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Vancouver referencing style

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Vancouver Referencing | A Quick Guide & Reference Examples

Published on 18 February 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 19 August 2022.

Vancouver is a system of referencing commonly used in biomedicine, among other scientific disciplines. In Vancouver style, you place a reference number in the text wherever a source is cited:

This number corresponds to an entry in your reference list – a numbered list of all the sources cited in your text, giving complete information on each:

This quick guide presents the most common rules for Vancouver style referencing. Note that some universities and journals have their own guidelines for the formatting of Vancouver references.

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Table of contents

Vancouver in-text citations, creating a vancouver reference list, vancouver reference examples, missing information in vancouver references, frequently asked questions about vancouver referencing.

In Vancouver style, citations are marked in your text with numbers. These numbers appear either in parentheses or in superscript – choose one option and stick to it consistently:

The numbers usually appear after the name of the author or after a direct quote. They may also appear at the end of the sentence:

Naming authors

You will often need to mention the author when referring to a work or introducing a quote. Only use the author’s last name in your text. If a source has multiple authors, name only the first author followed by ‘et al.’:

It’s not always necessary to mention the author’s name in your text – but always include the reference number when you refer to a source:

Numbering references

Sources are numbered based on the order in which they are cited in the text: the first source you cite is 1, the second 2, and so on.

If the same source is cited again, use the same number to refer to it throughout your paper. This means that the numbers might not appear in consecutive order in your text:

Citing multiple sources

You can also cite multiple sources in the same place:

To cite several sources that appear consecutively in your numbered list, you can use an en dash to mark the range.

In this case, the citation refers the reader to sources 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7.

Citing page numbers

You must specify a page number or range when you directly quote a text, and it can be helpful to do so when you are paraphrasing a particular passage.

Place the page number after the reference number inside the same parentheses, preceded by ‘p.’:

If you’re using superscript numbers, the page number also appears in superscript, in parentheses after the reference number:

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Your reference list is where you provide the information your readers will need in order to look up the sources cited in your text. It consists of a numbered list of all your sources, providing key information including the author, title and publication date of each source.

The list appears in numerical order at the end of your paper. Each entry ends with a full stop, unless the last element is a DOI or URL.

Vancouver reference list example

Author names

Each entry starts with the author’s last name and initials.

When a source has more than one author, their names are separated by commas. If a source has more than six authors, list the first six followed by ‘et al.’

Source titles

Only the first word of the title and subtitle, along with any proper nouns, are capitalised:

Titles in Vancouver referencing are consistently written in plain text. Do not use italics or quotation marks.

The information you provide differs according to the type of source you’re citing, since different details are relevant in different cases. Formats and examples for the most commonly cited source types are given below.

• Book chapter
• Journal article

Some sources will be missing some of the information needed for a complete reference. See below for how to handle missing elements.

As shown in the website example above, when no individual author is named, you can usually name the organisation that produced the source as the author.

If there is no clear corporate author – for example, a wiki that is created and updated collaboratively by users – you can begin your reference with the title instead:

Sources such as websites may lack a clear publication date. In these cases you can omit the year in your reference and just include the date of your citation:

No page numbers

You may want to show the location of a direct quote from a source without page numbers, such as a website. When the source is short, you can often just omit this, but where you feel it’s necessary you can use an alternate locator like a heading or paragraph number:

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Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.

Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.

A citation should appear wherever you use information or ideas from a source, whether by quoting or paraphrasing its content.

In Vancouver style , you have some flexibility about where the citation number appears in the sentence – usually directly after mentioning the author’s name is best, but simply placing it at the end of the sentence is an acceptable alternative, as long as it’s clear what it relates to.

In Vancouver style , when you refer to a source with multiple authors in your text, you should only name the first author followed by ‘et al.’. This applies even when there are only two authors.

In your reference list, include up to six authors. For sources with seven or more authors, list the first six followed by ‘et al.’.

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Vancouver Referencing Style:  Theses

• About Vancouver
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• General Rules - Theses & Dissertations
• Online theses
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Theses and dissertations

General rules:.

The exact format of references to theses and dissertations is dependent upon whether the thesis/dissertation is published or unpublished, and how it is available (online or in print). 

The elements common to references to an entire thesis/dissertation are:

• Author Name
• Thesis Title
• Use 'master's thesis' for work at the master's level and 'dissertation' for the doctorate.
• Academic Institution /University 
• The year the degree was granted
• If the document was consulted online, include the DOI if available, or a URL.

For citing published theses

• Cite  published theses  as books and add the publisher's name and date of publication in addition to the elements listed above.  

For citing parts of theses

• To cite parts of a thesis, such as chapters, figures, tables or appendixes, cite the thesis as a whole first, then follow it by the information about the part.    

Online theses and dissertations 

The following is the general format of a reference to an online thesis with example. For citing theses in print, see the tab above.  

See the  general rules for theses  for more details. 

Reference list entry: format and example

Citation No.   Author.   Title: subtitle  [type of thesis on the Internet].  Campus Location:   University;  Year of publication  [cited date] .  Page.  URL

1.           Rutting S. Dietary fatty acids and innate immune responses in primary human lung cells [dissertation on the Internet]. Callaghan (NSW): University of Newcastle; 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 8]. 195 p. Available from: https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:35633

Print theses and dissertations 

The following is the general format of a reference to a thesis in print. For citing online theses see the tab above.  

Citation No.  Author.   Title: subtitle  [type of thesis].  Campus Location:   University;  Year of publication, Page.

1.           Weisbaum LD. Human sexuality of children and adolescents: a comprehensive training guide for social work professionals [master's thesis]. Long Beach (CA): California State University, Long Beach; 2005. 101 p.

2.           Baldwin KB. An exploratory method of data retrieval from the electronic medical record for the evaluation of quality in healthcare [dissertation]. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center; 2004. 116 p.

Parts of theses and dissertations

To cite parts of a thesis, such as chapters, figures, tables or appendixes, cite the thesis as a whole first, then follow it by the information about the part.  

The following is the general format of a reference to a part of a thesis. 

Citation No.  Author.   Title: subtitle  [type of thesis].  Campus Location:   University;  Year of publication.  Part No, Part title; page range.

1.           Christensen PM. Infant nutrition and child health on Tarawa, Kiribati: a nutritional anthropological approach [master's thesis]. Sydney: University of New South Wales, Centre for South Pacific Studies; 1995. Chapter 3.1, Breastfeeding practices on Tarawa; p. 46-53.

2.           Kneale C. Health claims: an exploration of the current debate in Australia [master's thesis]. Sydney: University of Sydney, Nutrition Research Foundation; 1996. Appendix 4, Health claims questionnaire; p. 49.

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Vancouver Style Guide: Home

Introduction to vancouver.

The Vancouver Style is formally known as  Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals  (ICMJE Recommendations). It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of medical journals and well over 1,000 medical journals (including ICMJE members BMJ, CMAJ, JAMA & NEJM) use this style. This user guide explains how to cite references in Vancouver Style, both within the text of a paper and in a reference list, and gives examples of commonly used types of references.

Refer to the left hand column for written directions about how to cite Vancouver and refer to the right hand column for examples and formatting.

ICMJE Recommendations has many optional areas. This guide has been created for The Michener Institute and may differ from styles at other educational institutes and those required by individual journals.

• APA Citation Guide While Vancouver is one citation style, your professor may request that you use APA style for citations instead. Please see the Michener LRC APA Citation guide for information about using this citation style.
• Zotero A helpful tool for collecting resources and creating citations is Zotero software. Please see the Michener LRC Zetero guide to learn more.
• Plagiarism: How to Avoid it For more information on avoiding plagiarism and using other sources in your work, please visit the LRC's Plagiarism guide.

In-Text Citations

• Placement of citations:  In-text citation numbers should be placed after the relevant part of a sentence. The original Vancouver Style documents do not discuss placement of the in-text citation in regards to punctuation, so it is acceptable to place it before or after the period. Be consistent.
• References are numbered  consecutively in the order they are first mentioned. Place each reference number in parentheses or square brackets throughout the text, tables, and legends. Superscripts may also be used instead of square brackets or parentheses. Be consistent. If the same reference is used again, re-use the original number. To cite multiple references in one sentence, separate the numbers using a comma, eg. (2, 7), for non-consecutive reference numbers, and a hyphen, eg. (3-5), for consecutive reference numbers.
• Tables are numbered  consecutively. Supply a brief title for each table and give each column a short heading. Be sure that the table is mentioned in the text. If the data is taken from another source, include the source in the list of references at the end of the paper. Place explanatory matter in a note, not in the heading.
• Personal communication  used as a reference should be avoided, unless it provides essential information not available from a public source. These can be emails, personal interviews, telephone conversations, class notes, class handouts that are not posted, etc. Do not include them in the reference list as they are not recoverable by others; instead cite the name of the person, the type of communication, and the date of communication in parentheses in the text, eg. "In a conversation with A. Jones (January 2020)..."
• Internet sources  may, in time, be deleted, changed, or moved, so it is a good idea to keep a hard copy for your records. Also, take care to critically evaluate the reliability of the information.

Reference Page

• The last page  of your paper is entitled References. References are single spaced, with double-spacing between references.
• Numbering : List all references in order by number, not alphabetically. Each reference is listed once only, since the same number is used throughout the paper.
• Authors : In the order they appear on the resource, list each author’s last name followed by a space and then initials without any periods; there is a comma and space between authors and a period at the end of the last author. If the number of authors exceeds six, give the first six followed by “et al.” For edited books, place the editors’ names in the author position and follow the last editor with a comma and the word editor (or editors). For edited books with chapters written by individual authors, list the authors of the chapter first, then the chapter title, followed by “In:”, the editors’ names, and the book title.
• Title : Capitalize the first letter of the first word in the title. The rest of the title is in lower-case, with the exception of proper names. Do not underline the title; do not use italics. If there is an edition for a book, it appears after the title, abbreviated and followed by a period, for example: 3rd ed.
• Publication information: Books:  After the title (and edition if applicable), place a period and space, then enter the cit y. If the city is not well known or there could be confusion,  enter the postal abbreviation for the state (U.S.) or province (Canada), or enter the country (elsewhere) of publication, followed by a colon. Give the name of the publisher as it appears in the publication followed by a semicolon. If the author is also the publisher, it is acceptable to use part of the name as the publisher, e.g., The Association for publisher if the author is Canadian Medical Association. Give the year of publication followed by a period. If no date of publication can be found, but the publication contains a date of copyright, use the date of copyright preceded by the letter “c”, e.g. c2015.
• Publication information: Journals : List the abbreviated journal title, place a period and a space, year, (and abbreviated month and day if applicable), semi-colon, volume, issue number in parentheses, colon, page range, and a period. For example, Brain Res. 2002;935(1-2):40-6. (The issue number may be omitted if the journal is paginated continuously through the volume.) To find the journal title abbreviation, go to  Medline’s Journals Database  and search by journal title. If the title is not found, abbreviate according to the style used for similar titles in Medline.
• Pages : For journals, the entire page range of an article is given,  not  the specific page on which the information was found; usage is 124-7 (pages 124 to 127) or 215-22 (pages 215 to 222). For books, no page numbers are given, with two exceptions: the page number of a dictionary entry is included, as well as the page range of a chapter with its own author.
• Place the word Internet in square brackets after the book title or abbreviated journal title.
• Indicate date of retrieval, preceded by the word “cited”, in square brackets after the date of publication. When possible, include the most recent update date before the date of retrieval within the square brackets, followed by a semicolon and a space.
• Add retrieval information at the end of the citation using the full URL. There is no punctuation at the end of the URL unless it ends with a slash or if additional information such as a DOI follows it in the entry, in which case a period is added.
• If a DOI exists, it is optional to add it after the retrieval information.
• Include a short note after the URL if special access information is required.

Citation Examples

Journal article, up to 6 personal author(s):

1. Al-Habian A, Harikumar PE, Stocker CJ, Langlands K, Selway JL. Histochemical and immunohistochemical evaluation of mouse skin histology: comparison of fixation with neutral buffered formalin and alcoholic formalin. J Histotechnol. 2014 Dec;37(4):115-24.

Electronic journal article:

2. Poling J, Kelly L, Chan C, Fisman D, Ulanova M. Hospital admission for community-acquired pneumonia in a First Nations population. Can J Rural Med [Internet]. 2014 Fall [cited 2015 Apr 27];19(4):135-41. Available from: http://www.srpc.ca/14fal.html by selecting PDF link in table of contents.

Electronic journal article, 7 or more personal authors, optional DOI information:

3. Aho M, Irshad B, Ackerman SJ, Lewis M, Leddy R, Pope T, et al. Correlation of sonographic features of invasive ductal mammary carcinoma with age, tumor grade, and hormone-receptor status. J Clin Ultrasound [Internet]. 2013 Jan [cited 2015 Apr 27];41(1):10-7. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcu.21990/full. DOI: 10.1002/jcu.21990

Book, personal author(s):

4. Buckingham L. Molecular diagnostics: fundamentals, methods and clinical applications. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; c2012.

Book or pamphlet, organization as both author and publisher:

5. College of Medical Radiation Technologists of Ontario. Standards of practice. Toronto: The College; 2011.

Book, editor(s):

6. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, editors. Robbins basic pathology. 16th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; c2013.

Book,editor(s), specific chapter with individual author(s) :

7. Altobelli N. Airway management. In: Kacmarek R, Stoller JK, Heuer AJ, editors. Egan’s fundamentals of respiratory care. 10th ed. St. Louis: Saunders Mosby; c2013. p. 732-86.

Electronic book, personal author(s), requiring password :

8. Martin A, Harbison S, Beach K, Cole P. An introduction to radiation protection [Internet]. 6th ed. London: Hodder Arnold; 2012 [cited 2015 May 28]. Available from: http://lrc.michener.ca:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=466903&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_iii with authorized username and password.

Electronic book, organization as author, freely available:

9. OpenStax College. Anatomy & physiology [Internet]. Version 7.28. Houston: The College; 2013 Apr 25 [Updated 2015 May 27; cited 2015 May 28]. Available from: http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/.

Dictionary entry:

10. Stedman’s medical dictionary for the health professions and nursing. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2012. Hematoma; p. 756.

Entry in a print reference work:

11. Canadian Pharmacists Association. CPS 2013: compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties. 48th ed. Ottawa: The Association; c2013. Atropine: Systemic; p. 297-9.

Entry in an online reference work:

12. Canadian Pharmacists Association. eCPS. [Internet]. Ottawa: The Association; 2015. Methimazole; [revised 2012 Mar; cited 2015 May 28]; [about 6 screens]. Available from: http://lrc.michener.ca:2048/login/ecps with authorized username and password.

Wiki entry:

13. Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2001 –   Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa; [modified 2015 May 28; cited 2015 May 28]; [about 34 screens]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_West_Africa

Newspaper article:

14. Carville O. Health ‘snooping’ cases on the rise. Toronto Star. 2015 May 27;Sect. GT:1 (col. 3).

Electronic newspaper article:

15. Wisniewski M. Five babies at Chicago daycare diagnosed with measles. Globe and Mail [Internet]. 2015 Feb 5 [cited 2015 Feb 6];Life:[about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/five-babies-at-chicago-daycare-diagnosed-with-measles-report/article22805944/.

Legal material (note: this is not addressed in Vancouver Style):

16. Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, S.O. 2005, c.11 [Internet]. 2009 Dec 15 [cited 2015 May 29]. Available from: http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_05a11_e.htm

Report available on a web page:

17. Canadian Institute for Health Information. Depression among seniors in residential care [Analysis in brief on the Internet]. Ottawa: The Institute; 2010 [cited 2015 May 29]. 18 p. Available from: https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/ccrs_depression_among_seniors_e.pdf

Page on a website:

18. Alzheimer Society of Canada [Internet]. Toronto: The Society; c2015. Benefits of staying active; 2013 Jan 28 [cited 2015 May 29];[about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.alzheimer.ca/en/kfla/Living-with-dementia/Day-to-day-living/Staying-active/Benefits-of-staying-active

Streaming video:

19. Allen S, Waerlop I. The Gait Guys talk about great toe dorsiflexion [video on the Internet]. [place unknown]: The Gait Guys; 2014 May 11 [cited 2015 May 29]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8O8TLtunUQ

Electronic image:

20. Bickle I. Swallowed foreign body [radiograph]. 2014 Jul 14 [cited 2015 May 29]. Available from: http://radiopaedia.org/cases/swallowed-foreign-body-1

Blog post (no given name, so screen name used as author):

21.  Munkee. In-111 pentetreotide imaging. 2013 Mar 19 [cited 2015 May 29]. In: Nuclear Munkee [Internet]. [place unknown]:[Munkee]; [date unknown] [about 3 screens]. Available from:  http://nuclearmunkee.blogs pot.ca/2013/03/in-111-p entetreotide-imaging.html

Poster presentation/session presented at a meeting or conference:

22. Chasman J, Kaplan RF. The effects of occupation on preserved cognitive functioning in dementia. Poster session presented at: Excellence in clinical practice. 4th Annual Conference of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology; 2006 Jun 15-17; Philadelphia, PA.

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• Last Updated: Aug 23, 2022 9:19 AM
• URL: https://guides.hsict.library.utoronto.ca/vancouver-style

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Vancouver referencing conventions

Vancouver uses numbers in the text and a references list.

In-text citation

At every point in the text where a particular work is referred to by quoting or paraphrasing, include the number which identifies the reference used, in brackets. References are numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first cited in the text. 

References list

References are presented in numerical order by the order in which they appear in the document.

You should only include sources that you have referenced in your work. 

If you are asked to include a bibliography (in addition to, or in place of, a references list) you can include further items that were read that informed your research and thinking for the assignment, in addition to those that you directly referenced . 

How to reference using Vancouver style

Examples on how to reference particular sources using Vancouver style:

Act of Parliament

Book chapter from an edited book.

• Conference proceeding

Journal article

Newspaper article, radio broadcast, television broadcast, thesis or dissertation.

• Website / webpage

Country. Title of Act and year. Chapter. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Great Britain. Environment Act 1995. Chapter 25. London: The Stationery Office.

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of blog entry. Date blog entry written. Title of blog [online]. Year. [Accessed date]. Available from: URL.

Welle K. Impressions from the Stockholm World Water Week. 25 August. ODI blog: commentary from leading development experts [online]. 2006. [Accessed 9 July 2007]. Available from:  http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/category/1020.aspx

Author surname Initial(s). Title: subtitle. Edition (if it is not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Cooke A. A guide to finding quality information on the Internet: selection and evaluation strategies. 2nd ed. London: Library Association Publishing; 2001.

Two to six authors:

First author surname Initial(s), second author surname Initial(s), third author surname Initials. Title: subtitle. Edition (if it is not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Feldman RS, Meyer JS, Quenzer LF. The American Psychiatric Press textbook of psychopharmacology. 2nd ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1998.

Seven or more authors/editors:

If there are 7 or more authors/editors, only the first 6 are listed followed by et al.

First author surname Initial(s), second author surname Initial(s), third author surname Initial(s), fourth author surname Initial(s), fifth author surname Initial(s), sixth author surname Initial(s), et al., editors.  Title: subtitle. Edition (if it is not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Kasper DL, et al., editors. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 14th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 1998.

Book with organisation as author:

SCONUL Advisory Committee on Information Literacy.   Learning outcomes and information literacy. London: SCONUL; 2004.

Edited book:

Editor(s) surname Initial(s), editor(s). Title: subtitle. Edition (if it is not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Ennis F, editor. Infrastructure provision and the negotiating process. Aldershot: Ashgate; 2003.

Editors should have editor or editors after their name or list of names. If there are no authors or editors given, the title should be listed first, followed by place of publication.

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of chapter: subtitle. In: Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. p. page numbers.

Haefner H. Negative symptoms and the assessment of neurocognitive treatment response. In: Keefe RSE, McEvoy JP, editors. Negative symptom and cognitive deficit treatment response in schizophrenia. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2004. p. 85-110.

When the author's name is the same for the chapter as for the book it does not need to be repeated.

Greenhalgh T. Checklists for finding, appraising, and implementing evidence. In:   How to read a paper: the basics of evidence based medicine. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2000. p. 177-9.

Page numbers should be preceded by p.

Conference proceedings

Individual conference paper.

Author(s) Initial(s). Title of contribution. In: Editor(s) surname Initial(s). editor(s). Title of conference proceedings, date, place of conference. Place of publication: publisher; Year. p. page numbers.

Nelmes G. Container port automation. In : Corke P., Sukkarieh S. editors. Field and service robotics: results of the 5th international conference, 29-31 July 2005, Port Douglas. Berlin: Springer; 2006. p. 3-8.

If conference proceedings are published in a journal, the article/contribution should be cited as for a journal article.

If the proceedings have been published as chapters in a book, treat the entire proceedings as a book, and individual presentations as a book chapter. Add details of the conference to the book title.

Conference proceedings as a whole

Editor(s) surname Initial(s). editor(s). Title of conference proceedings, date, place of conference. Place of publication: publisher; Year.

Corke P., Sukkarieh S. editors. Field and service robotics: results of the 5th international conference, 29-31 July 2005, Port Douglas. Berlin: Springer; 2006

Title. [DVD]. Place of production: Production company; year.

Acland's DVD atlas of human anatomy: the lower extremity. [DVD]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004.

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title: subtitle [online]. Edition (if not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication [Accessed Date]. Available from: URL of database / location in which the book is held

Greenhalgh T. How to read a paper: the basics of evidence based medicine [online]. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2000 [Accessed 8 September 2008]. Available from:  http://www.netlibrary.com/AccessProduct.aspx?ProductId=66703

e-book reader format, e.g. Kindle

Author(s)/Editor(s) surname Initials(s). Title: subtitle. Edition (if not the first edition). [Name of e-book reader]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Llewelyn H, Ang HA, Lewis KE, Al-Abdullah A. Oxford handbook of clinical diagnosis. 2nd ed. [Kindle DX e-book]. Oxford: OUP; 2009.

Title of film. [film]. Directed by: Full name of director. Place of production: Production company; year.

An inconvenient truth. [film]. Directed by: Davis Guggenheim. USA: Paramount; 2006.

If the film is a video recording (on DVD or VHS) use the same format but change [film] to the relevant media.  This is because video recording may contain extra footage not shown in the film.

Journal article (print)

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal. Year of publication;volume number(issue number):page numbers.

Meric F, Bernstam EV, Mirza NQ, Hunt KK, Ames FC, Ross M I, et al. Breast cancer on the world wide web: cross sectional survey of quality of information and popularity of websites. BMJ. 2002;324(7337):577-81.

Journal article (electronic)

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal [online]. Year of publication;volume number(issue number):page numbers. [Accessed date]. Available from: URL

Ross CTF. A conceptual design of an underwater vehicle. Ocean engineering [online]. 2006;33(16):2087-2104. [Accessed 6 July 2007]. Available from:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/

When citing online journal articles, it is now widely preferred to include a DOI (Direct Object Identifier) where available rather than a URL.

De Pinto M, Jelacic J, Edwards WT. Very-low-dose ketamine for the management of pain and sedation in the ICU. Acute Pain [online]. 2008;10(2):100. [Accessed 8 September 2008]. Available from:<doi:10.1016/j.acpain.2008.05.023>

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of article: subtitle of article. Newspaper title (in full) Year Month and date of publication; section name (if applicable):page numbers of contribution.

Rowbottom M. The Big Question: how prevalent is the use of drugs in sport, and can it be defeated? The Independent 2006 Aug 1;Sect. Sport:5

Title of programme/Series title, Episode number, Episode title. Transmitting organisation/channel. Date and year, Time of transmission.

Desert island discs, Lily Allen. BBC Radio 4. 29 June 2014, 11:15.

Yes, Prime Minister, Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast. BBC2. 16 January 1986, 20:30.

News at ten. ITV. 27 January 2001. 22:00.

Author's surname Initial(s). Title: subtitle. Award level of thesis, Awarding institution; Year of publication.

Deb S. Psychopathology of adults with a mental handicap and epilepsy. MA thesis, University of Leicester; 1991.

Croser C. Biochemical restriction of root extension under mechanical impedance. PhD thesis, University of Birmingham; 1997.

Surname(s), Initial(s) (or organisation). Full text of tweet. [Twitter]. Date and year tweet posted [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

Cruciform Library. MedTech Week 2014 at UCL Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME)16-20 June via @UCL_IBME  http://bit.ly/1pbWe53   pic.twitter.com/pzXx3P4DlP [Twitter]. 9 June 2014 [Accessed 2 July 2014]. Available from:  https://twitter.com/ucl_crucitwit

Website or webpage

Author(s)/Editor(s) surname Initial(s). Title. [online]. Publisher: place of publication; Year [Accessed date]. Available from: URL

SukYin A. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) gene and breast cancer. [online]. Human Genome Epidemiology Network, National Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta GA; 2002 Jun [Accessed 8 September 2008]. Available from:  http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/factsheets/FS_COMT.htm

Year can include month if preferred.

If a specific author cannot be found, attribute to the organisation or corporation.

Overseas Development Institute, Humanitarian Policy Group. Welcome to HPG. [online]. ODI: London; 2007 [Accessed 9 July 2007]. Available from:  http://odi.org.uk/hpg/index.html

Wiki name. Title of article .  [online]. Year [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

Wikipedia. Jeremy Bentham .  [online]. 2014 [Accessed 2 July 2014]. Available from:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_bentham

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Referencing guide: Vancouver

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Vancouver referencing style

The Vancouver referencing style is a numeric system used in biomedical, health and some science publication. This referencing guide is to be used in conjunction with the Library's General guide to citing and referencing .

The information in this guide is based on the following manual:

You may also find useful: ​

EndNote users can format their references using the  Vancouver-NIH  style file available in EndNote online/desktop.

Example of references using Vancouver

• References examples (A-Z)
• Reference list

There are standard reference formats for most types of document. Below are examples of the most common types of document you might want to reference. Each of the following gives a suggested standard format for the reference followed by examples for the different document types.

Author’s Surname INITIALS. Book Title. Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher; Date.

• Glover IA, Grant PM. Digital communications. 3rd ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall; 2009.

Note : If there are no authors, only editors, use the same format as above and follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or editors.

Chapter in edited book

Author of chapter's surname INITIALS. Title of chapter. In: Editor's surname INITIALS, editor(s). Book Title. Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher; Date. Pages

• Li CW, Wang GJ. Mems manufacturing techniques for tissue scaffolding devices. In: Bhansali S, Vasudev A, editors. Mems for biomedical applications. Cambridge: Woodhead; 2012. p. 192-217.

Note:  Pagination is always shortened to the fewest numbers necessary. For example you would write 23–5, not 23–25.

Conference paper

Author of paper's Surname INITIALS. Title of paper. In: Editor of proceedings' surname INITIALS, editor(s). Conference Title; Conference date; Place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher; Publication date. Pages.

• Rice AS, Farquhar-Smith WP, Bridges D, Brooks JW. Cannabinoids and pain. In: Dostorovsky JO, Carr DB, Koltzenburg M, editors. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Pain; 2002 Aug 17-22; San Diego, CA. Seattle (WA): IASP Press; 2003. p. 437-68.

Electronic Book

Author’s Surname INITIALS. Book Title [Internet]. Edition/version. Place of publication: Publisher; Date of original publication [Date cited]. Available from: URL.

• Foley KM, Gelband H, editors. Improving palliative care for cancer [Internet]. Washington: National Academy Press; 2001 [cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10149/improving-palliative-care-for-cancer.

Note: The dates in Vancouver are in the format: year month day (the month is abbreviated to 3 letters). For example [cited 2018 Oct 10]

Electronic Journal article

Author’s Surname INITIALS. Title of article. Title of journal (abbr) [Internet]. Date of publication [Date cited];volume number(issue):pages. Available from: URL

• Hulka BS, Stark AT. Breast cancer: cause and prevention. Lancet [Internet]. 1995 Sep 30 [cited 2022 Nov 22];346(8979):883-7. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673695927131
• Abood S. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an advisory role. Am J Nurs [Internet]. 2002 Jun [cited 2018 Sep 12];102(6):23. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3522839
• Li Y, Li S, Meng X, Gan R-Y, Zhang J-J Li, H-B. Dietary natural products for prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Nutrients [Internet]. 2017 Jul 8 [cited 2022 Nov 14]; 9(7): [38 p.]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5537842/pdf/nutrients-09-00728.pdf

Note:  

- If there are more than 6 authors, list the first six then add et al. - Journal titles are abbreviated. You can use the NLM Catalog ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/journals ) to find the correct journal abbreviation. - Give the date as Year Month (abbreviated) Day - Do not repeat page numbers unless they are followed by a letter. For example 123-125 becomes 123-5 but 124A-126A is correct. - If no numbers appear on the pages of the article, it is usual to give an estimation of the length in square brackets. For example [20 p.] or [10 paragraphs].

Journal article

Author’s Surname INITIALS. Title of article. Title of journal (abbr). Date of publication;volume number(issue):pages.

• Pollack CV, Reilly PA, Eikelboom J, Glund S, Verhamme P, Bernstein RA, et al. Idarucizumab for Dabigatran reversal. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 6;373(6):511-20.

Rowe SM, Miller S, Sorscher, EJ. Cystic Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2005 May 12;352(19):1992-2001.

- If there are more than 6 authors, list the first six then add et al. - Journal titles are abbreviated. You can use the NLM Catalog ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/journals ) to find the correct journal abbreviation. - Give the date as Year Month (abbreviated) Day - Do not repeat page numbers unless they are followed by a letter. For example 123-125 becomes 123-5 but 124A-126A is correct

Newspaper article

Author's Surname INITIALS. Title of article. Newspaper title. Date;Section: (column).

• Levine S. Obesity increase creating special needs. Miami Herald. 2006 Jan 4;Sect. A:1 (col. 1).
• Tynan T. Medical improvements lower homicide rate: study sees drop in assault rate. The Washington Post. 2002 Aug 12;Sect. A:2 (col. 4).

- Name of newspapers are never abbreviated, although a leading "The" may be dropped if desired - If the article is unsigned, begin the reference with the title of the article - Sections may be named, for example 'Metro Section', 'Holiday Extra', etc. Use these names in a reference only when the section lacks a number or letter.

Newspaper article on the Internet

Author's Surname INITIALS. Title of article. Newspaper title [Internet]. Date of publication [Date cited];Section (if applicable). [pages]. Available from: URL

• Carey B. Psychiatrists revise the book of human troubles. New York Times [Internet]. 2008 Dec 17 [cited 2018 Oct 16];Health [about 3 p.]. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/18/health/18psych.html?_r=1&em 

Note: When a location (pagination) for the article is not provided, as often occurs, calculate the length of article using the best means possible, e.g. in terms of print pages, screens, or paragraphs.

Inventor's Surname INITIALS, inventor(s); Assignee's name, assignee. Patent title. Patent country and document type Country code and patent number. Date issued.

• Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexible endoscopic grasping and cutting device and positioning tool assembly. United States patent US 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1.

Reference book entry on the Internet

A reference book is usually known by its title, and can be referenced as a dictionary. This would be the case for the majority of key reference books in medicine, e.g. BNF and BNFC. The template given below is to reference a particular entry from the online version of a reference book:

Book title [Internet]. Publication place: Publisher; year. Entry title; [date updated; date cited]. Available from: URL.

British National Formulary [Internet]. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society; 2019. Aspirin; [updated 2019 Nov 12; cited 2019 Nov 27]. Available from: https://www.medicinescomplete.com/#/content/bnf/_456850132.

We have compiled examples taken from other reference books in a Word document. Click here to download it .

Author's Surname INITIALS. Title of report. Place of publication: Publisher; Date published. Report No.:

Page E, Harney JM. Health hazard evaluation report. Cincinnati (OH): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US); 2001 Feb. Report No.: HETA2000-0139-2824.

Barker B, Degenhardt L. Accidental drug-induced deaths in Australia 1997-2001. Sydney (Australia): University of New South Wales, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre; 2003.

Note : When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher appears in the publication, enter the publisher name first. For example: Harvard Medical School, Department of Genetics.

Thesis/Dissertation

Author's Surname Initials. Title [publication type]. Place of publication: Publisher; year. 

• Roberts S. Studies of the origins and control of occupational exposure to cytotoxic drugs [PhD thesis] Bath: University of Bath; 2008.
• Harston DN. Formation of cancer cells [MRes dissertation]. London: University of London; 2014.

Unpublished material/personal communication

Emails, letters, conversations, interviews and lecturer's presentations  are examples of sources that are often unpublished. Documents generally available to scholars in an archive or a depository can usually be included in a reference list. However, many publishers do not permit placing any form of unpublished material in the end references. Most authorities recommend placing references to personal communications such as letters and conversations within the running text, not as formal end references . Include the nature and source of the cited information, using a term or terms to indicate clearly that no corresponding citation is in the reference list. Place the source information in parentheses.

For example:

… and most of these meningiomas proved to be inoperable (2003 letter from RS Grant to me; unreferenced, see "Notes") while the few that …

Author(s)/Organisation. Title of webpage [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of original publication OR Year of Copyright [updated year month day; cited year month day]. Available from: URL.

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antiplatelet treatment: management [Internet]. London: NICE; c2018 [updated 2018 Jun; cited 2018 Sep 28]. Available from: https://cks.nice.org.uk/antiplatelet-treatment.

- Use the date that the page was first placed on the Internet. If it cannot be found, use the date of copyright, preceded by the letter ‘c’. - If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, use the date of update/revision and/or the date cited.

Vancouver is a  numeric style , where citations are numbered (1) in the order of appearance. This citation leads your reader to a full reference to the source in the list of references at the end of your work. Each citation number should be enclosed in round brackets on the same line as the text, before any punctuation, with a space before the bracket (2). Once a source has been cited, the same number is re-used for all subsequent citations to the same source. 

Multiple citations

If you need to reference several sources at the same point in your text, indicate each source separated by a comma. A hyphen should be used to link numbers which are inclusive. For example:

Several drug trials (3, 6-8, 12) proved...

Unpublished material

Emails, letters, conversations, interviews and lecturer's presentations  are examples of sources that are often unpublished. Documents generally available to scholars in an archive or a depository can usually be included in a reference list. However, many publishers do not permit placing any form of unpublished material in the end references. Most authorities recommend placing references to personal communications such as letters and conversations  within the running text, not as formal end references . Include the nature and source of the cited information, using a term or terms to indicate clearly that no corresponding citation is in the reference list. Place the source information in parentheses.

At the end of your work, list full details of all of the sources which you have cited in your text in a section headed References, in numeric order. References listed must follow Vancouver's formatting guidelines (see reference examples from the first tab). Your reference list should allow anyone reading your work to identify and find the material to which you have referred. 

Reference list example

The references are listed in the order they appeared in the text, not alphabetically.

1.   Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Careers information [Internet]. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society; c2018 [cited 2018 Sep 28]. Available from: https://www.rpharms.com/resources/careers-information.

2.   Newman RD. Malaria control beyond 2010. BMJ. 2010 Jun 11;341(7765):182-3.

3.   Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM. Pharmacology. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1999.

Referencing an item not covered in this guide?

Citing Medicine

The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers

Cite Them Right Online

This guide to referencing for students and authors provides detailed examples for all print and electronic sources, business, government, technical and legal publications, works of art and images.

Extra examples

• Referencing medicine - Vancouver examples A compilation of key reference medicine books formatted using the Vancouver referencing style.
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• Subject Guides

Referencing styles - a Practical Guide

Vancouver referencing style.

Used by: Biochemistry (as well as Harvard), Biology (as well as Harvard), Hull York Medical School (as well as Harvard), Physics

Introduction to Vancouver referencing style

The Vancouver style was developed by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) as a system for presenting publications and citations. The Vancouver Style has a number of different interpretations so  check and follow your Department's specific regulations .

In-text citations

Vancouver uses numeric in-text citations, where the  number of the reference(s)  is given in superscript after the information, summary or quote:

A recent study 1  has demonstrated the effectiveness of…

The results presented here have also been confirmed elsewhere 2  .

Citations/references are numbered in the order they first appear in the text - so your first citation is 1 , the second is 2 and so on. If you cite the same source again later in the text, re-use the original citation number.

Reference list

The reference list at the end of the document includes the full details of each source so the reader can find them themselves. Sources are listed in the order they first appear in the text.

The information to include depends on the types of source - see the examples.

Useful resources

• Vancouver referencing stlye guide A downloadable version of the Vancouver style guide
• Citing medicine: the NLM style guide The official Vancouver style guide from the US National Library of Medicine

Guidance for all source types

Formatting references for one, two or more authors.

Include the author's surname and initial(s).

2-6 authors

Include all authors in the order they appear on the source, separated by commas.

Add the first 6 authors' names as above, then add at al. to show that additional authors are listed on the published source.

In-text citations with multiple sources

If you are synthesising a number of sources to support your argument you may want to use a number of sources in one citation.

Separate out the numbers by a comma, eg  1, 3, 6 . For a range of sources that appear consecutively in your reference list, use a hyphen, eg  5-7 . 

No author name or publication date

No named author.

It is important to use quality sources to support your arguments and so you should carefully consider the value of using any source when you cannot identify its author.

For online sources, look carefully for named contributors, such as in the ‘about us’ sections. For printed material, look carefully at the publication/ copyright information which is often on the inside cover of a book or back page of a report. If you cannot locate the information, you could use the name of the organisation, for example ‘NHS’, for the author.

No publication date

Knowing when a source was created, published, or last updated is important as this helps you to determine the relevance and reliability of the source. For online sources, look carefully for created and/ or last updated dates on the page(s) you are using, such as in the ‘about us’ sections.

If no date can be established, indicate this with [date unknown]. If you can't identify an exact date, but clues in the content give an estimated date you can indicate this estimate with [year?]:

Direct quotes

Quotations are word-for-word text included in your work and must be clearly distinguished from your own words and ideas. Quotations are word-for-word text included in your work and must be clearly distinguished from your own words and ideas. You must also include the page number(s) in the citation and reference list entry.

Short quotations (of less than three lines)

Use a brief phrase to introduce the quotation. For example:

Longer quotations (of three lines or more)

Use block quotation, without quotation marks, but clearly indent the quote to indicate these words are not your own. For example:

The in-text citation is given at the end of the quotation and before the punctuation, with a full reference, including page number, in the reference list being given as in the example above.

Citing a source you've read about in a different source (secondary referencing)

A secondary reference is given when you are referring to a source which you have not read yourself, but have read about in another source, for example referring to Jones’ work that you have read about in Smith.  Wherever possible, you should avoid using secondary references  and locate and reference the original source. If you do need to use a secondary reference, you can clearly show what source you are citing and from which location, using the following format:

Only the source you have read is cited and included in your reference list.

When to include page numbers in citations

It is important to give a page number with a reference in the following circumstances: 

• when quoting directly
• when referring to a specific detail in a text (for example, a specific theory or idea, an illustration, a table, a set of statistics).

This might mean giving an individual page number or a small range of pages from which you have taken the information. Giving page numbers enables the reader to locate the specific item to which you refer. You should note the page in ( ) after the superscript number for the citation, for example:

When to use capital letters in titles

For an article or book title, capitalise the first word and any proper nouns. Capitalise each major word of journal titles.

Using abbreviations

It is common in science publications to use standard abbreviations for common words in book and journal titles, to give more concise references (for example Adv Synth Catal for Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis). CASSI lists standard abbreviations for publication titles and for other key words, which can be found at:  www.cas.org/content/references/corejournals . The appendices of ‘Citing Medicine’  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7247   also contain lists of common abbreviations used in academia.

If you use non-standard abbreviations, you should define what these are, at first use. Common abbreviations are also given below:

• Appl. (applied)
• Conv. (convention)
• ed. (edition)
• et al. (and others)
• Fig. (figure)
• no. (issue number)
• p. (single page)
• pp. (page range)
• Rep. (report)
• ser. (series)
• supp. (Supplement)
• Soc. (Society)
• Tab. (table)
• vol. (volume)

Questions about referencing?

Contact your Faculty Librarians if you have any questions about referencing.

Commonly used sources

Examples of in-text citations and reference list entries for key source types.

Use these examples alongside the information given in the 'Guidance for all source types' box.

Bibliography/ Reference List:

Information to include #. Surname Initial. Title of book. X ed. Place: Publisher; year.

Include edition (ed.) if needed - omit for 1st editions.

Edited book (& chapters)

Chapter in an edited book.

Information to include #. Surname Initial. Title of chapter. In: Surname Initial, editor. Title of book. Place: Publisher; year. p. #-#

Edited book

Information to include #. Surname Initial, editor. Title of book. Place: Publisher; year.

Journal article / paper

Journal article / paper (print copy).

Information to include #. Surname Initial. Title of article / paper. Name of journal. year;volume(issue):page range

The journal title can also be abbreviated to 'J Anim Sci'.

Journal article / paper (electronic copy)

Information to include #. Surname Initial. Title of article / paper. Name of journal. [Internet] year Mon day [cited year Mon day];volume(issue). Available from: URL

If the journal article / paper uses a DOI you can include this at the end of the reference instead of the web address.

Normally this format is used only for journals that do not have a print publication, and that are published only online. For journals that have both print and online publication, use the referencing format for 'Journal article / paper (print copy)', even if you obtained your copy of the article / paper electronically.

The posted or last updated date should be given for the page, as well as when it was cited.

Website with author

Information to include #. Surname, Initial. Title of specific webpage [Internet]; year Mon day [cited year Mon day]. Available from: URL

Website with no author

Information to include #. Organisation. Title of specific webpage [Internet]; year Mon day [cited year Mon day]. Available from: URL

Further sources

Examples of in-text citations and reference list entries for other source types.

Act of Parliament

Book (translated to english).

If you read an English language translation of a book originally published in another language follow this example

Book (read in another language)

Follow this example if you read a book in another language and want to refer to it

Computer application/program/software

Conference papers & proceedings, conference paper (unpublished), conference proceedings (full), cd, cd-rom or dvd, database (internet, dvd or cd) with author, database online (not referring to specific content), dictionary (with editor), dictionary (without editor), e-book (online).

If page markers are not available on the e-book version you are using cite the chapter for specific references to the source (for example “…” 1(ch.1))

E-book (reader)

If viewing an e-book using an e-book reader it is important to reference the specific version of the publication for this reader. If page markers are not available on the e-book version you are using cite the chapter for specific references to the source (for example “…” 1(ch.3)).

Personal communications (for example, email, text messages, letters) do not always require referencing in your reference list as separate sources. If you are using these sources of information you should introduce them in your writing, for example: “Professor Patel raised concerns about the ethics of the study in an email to the author (1 Nov 2012)”. If you are required to reference personal communications you should follow the format below:

Encyclopedia (full book or individual entry)

Encyclopedia (full), encyclopedia (entry), government publication (command paper, eg white paper, green paper).

You can omit 'Great Britain' if you are only referring to UK central government publications and this will be clear to your reader. If you are referring to publications by devolved government bodies or to international government publications you should state the jurisdictions.

Graph, chart, figure or table

Graph, chart, table or figure (print copy).

Give the title for the table/ figure etc and include a number to the source

Graph, chart, table or figure (online)

Give the title for the table/ figure etc and include a full in-text citation

Interview (conducted by someone else)

If referring to an interview conducted by someone else that has been published in such as a newspaper or journal you can reference using the format for that source, including the additional information as below:

Interview (conducted by yourself)

If referring to an interview you have conducted as part of your research you should give a citation, perhaps also signposting the reader to a transcript attached as an appendix, and a full reference. Consideration also needs to be given to confidentiality and interviewee anonymity as appropriate.

Lecture notes

Personal communications (for example, email, text messages, letters) do not always require referencing in your reference list as separate sources. If you are using these sources of information you should introduce them in your writing, for example: “Professor Patel raised concerns about the ethics of the study in a letter to the author (1 Nov 2012)”. If you are required to reference personal communications you should follow the format below:

Magazine article

Bibliography/ Reference List :

Newspaper article

Newspaper article (online), newspaper article (print with author), newspaper article (print no author), online video (eg youtube) & other online digital media, pamphlet or booklet, parliamentary bill.

The [HL] denotes a Bill originating in the House of Lords. Use [HC] for Bills originating in the House of Commons.

Radio programme

Reports (hard copy), reports (online), republished source.

This format is for when you read and cite a more recent version of an older work. Give the date and details of the version you read, with the original publication date at the end of the reference.

The journal title can the abbreviated to 'Res Math Educ'.

Source material where confidentiality is maintained

This should be used where it is important the institution from which the source originates should not be named, in to order protect corporate or individual confidentiality. For example, where a policy, procedure or care plan is being used.

Statutory instrument

Telephone conversation.

Personal communications (for example, email, text messages, letters) do not always require referencing in your reference list as separate sources. If you are using these sources of information you should introduce them in your writing, for example: “Professor Patel raised concerns about the ethics of the study in a telephone conversation with the author (1 Nov 2012)”. If you are required to reference personal communications you should follow the format below:

Television programme

Text message.

Personal communications (for example, email, text messages, letters) do not always require referencing in your reference list as separate sources. If you are using these sources of information you should introduce them in your writing, for example: “Professor Patel raised concerns about the ethics of the study in a text message to the author (1 Nov 2012)”. If you are required to reference personal communications you should follow the format below:

Use either the author’s proper name or X pseudonym. In the following example, either 'Chemistry at York' or '@ChemistryatYork' can be used.

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• Free Tools for Students
• Vancouver Citation Generator

Free Vancouver Citation Generator

Generate citations in the Vancouver format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Vancouver Citation Generator?

A Vancouver citation generator is an online tool that creates citations in the Vancouver citation style. It does this automatically by taking in an identifier for a document, such as a website URL, book ISBN, or journal DOI, and then locating the remaining details to format the full citation.

🤓 What is the Vancouver citation style?

The Vancouver citation style is a citation style used in the fields of biomedicine, health, and physical sciences. It is used to correctly attribute the authors of work cited within your paper.

The Vancouver style uses numbers within the article body that refer to formatted citations in the reference list at the end of the paper. The complete collection of rules for citing in Vancouver style are documented in the official handbook: Citing Medicine , by authors Karen Patrias and Dan Wendling.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Vancouver Citation Generator?

The Vancouver style is used broadly across the physical sciences--especially health and medicine. If you are studying health or medicine, or you are writing to be published in a journal that uses the Vancouver style (such as The Lancet and Revista MÉDICA de Chile ), then you will need to cite your sources using the Vancouver style.

🙌 Why should I use a Vancouver Citation Generator?

Every academic field, not just the sciences, will recommend using a tool to record references to others' work in your writing. A citation generator like MyBib can record this data, and can also automatically create an accurate reference list from it.

A referencing tool can also keep a list of the sources you have used as you are writing your paper, so is great for organization too.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Vancouver Citation Generator?

MyBib's Vancouver citation generator was designed to be accurate and easy to use (also it's FREE!). Follow these steps:

• Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page.
• Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work.
• Make sure the details are all correct, and correct any that aren't. Then click Generate!

The generator will produce a formatted Vancouver citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall reference list (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for Vancouver style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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Dissertation (thesis): how to cite in Vancouver Style?

Create a spot-on reference in vancouver, general rules.

According to the rules of Vancouver Style, the following bibliographic reference template should be used to cite a dissertation or a thesis in a list of references:

Author(s) . Title [ work type ]. City : University ; year . Number of pages .

Attention :

• In the City element, give the city where the university or another institution at which the thesis defence occurred is located. If the city is not commonly known, add the country in parentheses. If the city is not indicated in the dissertation, put it in square brackets.
• The Number of pages element is optional.

For a dissertation or a thesis available online, use the following template:

Author(s) . Title [ work type on the Internet]. City : University ; year [cited date cited ]. Number of pages . Available from: URL

Examples in a list of references

Stocks   T. Metabolic factors and cancer risk: prospective studies on prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and cancer overall [doctoral thesis on the Internet]. Umeå: Umeå University; 2009 [cited 2021 Jun 28]. Available from: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-22567

Reed   BH. The genetic analysis of endoreduplication in Drosophila Melanogaster [Ph.D. thesis]. Cambridge: University of Cambridge; 1992. 292 p.

Other citation styles:

• What is APA Style (7th ed.)?
• Examples of bibliographic references in APA (7th ed.)
• APA 7 vs APA 6: key differences
• How to cite authors?
• How to format the references page with APA (7th ed.)?
• In-text citations
• Archival document
• Book chapter
• Conference paper
• Dictionary/encyclopedia/dictionary entry/encyclopedia article
• Dissertation (thesis)
• Journal article
• Newspaper article
• Press release
• Religious text
• Social media post
• Software / mobile app
• Video (online)
• Video game / computer game
• What is MLA Style (8th ed.)?
• Examples of references in works cited in MLA (8th ed.)
• How to format the works cited page in MLA (8th ed.)?
• What is Chicago Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – notes and bibliography (17th ed.)
• How to format the bibliography page?
• Notes and in-text citations
• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – author-date (17th ed.)
• What is Harvard referencing style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Harvard style
• Online video
• What is IEEE Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in IEEE Style
• How to format the references pages in IEEE Style?
• What is Vancouver Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Vancouver Style

Vancouver referencing guide (Online): Thesis

• Referencing in the text
• The use of page numbers
• Reference List
• Referencing Tools
• Secondary Referencing
• Journal Title Abbreviations
• Place of Publication

Date of publication

• Page numbers
• Cited Dates
• Volume/Issue Number
• Available from
• Book with one author
• Book with more than one author
• Edited book
• Chapter in an edited book
• Chapter in an edited E-book
• Journal article (print or pdf)
• Online journal articles
• Charts/tables/figures taken from a journal article
• Epubs or ‘online first’ articles
• Book review in an online journal
• Online newspaper article
• Online magazine
• Conference Proceedings
• Website format
• Individual webpage(s) within a website
• Government Report (printed)
• Government Report (online)
• British Standard (printed)
• British Standard (online)
• Official publication
• Devolved legislation from Wales
• European Union publications
• NICE Guidelines
• Bill (either House of Commons or Lords)
• Statutory instruments
• House of Commons and House of Lords Papers
• Command Papers – Green and White Papers
• Cochrane Review
• Online Patient Information Leaflet
• British National Formulary (BNF)
• Tips for Referencing Images
• Image/Table/Figure/Chart in a Book
• Image/Chart/Table/Figure in an E-book
• Tables/figures taken from an online journal article
• Charts/tables/images/database within a website
• Combining Multiple Sources to create a chart
• Individual Webpage(s)/charts/tables/images/database within a website
• Personal communication

Printed Thesis

[PhD thesis)].  or [master’s thesis )].

Place of publication:

Date of publication.

Garner JLS. Peer feedback on professional behaviours in the undergraduate medical curriculum: a case study of tutor and student views at the University of Liverpool [Thesis (PhD)]. Liverpool: University of Liverpool; 2012.

Online Thesis

[PhD thesis on the Internet].  or [master’s thesis on the Internet].

[cited Year Month Day].

Available from:

Delf P. A research project to design, implement and assess the effectiveness of a sole eLearning module to prepare non-medical healthcare practitioners to report nuclear medicine bone scans [PhD thesis on the Internet]. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth; 2012 [cited 2013 Jul 25]. Available from: http://eprints.port.ac.uk/10600/

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Vancouver Style Guide: Introduction

• Introduction
• Vancouver Tutorial
• Book with one author
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Back to Academic Integrity guide

Vancouver Style - what is it?

Academic writing requires the author to support their arguments with reference to other published work or experimental results/findings.

A reference system will perform three essential tasks:

• Enable you to acknowledge other authors ideas (avoid plagiarism).
• Enable a reader to quickly locate the source of the material you refer to so they can consult it if they wish.
• Indicate to the reader the scope and depth of your research.

The Vancouver system is a widely used referencing system to help you achieve these objectives. It is a style popular in healthcare disciplines.

This guide has based the reference examples on the title "Citing medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers." Access from our Recommended Read box on the right.

Vancouver Style - how do I use it?

The Vancouver style places full details of references at the end of a paper in the form of a numbers list.

Superscript numbers (like this: ¹) are used for In-Text-Citation. These numbers are placed in your text at the point where you refer to your source of information.

A consecutive number is allocated to each source as it is referred to for the first time. This number becomes the unique identifier of that source and is reused each time that particular reference is cited in the text.

The list of references should appear at the end of your paper in the order which they were cited in your paper.

Vancouver Style - what does it look like?

Here is an extract showing what In-Text-Citations look like in the Vancouver Style

More recently the assumption that targeting those with low serum levels of HDL-C will prevent events such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke or death, has been questioned. 1 The research upon which these assumptions were made was conducted over fifty years ago, and there has been some questioning about both the experimental design and the samples sizes generalised from. 2, 3 Due to this, and the huge variation in responses to treatment, under the same conditions, pharmacogenomics have been identified as possible way forward to cardiac care. 4

Here is an example of what a Reference List looks like in the Vancouver Style

1. Toth PP, Barylski M, Nikolic D, Rizzo M, Montalto G, Banach M. Should low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) be treated? Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2014;28(3):353-68.

2. Marks D, Wonderling D, Thorogood M, Lambert H, Humphries SE, Neil HA. Screening for hypercholesterolaemia versus case finding for familial hypercholesterolaemia: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2000;4(29):1-123.

3. Taksler GB, Keshner M, Fagerlin A, Hajizadeh N, Braithwaite RS. Personalized estimates of benefit from preventive care guidelines: a proof of concept. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(3):161-8.

4. Yip VL , Pirmohamed M. Expanding role of pharmacogenomics in the management of cardiovascular disorders. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2013;13(3):151-62.

Vancouver Style - quotations

Short quotations – less than 40 words

The Vancouver Style advises that when using another's exact words, then those words must be placed in double inverted commas/quotation marks (e.g. ""). This is called a direct quotation and should be followed by the superscript reference number and page number where the direct quotation came from.  A full reference should then appear in your reference list.

If unsure, always check with your lecturer or tutor.

Short quotations are held to be less than 40 words in the Vancouver Style. An example of a short direct quotation would be

Cooper notes that “longitudinal and cross-sectional studies suggests an association between increasing n-3 PUFA intake and cognitive function.” 4(p.1)

Long quotations - 40 words or more

Long quotations in the Vancouver Style are held to have 40 words or more. These are laid out in a separate paragraph of text and indented clearly from the left margin. No inverted commas/quotation marks are included. A full reference is to be included in your reference list. An example of a long quotation would be

Cooper concludes that

In conclusion we have found no evidence of an effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on cognitive performance in the general population or in those with ADHD and related disorders. There was suggestive evidence of improvements in those with low n-3 PUFA status. In order to provide a more conclusive picture future trials should employ larger sample sizes and should focus on supplementation of those who are n-3 PUFA deficient. It is suggested that regulators and producers of omega-3 products should consider this evidence when promoting their products. 5(p.9)

Vancouver Style - printable version

• Referencing - How to Cite and Reference using the Vancouver Style (guide pdf)

Download the printed Vancouver Style Guide

Interactive tutorial - Vancouver

Don't know a citation from a reference? Try our short tutorial .

Recommended read

Creative Commons license

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• Last Updated: Mar 22, 2024 9:53 AM
• URL: https://libguides.ucd.ie/vancouverstyle

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How do I reference a thesis or dissertation in Vancouver style? Last Updated: Mar 25, 2020     Views: 413

In the text

Cite your sources by using a number in brackets in the text which links with the relevant reference in the reference list at the end of the document:

• In a 2008 study Neelam (1) ...
• Glaser argued ...(2)

Any subsequent citation of the same source should use the same reference number:

• Neelam and colleagues found (1)...

Page numbers can be added to the citation to distinguish between references to the same source: (2: 45).

In the reference list

Required elements for a printed thesis:

Author. Title [Content Type]. [Place of publication]: Publisher; Date. Total number of pages.

Smith, NI. A corpus-based investigation of recent change in the use of the progressive in British English [Thesis]. [Lancaster, UK]: Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University; 2005. 271 p.

Required elements for an electronic thesis:

Author. Title [Content Type]. [Place of publication]: Publisher; Date [Date of citation]. Total number of pages. Availability. 

Kavanagh AJ. Energy deposition in the lower auroral ionosphere through energetic particle precipitation [Thesis on the internet]. [Lancaster, UK]: Department of Communication Systems, Lancaster University; 2002 [Cited 2014 July 1]. 308 p. Available from: http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/6758/

Format of authors/editors:

• List the authors names in the order that they appear in the text
• Use initials for first and middle names of the authors, up to a maximum of two initials
• Do not use periods/stops between initals. e.g. JB not J.B.
• Separate names of authors using a comma and a space. e.g. Woods A, Frazier BR, Jones C
• Use et al. for the seventh and subsequent authors

Links & Files

• Citing medicine: The NLM style guide
• Referencing
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• Plagiarism and grammar
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Cite a Dissertation in VANCOUVER

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Check your paper before your teacher does!

Avoid plagiarism — quickly check for missing citations and check for writing mistakes., is your source credible don’t forget to consider these factors., purpose : reason the source exists.

• Is the point of the information to inform, persuade, teach, or sell?
• Do the authors/publishers make their intentions clear?
• Does the information appear to be fact or opinion?
• Does the point of view seem impartial? Do they identify counter-arguments?

Authority - Author: Source of the information

• Who is the author? What are their credentials or qualifications?
• What makes the author qualified to write on this topic?
• Is there clearly defined contact information for the author?

Authority - Publisher: Source of the information

• Who is the publisher? Is it a non-profit, government agency, or organization? How might this affect their point of view?
• What makes the publisher qualified to generate works on this subject?
• What can the URL tell you about the publisher? For instance, .gov may signify that it is a government agency.

Relevance : Importance of the information to your topic

Currency : timeliness of the information.

• When was the information published? When was it last updated? Does it reflect the most current information available?
• How does your topic fit in with this source’s publication date? Do you need current information to make your point or do older sources work better?

Comprehensiveness

• Does the source present one or multiple viewpoints on your topic?
• Does the source present a large amount of information on the topic? Or is it short and focused?
• Are there any points you feel may have been left out, on purpose or accidentally, that affect its comprehensiveness?
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Vancouver Referencing Generator

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What is Vancouver referencing?

Vancouver referencing is an author-number citation style used widely in the scientific and medical disciplines. The Vancouver system was created in 1978 as a way of standardising and clarifying the formatting in its related fields, to make things as clear as possible for the reader.

How to Vancouver reference

There are many variations within the Vancouver style, so it’s important to find out exactly which version your academic institution expects. In Vancouver citation, a number is assigned to each reference as it is used. The original number assigned to the reference is used each time that reference is cited in the text.

References are also listed in numerical order in a bibliography at the end of the essay. The number can be placed either outside or inside the text punctuation and you’ll need to check with your academic institution to find out which style they prefer.

When it’s time to complete your Vancouver referencing, why not give Cite This For Me a try? We’ll have the whole thing done for you in moments using our mobile app or web tool. Free yourself up to work on other things and save yourself the worry of incorrect referencing with Cite This For Me.

Vancouver referencing example

Popular vancouver style citation examples, how to cite a book in vancouver style.

Use the following template to cite a book using the Vancouver citation style.

Reference List

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

How to cite a Journal in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a journal using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite Film or Movie in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite an Online image or video in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite a Website in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a website using the Vancouver citation style.

Additional Vancouver style Citation Examples

How to cite a blog in vancouver style.

Use the following template to cite a blog using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite a Court case in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a court case using the Vancouver citation style.

” “

How to cite a Dictionary entry in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a dictionary entry using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite an E-book or PDF in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite an e-book or pdf using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite an Edited book in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite an edited book using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite an Email in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite an email using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite an Encyclopedia article in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite an encyclopedia article using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite an Interview in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite an interview using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite a Magazine in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a magazine using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite a Newspaper in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a newspaper using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite a Podcast in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a podcast using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite a Song in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a song using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite The Bible in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite The Bible using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite a TV Show in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a TV Show using the Vancouver citation style.

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Citing and referencing: Vancouver

• In-text citations
• Reference list
• Books and book chapters
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• Websites and social media
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• Medicine and Health sources
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• Audiovisual media and music scores
• Images and captions
• University lectures, theses and dissertations
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• In-Text Citations: Further Information
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• In-text Citations
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RGU Vancouver Referencing: Unpublished Works

• Artwork - Not Reproduced
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• Books with author(s)
• Books with editor(s)
• British National Formulary
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• Chapters of Edited Books
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• Committee Reports
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• Computer Games
• Computer Programmes
• Conference Papers
• Confidential Material
• Discussion Lists
• Dissertations
• European Directives
• European Regulations
• Exhibition Catalogues
• Foreign Language Materials
• Graphs, Images, Illustrations, Photos - Not Reproduced
• Graphs, Images, Illustrations, Photos - Reproduced
• Journal articles
• Generative AI
• NICE Guidelines
• Newspaper Articles
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• Policy Documents
• PowerPoint presentations
• Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)
• Statutory Instruments

Unpublished Works

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RGU Vancouver Referencing

Author(s)/editor(s) name(s). Title . Unpublished.

Endnote (arranged numerically by the citation number in the text)

(1) Brown CM. Vancouver referencing for the Robert Gordon University. Upublished.

Bibliography (arranged alphabetically by author)

Brown CM. Vancouver referencing for the Robert Gordon University. Upublished.

Direct quotation

If you have quoted directly from the item ONCE ONLY in your text you should include a page reference at the end of the endnote.

(1) Brown CM. Vancouver referencing for the Robert Gordon University. Upublished. p. 9.

If you have quoted directly from the item MORE THAN ONCE the page reference is given on each occasion with the citation in the text.

The page reference of the quotation is not included in the bibliography.

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