ancient greece thesis statements

Ancient Greece - Free Essay Examples And Topic Ideas

Ancient Greece, a civilization known for its significant contributions to art, philosophy, politics, and science, has left a lasting impact on the modern world. Essays on this topic could explore the various city-states, the classical philosophers, the political concepts of democracy and oligarchy, and the advancements in arts and sciences. Furthermore, discussions might delve into the Greco-Persian Wars, the Peloponnesian War, and the enduring legacy of Ancient Greece. We have collected a large number of free essay examples about Ancient Greece you can find at PapersOwl Website. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

How did Ancient Greece’s Geography Affect its Civilization

Ancient Greece was mostly made up of many small and separated islands. Most people today know about the great Greek Philosophers, the Olympics, the battles, so most people should know at least a little of the history of ancient Greece. Many people don't know how Greece came to be a great civilization though. I think that the reason why many democracies and civilizations fought for Greece was because of where Greece was located. Ancient Greece's geography is the thing that […]

History of Ancient Greece

Between the Mediterranean and Aegean seas on a peninsula lies the land of Greece. A land sculpted by mountainous terrain with limited farmable land led the Greeks to be avid seafaring peoples. Ancient Greece has a very rich history separated by various periods that denote their success and decline as a civilization. A rather unconventional ancient civilization, early Greeks did not develop like their contemporaries, but grew to be quite isolated from one another due to the mountainous terrain that […]

Greek and Roman Affects on Western Civilization

After discussing Greek and Roman architecture and engineering in class, I wanted to garner a deeper understanding of just how much of an affect these two cultures had on modern Western Civilizations. For instance, what else have these magnificent cultures contributed to to other aspects of society. This paper will discuss the similarities and differences between the Greeks and Romans, as well as its influence on Western Civilizations that haven't already been discussed in our class. While both Roman and […]

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Culture Ancient Greece and the Odyssey

Ancient Greece had a very unique culture. In The Odyssey by Homer, it teaches us that Ancient Greece was based on fate power(ranking in society) and believing in many gods. Not only Odysseus but his son Telemachus were controlled by fate ancient. The Greek gods were the ones in control of the fate of and his family. Telemachus is a young boy when his father Odysseus leaves Ithaca to fight in the Trojan war. As Odysseus is away Telemachus grows […]

Women in Ancient Greece Theatre Practices

It is taught throughout history books that women were not in the early stages of Greek theatre. As theatre developed in Greece, the role of women in the theatre was greatly diminished. Scholars believe they were banned from the stages, and even from attending the performances. Is this true, or did women play a bigger role than once thought? Women were once the leaders of multiple religious rituals and ceremonies. What provoked the removal of them? Were they really not […]

Ancient Greek Contributions to Western Civilization

Greece has made invaluable contributions to worldwide civilization.  Greece has vastly influenced, Western Civilization, culture, and even our way of thought.    It has been written that Greece is the birthplace of western civilization. One of Greece's invaluable influences of Western Civilization is the arts.  The ancient Greeks were well-known for their temples, art work, and sculptures.  In fact, Greece introduced sculpturing into architecture, as evidenced in their columns, be it what is still used today, Dorian, Ionic and Corinthian design […]

Ancient Greece’s Three Types of Heroes

The definition of the word hero is quite skewed. People tend to have their own definitions and interpretations of what the word means. However, people can usually agree on who a hero is and what makes a person a hero. In most cases, a hero can be described as one who shows great courage and is admired for noble achievements and noble qualities. Greek heroes show all of these qualities. They were admired for achieving incredible mythological feats and were […]

Democracy in Ancient Greece

How did people in Athens and Sparta obtain the right to participate in public life and make decisions affecting the community? To be eligible to participate in government in either Athens or Sparta, one had to be a free male citizen of the polis. Athens had an additional requirement that the individual male be born of Athenian citizens, whereas Sparta had no such requirement. (Brand, 2010). In Athens, there was an additional subclass of people that were disenfranchised known as […]

Pan’s Labyrinth Greek Mythology

Pan's Labyrinth is a 2006 surreal fairytale film in which an 11-year-old girl named Ofelia deals with the reality of her bleak life on a military compound in 1944's fascist Spain with her sickly pregnant mother and her violent stepfather by seamlessly blending fantastical elements with reality. Ofelia in Pan's Labyrinth undergoes labors to reach an ultimate "happy" ending and the film draws from Greek myth, blending ancient narratives with modern culture and politics. Pan's Labyrinth, following the typical hero's […]

Theatrical Lighting in Ancient Greece

Lighting in ancient Greece was lit by daylight and the dramas were frequently designed to take advantage of the position of the sun. There were sites specifically placed to gain the best effects of the natural light. Most plays could begin in the morning and last until the evening, so there was no need for artificial lights. The history of Greek lighting would then evolve to use mirrors with the sun's light to alter the lighting for their plays. If […]

Alexander the Great – King of Macedonia and Ancient Greece

Who is Alexander the Great? Alexander the Great is was the king of Macedonia and Ancient Greece. He may be known as the greatest military commander in history. Alexander the Great was born July 20, 356 BC. Alexander died at a very young age at 32. At a young age he accomplished a lot of things in his short life. Alexander's accomplishments was to do so much in his lifetime even thought it was such a lasting affect to him. […]

An Important Role Free Will in Oedipus the King

Fate is often said to be inevitable, an adverse outcome, condition, or end and free will is the ability to choose at your own discretion. In our everyday life, we make decisions and are often told that life is about making choices. It is because we have free will that we make choices which may lead to positive consequences if the choice is rational and yet other times our decisions lead to negative consequences. Free will plays an important role in Oedipus the King and fate […]

Wars of Ancient Greece

In the ancient Greek world, warfare was seen as a necessary evil of the human condition. Whether it be small frontier battles between neighboring city-states, lengthy city-sieges, civil wars, or large-scale battles between multi-alliance blocks on land and sea, the vast rewards of war could outweigh the costs in material and lives. While there were long periods of peace and many examples of friendly alliances, the powerful motives of territorial expansion, war loot, revenge, honor, and the defense of liberty […]

The Architecture of Ancient Greece

The Greeks set a tone for Western world and art history we know today through their paintings, sculptures, architecture, and many other innovations. Although they were influenced highly from Egypt and Mesopotamia, they would develop their own independent identity. The biggest concern while building what would become such impactive architecture, dealt with the proportion, harmony, and perspective. This would lead to the creation of many temples, theatres, and stadia that would become staple features of their cities/towns antiquity onwards. Greek […]

Alexander the Great the Gleaming Pearl of Ancient Greece

In the history of the ancient world, there are outstanding leaders with strategic minds and the ability to defeat all enemies. Among the most talented kings in the world, the most important one is probably Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great (356 - 323 BC) was the emperor who crushed the mighty Persian Empire and built the Greek Empire. He was a natural military genius and also considered to be a great contributor to the development of the history of […]

Spartan Warfare and Society in Ancient Greece

Introduction Sparta experienced territorial expansion due to its well organized and trained army (Cartledge 3). The Spartans inhabited fertile lands located in Eurotas and Pamisos where they practiced agricultural activities (Cartledge 3). On the other hand, the Helots were pushed to marginalized lands. They were nevertheless allowed by Spartans to live semi-autonomous lives in spite of being slaves. The Spartan helots would also be allowed to serve as warriors (Whitmore 3). This paper will discuss the Spartan warfare and how […]

Sparta and Athens Society Compare and Contrast

The life of a man or a woman in Ancient Greek was really different from the lives we have today. What I say is not about technology but about human rights such as the right to participate in public life. In Ancient Greek, women had no right to elect or to be elected, and only free men had their voice in the government. In Sparta, most people did not have any role for decision making for the community and Spartan […]

Historical Events of Ancient Greece

What importance did the Battles of Marathon and Salamis, and the Punic Wars have for Ancient Greece and Rome? Ancient Greece: The battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC during the first Persian invasion on Greece. Citizens of Athens and citizens of Plataea revolted against the Persian army. The battle was a very big victory for the Greeks. From this victory, they gained confidence in their defense system and a new battle tactic called phalanx. The phalanx tactic is […]

Daily Life in Ancient Greece

Daily life in Greece is much different from ours today. In today's world male and female should have equal rights. Men should help the women clean house, women can mow the lawn, women can build houses and do construction work if they desire to do so. In Greece, it's a totally different story. Men are required to take a roll of being very involved in the community. While the women's lives were ALWAYS being at home doing work around the […]

Ancient Greece Art Essay

Ancient Greece is one of my favorite subjects to talk and learn about. I love the history, the stories, and the art, Greece itself is a masterpiece. However, even though Greece has many legendary art works, there is one that I considered my favorite above all of them. There is a vase called “Ajax and Achilles Playing a Game” by the famous Exekias who was known as an ancient Greek vase-painter and potter. Exekias made many beautiful pieces of artwork […]

Ancient Greece: a Women’s Life

The treatment of Women in Ancient Greece was often based on the social economic class that they were born into, or married into. The rich women had less rights than the poor women. Women that were married to rich men were often confined to their homes. Their only jobs were to manage the house and to give birth to sons for the husband. These women also lived in different parts of the house away from the men. They even ate […]

The Role of Women and Stereotypes in the Greek Society in the Odyssey by Homer

The Odyssey is a classic poem by Homer ha revolves around the narrative of Odysseus an ancient Greek hero. Homer describes a full twenty-year journey that Odysseus spends fighting the Trojan War and traveling back to his family. The most significant theme is the nature and the role of women in Greek society. According to the story, men during the period were dominant and made most of the rules. However, Homer defies and illustrates the disparity in the role of […]

Ancient Greece Modern Comparison Project

Since the Grecian times, poems have been a very integral and influential part of every culture. Poems have affected whole countries at a time by expressing emotion, deep feelings, and a sense of what is beautiful about the world. From India to America, people have always drawn important parts of life and history from poems. A couple of the most unforgettable and prominent poets of all time include Homer and William Shakespeare. For my comparison essay, I will analyze the […]

Ancient Greece at the Met

Old Greek engineers tackle rigor and excellence of craftsmanship which are the trademark of Greek art universally. The methods they fabricated during the early sixth century B.C. still influence modern architecture. According to Sayre, H. M., (2013) there are two main principal orders in Classical and Archaic Greek architecture. They are commonly called Doric and the Ionic. In the Doric order, columns are fluted without any form of base. While with the Ionic order, bases support the columns, which have […]

Unveiling the Tapestry: the Pervasive Influence of Ancient Greece Geography

In the grand tapestry of human history, few threads are as intricately woven into the fabric as the geography of Ancient Greece. Beyond being a backdrop of azure seas and rugged mountains, the geographical features of this ancient land wielded a profound impact on the course of its history, culture, and societal structures. Let's embark on a journey through the undulating hills and craggy coastlines, unraveling the influence of Ancient Greece geography on the shaping of a civilization. The defining […]

Harmonies of History: the Lyre in Ancient Greece

The ancient Greeks, known for their rich contributions to art, philosophy, and politics, also held a profound affinity for music, with the lyre standing as a testament to this cultural passion. This stringed instrument, deeply intertwined with Greek mythology, literature, and daily life, resonates not just with musical notes but also with historical significance. The lyre, with its elegant structure, typically consisted of a soundbox made from tortoiseshell or wood, with arms extending upwards and joined by a crossbar. Strings, […]

Oedipus and the Sphinx

The great sphinx is a famous landmark known around the world for its loin body and a human head. It was built for a pharaoh as a guide in the afterlife. There is so much to learn about the sphinx. Like when and where it as built, ancient Greek myths, and King Khafre (the head of this amazing monument). Not to mention all the astonishing facts about the statue. When and where was the great sphinx built? The sphinx was […]

The Contribution of Ancient Greece to the Western Civilization

The ancient Greeks gave many contributions to the western civilization. They gave the Pythagorean Theory, Hippocratic Oath, limited democracy and more. Today those contributions benefit us. Pythagoras gave the Pythagorean Theory to us. He made a formula (a2+b2=C2); this formula is used to calculate the relationship between the sides of a right triangle. Euclid was a Greek mathematician and is often called the father of geometry. He put together, scientifically arranged, and wrote portions of the mathematics textbook Elements. Very […]

Birthdays: a Wish for the Gods

Birthdays are celebrated to remember personal achievements, show appreciation to those we love and care for, and to simply acknowledge our existence. Although lives are measured by the ceaseless passing of time, birthdays are a time to be remembered. That is how birthdays are defined in America today. The single day that all people have to mark a time in history, celebrate youth or adulthood, highlight milestones, rites of passage, and feel recognized; it is a celebration of life. They […]

Conquests of Alexander the Great

Alexander was set up to succeed his dad Philip II through watchful direction. When his dad kicked the bucket, he had mentored him from multiple points of view and he had additionally set the ground for his successes. Alexander acquired a urbanized people, an efficient military, and philosophical and military training and he used his insight to vanquish Persia and different parts of Asia. His heritage comprised of his despotic governments and utilization of military power as a major aspect […]

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Supplement to Argument and Argumentation

Historical supplement: argumentation in the history of philosophy.

Arguments and argumentation figure prominently in most (if not all) influential philosophical traditions. This Supplement presents argumentation as discussed in five prominent traditions from the past: ancient Greek, classical Indian, classical Chinese, medieval Latin, and medieval Islamicate philosophy. The goal is not to present an exhaustive historical account of these developments, but rather to offer a sample of reflections on argumentation in five noteworthy philosophical traditions.

2.2 Islamicate

1. ancient traditions.

Argumentative practices in ancient Greece constitute one of the main historical examples of a well-developed argumentative tradition (Dutilh Novaes 2020: ch. 5). The relevant sociopolitical background is that of Athenian democracy (508 to 322 BCE), where citizens could participate in decisions pertaining to governance of the city (M. Hansen 1977–81 [1991]). The three main political bodies were the assembly, the boule, and the courts of law; in all three, decisions were reached on the basis of extensive debates. Thus, being a persuasive orator was of paramount importance for a citizen, both to obtain votes in the assembly and to argue for a legal case in court.

In this setting, those who could train citizens to become skilled orators had something immensely valuable to offer. Many of the well-known thinkers of this period were exactly that: itinerant professional teachers who became collectively known as the Sophists (Notomi 2014; see entry on the Sophists ). But with the end of the so-called golden age of Athenian democracy and the disastrous results of the Peloponnesian Wars (431–404 BCE) for Athens, this mode of discursive engagement came to be criticized as a sign of the failure of democracy as a political system. Plato famously (and somewhat unfairly) offers harsh criticism of the Sophists in his dialogues (e.g., the Gorgias , the Republic ; see entry on Plato ): according to Plato, they only aim at shallow persuasion rather than at the truth (Irani 2017).

Plato promotes a different style of argumentative discourse: instead of the long speeches of the rhetoricians, and following his teacher Socrates (see entry on Socrates ), he favors dialogical interactions where speakers take turns in quick succession, in what became known as dialectical encounters . Dialectic seems to have predated Socrates and Plato, as the Eleatic philosophers (Parmenides, Zeno) were apparently already practitioners of this kind of discourse (Castelnérac & Marion 2009; see entry on Zeno of Elea ). But Plato was arguably the first to reflect and theorize on these different styles of argumentation.

What does a dialectical encounter look like, concretely? There are a number of detailed reconstructions of the basic features of this practice in the literature (Castelnérac & Marion 2009; Fink 2012). Aristotle’s Topics and its “ninth chapter”, the Sophistical Refutations , may be read as the (presumably) first regimentation/systematization of these practices, thus providing support for a general description thereof:

First of all there are the agents: the questioner and the answerer. There may also have been an audience ( Sophistical Refutations 16 175a20–30). The questioner has two main jobs: first, to extract a thesis, the “starting point” for the debate from the answerer; second, to try to force the answerer to admit the contradictory of that starting point, by getting the answerer to agree to certain premises. Alternatively, the questioner can try to reduce the thesis to absurdity. In either case, the questioner aims to refute the answerer. Crucially, the starting point should be something that can be affirmed or denied ( Topics 8.2. 158a14–22). For example, “what is knowledge?” would not be allowed as a starting point, as the answerer cannot reply “yes” or “no”. The answerer, on the other hand, has only one task, which is to remain un-refuted within a fixed time ( Topics 8.10. 161a1–15). If the answerer is refuted, then the answer should make clear that it is not their fault, but is due solely to the starting point ( Topics 8.4. 159a18–22) (Duncombe & Dutilh Novaes 2016: 3).

A key component of dialectic is the concept of refutation , or elenchus in Greek: questioner aims at refutation, answerer tries to avoid being refuted. Readers of Plato will recall the numerous instances where Socrates, by means of questions, elicits various discursive commitments from his interlocutors, only to show that, taken together, these commitments are incoherent. The interlocutor is thus refuted , and must revise their previous discursive commitments so as to restore coherence. But beyond these basic details, there is much discussion in the literature on how best to understand the concept of elenchus (Wolfsdorf 2013).

Practices of dialectic provided the background for the emergence of the first fully-fledged logical system in history, Aristotle’s syllogistic, as described in the Prior Analytics (Dutilh Novaes 2020: ch. 6; see entry on Aristotle’s logic ). Syllogistic differs from dialectic more generally in that it views as valid only arguments having the property of necessary truth-preservation (i.e., deductive arguments), whereas dialectic also allows for inductive and analogical arguments (as attested by the wide range of arguments used in Plato’s dialogues). But Aristotle remained equally interested in dialectic more generally, as attested by his manuals on how to argue well in dialectical encounters, the Topics and the Sophistical Refutations , and by the extensive discussions on dialectic even in the Prior Analytics . A key concept introduced by Aristotle in the Sophistical Refutations is that of fallacies , i.e., arguments that appear correct but are ultimately incorrect, thus leading to faulty conclusions (see entry on fallacies ). For millennia (and to this day), the identification and study of fallacies remained one of the main instruments to study argumentation.

Plato and Aristotle were not the only Greek thinkers interested in dialectic (see entry on the dialectical school ). Later authors continued to discuss the concept of dialectic, even if it acquired different meanings for different authors and traditions (see entry on ancient logic ). The Stoics are particularly worth mentioning, as they are credited with developing the first fully-fledged propositional logic, where the validity of arguments is analyzed by means of schemata where numbers take the place of propositions (whereas in Aristotle’s syllogistic, letters take the place of terms). Modus Ponens, for example, was formulated by the Stoics as:

If the 1 st , then the 2 nd . But the 1 st , therefore the 2 nd

(See entry on ancient logic .) In sum, a concern with rational discourse and argumentation was a constant element in ancient Greek philosophy, from the early stages with pre-Socratic thinkers all the way until late antiquity.

The classical Indian tradition shares with the ancient Greek tradition the pervasiveness of debating practices. In fact, it might seem that Indian thinkers relished engaging in lively debates even more than their Greek peers, as attested by their sophisticated reflections on argumentation (both for instruction and practice, and as theoretical investigations; Matilal 1998: chs 2 and 3; Solomon 1976). As is well known, classical Indian philosophy is extremely diverse, branching into a plethora of schools. These essentially fall within two groups: Brahmanical schools, which accepted the validity of the Vedic sacred texts (such as Nyāya and Yoga), and schools that rejected the authority of the Vedas (such as Buddhism and Jainism). There was much disagreement among these different schools, thus generating ample opportunity for lively discussions.

While the emergence of sustained debating practices in ancient Greece was greatly influenced by the political background, in India debating practices emerged as a response to different circumstances, in particular to address metaphysical, epistemological and religious issues (see entry on epistemology in classical Indian philosophy ). The historical record suggests that kings and rulers encouraged and patronized such debates between sages, thus providing an institutional, social embedding quite different from the background for intellectual endeavors in ancient Greece. On the whole, while the Greeks were primarily interested in moral and political issues, Indian thinkers mainly focused on ontological, epistemological, medical, and religious questions such as the distinction of the soul from the body, the purpose of life, the different sources of knowledge, and the existence of the after-life (Matilal 1998; though these discussions also had moral implications).

The popularity of debates dates back to the early stages in the history of Indian thought (as early as 1700 BCE), but the first theories of argumentation only appeared around the time of the Buddha and other religious reformers (6 th century BCE). By the third and second centuries BCE, monks and Brahmans were required to have training in the art of debating. Debating manuals were written within the different sectarian schools (Matilal 1998), containing accounts of highly regimented debating practices displaying the same level of sophistication (if not beyond) as Greek dialectic (see entry on logic in classical Indian philosophy ). The Indian authors distinguished between friendly, honest debates, where presumably the common goal was the search for truth, from competitive ones where the goal was mere victory. In the influential Nyāya-sūtra manual, attributed to Akṣapāda Gautama and widely available by 150 CE (exact dates of composition are uncertain), the former were called vāda , while the latter were called jalpa and vitaṇḍā (Nicholson 2010). These manuals contained instructions on how to perform at honest debates as well as discussions of clever argumentative tricks that may be used by disputatious opponents in competitive debates, so as to help the novice to identify and rebut these tricks (Prets 2001). In particular, Indian philosophers also developed sophisticated theories of fallacies (Phillips 2017) that served purposes similar to Aristotle’s Sophistical Refutations (Ganeri 2001).

Indian philosophical discussions also tend to have a strong epistemological focus, with a concern for the nature of evidence and discussions on the means of knowledge, pramāṇa s (see entry on epistemology in classical Indian philosophy ). The Nyāya-sūtra , for example, can be read as offering a formulation of acceptable and sound methods for philosophical discourse and inquiry. Inference ( anumāna ) was viewed by the Nyāya philosophers (as well as by other schools of thought) as one of the pramāṇa s, one of the means of knowledge. But Indian thinkers saw no contradiction between dialectical and epistemological approaches; as is clear in particular in the works of the influential fifth–sixth century CE Buddhist thinker Dignāga, inference—the cognitive process taking one from the known to the unknown—and argument—a device of persuasion—are but two sides of a single coin (see entry on logic in classical Indian philosophy, section 4 ).

There is much discussion among scholars on whether earlier Indian thinkers did or did not draw a sharp distinction between (what we now call) deductive and inductive reasoning (Siderits 2003), and between monotonic and non-monotonic reasoning (Taber 2004). Inferential knowledge was typically viewed as the product of repeated observations of individual cases, and many authors from the earlier period seemed to view these inferences as sufficiently reliable; an exception were some skeptical thinkers, who emphasized precisely the fact that these inferences were not necessarily truth-preserving (Matilal 1998; Siderits 2003). By contrast, later authors, in particular Dignāga, explicitly recognized arguments having the property of necessary truth-preservation as comprising a special class of arguments. Indeed, over the centuries theories and practices of argumentation in the Indian tradition continued to evolve, thus offering much valuable material for those interested in the history of theories of argumentation.

Chinese intellectuals were also deeply interested in argumentation (C. Hansen 1983), a practice described as biàn or biàn shuō in classical Chinese texts. In particular, the thinkers associated with the “School of Names” were especially keen on disputations, including idle contests of wits (at least according to their critics). Indeed, some of these thinkers have been described as the “Chinese sophists”, given the (at least superficial) similarities with the Greek sophists (see entry on the School of Names ). Moreover, Chinese thinkers also dealt with contexts of “mass persuasion”, that is persuasion of large groups of people (even if they were not fellow citizens like in Greece), such as groups of followers of different masters.

Biàn is in fact a more general concept, its core meaning pertaining to drawing distinctions,

as a verb referring to the act of distinguishing or discriminating things from each other and as a noun referring to distinctions. (Fraser 2013: 4)

But for these classical Chinese thinkers, a debate or argument is in fact an activity primarily aimed at drawing distinctions , hence the secondary meaning the term acquired as referring to disputation and argument. Essentially, the question in a disputation is usually whether a given name is suitably applied to a given object (or event), as revealed by a passage from the Mohist Dialectics (A74, as cited in the entry on Mohist canons (note 25) ):

Canon: Biàn is contending over converses. Winning in biàn is fitting the thing. Explanation: One calls it “ox”, the other calls it “non-ox”. This is contending over converses. These do not jointly fit the object. If they do not jointly fit, it must be that one does not fit.

While this may seem like an idle discussion, Chinese thinkers took the rectification of names to be of paramount importance. If speakers do not use names and terms uniformly, chaos and anarchy will ensue. In particular, they will not be able to follow commands as intended by their superiors, as these thinkers emphasized the action-guiding over the descriptive functions of language (see entry on the School of Names, supplement “Disputation in context” ).

While intellectuals of all main traditions in the classical period discussed (and presumably engaged in) biàn , there are three main (interrelated) accounts of argumentation in classical Chinese thought: that of the early Mohists in their rebuttal of fatalism, that of the later Mohist dialectic, and that of Xúnzǐ (a prominent thinker in the Confucian tradition; Fraser 2013). And yet, while they contain sophisticated analyses of proper and improper uses of language in disputations, they remain fundamentally different from the theories of argumentation found in Aristotle’s texts, for example, in particular in that there is no explicit articulation of inferential rules and principles—even if implicitly they seem to endorse certain principles, such as the principle of non-contradiction when stating that something cannot both be called “ox” and “non-ox” (see passage quoted above). The key concept in the Chinese context is that of analogy:

inference is thus understood as the act of distinguishing something as a certain kind of thing on the basis of having distinguished it as similar to a relevant “model” or “standard”. (Fraser 2013: 4)

As noted above, analogical reasoning is also widely present in the Greek tradition, but in the latter it coexists with other modes of reasoning, including deductive reasoning. In this respect, we may say that the property of necessary truth-preservation did not stand out for the Chinese thinkers, who were primarily concerned with language-world relations rather than with relations between sentences (as part of a more general pragmatic intellectual orientation). So here again we have an argumentative tradition tailored to the needs of its practitioners in their own sociocultural circumstances.

2. Medieval Traditions

The Latin medieval intellectual tradition is commonly thought to span from Boethius in the sixth century up to the fifteenth century and beyond. The common denominators were the use of Latin as lingua franca and its (institutional as well as intellectual) proximity with Christianity. A focus on debating and argumentation is a crucial feature of this tradition, in particular as crystalized in what is known as scholastic disputation . Scholastic disputation is a formalized, rigorous procedure for debate, based on fairly strict rules, which became one of the main approaches for intellectual inquiry in medieval Europe (Novikoff 2013). Inspired by ancient Greek argumentation methods, it was then further developed in the monasteries of the early Middle Ages. It reached its pinnacle from the twelfth century onwards, especially with the birth and growth of universities, where it became one of the main teaching methods (see entry on literary forms of medieval philosophy ). The influence of disputations went well beyond universities, expanding towards multiple spheres of cultural life.

Schematically, such disputations may be described thus:

[A disputation] is a regular form of teaching, apprenticeship and research, presided over by a master, characterized by a dialectical method which consists of bringing forward and examining arguments based on reason and authority which oppose one another on a given theoretical or practical problem and which are furnished by participants, and where the master must come to a doctrinal solution by an act of determination which confirms him in his function as master. (Bazán, Wippel, Fransen, & Jacquart 1985: 40; as quoted in the entry on literary forms of medieval philosophy )

In other words, a disputation starts with a statement, and then goes on to examine arguments in favor and against the statement. A disputation is essentially a dialogical practice in that it features two (possibly fictive) parties disagreeing on a given statement and producing arguments to defend their respective positions, even if both roles can be played by one and the same person. The goal may simply be that of convincing an interlocutor and/or the audience, but the implication is typically that something deeper is achieved, namely coming closer to the truth by examining the question from many different angles (Angelelli 1970).

Medieval intellectuals engaged in “live” disputations, both privately, between a master and a pupil, and as grand public events attended by the university community at large (Novikoff 2013). Moreover, the general structure is used extensively in some of the most prominent writings by these authors (some of them are in fact written-up versions of disputations actually having taken place, known as reportatio ). For example, Aquinas’ Summa Theologica —possibly the most influential work from the scholastic tradition—follows the structure of a disputation, with arguments for and against specific claims being examined (see entry on Thomas Aquinas ). Indeed, disputation became one of the chief methods for intellectual inquiry in general, and medieval treatises on philosophical topics typically contain a fair amount of disputational vocabulary. The widespread presence of disputation and related genres has been described as “the institutionalization of conflict” in scholasticism (see entry on literary forms of medieval philosophy ).

Logical textbooks were expected to provide the required training to excel in the art of disputation, with chapters on fallacies, consequence, the logical structure and meaning of propositions, obligationes (a special kind of disputation) etc., all of which are directly relevant for the art of disputation (see entries on medieval theories of consequence , properties of terms , and obligationes ). In fact, to a great extent Latin medieval authors did not differentiate between “ logica ” and “ dialectica ”, as attested by the fact that a number of influential logical textbooks—Abelard’s De Dialectica , Buridan’s Summulae de dialectica —bore the term “ dialectica ” in their titles. As late as in the sixteenth century, the Spanish scholastic author Domingo de Soto still defined dialectic/logic as “the art or science of disputing” (Ashworth 2011).

But elsewhere, Renaissance authors such as Lorenzo Valla (Nauta 2009; see entry on Lorenzo Valla ) were harsh critics of the genre of scholastic disputation. These authors deplored the lack of applicability of scholastic logic; Valla for example saw syllogisms as an artificial type of reasoning, useless for orators on account of being too far removed from natural ways of speaking and arguing. They condemned the cumbersome, artificial and overly technical Latin of scholastic authors, and defended a return to the classical Latin of Cicero and Vergil. Many Renaissance authors did not belong to the university system, where scholasticism was still the norm in the fifteenth century; instead, many were civil servants, and were thus involved in politics, administration, and civic life in general. As such, they were much more interested in rhetoric and persuasion than in logic and demonstration (Dutilh Novaes 2017).

The demise of scholasticism was a gradual process, and for centuries the logic taught at universities was still based on general Aristotelian theories such as syllogistic. But as a whole, logic and argumentation became less prominent topics of discussion for thinkers in the early modern period (Dutilh Novaes 2020: ch. 7). One exception is the so-called Port Royal Logic (1662), which presented itself explicitly as a manual on the art of thinking, but which contains extensive discussions on modes of arguing as well (see entry on Port Royal logic ).

With the advent of Islam in the seventh century, a new cultural and intellectual tradition was initiated; alongside the novelty of Islam, it drew significantly from earlier sources such as ancient Greek philosophy and also Persian and Arabic sources (among others). (The term “Islamicate” is used to refer to what pertains to regions in which Muslims are culturally dominant, but not specifically to the religion of Islam as such.) The primary language of learning in this tradition was Arabic, but significant texts were also written in Persian, Turkish and Hebrew (among other languages).

In this tradition, the term jadal was generally used to refer to argumentative practices and accompanying theories; it is commonly translated as “dialectic” or “disputation theory” (Young 2017; Miller 2020). Islamicate theories of argumentation come in many kinds, emerging within specific fields of inquiry such as theology and later jurisprudence, but also as domain-independent reflections on how to reason and argue well, in particular but not exclusively in connection with logic and ancient Greek sources such as Aristotle (see entry on Arabic and Islamic philosophy of language and logic ).

The advent of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) marked the beginning of systematic efforts to translate a wide range of ancient Greek texts, in particular texts by Aristotle and his commentators, under the protection and sponsorship of these rulers. The translation movement culminated around 830 in the circle of al-Kindî in Baghdad, and inaugurated the intellectual tradition of falsafa (an alliteration for the Greek word “ philosophia ”), which, at least initially, was viewed as a competitor for the “local” traditions of kalam (rational theology) and fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) (Miller 2020; see entries on Greek sources in Arabic and Islamic philosophy and on Arabic and Islamic natural philosophy and natural science ). The latter also offered accounts of reasoning and argumentation (in their specific domains), but until the eleventh century there was little cross-pollination between them and Greek-inspired logic and philosophy.

The earliest fully-fledged theories of jadal emerged in theological contexts, around the turn of the ninth to the tenth century (Miller 2020: ch. 2). For these theologians, jadal is a method for attaining truth, used by God in disputing with the Jews, and taught by God to his prophet. The focus is thus predominantly epistemological, but jadal is said to explicitly involve at least two people (thus being different from solitary speculation) who exchange questions and answers. The ultimate goal is to defend and prove the truth of Islam in contexts of religious disputes. The authors in this tradition wrote detailed treatises that included discussions of rules of conduct during debates, objections and counter-objections, and signs of defeat. The theological tradition of jadal then provided the substratum for the development of dialectical theories of jurisprudence (Miller 2020: ch. 4).

Within falsafa , argumentation was initially studied from the perspective of the Aristotelian Organon . By the early tenth century, a group of self-declared Peripatetics in Baghdad presented themselves as the defenders of Aristotelian orthodoxy. The most famous member of this group was al-Farabi, who composed a series of commentaries on the books of the Organon , including an influential commentary on Aristotle’s Topics , which was known as the Book of Dialectic ( Kitāb al-Jadal ; (DiPasquale 2019; see entries on al-Farabi and al-Farabi’s philosophy of logic and language ). At this stage, unsurprisingly, these thinkers were predominantly interested in the key topics of Aristotle’s logical canon such as syllogistic, dialectic, and demonstration, and developed detailed theories on argumentation (Miller 2020: ch. 3).

All this was to change thanks to the larger-than-life figure of Ibn Sina (Avicenna; ca. 970–1037; see entry on Ibn Sina ). Ibn Sina reoriented the Aristotelian conception of logic as closely connected with dialectic and argumentation towards a more epistemological, mentalistic approach (see entry on Ibn Sina’s logic ). Ibn Sina went on to become the most influential thinker in the Islamicate tradition in subsequent centuries, and this meant that the study of logic, referred to as mantiq , became by and large divorced from jadal .

In later periods, the “foreign” theories of the falsafa tradition were finally (partially) incorporated into the original traditions in jurisprudence, law and theology, in particular with the rise of the madrasa system starting in the late eleventh century (El-Rouayheb 2016; madrasas were official institutions of learning, functionally similar to European universities). In the madrasas, the Arabic scholastic method became consolidated and widely disseminated (see entry on Arabic and Islamic philosophy of language and logic ). But theories of disputation tended to be studied as an independent discipline, called “the science of disputation” ( 'ilm al-munazara ) or “the rules of discussion” ( ādāb al-baḥth ), whereas logic ( mantiq ) remained focused on epistemological concerns. As described by Miller (2020: 103),

ādāb al-baḥth emerged as an independent intellectual discipline and literary genre by adopting concepts from Aristotelian logic and philosophy as well as rules formulated in the context of both juridical and theological dialectics. (The earliest works in the ādāb al-baḥth tradition date to the first half of the 14 th century)

Thus, over the centuries, authors and thinkers in the Islamic World produced sophisticated theories of argumentation, and this from different angles, in particular theology, law, and philosophy.

Copyright © 2021 by Catarina Dutilh Novaes < cdutilhnovaes @ gmail . com >

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Ancient Greece Research Paper Topics

This page is an exhaustive guide to ancient Greece research paper topics , catering primarily to history students embarking on their research journey. It kicks off with an extensive list of 100 research paper topics, meticulously divided into ten categories, each encapsulating a distinctive facet of ancient Greek history. The guide further equips students with valuable tips on how to select the most suitable ancient Greece research paper topic and provides a step-by-step approach to writing a compelling research paper. This page also introduces iResearchNet’s customized writing services, enabling students to order a bespoke research paper on any topic related to ancient Greece.

Ancient Greece offers a rich and captivating history that has greatly influenced various aspects of modern society. From its remarkable achievements in art, literature, philosophy, and politics to its epic myths and legends, Ancient Greece provides a vast array of intriguing research paper topics. This comprehensive list will explore ten different categories, each containing ten unique research paper topics, allowing students to delve into the fascinating world of Ancient Greece and contribute to the body of knowledge surrounding this remarkable civilization.

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Ancient Greek Architecture

• The Evolution of Greek Temples: From the Doric to Ionic Styles
• The Parthenon: A Masterpiece of Classical Greek Architecture
• The Role of Architectural Proportions in Greek Temples
• Greek Theaters: Design, Acoustics, and Performances
• The Significance of Greek Architectural Orders in Public Buildings
• Urban Planning in Ancient Greece: The Design of Cities
• Greek Architectural Influence on Roman and Neoclassical Styles
• Temples of Ancient Greece: Sacred Spaces and Religious Rituals
• The Sanctuary of Delphi: A Center of Ancient Greek Worship
• The Architecture of Ancient Greek Agoras: Public Spaces and Political Life

Ancient Greek Mythology and Religion

• The Twelve Olympian Gods and Their Roles in Greek Mythology
• The Heroic Deeds of Heracles: Legends and Symbolism
• The Myth of Prometheus: Rebellion, Punishment, and Humanity
• The Journey of Odysseus: Adventures and Lessons in Homer’s Odyssey
• The Stories of Greek Tragic Heroes: Oedipus, Medea, and Antigone
• The Significance of Greek Creation Myths: Origins of the World
• The Cult of Dionysus: Rituals, Festivals, and Wine in Greek Society
• Greek Oracles and Prophecies: Delphi, Dodona, and Beyond
• Greek Funeral Rites and Beliefs about the Afterlife
• The Cult of Demeter and the Eleusinian Mysteries: Secrets of Initiation

Ancient Greek Literature and Philosophy

• The Works of Homer: The Iliad and The Odyssey
• The Philosophy of Socrates: Ideas, Influence, and Legacy
• The Dialogues of Plato: Exploring Philosophical Concepts
• Aristotle’s Contributions to Philosophy and Science
• The Tragedies of Sophocles: Themes, Symbolism, and Morality
• Euripides and the Complexities of Greek Tragedy
• The Poetry of Sappho: Love, Desire, and Feminine Expression
• Greek Historiography: Herodotus and Thucydides
• The Hellenistic Period: Literature and Philosophy
• The Influence of Ancient Greek Literature on Western Culture

Ancient Greek Art and Sculpture

• Classical Greek Sculpture: Beauty, Idealism, and Naturalism
• Black-figure and Red-figure Pottery: Techniques, Styles, and Themes
• The Iconography of Greek Vases: Mythology, Daily Life, and Rituals
• The Kouros and Kore Sculptures: Representations of Youth and Beauty
• The Development of Greek Bronze Sculpture: Techniques and Subjects
• Greek Mosaic Art: Techniques, Designs, and Symbolism
• Hellenistic Sculpture: Realism, Emotion, and Dramatic Expression
• The Greek Influence on Roman Statuary and Portraiture
• The Function and Symbolism of Greek Architectural Sculpture
• The Artistic Legacy of Ancient Greece in Modern Times

Ancient Greek History and Politics

• The Rise of the City-States: Athens, Sparta, and Thebes
• The Persian Wars: Causes, Battles, and Outcomes
• The Golden Age of Athens: Democracy, Leadership, and Cultural Flourishing
• The Peloponnesian War: Causes, Strategies, and Impacts
• Alexander the Great: Conquests, Empire, and Legacy
• The Hellenistic Kingdoms: Ptolemaic, Seleucid, and Antigonid Empires
• Greek Colonization: Expansion, Trade, and Cultural Exchange
• The Life and Reign of Pericles: Influence and Achievements
• Greek Democracy: Origins, Principles, and Limitations
• The Role of Women in Ancient Greek Society and Politics

Ancient Greek Science and Mathematics

• Archimedes and his Contributions to Mathematics and Physics
• Hippocrates and the Birth of Western Medicine
• Euclid’s Elements: Geometry and Mathematical Principles
• The Scientific Achievements of Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes
• The Concept of Atomism: Leucippus and Democritus
• Pythagoras and the Pythagorean Theorem: Mathematics and Philosophy
• Aristarchus of Samos: Heliocentrism and Early Astronomy
• Greek Medicine and Healing Practices: Asclepius and the Cult of Health
• Greek Engineering and Inventions: Contributions to Architecture and Warfare
• The Legacy of Ancient Greek Science in Modern Society

Ancient Greek Society and Daily Life

• The Greek Polis: Society, Governance, and Citizenship
• Slavery in Ancient Greece: Origins, Roles, and Treatment
• Education in Ancient Greece: Philosophical and Practical Aspects
• The Role of Women in Ancient Greek Society
• Ancient Greek Festivals and Religious Celebrations
• Greek Sports and Athletics: The Olympic Games and Beyond
• Ancient Greek Cuisine: Food, Drink, and Banquets
• Clothing and Fashion in Ancient Greece
• The Influence of Greek Music and Dance on Culture
• The Ancient Greek Family: Structure, Roles, and Values

Ancient Greek Warfare and Military Strategies

• The Spartan Military System: Training, Discipline, and Values
• The Battle of Marathon: Tactics, Heroes, and Significance
• The Hoplite Warfare: Phalanx Formation and Strategies
• The Peloponnesian War: Naval Warfare and Strategies
• The Macedonian Phalanx: Innovations in Ancient Warfare
• Siege Warfare in Ancient Greece: Methods and Technologies
• Alexander the Great’s Military Campaigns: Strategies and Conquests
• The Role of Mercenaries in Ancient Greek Warfare
• Naval Power in Ancient Greece: The Trireme and Naval Battles
• The Legacy of Ancient Greek Warfare in Military History

Ancient Greek Philosophy and Intellectual Movements

• The Pre-Socratic Philosophers: Exploring the Nature of Reality
• The Philosophy of Plato: Ideal Forms and the Theory of Forms
• Aristotle’s Ethics: Virtue, Happiness, and the Golden Mean
• The Stoic Philosophy: Principles and Practices for a Virtuous Life
• The Epicurean Philosophy: Pursuit of Pleasure and Freedom from Fear
• The Skepticism of Pyrrho: Doubt, Suspense, and Epistemic Inquiry
• Cynicism and Diogenes of Sinope: Rejecting Conventional Values
• The Hellenistic Philosophies: Eclecticism and Syncretism
• The Influence of Ancient Greek Philosophy on Western Thought
• Philosophy and Its Impact on Ancient Greek Society

Ancient Greek Art and Aesthetics

• Greek Pottery: Styles, Techniques, and Symbolism
• The Beauty and Harmony of Greek Sculpture: Idealized Human Form
• The Greek Art of Mosaics: Colors, Patterns, and Narrative
• Architectural Sculpture in Ancient Greece: Ornamentation and Function
• The Technique of Greek Vase Painting: Black-figure and Red-figure
• Greek Coinage: Artistic Representations and Political Symbols
• The Use of Color in Ancient Greek Art and Architecture
• Greek Frescoes: Wall Paintings and Decorative Arts
• Greek Jewelry and Adornment: Materials, Designs, and Symbolism
• Greek Textile Art: Weaving, Dyeing, and Pattern-making

The comprehensive list of ancient Greece research paper topics provides students with a wide range of fascinating subjects to explore within the realm of Greek history, culture, and civilization. From the realm of art, literature, and philosophy to politics, warfare, and daily life, these topics offer ample opportunities for in-depth research and scholarly inquiry. By delving into these captivating areas of study, students can gain a deeper understanding of Ancient Greece and contribute to the body of knowledge surrounding this extraordinary civilization.

Ancient Greece: Exploring the Range of Research Paper Topics

Ancient Greece is renowned for its rich history, culture, and enduring legacy. The study of Ancient Greece offers a vast array of research paper topics that delve into various aspects of this fascinating civilization. From its mythology and philosophy to its politics and art, Ancient Greece provides ample opportunities for in-depth exploration and scholarly inquiry. This section aims to explore the diverse range of research paper topics available in Ancient Greek history, offering students a glimpse into the breadth and depth of this captivating field of study.

• Greek Mythology : Explore the significance of Greek mythology in Ancient Greek society, examining the gods, heroes, and mythical narratives that shaped their religious beliefs, rituals, and cultural practices. Topics could include the role of gods in human affairs, the portrayal of women in mythology, or the connections between myth and historical events.
• Athenian Democracy : Investigate the development, functioning, and significance of Athenian democracy, focusing on key institutions such as the Assembly, Council, and courts. Examine topics such as the role of citizenship, political participation, and the impact of democracy on Athenian society.
• Greek Philosophy : Dive into the world of Greek philosophy and explore the works and ideas of influential thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Topics may include the nature of knowledge and reality, ethical theories, or the role of philosophy in shaping Ancient Greek society.
• Greek Theater : Analyze the origins, evolution, and cultural significance of Greek theater, examining prominent playwrights such as Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Topics could explore theatrical conventions, the portrayal of women in Greek drama, or the role of theater in Athenian democracy.
• Olympic Games : Investigate the origins, rituals, and cultural impact of the Ancient Greek Olympic Games. Topics may include the role of athletes in society, the connection between sport and religious festivals, or the political significance of the Games.
• Ancient Greek Warfare : Explore the military strategies, tactics, and technologies employed by the Ancient Greeks, focusing on notable battles and conflicts. Topics could include the rise of hoplite warfare, naval warfare in the Peloponnesian War, or the military legacy of Alexander the Great.
• Hellenistic Period : Examine the Hellenistic period that followed the conquests of Alexander the Great, exploring the political, social, and cultural developments of the successor kingdoms. Topics may include the spread of Greek culture, the impact of Hellenistic art and architecture, or the role of women in Hellenistic society.
• Greek Art and Architecture : Delve into the world of Greek art and architecture, studying iconic structures such as the Parthenon and the sculptures of the Classical period. Topics could explore the symbolism in Greek art, the evolution of architectural styles, or the influence of Greek art on later civilizations.
• Spartan Society : Investigate the unique society of Sparta, focusing on its military culture, social structure, and political system. Topics may include the Spartan education system, the role of women in Spartan society, or the Spartan military ethos.
• Alexander the Great : Analyze the life, achievements, and legacy of Alexander the Great, examining his military campaigns, empire-building strategies, and cultural impact. Topics could explore his leadership style, the blending of Greek and Eastern cultures, or the political implications of his conquests.

The study of Ancient Greece offers a vast array of research paper topics that cover a wide range of disciplines and themes. From mythology and philosophy to politics, art, and warfare, the world of Ancient Greece is ripe with opportunities for exploration and scholarly inquiry. This section has provided a glimpse into the diverse range of research paper topics available, showcasing the richness and significance of Ancient Greek history. Whether you are drawn to the mythical realm of gods and heroes or fascinated by the political systems and cultural achievements of the Greeks, there is a captivating research topic awaiting your exploration. Delve into the wonders of Ancient Greece and uncover its enduring legacy through the lens of your research paper.

Choosing Ancient Greece Research Paper Topics

Choosing a research paper topic on Ancient Greece can be an exciting yet challenging task. With such a vast and diverse history, it’s essential to select a topic that is engaging, relevant, and allows for comprehensive exploration. This section aims to provide expert advice and guidance on how to choose the perfect research paper topic in Ancient Greece. By following these tips and considerations, students can narrow down their options and select a topic that aligns with their interests and academic goals.

• Understand Your Interests : Reflect on your personal interests and passions within the field of Ancient Greece. Are you drawn to a particular aspect, such as art, philosophy, politics, or warfare? Identifying your interests will help you select a topic that resonates with you and keeps you motivated throughout the research process.
• Conduct Preliminary Research : Before finalizing a topic, conduct preliminary research to familiarize yourself with the existing literature and scholarly discussions in Ancient Greek history. This will help you identify gaps in knowledge or areas that require further exploration, which can serve as potential research paper topics.
• Narrow Down Your Focus : Ancient Greece encompasses a wide range of time periods, regions, and themes. Narrow down your focus by selecting a specific time period or geographical region that interests you the most. For example, you may choose to focus on the Classical period, the city-state of Athens, or the impact of Greek colonization.
• Consider Unexplored Topics : While popular topics in Ancient Greece have been extensively researched, consider exploring lesser-known or under-researched areas. This can include examining marginalized groups in Greek society, lesser-known historical figures, or specific aspects of daily life that have received limited scholarly attention.
• Engage with Primary Sources : Dive into primary sources, such as ancient texts, inscriptions, or archaeological findings, to discover intriguing research paper topics. Analyzing primary sources allows for a deeper understanding of Ancient Greek culture and can lead to unique research questions and interpretations.
• Consult with Your Professor or Advisor : Seek guidance from your professor or academic advisor. They can offer valuable insights, suggest potential research paper topics based on your academic goals, and provide additional resources to support your research.
• Brainstorm and Refine Your Topic : Engage in brainstorming sessions to generate a list of potential research paper topics. Consider the feasibility, scope, and availability of sources for each topic. Refine your ideas by narrowing down the focus, formulating clear research questions, and ensuring the topic aligns with the requirements of your assignment.
• Consider Comparative Approaches : Explore topics that allow for comparative analysis between Ancient Greece and other civilizations or time periods. Comparative approaches can provide a fresh perspective and contribute to a broader understanding of Ancient Greek history and its interconnectedness with the wider world.
• Explore Interdisciplinary Connections : Ancient Greece has influenced various disciplines, including literature, philosophy, art, politics, and science. Consider exploring interdisciplinary connections by incorporating elements from other fields into your research paper topic. This can lead to innovative and multi-dimensional analyses.
• Stay Current with Scholarly Debates : Stay updated with the latest scholarly debates and discussions in the field of Ancient Greek history. Familiarize yourself with the current trends, research methodologies, and emerging topics of interest. Engaging with ongoing debates can inspire new research paper topics or offer opportunities for critical analysis and contribution to the academic discourse.

Choosing an ancient Greece research paper topic requires careful consideration, engagement with primary and secondary sources, and a clear understanding of your academic interests. By following the expert advice provided in this section, students can select a captivating and well-focused research topic that allows for in-depth exploration and contributes to the understanding of Ancient Greek history. Remember to consult with your professor or advisor for guidance and support throughout the research process. With the right topic, diligent research, and a passion for the subject, you can embark on a rewarding journey of uncovering the wonders of Ancient Greece.

How to Write an Ancient Greece Research Paper

Writing a research paper on Ancient Greece offers an exciting opportunity to delve into the captivating world of this ancient civilization. From its mythology and philosophy to its politics and art, Ancient Greece provides a wealth of topics for exploration and analysis. This section aims to provide you with a comprehensive guide on how to write an effective and engaging research paper on Ancient Greece. By following these tips and strategies, you can navigate the research process with confidence and produce a well-crafted paper that showcases your knowledge and critical thinking skills.

• Choose a Specific Topic : Start by selecting a specific topic within the realm of Ancient Greece that interests you the most. Narrow down your focus to a particular aspect, time period, or theme to ensure that your research remains manageable and focused.
• Conduct In-Depth Research : Begin your research by consulting a variety of reputable sources, including books, scholarly articles, and academic journals. Utilize both online and offline resources to gather a comprehensive understanding of your chosen topic.
• Develop a Strong Thesis Statement : Craft a clear and concise thesis statement that presents the main argument or central idea of your research paper. Your thesis should be specific, arguable, and supported by evidence from your research.
• Organize Your Research : Create a well-structured outline to guide your writing process. Organize your main points, arguments, and supporting evidence in a logical manner. This will help you maintain a coherent flow throughout your paper.
• Analyze Primary and Secondary Sources : Engage with a combination of primary and secondary sources to support your arguments and provide historical context. Primary sources can include ancient texts, artifacts, and inscriptions, while secondary sources offer scholarly interpretations and analysis.
• Engage with Different Perspectives : Consider various viewpoints and interpretations of your chosen topic. Engaging with different perspectives will enhance the depth and breadth of your research and demonstrate your ability to critically evaluate historical evidence.
• Utilize Proper Citations : Ensure that you properly cite all sources used in your research paper. Follow the appropriate citation style, such as MLA or APA, and adhere to the guidelines for both in-text citations and the bibliography or references page.
• Develop Strong Arguments : Structure your paper around well-developed arguments supported by evidence from your research. Present a clear line of reasoning and critically evaluate the sources to strengthen your arguments.
• Include Visuals and Illustrations : Consider incorporating visuals such as maps, diagrams, or images related to your topic. Visuals can enhance the understanding of complex concepts and provide visual evidence to support your arguments.
• Revise and Edit : Set aside ample time for revising and editing your research paper. Check for clarity, coherence, grammar, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your paper flows smoothly and effectively communicates your ideas.

Writing a research paper on Ancient Greece offers a fascinating journey into the world of this ancient civilization. By following these tips and strategies, you can navigate the research process with confidence and produce a well-crafted paper that showcases your knowledge and critical thinking skills. Remember to choose a specific and engaging topic, conduct in-depth research, develop a strong thesis statement, and organize your paper effectively. Engage with different perspectives, utilize proper citations, and develop strong arguments supported by evidence. With careful planning, thorough research, and diligent writing, you can create an exceptional research paper that illuminates the wonders of Ancient Greece for your readers.

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World history

Course: world history   >   unit 2.

• Classical Greece
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Classical Greek culture

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• Prelude to the Peloponnesian War
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• The Greeks made important contributions to philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.
• Literature and theatre was an important aspect of Greek culture and influenced modern drama.
• The Greeks were known for their sophisticated sculpture and architecture.
• Greek culture influenced the Roman Empire and many other civilizations, and it continues to influence modern cultures today.

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Ancient greece developed eastern side mediterranean a.

Ancient Greece developed eastern side Mediterranean a series loosely connected City-States. Here seeds modern science. Greek philosophers / scientists, Plato Aristotle (Hellenic Era) wealth devote time study natural phenomena, abstract ideas mathematics, astronomy..ID Ancient Greece: Overview Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of civilization because the city-states of Greece, most notably Athens, gave birth to concepts that still inform modern life, such as the significance of empirical, rationalist science and the importance of democracy. In contrast to the hereditary monarchy of Egypt, which exercised considerable centralized control over the entire empire of the Pharaoh, Greece was organized into a series of disparate city-states. Athens was run as a democracy of free-born men, who voted by majority rules on the decisions of the city. "Although there were exceptions, many of the city-states operated on the principle that rulers served the people and did not necessarily rule for life, but could be removed.….

Greece and the birth of science. (2012). University of Arizona. Retrieved:

 http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/text/extgreekscience.htm 

Greek Culture. (n.d). Ancient Civilizations. Retrieved:

 http://www.crystalinks.com/greekculture.html

Ancient Greece Greek History the Impact of

Ancient Greece Greek History The Impact of Alexander and the Development of Democracy The development of democracy in Greece came about due to many factors, each playing a significant role in a slow process. It can be traced back to the election of Solon and his impact on the polis of Athens. He created a four-tier class system, awarding political privileges to those in each class (Ober, 1998). While more say was given to the people, it was not until the polis of Athens went to war with Sparta did great change commence. The growth of the Athenian navy was pivotal in the creation of democracy, as Athens became a predominant military power (Ober, 1998). Thereafter, equal powers were dispersed among the people, as their role in defending the state grew greater. According to author Josiah Ober (1998), "the rise of the navy was contemporary with the flowering of Athenian democracy" (p. 64). This….

Davies, J.K. (1993). Democracy and classical Greece. Boston, MA: Harvard University

Fergusson, W.S. (1913). Greek imperialism. Boston, MA: The University Press

Ancient Greece & Rome the

At any stage in the proceedings, "judgment could be entered by default, but it could also be set aside "…except in the case of perjury established by judgment of court" (Calhoun, 309-10). The incidents mentioned above pertain to civil law only, and reflect the intelligence of the ancient Greeks when it was obvious that trivial cases could be handled in "cheap and speedy" kind of justice (Calhoun, 310). In the case of criminal law in ancient Athens, it also has similarities with modern estern law strategies and procedures. It was what Calhoun calls "logical, coherent," and it entailed a complete "body of statutory law, enforced by the processes very similar" to those described in the paragraphs above (310). Seven centuries before Christ, in ancient Greece, the Council of the Areopagus created a "customary criminal jurisdiction of nearly as advanced a type as that exercised much later in Rome," Calhoun explains….

Works Cited

Bartholomees, J. Boone. (2006). U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy. U.S. Army War College. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute.

Burdick, William Livesey. (2004). The Principles of Roman Law and Their Relation to Modern

Law. Clark, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.

Calhoun, George Miller. (1923). Greek Law and Modern Jurisprudence. California Law Review,

Legacies of Ancient Greece and

When Plato was constructing his ideal civilization in the epublic, those citizens fittest to rule were of the philosophers' class, while the lowest orders of society were deemed to be the craftsmen and tradesmen. Although Greek was in actuality a democracy, these common men, in Plato's estimation, were considered unworthy to participate in government. This reflects a type of snobbery typical of ancient Greece. Even scientific disciplines that emphasized thought rather than experimentation and application were esteemed more than pursuits such as architecture. This is also why astronomy, more than the hands-on sciences, was considered to be the highest art. oman architecture, including the aqueducts, the domed Pantheon, and its impressive network of roads were important 'firsts' in the history of the world. They would not have been possible without the use of Greek principles, but many of the principles had never been put into action. eference Lecture 7: Hellenistic science and oman….

Lecture 7: Hellenistic science and Roman Science. November 5, 2009.

www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/gregory/1001/handouts/H07_H&R.DOC

Birth Bontrol in Ancient Greece and Rome

irth control which is also known as fertility control and contraception, describes the devices or methods that are used to prevent an egg from getting fertilized by the sperm and thus preventing pregnancy[footnoteRef:2]. Provision of birth control and planning a pregnancy is referred to as family planning. Safe sex implies the use of condoms; both male and female, does not only prevent unwanted pregnancies, but also prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases through the use of condoms. In the contemporary world, the use of contraceptives has increased in the developing countries and therefore the number of maternal deaths has decreased by about 44%. However, this figure can be decreased by 73% if the demands for birth control are met completely. Teenage pregnancies have the tendency to result in complications including low birth weight, preterm birth and infant mortality. Therefore, many health specialists believe that adolescents should be given complete….

Bibliography

Ahmed, S.; Li, Q.; Liu, L.; Tsui, A.O. "Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: An analysis of 172 countries." The Lancet 380 (2012): 111 -- 125.

Cleland, J.; Conde-Agudelo, A.; Peterson, H.; Ross, J.; Tsui, A. "Contraception and health." The Lancet 380 (2012): 149 -- 156.

Galeni P, Claudii (1992). In OdysseasHatzopoulos. "That the best physician is also a philosopher" with an Modern Greek Translation.1992.

Kapparis, K. "Women and Family in Athenian Law." D-mos Classical Athenian Democracy a Stoa Publication, 2003.

Statues Ancient Greece Was a Place of

Statues Ancient Greece was a place of incredible artistry in terms of architecture, playwriting, and sculpture. At the start of Grecian culture, artists and craftsman were seen as relatively unimportant members of society because they did not contribute anything of perceived importance. They worked in aesthetic mediums which although appreciated were not given as much value as politicians or philosophical thinkers. In around the year 480 BC, art became far more important as it became clear that through artistic media, stories could be written and legacies forged. In the present moment, by looking at the artworks which have been discovered that date back to the period of the Ancient Greeks, modern scholars can interpret what differences occurred in the various epochs of the era, such as the types of artwork created, the subjects which were given the most importance, and the mediums employed. The subject of the sculpture in particular….

Clark, Kenneth. The Nude: a Study in Ideal Form. 1956. Print.

"Faculty of Classics Archive." Kritios Boy. University of Cambridge, 2009. Web. 09 Mar. 2013.

"Greek Art." Kouros. Ancient-Greece, 2013. Web. 09 Mar. 2013.

Hurwit, Jeffrey M. "The Kritios Boy: Discovery, Reconstruction, and Date." American Journal

City States of Ancient Greece

At the top were the native Spartans who could trace their ancestry back to the original inhabitants of the city. These were the individuals who could serve within the army and enjoyed the full political and legal rights of the state. The second class of citizens was the perieici, who were foreign people who worked within the city and for the Spartans and served as a buffer to the Helots. These individuals acted as the commercial class within Athenian society, running the majority of trade and shops within the city. They were granted a great deal of liberty within the Spartan system and also received the protection of the Spartan military. The final class was the conquered Messenians or Helot class. This class lived as virtual slaves and they farmed the lands for the Spartan military class. Exploitation within this arena was taken the extreme level as the majority….

Olympic Games of Ancient Greece

Olympic Games of Ancient Greece The legends surrounding the beginning of the Olympic games are many, but it is generally believed that Heracles, the son of Zeus, founded the ancient Greek Olympic games. There is some evidence that the games had been going on for longer than we have written records for. The first records of the games at Olympia are from 776 BC. The first Olympic games were not the games of today that represent a worldwide competition between the best athletes of the world. The ancient Olympic games were dedicated to the Gods and only involved Greek athletes. There are mythological origins of the games. One myth is that Pelops, the son of Tantalus (who defied the Gods), wanted to marry Hippodamia. Hippodamia was the daughter of Oenomaus, the king of Pisa. The king lusted after his own daughter and strived to kill all of her potential mates by….

Works cited

Cartledge, Paul. "Olympic Self-Sacrifice." History Today. Dec. 2000: 10-15.

Conan, Neal. "Analysis: Ancient Greek Olympics Talk of the Nation." (NPR); 9 June 2004.

"History of the Ancient Olympic Games." 5 May 2005 .

Rolfe, John. "A Fractured History of the Ancient Olympians." Sports Illustrated for Kids Nov.

Greek Civilization Ancient Greece

Greek Civilization Philosophy and Ancient Greece Polis State The ancient Greek civilization was one of the most advanced civilizations of their time. They were innovators in their own class as they were one of the first civilizations to develop a functioning society, economy as well as a political system. Setting up a political system was one of the most innovative and bold things to do. In those times the Greek lived in small states rather than one nation. This was the establishment of the polis or better known as the city-state. Despite introducing a political system, the polis had to go through several teething problems. Politics was an experimental system with no definite foundation. The problems could be traced back to the time when autocratic rulers ruled the city-states. Due to the transformation of societies a definite political system could not be established. Even though a democracy was established, it wasn't a well-defined….

1. Reading in Ancient History, Nels M. Bailkey, Richard Lim

Human Form Paleolithic Art Through Ancient Greece

human form: Paleolithic art through ancient Greece Over the course of human history, the artistic representation of the human form gradually became both more 'realistic' and 'idealistic.' Although this may sound like a contradictory statement, when viewing the shift from the highly stylized, anonymous figures in Paleolithic art to the anatomically correct, near-perfect representations of the human form in Classical Athens, a gazer can see a clear change in the intentions of the artists. Instead of attempting to render the human form in spare and symbolic terms, artists instead grew intent upon celebrating the unique nature of the human spirit and anatomy. Art of the Paleolithic era "concerned itself with either food (hunting scenes, animal carvings) or fertility (Venus figurines). Its predominant theme was animals" (Esaak 2010). The meaning of Paleolithic art was purposeful, to either gain food through creating a symbolic representation of an animal, or to gain control over….

"The Charioteer of Delphi." Ancient Greece. March 9, 2011

 http://ancient-greece.org/art/chiarioteer.html 

Esaak, Shelley. "Paleolithic Art - Art History 101 Basics. ca. 30,000-10,000 BC.

About.com Guide. March 9, 2011

Idealism and Naturalism Art in Ancient Greece

Idealism and Naturalism Art in ancient Greece approached beauty through the concepts of naturalism, idealism, and a combination of the two. In the case of the diskobolos (also spelled discobolos), it is viewed as naturalistic because it accurately represents the way a human male body looks. The discus in hand indicates that diskobolos does human things, and the way in which his muscles are poised - realistically -- adds to the naturalistic theme. An argument can also be made that the sculpture is idealistic because it has a pose that is so perfect it idealizes the act of throwing a discus (and because the man's body is idealized). This paper points to the literature that identifies diskobolos as naturalism and idealism -- and a blend of both. Diskobolos -- The Literature It is apparent that Myron has caught the discus thrower in mid-swing; the thrower has gone as far back as he can….

Goldhill, Simon, and Osborne, Robin. 2006. Rethinking Revolutions through Ancient Greece.

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Hooper, Victoria. 2010. The Discobolos: Bronze Discus Thrower of Myron. Suite 101.

Retrieved December 8, 2012, from http://suite101.com.

Civilization Culture and Values in Ancient Greece

World Civilization to 1500: Comparing Ancient Athens and Ancient SpartaIntroductionAncient Athens and Ancient Sparta were both Greek city statesbut they were two very different civilizations in spite of the fact that they existed in some proximity to one another. Athens was known as the seat of culture and learning in the ancient world, and Spartan culture was often ridiculed by Athenians because it was much more focused on sports, physicality and brutality. The Spartans and the Athenians were often at war with one another as well, but on some occasions they worked together against a common enemy, as they did against ancient Persia. The Athenian playwright Aristophenes wrote about the differences between the two civilizations in his famous comedy Lysistrata, in which the Spartan women and the Athenian work together to deprive their men of sex so that the men will stop fighting their silly wars with one another. The….

Christesen, P., \\\\\\"Athletics and Social Order in Sparta in the Classical Period,\\\\\\" Classical Antiquity 31, (2012): pp. 193-255.

Diffen. “Athens vs. Sparta.”  https://www.diffen.com/difference/Athens_vs_Sparta 

Figueira, T., \\\\\\"Gynecocracy: how women policed masculine behavior in Archaic and Classical Sparta,\\\\\\" in Powell, A. & Hodkinson, S. (eds), Sparta: The Body Politic, Swansea, (2010): 265-96.

How the Modern World Compares to Ancient Greece

Odysseus is an ideal of manly conduct and resourcefulness in ancient Greek society, as is shown in Homer's The Odyssey. For example, it is the idea of Odysseus to have his men tie him to the mast of their ship and to pour wax in their ears when they are sailing past the sirens: Odysseus wants to hear the music but he is smart enough to know that if he does hear, he will guide his men to sail towards the rocks where the sirens are and then they will wreck. So he uses foresight as a means of self-discipline. And, indeed, when he does hear the voices of the sirens, he wants to go to them -- but, of course, he has guarded against this catastrophe. This would be an example of how Odysseus is resourceful. An example of the way in which Odysseus displays manly conduct could be….

Fantham, H, Foley, H.P. Women in the Classical World. UK: Oxford, 1994. Print.

Ancient Greece and Women

Women of Ancient Greece: The Plays of Euripides The plays of Euripides reveal how poorly women were viewed in ancient Greece. From Medea to Sthenoboea to Phaedra, Euripides' women cover a wide range of forms: the vengeful, jilted lover; the plotting wife; the incestuous, lustful mother. As Chong-Gossard points out, Euripides does not shy away from "tapping into men's anxieties and frightening them with Medeas and Phaedras...women keeping silent about their devious plots."[footnoteRef:1] If anything, Euripides plays serve to reinforce the notion that in a patriarchal society, a man can never let down his guard against a woman -- because, judging from the works of Euripides, women are some of the most treacherous beings to ever walk the face of the earth. This paper will show how female power was depicted so monstrously in the works of Euripides and what it meant to Greek viewers. [1: James Harvey Kim On Chong-Gossard,….

Chong-Gossard, James Harvey Kim On. Gender and Communication in Euripides'

Plays. MA: Brill, 2008.

Euripides. Andromache. NY: Sparksgroup, 2003.

Euripides. Hippolytus. UK: Oxford University Press, 1973.

Ancient Greece and Aeneid

Gods in the Aeneid? Viewed from Virgil's Aeneid perspective, gods are central to human existence and fate. They determine the fate of all mortals; Aeneid is included in the category of mortals; and is particularly interesting because his mother is a goddess. Jupiter is the supreme god and controls all other gods. Jupiter controls destiny. Thus, other gods are at his mercy. The other gods have their altercations among themselves and often drag humans into these discordances. They may, therefore either help or harm (Christos, 2012). The fate of Aeneid is beyond the control of the gods. They make attempts to create short-lived diversions or even alter the manner that the fate comes to pass. Venus, Aeneid's mother, and the senior-most cheerleader is Aeneid's mother. She helps Aeneid to navigate the difficulties of life. She has practically protected him against Juno. She gives him sound advice on the direction he should….

Christos. (2012). How are the gods presented in Aeneid? Retrieved from Ancient Greece:  

I\'m looking for an essay Cosmetology that is [description, e.g., research-based, persuasive, historical]. What options do you have?

Cosmetology: A Comprehensive Overview Cosmetology is the art and science of enhancing the appearance of the skin, hair, and nails. It encompasses various treatments and techniques aimed at improving one's overall physical appearance. This essay provides a comprehensive overview of cosmetology, exploring its history, evolution, different branches, and significance in society. The History of Cosmetology Cosmetology has its roots in ancient civilizations, where people used natural ingredients like herbs, minerals, and oils to adorn themselves. In ancient Egypt, for example, women applied kohl to their eyes and wore elaborate wigs made from human hair or wool. In ancient Greece, men and women used....

How has Greek mythology been reinterpreted and incorporated into modern storytelling mediums?

Reimagining Greek Mythology in Modern Storytelling Throughout history, Greek mythology has captivated imaginations and instilled profound cultural influences. In modern times, it continues to inspire and permeate various storytelling mediums, offering a rich tapestry for contemporary narratives to explore. Film and Television Greek mythology has found a vibrant home in film and television, with adaptations ranging from classic tales to contemporary reimaginings. The 1959 epic "Ben-Hur" depicts the trials of a Jewish prince during the Roman occupation of Judea, weaving in elements of Greek tragedy. More recently, the "Percy Jackson" franchise follows a modern-day demigod navigating the dangers of the underworld. Television shows....

Whose philosophy on government do you believe holds more merit: Aristotle\'s pragmatic approach or Plato\'s idealistic vision?

1. Aristotle's Political Philosophy: A Comparative Analysis of Plato's Government 2. An Examination of the Key Differences Between Aristotle and Plato in the realm of Governance 3. Plato and Aristotle's Perspectives on Government: A Critical Exploration 4. A Comparative Study of the Ideal State: Plato vs Aristotle 5. Politics and Philosophy: Understanding the Diverse Approaches of Aristotle and Plato in Governance 6. The Evolution of Ancient Greek Political Thought: Contrasting Aristotle and Plato's Notions of Government 7. Plato's Ideal Republic vs Aristotle's Mixed Polity: Evaluating the Merits and Limitations 8. Comparing Plato's Philosopher-Kings and Aristotle's Rule of the Virtuous: An Analysis of Government Models 9. Plato and Aristotle....

Drama - World

Ancient Greece developed eastern side Mediterranean a series loosely connected City-States. Here seeds modern science. Greek philosophers / scientists, Plato Aristotle (Hellenic Era) wealth devote time study natural phenomena,…

Ancient Greece Greek History The Impact of Alexander and the Development of Democracy The development of democracy in Greece came about due to many factors, each playing a significant role in a…

Business - Law

At any stage in the proceedings, "judgment could be entered by default, but it could also be set aside "…except in the case of perjury established by judgment…

When Plato was constructing his ideal civilization in the epublic, those citizens fittest to rule were of the philosophers' class, while the lowest orders of society were deemed to…

Women's Issues - Sexuality

irth control which is also known as fertility control and contraception, describes the devices or methods that are used to prevent an egg from getting fertilized by the sperm…

Art  (general)

Statues Ancient Greece was a place of incredible artistry in terms of architecture, playwriting, and sculpture. At the start of Grecian culture, artists and craftsman were seen as relatively…

At the top were the native Spartans who could trace their ancestry back to the original inhabitants of the city. These were the individuals who could serve within…

Olympic Games of Ancient Greece The legends surrounding the beginning of the Olympic games are many, but it is generally believed that Heracles, the son of Zeus, founded the…

Greek Civilization Philosophy and Ancient Greece Polis State The ancient Greek civilization was one of the most advanced civilizations of their time. They were innovators in their own class as they were…

human form: Paleolithic art through ancient Greece Over the course of human history, the artistic representation of the human form gradually became both more 'realistic' and 'idealistic.' Although this…

Idealism and Naturalism Art in ancient Greece approached beauty through the concepts of naturalism, idealism, and a combination of the two. In the case of the diskobolos (also spelled discobolos),…

Research Paper

History - Ancient

World Civilization to 1500: Comparing Ancient Athens and Ancient SpartaIntroductionAncient Athens and Ancient Sparta were both Greek city statesbut they were two very different civilizations in spite of the…

Odysseus is an ideal of manly conduct and resourcefulness in ancient Greek society, as is shown in Homer's The Odyssey. For example, it is the idea of Odysseus…

Gender and Sexuality

Women of Ancient Greece: The Plays of Euripides The plays of Euripides reveal how poorly women were viewed in ancient Greece. From Medea to Sthenoboea to Phaedra, Euripides' women cover…

Gods in the Aeneid? Viewed from Virgil's Aeneid perspective, gods are central to human existence and fate. They determine the fate of all mortals; Aeneid is included in the…

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Ancient Greece Thesis and Outline

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Free Greek Mythology Thesis Statement Sample

Type of paper: Thesis Statement

Topic: Iliad , Athens , Mythology , The Odyssey , God , Homer , Greek , Greece

Published: 03/20/2020

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The Greek mythology as known today is a culmination of the traditions in different parts of the Greek civilization with each region having its own heroes. For examples, the Homer’s Iliad is a regional mythology that strived to appeal to as many cities as possible bringing together a common identity of the Greeks. During the time of Hesiod and Homer, Greece comprised of many cities and islands separated by natural boundaries made by the gods (Works and Days, 167-171). The Iliad mentions almost all the apart of Greece that took part in the Trojan War. The mythology often conflict with each on various matters. However, later, the myths on legends were merged into a single Greek tradition or mythology. For examples, the Mycenaean and the Minoan civilizations that were in the main land and the island of Crete respectively. Homer mentions many part to ensure that there is no regions that are left out to show that his expedition were a pan-Greek expedition. Homer emphasizes on the physical features of the places he visited and gave a detailed explanation of the hypothetical locations to explain about god. Both Homer and Hesiod mention Mt. Olympus so as to appeal to their audiences on the historical aspect of their epics in relation to god. Such also appealed to strangers. Hesiod tends to use symbolic geographical locations as opposed to the actual locations to bring in the myths the concept of God in Mt. Olympus. Hesiod allocates Olympus the sky, Gaia the underworld and the earth, and Poseidon the sea that are all symbolic. Homer’s Iliad is used an almost impossible locations mentioning Athenian statue and troy-a spiritual centre that had very small role during the beginning of the Trojan War. Both homer and Hesiod use the muse of Mt. Helicon. The mentioned places differentiated parts occupied by humans, and the ones occupied by humans. The description of the places was also aimed at advancing personal views. For examples, Homer described many places to ensure that his adventures are continued in generational inheritances making him immortal even when he was not. In the mythologies, the locational descriptions put the narrations in context making them easy for understanding and close association with the readers. Important places mentioned in the Iliad include Troy, Mysia, Arisbe, and many other cities across the region that gave Homer the legitimacy of his poems. Other places mentioned in the Theogony include Kypros, Kythra, Krete, Lyktos, Mt. Aigiaon and also Mekone. The myths are tied to relationships between the actual locations and the hypothetical locations that were mainly the places where god lived. The interaction of these two places forms the fundamental description of the geographical features and how they affected the people.

Hesiod, Works and Days. Trans. Hugh G. Evelyn-White . 1914. people.sc.fsu.edu. web. 30 Nov. 2014.

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Ancient Greek History: Athens Essay

Ancient Greek history may reveal the secrets of the Greek glorious past, when all political and cultural life of the state was concentrated in a polis. Probably, the most powerful Greek polis was Athens. Exactly political life of Athens inspired this essay. In the writings of some prominent ancient historians one may find a lot of essential information about the political life of Athenian polis and the Athenians themselves.

The works of these historians give an opportunity to state that in spite of the fighting and dying in wars, the Athenians contributed to the good of their polis. The essay is focused on desires and motives of the Athenians that led them to this contribution. Also, it seems to be necessary to understand how these desires and motives affected the political and cultural life of Athens.

Herodotus (484-425BC) describes the sea battle of Salamis (480 BC), one of the Greek-Persian wars. The battle took place in Aegean Sea, near the island salamis. The Greeks achieved a glorious victory. The extremely powerful Athenian military fleet was a reliable stronghold of the entire ancient Greece that time.

The Athenian citizens were evacuated from the polis. When the Persians were located in Athens, the Athenian army was positioned in the Eleusinian bay. In spite of the fact that the number of Persian ships excelled that of Greek ones, the masterful military strategy of the Athenians gave them an opportunity to win the battle. Herodotus writes: “…the Hellenic fleet reached its full number of three hundred and eighty ships” (Herodotus, 430 BC).

Proceeding from the Herodotus’ writing, one may find that Themistocles, an Athenian political leader and a military general, tried to focus the Athenian power on sea, in contrast to his “bitter enemy” Aristides, who was for the land superiority; Herodotus calls him “the best and the most just man in Athens” (Herodotus, 430 BC, LXXIX). However, their military union allowed them to win. The historian notes that it was a truly glorious sea battle:

‘Yet they were brave that day, much more brave than they had been at Euboea, for they all showed zeal out of fear of Xerxes, each one thinking that the king was watching him” (Herodotus, 430 BC,LXXXVI).

This way, Themistocles’s fleet sank many Xerxes’ ships, and destroyed the army; however, some of Persian ships managed to escape. Herodotus underlines that after the victory, they were ready to fight again with Persian enemy, and prepared for other battle (Herodotus, 430 BC). Thus, the Athenians showed the military unity in the battle of Salamis. In the face of the common danger, the Greeks were able to unify their strengths, and achieved the victory.

The period of tyrannical Pisistratus’ rule found its descriptions in the writings of some historians. Herodotus describes one of his sons, Hipparchus, and his assassination. Also, he writes: “the Athenians were subject for four years to a tyranny not less but even more absolute than before” (Herodotus, “The Assassination of Hipparchus, n. d.). According to Herodotus, he ruled with his brother Hippias. Hippias was responsible for economical and political aspect of Athenian life, Hipparchus was interested in the arts.

The historian notes that he had a vision of his death from his dream. The representatives of Gephyraean clan (Harmodius and Aristogeiton) murdered Hipparchus. The reason is obvious: Hipparchus was in love with Aristogeiton’s woman, Harmodius; after his death, Hippias turned into an even crueler tyrant.

However, the citizens could not stand it for a long time, and finally, “the Athenians got rid of their tyrants” (Herodotus, “The Assassination of Hipparchus, 430 BC, LXV). However, Lacedaemonias’ army contributed to the tyranny end, as well. Thucydides (460-395 BC) also described the period of Pisistratus’ rule, the tyranny of his sons, and the circumstances of Hipparchus’ death. He writes:

“The commons had heard how oppressive the tyranny of Pisistratus and his sons had become before it ended, and further that that tyranny had been put down at last, not by themselves and Harmodius, but by the Lacedaemonias” (Thucydides, The Assassination of Hipparchus, n. d.).

As one may see, the Athenians experienced hard times under tyranny, and were able to drive the tyrannical family away. The successful revolt was a natural response to it. However, there are other essential pages in Athenian political life. In one of his writings, Thucydides mentions Theseus, king of Athens. It was the time, when there were many independent towns near Athens. The historian states that this king was “of equal intelligence and power”, whose main organizational feature in policy was “to abolish the council chambers and magistrates of the petty cities, and to merge them in the single council-chamber and town-hall of the present capital” (Thucydides, 431 BC, XV).

As Athena was the main goddess honored buy the Athenians, Theseus established the traditional feast: Synoecia. Thucydides believes that “from him dates the Synoecia, or Feast of Union; which is paid for by the state, and which the Athenians still keep in honor of the goddess” (Thucydides, 431 BC, XV). Thus, the king preserved the Athenian traditions, and became one of the Greek heroes.

Nevertheless, the peaceful golden period finished, and Athens was involved in the military conflict. Thucydides dedicated several works to the Peloponnesian war, where Sparta (Dorians) and Athens (Ionians) took part. There was a long tension between them; the reason lies in their political life. Athens was a democratic polis, while Sparta’s political rule was oligarchy.

Thucydides mentions Pericles as a famous Athenian ruler (Thucydides, 431 BC). Under his rule, Athens experienced the golden peak of their political, economic and cultural development. He turned Athens into the sea mistress: the polis had the most powerful fleet in ancient Greece. However, Peloponnesian war became the fatal event in the history of Athens. It was a tragic page of the Athenians; many citizens died in that war.

In his work, Thucydides describes the funeral and Pericles’ oration. The author writes: “the dead are laid in the public sepulcher in the most beautiful suburb of the city, in which those who fall in war are always buried” (Thucydides, 431 BC, XXXIV). The Athenian ruler, Pericles pronounced his eulogium on the elevated platform near the sepulcher.

His embittered speech was saturated with deep patriotism and bitterness of defeat. Pericles recollected the glorious background of the Athenians. Also, Pericles mentioned that the Athenian constitution is unique that makes democratic, liberal and highly-developed Athens a pattern for others to follow. He stresses the powerful military policy that makes Athens different from its antagonists. He tells the following words:

“We throw open our city to the world, and never by alien acts exclude foreigners from any opportunity of learning or observing, although the eyes of the enemy may occasionally profit by our liberality; trusting less in system and policy than to the native spirit of our citizens; while in education, where our rivals from their very cradles by a painful discipline seek after manliness, at Athens we live exactly as we please, and yet are just as ready to encounter every legitimate danger” (Thucydides, 431 BC, XXXIX).

It is obvious that the Athens ruler realizes all the valor of those who died in one of numerous Peloponnesian wars. Pericles’ speech reflects all the glorious pages of Athenian history and military policy of their neighbors. However, Thucydides draws reader’s attention to another episode of the Peloponnesian war.

In one of his works, he describes Mytilenian debate that occurred in Athens in the period of the Peloponnesian wars. In general, these wars were the result of political and ethnical diversity of Greece, where the Athenian played the role of authoritative centre. Nevertheless, the Mytilenians’ (from the island Lesbos) rebellion that signed their desire to defeat Athenian authority, did not have success, and the Athenians divided most of the Lesbian land (Thucydides, 427 BC).

The analyzed historians’ works give an opportunity to make some general conclusions about political motives and desires of the Athenians in the period, when Athens was considered to be the powerful political and cultural centre. The glorious battle of Salamis proves the Athenians’ desire to defeat the foreign enemy, the Persians.

The victory of Greeks would be impossible without powerful military unity of several Greek peoples (Ionians, Dorians, etc.). Moreover, the Athenians managed to overthrew their tyrants (Pisistratus and his sons) that showed their negative reaction to the tyranny (Athens was a democratic polis).

However, ancient Greece flooded in internecine wars, and the Peloponnesian wars worsened the political situation for the Athenians. Nevertheless, such prominent figures as Theseus and Pericles were those political leaders that improved the life of the Athenians. Sea military power, constitution and successful political way of life gave Athens an opportunity to prove their significance.

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Atsma, Aaron. Zeus, Theoi Project, 2017. Web. 18 February 2017. Carr, Karen. Greek religion. Quatr.us Study Guides, September 2016. Web. 18 February 2017. Cartwright, Mark. Greek religion. Ancient History, 11 April 2013. Web. 18 February 2017. Precourt, B. Tales of the Titans and the rise of Zeus, Patherfile, 2005. Web. Web. 18 February 2017.

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rituals, games and festivals. Women, children and even slaves took part in the rituals (Religion in ancient Rome). 3) Compare religion in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. How are they related? Both Greece and Roman societies worshiped gods and goddesses in their numbers and variety. It was believed that every phenomenon had a god in control of its occurrence. The Greek people identified a set of 12 deities that they believed influenced their lives most. This set was referred to as the gods of the Olympian. The Roman admired the Greek culture. They ended up recognizing their own deities in similar fashion that the Greek did (Carnagie). Both Greeks and… Continue Reading...

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Eros unbound: homosexuality in greek literature and modern retellings.

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Emmons, Robin. Eros Unbound: Homosexuality in Greek Literature and Modern Retellings . Undergraduate Honors Thesis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2024.

Copyright Robin Emmons 2024

This hybrid thesis examines the portrayal of homosexuality in Ancient Greek literature alongside modern adaptations of Greek mythology. The initial segment comprises a concise, well-researched Author's Note delving into the historical context of homosexuality in Ancient Greece, its representation in select Greek literary works, and its reinterpretation in contemporary literature, notably Madeline Miller's "The Song of Achilles," which serves as a catalyst for this investigation. The latter portion of the thesis comprises two original short stories inspired by classical Greek myths: "Hades and Persephone" and "Apollo and Hyacinthus."

In this thesis, various classical texts as well as modern books were synthesized to form the basis of the research for the project. This research encompassed a comprehensive analysis of classical Greek literature alongside contemporary reinterpretations, guiding the thematic and stylistic choices in the subsequent creative endeavors. The synthesis of these diverse sources not only enriched the scholarly exploration but also provided a nuanced framework for the original creative works presented at the culmination of the Author's Note. By interweaving academic inquiry with imaginative expression, this thesis endeavors to contribute to the ongoing dialogue surrounding the portrayal of homosexuality in literature.

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