each with at least one Harvard author. The articles appeared in 2,000 journals and involved 200,000 authors.

After analyzing the number of citations each paper generated (a standard way to gauge article quality) and the distances between coauthors, they concluded that personal contact, especially between an article’s first and last authors, still matters—even in an age of e-mail, social networking, and video conferencing. (Their analysis, “Does Collocation Inform the Impact of Collaboration?” appeared in the online journal PLoS ONE in December.) 

“Our data show that if the first and last authors are physically close, they get cited more, on average,” says research assistant Kyungjoon Lee. As that distance grew, citations generally declined. (Typically, the first author is a graduate student or postdoctoral fellow and the last is a more senior faculty member; they are often affiliated with the same lab, but do not necessarily work closely together.) The effect didn’t hold true for other author combinations, such as first and third; in fact, the middle authors normally don’t interact much on a project, Lee notes. The team also found that, on average, a paper with four or fewer authors based in the same building was cited 45 percent more than one with authors in different buildings—“So if you put people who have the potential to collaborate close together,” he says, “it might lead to better results.”

Lee was first author on the study; the principal investigator was center co-director Isaac Kohane, the Henderson professor of pediatrics and health sciences and technology. Kohane had long suspected that proximity promotes collaboration, despite a lack of hard evidence, so he secured funding and recruited Lee and others for the study.

Gathering data was much harder than Lee expected. A team of 15 undergraduates used floor plans, staff directories, and their feet to track down the specific office and laboratory addresses of the 7,300 Harvard authorsacross several Harvard campuses and Massachusetts General Hospital, as well as addresses for the non-Harvard scientists included in the study. Then they built a three-dimensional image of authors’ locations, calculated the distances separating them, and evaluated the relationship between citations and distances.

More research is needed to explain why proximity seems to enhance scientific productivity, the group says, but Lee knows firsthand the difference it can make. Early on, he worked on the fourth floor of Countway Library, while Kohane was one flight above. Eventually, Kohane moved to Lee’s floor, and the two wound up chatting a lot in the center’s kitchenette. “I became more active in exchanging ideas because ofthis experience,” Lee recalls. “Science is all about communicating your ideas so others can build on them.”

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how to explain Water dispenser working model

The water dispenser working model provides a hands-on and visual representation of a basic water dispensing mechanism.

This simple project can help in understanding the principles of a water dispenser and serves as an engaging educational tool.

water dispenser working model making

Creating a water dispenser working model using a water bottle and cardboard involves simulating the mechanism of a simple water dispenser.

Below is an explanation of how to construct and understand this model:

Materials Needed:

• Empty water bottle with a cap
• Craft knife or scissors
• Drinking straw
• Small plastic cup
• Hot glue gun and glue sticks
• Small piece of sponge or absorbent material
• Decorative materials (optional)

Construction Steps:

• Cut a rectangular piece of cardboard to serve as the base for the water dispenser .
• Cut another piece of cardboard to create a holder for the water bottle. This holder should be wide enough to accommodate the base of the bottle and tall enough to stabilize the bottle.
• Use a hot glue gun to attach the bottle holder vertically onto the base. Ensure it is securely fixed and stable.
• Place the water bottle into the holder, securing it in an upright position.
• Cut a section of a drinking straw and insert it through the bottle cap, ensuring it is long enough to reach the bottom of the bottle.
• Cut another small piece of cardboard to create a holder for the plastic cup. Attach this holder near the bottom of the base.
• Use the hot glue gun to attach the cup holder horizontally onto the base.
• Extend the other end of the drinking straw outside the bottle, positioning it above the cup holder.
• Attach a small piece of sponge or absorbent material to the end of the straw outside the bottle.
• Decorate the water dispenser with additional cardboard shapes, colors, or any decorative materials you like.

How It Works:

• The water bottle serves as a reservoir, containing the water that will be dispensed.
• The drinking straw inserted through the bottle cap allows water to be drawn from the bottle.
• The sponge or absorbent material at the end of the straw outside the bottle functions as a dispenser. When the straw is pressed down, the sponge absorbs water and dispenses it into the cup.
• The plastic cup placed in the cup holder collects the dispensed water.

https://www.youtube.com/@diypandit

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AUTOMATIC WATER DISPENSER

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Jimit Rokadia

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Sanjaya Jena

The drinking water crisis in Asia is reaching alarming proportions. It might very soon attain the nature of global crisis. Hence, it is of utmost importance to preserve water for human beings. In many houses there is unnecessary wastage of water due to overflow in overhead tanks. Automatic Water Level Indicator and Controller can provide a solution to this problem. The operation of water level controller works upon the fact that water conducts electricity due to the presence of minerals within it. So water can be used to open or close a circuit. As the water level rises or falls, different circuits in the controller send different signals. These signals are used to switch ON or switch OFF the motor pump as per our requirements. The total amount of water available on Earth has been estimated at 1.4 billion cubic kilometers, enough to cover the planet with a layer of about 3 km. About 95% of the Earth's water is in the oceans, which is unfit for human consumption. About 4% is locked in the polar ice caps, and the rest 1% constitutes all fresh water found in rivers, streams and lakes which is suitable for our consumption. A study estimated that a person in India consumes on an average of 140 litres per day. This consumption would rise by 40% by the year 2025. This signifies the need to preserve our fresh water resources.

International Journal of Research

In modern technology is largely depends on automation and control system. Automation and control system refers the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft, automobile and other applications with minimal or reduced human intervention. The greatest advantage of automation and control system is that it saves labor. A water level indicator system is a device that indicates the level of water in a tank or reservoir. It is widely used in industrial applications such as boilers in nuclear power plants and residential applications. The project is to design water level indicator with automatic water pump controlling system. water level sensor has been made for apprehended water level properly. Micro-controller is plighted to restrain the overall system accurately that reduces the control complexity. It takes input through the sensor unit that senses the water level. After taking input , output intends the pump's action (on/off) with respect to current water status of the tank. A display unit indicates the status of pump and water level. The device also monitor the state of level of water whether it is stable, increasing or decreasing with what velocity. It also stores the total time of pump being kept ON. It also keep monitoring whether the pumping is working well or not. While Keeping the motor ON it detects whether the motor pump is working well or not every minutes. If the level is increasing or decreasing in each minutes then the indicator shows the motor pump is working well else after three minutes if the level remains stable then it shows there is a problem in motor. Thus it also monitor the working performance of the pump.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology IJSRSET

Automatic Water Management (AWM) system mainly concentrates on the water conservation process. This can be implemented in places where wastage of water exists. Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. AWM helps the people at home to fill the overhead tank, water the plants and extinguish the fire during fire accidents automatically. The above three functions are performed by a single microcontroller and sensors used for different purposes. This project involves the use of microcontroller, water pump, display and an assembly language program. The water level indicator monitors the filling of overhead tank and displays the water level in the display. Fire alarm system plays an important role in maintaining and monitoring the safe of all kind environments and situations. The sensor has a two main parts i) detection system ii) monitoring system. Soil moisture detector system is designed to develop an automatic irrigation to the plants which switches the motor ON/OFF by sensing the moisture content of the soil.

Journal of research in national development (JORIND)

adenike folaponmile

The lack of efficient operation of most state water corporations forces most landlords and property owners to produce their own water from borehole or well. With a well or borehole as the source of water to buildings which could either be residential, commercial or government, a water pump is required to draw up water to an overhead tank from where it serves the building but with this arrangement in place, residents unintentionally allow the water pump to work continuously even when the overhead tank has reached full capacity thereby, leading to wastage of water, electricity and reduction in the lifespan of the machine. In other to prevent this, an automated water supply system that is able to sense water levels at the overhead tank as well as in the water source (borehole or well) and act accordingly is developed. The water system consist of water level sensors, alarm, relays, Arduino Uno, display unit and water pump. The automated domestic water control system was designed, constructed and tested to be working as desired. This proposed system is easy to implement and operates without human intervention however it would stop operating once there is no electricity supply to the control unit to power the water pump. It is therefore recommended that the design be improved upon by connecting it to a continuous source of power supply such as solar power. This will ensure that the system does not stop working once the power supply is cut off.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

IJRASET Publication

This Project mainly aims at optimizing the use of water. Since water wastage has become a major and global issue now, hence water conservation has now become more important. One of the common sources of wastage we encounter is the overflow of water. This project aims to help judge the water level inside the water tank and display it accordingly on the screen while also preventing any overflow of water which is achieved through the Arduino Uno. The ultrasonic sensors used helps determine the water level in tank which is then send to the Arduino Uno, the LCD then attached to it displays the level to us. According to the level of water inside the tank, the Arduino helps turn ON or OFF the servo motor hence closing the source of water. In this way, through the automation of water control, we intent to save the energy and our natural resource.

Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research

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— A liquid dispenser is a system or a machine which is designed and capable of responding to an instruction or request made by the user in other to dispense a particular liquid. This paper developed a liquid dispenser leveraging microcontroller technology with added features that eliminates manual operation of the dispenser's pumps. This is achieved by the use of cup sensor in the control unit that automatically detects the presence of cups or other container. It also solve the issue of overflow of fluid due to loss of concentration by the introduction of electronic keypad which enables the users to input their desired quantity. The system code implementation was implemented with Assembly language via a notepad editor saved as .asm file. The saved file was compiled with an assembler (MIDI-51) which generated three files; hex file, obj file and list file. The hex file was used for the simulation of the design in Proteus 7.7 professional and burning of the microcontroller for construction. The outcome at the end of the specified design period was a working prototype that was able to dispense a liquid if the user activates the button from the keypad. The results shows that cup sensor carries out its sensing functionality satisfactorily.

Zabir Arkam Akhond

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Water Essay in English

Introduction.

Can you imagine a day in your life when you have not drunk a single glass of water? It is hard for us to think about life in the absence of water. What is it in life that we do not depend on water – for bathing, drinking, washing? Even though 70% of the Earth is covered by water, our careless use and actions have resulted in rendering much of freshwater unusable due to water pollution. Therefore, we must instil the importance of water in kids from an early age, and the uses of water essay will be suitable for them.

Uses of Water

We have already seen the uses of water in our daily lives, but to understand the importance of water, we must think of a scenario where water becomes scarce. The water essay in English will dive into the different uses of water in various fields, which will help kids know more about water problems due to inadequacy and their consequences.

If you think that only humans require water, you are wrong, as plants and animals also depend on water for many purposes. Just like human beings and all other living beings, plants need water to grow, make food and stay alive. On the other hand, some animals and creatures thrive on water surfaces, and they wouldn’t be able to live without water.

We live in a country where agriculture is the main source of income and food for many families. What do you think will happen if there is no water to cultivate the crops? Just like we won’t get good yields from the farm, we might find it difficult to keep ourselves from starving due to the lack of water. Besides, most industries and factories also require water to run their machines, and it is also a medium of transport for goods and people through the sea. You can also think about the extent of the use of water when a fire breaks out in a building. Thus, it is clear that water is the end of all, and be all of life on Earth.

Concerns about Water Usage

Since water is available to us in plenty, let us see how we misuse it for our needs in this water essay in English. At some point in our lives, we have wasted water; remember when you opened the tap and kept the water running when you were putting soap on your hands or switched on the shower and stood under it for a long time?

Despite the majority of the Earth being covered by water, we must realise that all of it is not safe for consumption. Moreover, polluting the water resources by dumping waste will harm aquatic life. The population is increasing, and so is the water demand. If we conserve water now, we will be saving future generations. To discover more exciting essays , stories and poems for kids, check out BYJU’S website.

Frequently Asked Questions on Water Essay in English

How can we save water.

We can save water by following simple measures, like repairing leaking pipes, turning off the tap while brushing our teeth and switching to using buckets and mugs for bathing instead of showers. We can also install a rainwater harvesting system in our homes to save water.

Why is water considered to be essential?

Water is the most important element on Earth that supports and sustains life. Although water is available in abundance, it cannot be renewed. So, we must use it carefully as we will not be able to live a day without water.

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Sisil Water Dispenser 3 Push Tap, Hot Tank 1L, Cold Tank 3.4L, Power 550 W

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