essay on indian space research organisation

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Indian Space Research Organisation

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• Official Site of Indian Space Research Organisation - ISRO
• Space.com - ISRO: The Indian Space Research Organization
• IndiaNetzone - Indian Space Research Organisation, Indian Administration
• GlobalSecurity.org - Indian Space Research Organisation

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) , Indian space agency, founded in 1969 to develop an independent Indian space program. Its headquarters are in Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore). ISRO’s chief executive is a chairman, who is also chairman of the Indian government’s Space Commission and the secretary of the Department of Space.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) operates through a countrywide network of centres. Sensors and payloads are developed at the Space Applications Centre in Ahmedabad . Satellites are designed, developed, assembled, and tested at the U R Rao Satellite Centre (formerly the ISRO Satellite Centre) in Bengaluru. Launch vehicles are developed at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in Thiruvananthapuram . Launches take place at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre on Sriharikota Island, near Chennai. The Master Control Facilities for geostationary satellite station keeping are located at Hassan and Bhopal . Reception and processing facilities for remote-sensing data are at the National Remote Sensing Centre in Hyderabad . ISRO’s commercial arm is Antrix Corporation, which has its headquarters in Bengaluru.

ISRO’s first satellite , Aryabhata , was launched by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1975. Rohini, the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle (the Satellite Launch Vehicle 3), was launched on July 18, 1980. ISRO has launched several space systems, including the Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system for telecommunication , television broadcasting, meteorology , and disaster warning and the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for resource monitoring and management. The first INSAT was launched in 1988, and the program expanded to include geosynchronous satellites called GSAT. The first IRS satellite was also launched in 1988, and the program developed more-specialized satellites, including the Radar Imaging Satellite-1 (RISAT-1, launched in 2012) and the Satellite with Argos and Altika (SARAL, launched in 2013), a joint Indian-French mission that measures ocean wave heights. ISRO subsequently developed three other rockets : the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for putting satellites into polar orbit, the Geostationary Space Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for placing satellites into geostationary orbit , and a heavy-lift version of the GSLV called the LVM3. Those rockets launched communications satellites and Earth-observation satellites, and were also used for the Chandrayaan missions to the Moon ( Chandrayaan-1 , 2008; Chandrayaan-2 , 2019; Chandrayaan-3, 2023) as well as the Mars Orbiter Mission ( 2013), India’s first mission to Mars . ISRO plans to put astronauts into orbit with the Gaganyaan spacecraft in 2024.

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Indian Space Program Essay | Essay on Indian Space Program for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Indian Space Program Essay:  All Indian Space Programs are conducted under the authority of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). With the glorious motto of ‘Space technology in the service of humankind,’ ISRO was established on 15th August 1969.

The legacy of ISRO began from the year 1975 when they launched the satellite Aryabhata that is named after the famous Indian astronomer and inventor of zero. ISRO is one of the six government space organizations in the world that possess full launch capabilities, operate large fleets of artificial satellites, deploy cryogenic engines, and launch extraterrestrial missions.

You can also find more  Essay Writing  articles on events, persons, sports, technology and many more.

Long and Short Essays on Indian Space Program for Students and Kids in English

We are providing students with a long essay of 500 words and a short essay of 150 words on the topic Indian Space Program for reference.

Long Essay on Indian Space Program 500 Words in English

Long Essay on Indian Space Program is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.

The dawn of the Indian Space Program began in 1962 with the establishment of INCOSPAR (Indian National Committee for Space Research). In 1972, the space program was formalized with the constitution of DOS (Department of Space) and the Space Commission. This was done to formulate and implement the policies related to space research and space technology in the country.

The nodal agency for coordinating Research and Development activities related to space science and technology is the Space Commission. And DOS is the executive wing of this Space Commission that operates through major national organizations like ISRO, NRSA, PRL, NMRF, NE-SAC, etc. DOS also helps educational institutions by sponsoring projects related to space research.

In 1969, the government of India, for the purpose of rapid development in the department of space technology and its application, established ISRO. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was set up by Dr.Vikram Sarabhai at Ahmadabad as him in the chairman position, and the organization was headquartered in Bengaluru (then called Bangalore).

Dr.Vikram Sarabhai, as the chairman of the apex body, helped in forming guidelines, formulated policies, and monitored the implementation of all national space policies. ISRO has an objective directed towards the self-reliant use of space technology and data for the development of India.

ISRO has helped the nation in the fields of mass communication and education after successful satellite launches. ISRO also aims at monitoring the survey and management of national natural resources by using remote sensing technology, meteorological forecasting, and environmental monitoring. The Indian Space Programs included the development and launches of several indigenous satellites, launch vehicles, space orbiters, and rockets.

Other than ISRO, some Indian space research organizations are the following:

Space Applications Centre: SAC is the organization located in Ahmedabad that engages in the development of payloads for satellite communication, remote sensing, and meteorology. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre: VSSC is the head organization for the development and launch of various satellite and satellite vehicles and similarly related space technology. VSSC is located at Thiruvananthapuram of India. Liquid Propulsion System Centre: The lead organization in India for developing liquid and cryogenic propulsion for satellites and launch vehicles is the LPSC.

Besides the research and development sectors of the Indian Space Program, the company that looks over the commercial marketing of space-related products and services is called the Antrix Corporation. The Antrix Corporation is an entirely government-owned company that was established in 1992.

Some of the major achievements of Indian Space Programs are the successful launch and operation of several satellites and satellite vehicles, like the AstroSat, Mangalyaan, Chandrayaan 1 & 2, PSLV, GSLV, etc. It is good to see that the government has invested a lot in Indian Space Programs in the past two decades. The Indian Space Program has come a long way, and there are miles to go before it can establish India as the best in space science and technology in the whole world.

Short Essay on Indian Space Program 150 Words in English

Short Essay on Indian Space Program is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

India has emerged to become a big name in the world regarding the fast progress in the fields of space-related research and development. The Indian Space Program encompasses research and development in astrophysics, atmospheric sciences, astronomy, theoretical physics, planetary and earth sciences, etc.

It can be said that the Indian Space program started its legacy with the launch of its first space satellite named Aryabhatta on 19th April 1975. Soon after the first satellite launch, India didn’t delay launching its second satellite named Bhaskara on 7th June of 1979. India has also left a landmark in the history of space science and technology by launching Chandrayaan for its moon mission.

All this progress in the field of space research began with the great visionary scientist Dr.Vikram Sarabhai. And this is why Dr.Sarabhai is called the Father of the Indian Space Program. Indian Space Programs aim to promote the development of space science applications and technology for the benefit of the country’s socio-economical conditions.

10 Lines on Indian Space Program in English

• Under the Department of Space Government of India, the space agency is the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).
• ISRO has headquarters in the city of Bengaluru in Karnataka, India.
• Jawaharlal Nehru established the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1972 under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
• ISRO has a vision of harnessing space technology for the development of the country and pursuing space science research and planetary explorations.
• The founding Father of the Indian Space Program was Dr.Vikram Sarabhai, under who the space research activities were initiated during the 1960s.
• Under the leadership of Dr.Ramnathan and Dr.Sarabhai, the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was initiated.
• The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) System, established in 1983, along with the commission of INSAT-1B, is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the region of Asia-Pacific.
• The first lunar orbiter sent by ISRO on 22nd October of 2008 was the Chandrayaan-1.
• ISRO set a world record on 15th February of 2017, when they launched one hundred and four satellites in a single rocket named PSLV-C37.
• Future plans of the Indian Space Program include the development of a unified launch vehicle, reusable launch vehicle, small satellite launch vehicle, human spaceflight, solar spacecraft mission, etc.

FAQ’s on Indian Space Program Essay

Question 1.  Does ISRO have a marketing arm?

Answer:  The marketing arm of ISRO is the Antrix Corporation Limited (ACL) that is responsible for the promotion, transfer of technology, and commercial exploitation of space products and services.

Question 2.  What are the three distinct elements of the Indian Space Program?

Answer:  The Indian Space Program had three distinct elements since its inception, such as the space transportation system, satellites for communication and remote sensing, and application programs.

Question 3.  How do the data from the satellites launched by the ISRO helpful for the country?

Answer:  The data collected by the satellites help several sectors of the country like agriculture, disaster management, urban planning, rural development, water resources, mineral prospecting, etc.

Question 4.  What is some recent news regarding upcoming ISRO missions?

Answer:  The Indian government in 2018 had announced an allocation of 100 billion rupees for the first human-crewed space mission set to be launched by the year 2022. However, a test launch was scheduled to take place in December of 2020, which now may be delayed because of the global pandemic.

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The Planetary Society • Feb 13, 2024

The history and motivations behind India's growing space program

In 2023, India became the fourth nation to successfully land a spacecraft on the Moon. The success of the Chandrayaan-3 mission helped establish India as a capable space power and bolstered its growing space ambitions.

The history of India's space program is in many ways the inverse of the history of the U.S. and Russia’s programs. While these superpowers were racing to outdo each other with symbolic, high-profile achievements that culminated in the Apollo Moon landings, India focused on the practical and immediate benefits of space.

That has recently started to change. Buoyed by the success of Chandrayaan-3 and a desire to compete with China, India has announced ambitious human spaceflight plans that include space stations and a Moon landing.

Gurbir Singh joined us on Planetary Radio: Space Policy Edition on Jan. 5, 2024 to talk about the history and motivations behind India’s space program. Singh is the author of The Indian Space Programme: India's Incredible Journey from the Third World towards the First.

The original transcript has been condensed and edited for clarity.

Casey Dreier: Gurbir Singh, thank you so much for joining us on Planetary Radio: Space Policy Edition this month. I'm happy you're here.

Gurbir Singh: Well, thanks very much for reaching out. I'm really delighted to be here.

Casey Dreier: This is a big topic, so we might as well start at the beginning. Why did India start a space program in 1963?

Gurbir Singh: I use the launch of the very first rocket from Indian soil as a marker for the start of the program. That was a suborbital rocket launched from southern India. The payload was a small sodium capsule, which diffused at an altitude of about 150 kilometers. Watching how that payload dispersed was the experiment. That started what we today call the Indian Space Research Organization, or ISRO.

At that point India had been independent [from the British] for about a decade and a half, and the space program was part of the nation-building activities that were taking place. At that time, there were post-World War II developments in England and most of Europe, such as televisions, telephones, and commercial air flights. These were really becoming available to just about everybody.

The space age had started with the launch of Sputnik in 1957 and Yuri Gagarin's flight in 1961. The Indian prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, really believed in science. He believed that the new nation of India, independent India, should be forged on what he called the scientific temper, the temperament of science. So he put science at the forefront, and that's really why space was almost inevitable.

Casey Dreier: What's interesting to me is that India didn’t create this as a Cold War competition. It wasn’t throwing its hat in to compete directly, or to establish itself as a regional power. There were internal and domestic reasons that it wanted to establish a space capability. Is that an accurate way to think of this?

Gurbir Singh: There is a very long tradition of science in Indian history. By the time India became independent, there were many successful Indian scientists of international repute, such as Vikram Sarabhai, who's considered as the father of the Indian space program. They were bright, gifted, and came from very successful industrial families. They had a lot of cash, and they also had contacts in high society. They knew the prime minister. So they were moving in the right circles. And I think that synergy helped to kickstart India in the direction it went.

Casey Dreier: You write that, unlike the space programs being established at the time in the U.S. and Soviet Union, India’s program from the outset was wholly non-military and built to meet the social needs of its huge population. It was really almost inwardly directed as a modernizing force rather than a demonstration of technological competition or global hegemony.

Gurbir Singh: Having lived under suppression, under the control of another nation, was seen as a national humiliation. India did not want to return to that. There was a desire for self-sufficiency rather than some sort of hegemony or sense of superiority over other countries. India is probably the only country with a space program which had entirely non-military foundations, although since then, it has grown to include military aspects.

Casey Dreier: For the first few decades, ISRO focused on servicing the Indian population. But then, in the 1990s, there’s a proposal to send the Chandrayaan-1 scientific mission to the Moon. What caused this new era of exploration to develop within ISRO?

Gurbir Singh: The Moon mission and many other ISRO space programs have been influenced by similar programs in China. In 2003, China had its first human spaceflight success. In 2007, they sent a spacecraft to the Moon. They have built their own space stations. So India has been following in China’s footsteps, just like what happened in the Cold War between the U.S. and Soviet Union.

If China had not gone to the Moon, India wouldn't have gone to the Moon. There's this wonderful quote in a book by the Soviet engineer Boris Chertok where he says that if there hadn't been a Gagarin, there wouldn’t have been an Armstrong.

Casey Dreier: You write that in 2013, India went to Mars with the Mars Orbiter Mission Mangalyaan because both Japan and China had tried and failed. After Mangalyaan, China followed up with its own Tianwen mission and successfully landed. Are we seeing an increase in this tit-for-tat competition?

Gurbir Singh: India went to Mars in 2013 because there was a Chinese spacecraft on board the Fobos-Grunt spacecraft launched by Russia in 2011. That spacecraft never left Earth orbit and failed. India realized that there would be an opportunity to launch a small mission to Mars in 2013, and get there before China.

The spacecraft only had five instruments, which was very stark. A few years after the ISRO chairman had served his time and wrote a book, he admitted that the whole reason why India went to Mars was because China failed, and the whole intention was to be able to say that India got to Mars before China.

We saw this behavior during the Cold War with Sputnik, Gagarin, and Valentina Tereshkova. Every country's trying to wave a flag and say, “we did this.” There's nothing politicians like more than that.

Casey Dreier: Let's talk about the Modi government's relationship to space. Would you characterize that as a natural extension of the previous government's approach to ISRO and space, or is there something different in their approach and embrace of ISRO and its ambitions?

Gurbir Singh: India has always treated ISRO as the goose that lays the golden eggs. It's something all political parties can benefit from, because apart from the fact that it allows the incumbent prime minister to wave India's flag at every ISRO success, ISRO actually is one of the more successful and competent departments of the government. It's traditionally been supported throughout India's history, regardless of the government.

In prime minister Modi's case, during the Chandrayaan-3 touchdown, he was in a live stream split screen. You could see the lander coming into land, and Modi was there waving a small Indian flag. Immediately after the soft landing of Chandrayaan-3, chairman Somanath got onto the pedestal and said, "India is on the Moon." And then he handed the microphone to the prime minister. I hadn't appreciated what an opportunity he would have to address an international audience. He made a 10-minute speech and said all the things that any politician would say.

Casey Dreier: You wrote in your 2017 book that the Modi government is a dynamic government with a nationalist and aggressive economic agenda, and it’s been positioning itself to use the Indian space program as an instrument for regional influence. Has that played out in the way that you thought it would?

Gurbir Singh: The desire for India to be a regional superpower hasn't quite worked out, mainly because India hoped to capture the launch market for nearby countries: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. But the growth in the international commercial space sector has meant that it's actually quite practical and cost-effective for these countries not to go to the nearest provider, India.

India’s cadence of launches is still very low. Its highest launch rate to Earth orbit or beyond has been seven launches in a year. This year alone, China has already achieved 47, and the U.S. more than 100. I think this has been driving the political changes that's opened up the commercial space sector in India.

The main thing that's been preoccupying ISRO is the Gaganyaan program. India has been developing a launch abort system, parachutes, and capsule recovery techniques. The recent signing of the Artemis Accords and the agreement to have an Indian astronaut go to the International Space Station with NASA will help accelerate the Gaganyaan program. There will be various deals of technology transfer and systems components being sold to India as a result of the collaborative arrangements that are now in place.

Casey Dreier: If the U.S. is increasingly seeing China as a competitive nation in space, then it starts to become a U.S. interest to support India as a backstop against regional influence from China.

Gurbir Singh: That's spot on, and really the reason why India signed the Artemis Accords.

The Artemis Accords would not have been as significant or profound if the International Lunar Research Station did not exist. The International Lunar Research Station is essentially an organization that China and Russia established, but now really China's running with it. The U.S. offered India a really good deal because they didn't want India to go to the International Lunar Research Station.

I think the main reason why India signed is because as part of this agreement, your president offered the Indian prime minister to come speak to a joint assembly of Congress. Any prime minister, especially one who has an election coming up next year, is not going to let that go. He had, I think, a four-day state visit to the U.S. and it's that package deal that made India sign the Artemis Accords.

Casey Dreier: In the past few years, ISRO has opened up to commercial space flight, started a serious effort for human spaceflight, announced an Indian space station, and is aiming for the Moon by 2040. This strikes me as a profound transformation of the role ISRO is going to play in Indian geopolitics.

It seems like the organization has a huge amount of capability to do things, but it's also struggling with capacity. Does that strike you as the biggest challenge facing ISRO and the Indian space community?

Gurbir Singh: I think a lack of capacity has been something that many previous ISRO chairs have identified, and that’s been the motivating factor for opening up the private space sector.

As a result of new space policies, about 200 startup space companies are now operating in India. I think this is where the future of Indian space activities lies: with ISRO helping startups and being supported by startups.

Casey Dreier: I saw that ISRO is facing a budget cut from the Modi government despite all these new ambitions being proposed. What does that tell you about the political commitment to the Indian space program?

Gurbir Singh: Generally, over the last decade or so, ISRO's budget has been increasing. It's at about one-and-a-quarter to one-and-a-half billion U.S. dollars annually. The Gaganyaan program itself, just as a standalone, multi-year program, has been awarded about one billion U.S. dollars. And there was some unspent budget from 2020 and 2021, when not much happened. The Indian economy is doing really well relative to many other Western countries. Economic growth this coming year should lead to a budget increase in the next year.

Casey Dreier: Gurbir Singh is the author of The Indian Space Programme, a book that I really enjoyed and highly recommend to anyone fascinated by this topic. Gurbir, how can people find you online?

Gurbir Singh: The web address for me is gurbir.co.uk , and if anybody's interested in my podcast, I do that on astrotalkuk.org .

Casey Dreier: Thank you so much for being here this month. I hope to have you back in the future.

Gurbir Singh: Great talking to you.

Listen to the full interview on Planetary Radio: Space Policy Edition .

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Essay on ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization)

ISRO stands for Indian Space Research Organization; it is a space agency that comes under the Department of Space (DOS). ISRO is known for conducting economical programs and is responsible for managing space affairs in India. One of the main achievements is conducting a successful landing on Mars on the first attempt also being the least expensive Mars Mission in the world. ISRO is also responsible to carry out communication satellites and is supposed to work with DRDO to watch out for the security of India.

Short and Long Essay on ISRO in English

Here is a long essay mentioning the history and importance of ISRO to India.

10 Lines Essay on ISRO (100-120 Words)

1) The space-related affairs of India are managed by an agency known as ISRO.

2) ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) was set up on 15 August 1969.

3) The headquarters of ISRO reside in Bangalore.

4) ISRO’s current serving chairman is Shri S. Somanath (2022).

5) Aryabhatt is India’s first satellite developed by ISRO.

6) ISRO has discovered two moon missions.

7) DoS or the Department of Space is responsible for monitoring and managing ISRO.

8) Recently, ISRO has successfully completed Mars Mission.

9) IRS, INSAT, GAGAN, etc are some pride projects of ISRO.

10) ISRO holds 5 launch vehicles out of which three are operational launch vehicles.

Long Essay on Indian Space Research Organization – 1300 Words

Introduction

ISRO is also called Bhartiya Antariksh Anusandhan Sangathan in Hindi. It is directly seen by the Prime Minister of India. The current chairman, Dr. Kailasavadivoo Sivan also known as K Sivan is also an executive member of the Department of Space (DOS). ISRO holds the record for being one of the agencies with Full Launch capabilities, the ability to launch extraterrestrial missions and can operate a big cortege of artificial satellites.

ISRO boasts 5 launch vehicles namely Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV), Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Geosynchronous Launch Vehicle (GSLV) and Geosynchronous Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV-MK III). Among those, 3 are operational launch vehicles which are mentioned below-

• PSLV – Stands for Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, it is a third generation launch vehicle and was first launched in the year 1994. Till 2017, it has launched 257 satellites in which 48 are Indian satellites and 209 are foreign. It is well known for its successful launch of Mars Orbiter Spacecraft in 2013 and Chandrayan-1 in2008.
• GSLV – Also known as Geosynchronous Launch Vehicle Mark II (MKII) was launched first on 18 th April 2001. Since then it has been in 13 missions and holds the record for having success in 4 missions consecutively.
• GSLV-MK III – Was chosen to launch the Chandrayan II and has the twice the capacity of GSLV MK II and was launched in the year 2014 for the first time.

History of ISRO

Earlier scientists like S.K. Mitra, C.V. Raman, and Meghnad Saha used to carry space programs. Later Vikram Sarabhai founded Physical Research Laboratory at Ahmedabad. Homi Bhabha established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in 1945.

In 1962, the urge of the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was established by PM Jawaharlal Nehru. Later in 1963 sounding rocket was launched from Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS). On 15th August 1969 Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was established.

One of the biggest landmarks was seen when ISRO sent its first satellite ‘Aryabhatta’ with a Soviet Rocket in the year 1975. Later, in the year 1982, Indian National Satellite (INSAT-1A) was launched. ISRO collaborated with the Soviet Union to conduct the first manned mission in 1984 in which Rakesh Sharma was a part of it.

In 1994, ISRO conducted the launch of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), the third generation of launch vehicles. Moving to 2001, ISRO managed to successfully launch GSLV D1. ISRO stepped on the moon in the year 2008 and in 2014 ISRO managed to land on Mars.

Role of ISRO in the Advancement of India

ISRO’s role in the Advancement of India cannot be forgotten from Aryabhatta to NavIC. Here are some of the projects that became a landmark and helped India in modernization.

• IRS – the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) is a series of Earth observation satellites from India. The IRS line provides remote sensing services and is the largest set of residential remote sensing satellites in use today in the world. They have a wide range of applications which are beneficial for different purposes.
• INSAT – The Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) is the Indian family of communication satellites. The project jointly includes DOS, DOT, MBI and Prasar Bharti. It is a multipurpose geostationary satellite helpful in different needs like telecommunications, broadcasting and research. These satellites have been put to good use by the Indian armed forces. GSAT9 or “SAARC Satellite” is a notable example of communication services to India’s small neighbors.
• GAGAN – GAGAN stands for GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation. It is a GPS Satellite Augmentation System working regionally; it has satellite communication and air traffic management plan for the aviation industry ‘civil Aviation. The Indian system SBAS, space Augmentation System.

Achievements of ISRO

India is prideful to have ISRO as it has given us many reasons to feel pride. ISRO has always delivered whenever India wanted to do something, ISRO never failed to surprise us. Be it the cheapest landing on Mars or finding water on Moon, ISRO has done many works. Here are some of the Achievements that ISRO must be proud of.

• Mars Orbital Mission (MOM) – The Mars Orbital Mission or Mangalyan is one of the biggest successes for ISRO. ISRO achieved the target of reaching Mars in the most economical way and became the first space agency to reach mars in the first attempt. The budget was 450 crores which is less than many Hollywood movies making India the 4 th country to reach on Mars. There is a movie made to highlight the landing of Mangalyan naming Mission Mangal.
• 104 satellites in 1 Mission – ISRO in 2017 created history as it launched 104 satellites in 1 goes. ISRO used its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle to perform this target. Among 104 satellites, 101 were foreign and 3 were Indian.
• Water on Moon – India’s Chandrayan I mission was launched on 14 th November, 2008. It landed on the south pole of the moon and founded hydroxyl absorption lines on the surface. It was later confirmed by NASA, when M 3 sent data on 25 th September, 2009.

Budget Allocations

If an organization is this big that the world praises and hails its works, then it will definitely need a good amount of budget. Indian government never failed to provide that. Although, the Mars Orbital Mission was inexpensive but now the budget is not a big issue. The 8,228 Crore expenditure which was allocated for 2020-21, increased to 13,949 Crore for 2021-22. A new public sector named New Space India Limited (NSIL) got an allocation of Rs 700 crores for the same term.

ISRO – The Pride of India

Mentioning ISRO as a pride of India is no doubt a big statement. ISRO is something that India will always boast of. ISRO has been regarded as one of the fastest-growing space agencies in the world and can change the space race. Below mentioned points tell why India considers ISRO a pride.

• ISRO’s mars mission was so cheap that it took only Rs 7/km to reach mars.
• SUPARCO of Pakistan was established 8 years earlier than ISRO but the capabilities of launching satellite will be developed by 2040.
• ISRO is planning to launch Human Spaceflight program in 2023 which might make India the 4 th country to send humans in Space.
• ISRO works closely with Defence Research Development Organization for India’s defence and they have signed an MOU for the upcoming Gaganyan Mission.
• ISRO is also planning to launch its Space Station soon after the Gaganyan mission.

ISRO has always stunned everyone with its unbelievable achievements. However, they have failed many times but it didn’t affect them. ISRO has always learned from the setbacks and just as the diamond shines, it kept shining. The Indian government has also supported ISRO and past few years, the budget allocations are majorly focused. An Indian person sees ISRO scientists as supermen and respects them whenever they get to meet them. ISRO is supposed to compete with NASA in near future and it can be a matter of respect for all of us.

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions

Ans. ISRO is the National Space Agency which mainly focuses on space affairs in India.

Ans. ISRO stands for Indian Space Research Organization.

Ans. ISRO was established on 15th August 1969.

Ans. The chairman of ISRO is Dr. K. Sivan.

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Analysis and Space

How india has slowly but surely become a major player in space.

India’s space agency has been remarkably successful in recent years, growing the country’s prestige on the global stage – and the 2024 election is unlikely to change that

By Leah Crane

30 April 2024

India launched Chandrayaan-3 to the moon last year

If India seems like a latecomer to space flight, it is only because the country’s space agency has been slowly and steadily growing for decades, catching up with the original major players. When the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft managed the first ever soft landing near the south pole of the moon in 2023, it marked a triumph for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and a sign that the agency’s unique way of operating makes it capable of great things.

Can India build a world-leading computer chip industry from scratch?

The strategy that has made all of this work was championed in the 1960s by Vikram Sarabhai, often considered the father of the Indian space programme. He rejected the idea that the country had to work its way up through every stage of learning how to do space flight , instead insisting on “leapfrogging”, using knowledge that had already been gained by other nations along with expertise developed at home.

“What you’re seeing now is the product of four decades of serious investment in this programme that a lot of people dismissed as being inappropriate for a developing country, but turns out to have been a smart decision all along,” says Itty Abraham at Arizona State University. “It’s done a great job of absorbing technologies from different countries and stitching them together to make something that’s uniquely Indian.”

Why it's a big deal that India beat Russia in the new race to the moon

The Chandrayaan-3 mission is a perfect example of this. ISRO has stated that the budget for the mission was only £60 million ($74 million), less than the cost of a commercial aeroplane and an astonishingly low price tag for a spacecraft. This was enabled in part by the use of more cost-effective off-the-shelf parts alongside custom-built ones, as well as contracts with private companies for some of the spacecraft development and manufacturing.

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That private company involvement is relatively new for ISRO, a change heralded by Narendra Modi, India’s prime minister since 2014. “Where Modi has made a difference is that he has encouraged the private sector to step in in a way that is very unusual for Indian government programmes,” says Abraham. “If you look at the other government projects, the private sector is there but in a very small way.” ISRO didn’t respond to a request for comment.

But more broadly, India’s election is unlikely to change ISRO’s direction, given the geopolitical prestige that comes with success in space. “The space programme has managed to remain independent for so long because it’s been successful,” says Abraham. “In this case, it doesn’t matter who’s in charge – they’re all going to throw money at it.”

This article is part of a special series on India’s election.

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Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Achievements & Challenges

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), is the Indian space agency of the Department of Space, based in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Read all about ISRO, History, Achievements, Challenges for UPSC Exam.

Table of Contents

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

Indian Space Research Organisation, or ISRO, is the country of India’s space agency. It was established in 1969 to support the creation of an indigenous space project in India. The Department of Space of the Government of India oversees ISRO, a space agency with headquarters in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Its goal is to pursue planetary exploration, space science research, and national development via space technology. Antrix Corporation Limited (ACL), the marketing division of ISRO, is in charge of commercialising space products, providing technical consulting services, and transferring innovations created by ISRO.

Currently, ISRO is among the top six space agencies in the world. Through a network of centres, offices, and research institutes dispersed around the nation, ISRO serves the needs of the country by maintaining one of the largest fleets of remote sensing (IRS) and communication (INSAT) satellites in the world. Broadcasting, weather forecasting, disaster management, geographic information systems, navigation, cartography (maps), telemedicine, remote education satellites, and other services are all provided by ISRO.

Chandrayaan-3 Mission

Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. LVM3 M4 vehicle successfully launched Chandrayaan-3 into orbit on July 14, 2023. Chandrayaan-3 successfully soft-landed on the south pole of the moon’s surface on August 23, 2023, and the Pragyaan Rover ramped down from the Vikram Lander and India took a walk on the moon on August 24, 2023. For detailed information about Chandrayaan-3 Mission click here.

Upcoming Missions of ISRO

The following are some of the upcoming ISRO Missions:

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Background

Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the man responsible for launching India’s space project in the 1960s, started space research activities there. Three main elements have been a part of the Indian space project from the beginning: communication and remote sensing satellites, the space transportation system, and application programmes.

Dr. Ramanathan and Dr. Sarabhai established INCOSPAR (Indian National Committee for Space Research). SITE, or Satellite Instructional Television Experiment, was run in 1975–1976. It was referred to as “the largest sociological experiment ever.” Following it was the “Kheda Communications Project (KCP),” which acted as a field laboratory for need-based and location-specific programme transmission in Gujarat.

The Department of Space was founded in 1972, although INCOSPAR was renamed the Indian Space Research Organisation in 1969 (now, ISRO is a division of the Department of Science). The following are the pivotal moments in ISRO history:

• The greatest sociological experiment ever done, SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment), took place in 1975–1976.
• Gujarat is where the Kheda Communications Project was founded. The undertaking served as a field lab.
• In addition, ISRO created and launched Aryabhata, the first Indian spacecraft, utilising a Soviet launch vehicle.
• In 1980, SLV-3 made its maiden successful flight.
• Apple introduced the first satellite-based communication system.
• Antrix Corporation Limited (ACL), the ISRO’s marketing division, was established to advance and sell the use of space products.
• ISRO built a few specialised centres. These include the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) and the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) in Thiruvananthapuram, as well as the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) in Hyderabad, the Space Applications Centre (SAC) in Ahmedabad, and the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC-SHAR) in Sriharikota.

ISRO Achievements

Since the Indian Space Research Organisation was founded, its employees have worked very hard to accomplish its goals. The following missions were successfully launched by ISRO:

Communication Satellites

With nine operational communication satellites in Geostationary orbit launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system, which went into service in 1983 with the commissioning of INSAT-1B, is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia-Pacific region.

The communications market in India underwent a significant transition as a result, which it sustained throughout time. The INSAT system supports telecommunications, satellite news gathering, television transmission, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning, and search and rescue activities. Here are some of ISRO’s key communication satellites:

Earth Observation Satellites

Since the launch of IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has launched a number of operational remote-sensing satellites. One of the largest satellite constellations for remote sensing is now run by India. Different instruments have been constructed and flown onboard to serve various national and international purposes in order to deliver the essential data at diversified temporal, spectral, and geographical resolutions. These satellites’ data are then utilised by ISRO for a variety of purposes, including disaster management, the management of ocean resources, forestry, environmental protection, mineral prospecting, rural development, urban planning, water resources, and agriculture.

The table below includes a list of ISRO’s significant Earth observation satellites, together with information about their launch vehicle and the date of launch:

Navigation Satellites

The Airport Authority of India (AAI) and ISRO are collaborating to build the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) system in order to meet the requirements of Civil Aviation. Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is a regional satellite navigation system being established by ISRO in order to satisfy customer requirements for positioning, navigation, and timing services based on indigenous technology.

Experimental Satellites

Many small satellites, usually for research, have been launched by ISRO. This experiment makes use of payload development, orbit controls, atmospheric research, remote sensing, and recovery technology. The following is a list of the key experimental satellites that ISRO has launched:

Small Satellites

The small satellite project will soon offer a platform for standalone payloads for science and earth imaging missions. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has developed two different bus types, the Indian Mini Satellite -1 (IMS-1) and Indian Mini Satellite – 2 (IMS-2), to offer a versatile platform for different payloads.

Here is a list of the small satellites that ISRO has launched:

Space Science & Exploration Satellites

Satellites fall within this group: The first dedicated Indian astronomy mission, AstroSat, studies celestial sources simultaneously in the X, optical, and UV spectral bands. The true first interplanetary mission of ISRO, the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), was launched on November 5, 2013. Both Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2, India’s first and second moon missions, included an orbiter, a lander, a rover, and other components.

Academic Institute Satellites

Educational institutions have been impacted by ISRO operations, such as the development of connectivity, remote sensing, and astronomy satellites. Universities and other organisations have been more interested in creating experimental student satellites as a result of the Chandrayaan-1 launch.

Here is a table listing the ISRO-launched academic institute satellites:

Scramjet (Supersonic Combusting Ramjet) Engine

The Supersonic Combusting Ramjet Engine Test, or Scramjet, was successfully completed by ISRO in August 2016. The fuel for the Scramjet engine is hydrogen, while the oxidizer is oxygen from the surrounding air. With a longer flight time, the new propulsion system will enhance ISRO’s reusable launch vehicle.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Objective

ISRO has the ambition to develop space technology for the benefit of the country and to conduct planetary exploration and space science research. The following are the main goals of ISRO:

• The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), and Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) operational flights.
• To plan, create, and launch communication and earth observation satellites.
• Designing and developing fresh approaches to space transportation is another important goal of ISRO.
• To create satellites for planetary exploration and space science, as well as satellite navigation systems.
• To create tools for more accurate earth observation.
• To develop a system based on space for use in society.
• Developing proper training, education, and capacity-building programmes for students interested in space technology is one of ISRO’s main goals.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Challenges and Opportunities

Even though ISRO’s success stories are celebrated all over the world, the organisation still faces obstacles in accomplishing its objectives. The Indian Space Programme has the following problems and opportunities:

• India is not in a situation where it is facing specific security and development concerns since it is a developing nation. For instance, ISRO is called into question and forced to defend the funding for missions that need a lot of work but have little to do with development.
• Since China tested an anti-satellite missile (ASAT) in 2007, the country has upped the threat level. In addition to the one on the ground, it can start in space. There have been military weaknesses since India relied on satellites like MOM.
• The US or other nations must cooperate with the DRDO while it develops a missile.
• China launched the satellite in 2011 and 2012 to target Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) UPSC

One of the most significant scientific institutions in the nation and a recent boon to India is ISRO. The ISRO-launched satellites have been successful in gathering the needed information, making them a crucial component of India’s development. Being so important for the nation, it is also a key subject for UPSC hopefuls because many questions from the ISRO UPSC notes are asked in the IAS Exam.

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Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) FAQs

What does isro stands for.

The Indian Space Research Organisation, or ISRO, is the country's space agency and is located in Bengaluru, Karnataka. The ISRO's goal is to perform planetary exploration and space science research while using space technologies to advance national development.

Is Chandrayaan-3 successful?

"India successfully launches Chandrayaan-3 marking another significant milestone in space exploration.

How many centres are there in ISRO?

There are six main centres within ISRO. These include the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), the Space Applications Centre (SAC), the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC-SHAR), and the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) in Hyderabad.

When was ISRO Formed?

On August 15, 1969, Dr. Vikram A. Sarabhai founded ISRO. The Indian government did, however, create the Department of Science and the Space Commission in 1972. ISRO was established under the Department of Science on June 1st, 1972.

What is main Objective of ISRO?

The Indian Space Research Organization's main goal is to create space technology in order to meet various national demands. To accomplish this, ISRO has created INSAT and the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System.

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Indian Space Program: Phases and Achievements

Last updated on June 25, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

Indian Space Research Organization ( ISRO ) is the nodal agency and flag bearer in the Indian Space Program.

The Indian Space Program is guided by a probabilistic perspective. It is a regional development instrument. This built on an optical fibre network and wireless communication devices.

Learn more about this topic.

Also read: Aditya-L1 Mission

Table of Contents

Objectives of the Indian Space Program

ISRO has also contributed to science and science education in the country. The Department of Space oversees several dedicated research centers and independent organizations for remote sensing, astronomy and astrophysics, atmospheric sciences, and space sciences in general. the objectives of the Indian Space Program are twofold:

• Space discovery and exploration through space missions.
• Promotion of research and education related to space science in the country. E.g. Tele-education in remote areas in India.

Some of the other functions of the Indian Space Program are:

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• Resource management such as mineral resources, agriculture, marine resources, etc.
• Environment conservation.
• Internal security and terrorism. E.g. use of IRNSS for regional security.
• Weather forecasting.
• Disaster Management.

Also read about SSLV , PSLV , and GSLV .

Communications satellites India

Communications satellites allow radio, television, and telephone transmissions to be sent live anywhere in the world. The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated points. Communication Satellites use Microwaves and Radio waves for transmitting signals.

Indian National Satellite (INSAT) Series

• With nine operational communication satellites in Geo-stationary orbit, the Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia-Pacific area.
• INSAT System consists of 14 operational satellites, namely – INSAT-3A, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4CR, 3DR and GSAT-6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15 and 16.
• Educational TV Services
• Telemedicine Programme
• Satellite-Aided Search and Rescue
• Disaster management
• Helps in geopolitics like the SAARC satellite.
• Helps in the commercialization of space programs, like launching the communication satellites of Russia USA, etc.

Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS)

• ISRO has deployed numerous operational remote sensing satellites since IRS-1A in 1988. India now operates one of the largest constellations of remote-sensing satellites.
• IRS satellite consists of CARTOSAT, OCEANSAT & RISAT (Resource Sat) Satellites

Application of IRS satellites:

• Disaster Management Support
• BioResources and Environment survey and mapping e.g. RESOURCESAT
• Cartography e.g. CARTOSAT
• Agriculture & Soil
• Rural and Urban Development e.g. National Drinking Water mission

Important Milestones in the Indian Space Program

Phase I: 1960-70 (Incipient Stage)

• Dr. Vikram Sarabhai is regarded as a scientific visionary as well as the founding father of the Indian space programme.
• He recognized the potential of satellites after the launch of Sputnik in 1957. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, who considered scientific advancement as an important component of India’s future, placed space research under the jurisdiction of the Department of Atomic Energy in 1961.
• Homi Bhabha, the father of India’s atomic programme, then founded the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1962, with Dr. Sarabhai as Chairman.
• The Indian space programme began establishing itself with the launch of sounding rockets in 1962, which was aided by India’s geographical proximity to the equator.
• Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) was built near Thiruvananthapuram in south Kerala.
• India developed an indigenous technology of sounding rockets called the Rohini Family of sounding rockets.
• The India Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established in 1969, and the Department of Space was established in 1972.

Phase II: 1970-80

• Sarabhai had participated in an early NASA study on the viability of employing satellites for uses as diverse as direct television broadcasting.
• India began developing satellite technology in anticipation of future remote sensing and communication requirements.
• India’s first venture into space occurred in 1975, with the launch of their satellite Aryabhata by a Soviet launcher.
• By 1979, the SLV was ready to launch from the Sriharikota Rocket Launching Station, a newly created second launch site (SRLS).
• The first launch in 1979 failed due to a control malfunction in the second stage. This problem had been solved by 1980.
• The first indigenous satellite launched by India was called Rohini.

Phase III: 1980-90

• Following the success of the SLV, ISRO was eager to begin work on a satellite launch vehicle capable of placing a truly useful satellite into polar orbit.
• In 1987, the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) was tested, but the launch failed. After modest adjustments, another launch attempt was made in 1988, which also failed.

Phase IV: 1990-2000

• It was not until 1992 that the first successful launch of the ASLV took place.
• Since its first successful launch in 1994, the PSLV has become the workhorse launch vehicle, launching both remote sensing and communications satellites into orbit, establishing the world’s largest cluster, and giving unique data to Indian industry and agriculture.

Developments after 2000

• In 2001, the first development flight of the GSLV took place.
• As the first attempt at exploring the solar system, India pursued a mission to send unmanned probes to the moon in 2008 namely Chandrayaan.
• ISRO has entered the lucrative industry of launching foreign payloads from Indian soil using its rockets.
• After 2010, ISRO embarked on the following programmes: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), and next-generation GSLV Mark-III launch vehicle missions are part of the launch vehicle development programme.
• The Earth Observation programme includes cutting-edge Indian remote sensing (IRS) satellites such as Resourcesat, Cartosat, Oceansat, Radar Imaging Satellite, Geo-Imaging Satellite, and weather/climate satellites such as INSAT-3DR missions.
• The satellite navigation programme consists of a constellation of seven Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) satellites and an associated ground segment designed to deliver accurate positional and timing information.

India’s Manned Mission to Space

• Three flights will be sent into orbit.
• There will be two unmanned flights and one human spaceflight.
• The Gaganyaan system module, known as the Orbital Module, would house three Indian astronauts, one of whom would be a woman.
• For 5-7 days, it will circle the Earth in a low-Earth orbit at an altitude of 300-400 km.
• In addition, to assure crew safety during the Gaganyaan mission, ISRO will perform two unmanned ‘Abort Missions’ in 2022.

Scramjet (Supersonic Combusting Ramjet) engine

• In August 2016, ISRO successfully conducted the Scramjet (Supersonic Combusting Ramjet) engine test.
• The Scramjet engine uses Hydrogen as fuel and Oxygen from the atmospheric air as the oxidizer.
• This test was the maiden short-duration experimental test of ISRO’s Scramjet engine with a hypersonic flight at Mach 6.
• ISRO’s Advanced Technology Vehicle (ATV), a futuristic-sounding rocket, served as the solid rocket booster for the supersonic testing of Scramjet engines.
• The new propulsion system will complement ISRO’s reusable launch vehicle that will have a longer flight duration.
• IN-SPACe was launched to provide a level playing field for private companies to use Indian space infrastructure.
• It serves as a single point of contact between the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and anyone interested in participating in space-related activities or utilizing India’s space resources.

NewSpace India Limited (NSIL):

• It is a Central Public Sector Enterprise of the Government of India that was founded in 2019 and is managed by the Department of Space.
• It is ISRO’s commercial arm, and its major purpose is to enable Indian enterprises to engage in high-technology space-related operations.
• It is headquartered in Bengaluru.

Indian Space Association (ISpA):

• ISpAaspires to be the collective voice of the Indian Space industry. ISpA will be represented by leading domestic and global corporations that have advanced capabilities in space and satellite technologies.

Amazonia-1:

• The 53 rd flight of PSLV-C51 marked the first dedicated mission for New Space India Ltd (NSIL), the commercial arm of ISRO.
• Amazonia-1, the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) optical earth observation satellite, would offer users remote sensing data for monitoring deforestation in the Amazon region and analyzing diverse agriculture across the Brazilian territory.

UNITYsat (three satellites):

• They have been deployed to provide Radio relay services.
• Satish Dhawan Satellite (SDSAT) is a nanosatellite intended to study the radiation levels/space weather and demonstrate long-range communication technologies.

Upcoming Missions:

• Chandrayaan-3 Mission:   Chandrayaan-3 is likely to be launched during the third quarter of 2022.
• EOS-4 (Risat-1A) and EOS-6 (Oceansat-3) — will be launched using ISRO’s workhorse PSLV, and the third one,  EOS-2 (Microsat) , will be launched in the first developmental flight of the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV).
• These satellites will be launched in the first quarter of 2022.
• Shukrayaan Mission:  The ISRO is also planning a mission to Venus, tentatively called Shukrayaan .
• Own Space Station : India is planning to launch its space station by 2030 , joining the league of the US, Russia, and China to an elite space club
• XpoSat:  Space observatory, XpoSat, designed to study cosmic x-rays.
• There are five Lagrangian points between any two celestial bodies on the satellite where the gravitational attraction of both bodies is equivalent to the force required to keep the satellite in orbit without spending fuel, implying a parking area in space.

Also read: 

• Space missions in 2024
• Pushpak: ISRO’s reusable launch vehicle

Article Written by: Remya

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Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) - History, Challenges, Achievements

Prelims : General Science

Mains : Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the space agency of India, responsible for the planning and execution of space-related activities in the country. ISRO is one of the most prominent and successful space agencies in the world, known for its cost-effective and efficient space missions. ISRO operates under the Department of Space, which reports directly to the Prime Minister of India. The department primarily executes the Indian Space Programme through various ISRO Centres.

Origin and History of ISRO

India's space research activities began in the early 1960s when satellite applications were still in the experimental stages even in the United States.

• The first sounding rocket (Nike-Apache) procured from the USA was launched from TERLS on November 21, 1963.
• Establishment of ISRO: ISRO was established on August 15, 1969 , with headquarters in Bengaluru , to replace INCOSPAR with a broader mandate to harness space technology.
• ISRO has established major space systems for various fields such as communication, television broadcasting, and meteorological services to achieve this goal.

Key Centres of ISRO

Various Missions and Satellites of ISRO

Since its inception, ISRO has made significant strides in the field of space exploration and technology. It has demonstrated its capability to undertake complex space missions with remarkable efficiency and cost-effectiveness, making India a prominent player in the global space community.

• Currently, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle ( PSLV ), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle ( GSLV ), and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk-III ( LVM3 ) are active operational launch vehicles in India.
• Aryabhatta launched in 1975 was India’s first satellite.
• Rohini Satellite RS-1 was the first experimental flight for the launch vehicle SLV3.
• The Indian National Satellite ( INSAT ) system and GSAT Satellites are the primary communication satellites.
• With the launch of INSAT-1B in 1983, ISRO launched a major revolution in India's communications sector that has since been sustained.
• Bhaskara-I launched in 1979 was the first experimental remote sensing satellite of ISRO for earth observations.
• IRS-1A launched in 1988 was the first in a series of indigenous remote sensing satellites. Since then, ISRO has launched multiple operational satellites for remote sensing.
• Other Earth observation satellites: Oceansat, CARTOSAT series, RISAT, EOS Series etc.
• GPS-Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN): It has been developed by ISRO for providing accurate satellite-based navigation services over Indian space.
• NavIC: It is an independent and indigenous regional navigation satellite system developed by ISRO to provide position, navigation and timing services.
• Example: YOUTHSAT and Microsat.
• ASTROSAT launched in 2015 was the first dedicated astronomy mission of ISRO.
• Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) launched in 2013 was the first interplanetary mission of ISRO to Mars.
• Chandrayaan-3 (Lander-rover mission for the moon)
• Aditya L1 mission (the first solar mission of ISRO).
• Other future programmes of ISRO include X-ray Polarimeter Satellite ( XPoSat ), NASA-ISRO SAR ( NISAR ) Satellite and SPADEX (Space Docking Experiment).

Challenges and Opportunities of ISRO

The ISRO has achieved remarkable success and recognition on the global stage. However, it faces several challenges and opportunities as it continues to pursue its ambitious space endeavours.

Challenges faced by ISRO

• Allocating sufficient funds for ambitious missions like Chandrayaan-3 and Gaganyaan while maintaining financial sustainability is a challenge.
• While ISRO's annual budget has grown steadily and currently exceeds $1.45 billion, the demand for space-based services in India far surpasses what ISRO can provide.
• Globally limited share: Despite ISRO's impressive capabilities, India's share of the global space industry remains relatively small, estimated at $7 billion , which accounts for just 2% of the global market.
• Space debris management: With the increasing number of satellites and space activities, managing space debris becomes a significant challenge.
• Establishing clear and favourable legislation is vital to attract foreign and private investment, and provide regulatory clarity.
• Dependency on foreign satellites: Over a third of transponders used for Indian services are leased from foreign satellites, indicating a reliance on external resources. ISRO needs to reduce this dependence by enhancing its own satellite fleet and services.
• The space sector has a high demand for skilled professionals, and competition from both domestic and international organisations is fierce.

Opportunities

• Market Growth: The global space industry is estimated to be worth $350 billion and is projected to exceed $550 billion by 2025.
• These start-ups align with government initiatives such as ‘ Digital India’ and ‘ Start-Up India’ and have the potential to thrive in the growing market.
• By 2030, 17,000 small satellites are expected to be launched globally.
• Legislation reform: Implementing clear and favourable space legislation can attract private investment and provide the necessary regulatory framework for the growth of the space sector.
• Additionally, ISRO has an ambitious space programme to develop its own space station where astronauts could stay for 15–20 days.

PYQs on ISRO

Question 1: What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme? (UPSC Mains 2019)

Question 2: India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space missions, both in terms of technology and logistics. Explain critically (UPSC Mains 2017)

Question 3: What do you understand about ‘standard positioning systems’ and ‘protection positioning systems’ in the GPS era? Discuss the advantages India perceives from its ambitious IRNSS programme employing just seven satellites. (UPSC Mains 2015)

Question 4: With reference to the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), consider the following statements: (UPSC Prelims 2018)

• IRNSS has three satellites in geostationary and four satellites in geosynchronous orbits.
• IRNSS covers the entire India and about 5500 sq. km beyond its borders.
• India will have its own satellite navigation system with full global coverage by the middle of 2019.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• 1 and 2 only
• 2 and 3 only

Answer: (a)

Question 5: With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (UPSC Prelims 2018)

• PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
• Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
• GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.

FAQs on ISRO

What does the isro do.

The ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) is the country's space agency. The organisation is involved in science, engineering, and technology in order to reap the benefits of space for India and humanity.

When was ISRO established?

ISRO was established on August 15, 1969, to replace INCOSPAR with a broader mandate to harness space technology. It replaced the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), which was established by the Government of India in 1962, as envisioned by Dr. Vikram A Sarabhai.

What is the main objective of ISRO?

The prime objective of ISRO is to develop space technology and its application to various national needs. ISRO has established two major space systems: INSAT, which provides communication, television broadcasting, and meteorological services, and the Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS) system, which monitors and manages resources.

What are the launch vehicles of ISRO?

Launch vehicles are rocket-powered vehicles used to transport spacecraft into space. ISRO has three active operational launch vehicles: PSLV, GSLV, and GSLV Mk-III (LVM3).

What are some notable communication satellites developed and launched by ISRO?

ISRO has launched several communication satellites, including GSAT and INSAT series satellites. The INSAT system is a domestic communication satellite system supporting various applications such as telecommunications, television broadcasting, and weather forecasting.

What are some upcoming programs and missions for ISRO in the near future?

ISRO has planned missions like Gaganyaan (human spaceflight), X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat), NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) Satellite, and indigenous space stations like the International Space Station.

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• Published: 22 October 2021

Indian space science missions

• Tirtha Pratim Das 1 ,
• Mohammad Hasan 1 ,
• S. Megala 1 ,
• K. Praveen Kumar 1 ,
• V. Girish 1 &
• T. Maria Antonita 1  

Nature Reviews Physics volume  3 ,  pages 722–723 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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• Astronomy and planetary science

The Indian space science programme dates back to the 1960s, but has hit the headlines in the 21st century after successful missions to the Moon and Mars. Scientists from the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) reflect on the past successes and share their plans for the future.

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Science Programme Office, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Headquarters, Department of Space, Government of India, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Tirtha Pratim Das, Mohammad Hasan, S. Megala, K. Praveen Kumar, V. Girish & T. Maria Antonita

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Das, T.P., Hasan, M., Megala, S. et al. Indian space science missions. Nat Rev Phys 3 , 722–723 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-021-00390-7

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Essay on India in Space

Students are often asked to write an essay on India in Space in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on India in Space

Introduction.

India’s journey in space research began in 1962 with the Indian National Committee for Space Research. Its mission: to use space technology for national development.

ISRO’s Formation

Moon and mars missions.

India made history with the Chandrayaan-1 in 2008, discovering water on the moon. In 2014, the Mars Orbiter Mission made India the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit.

Future Plans

ISRO plans to explore Venus and the Sun’s corona, demonstrating India’s growing prowess in space.

250 Words Essay on India in Space

Introduction to india’s space journey, major milestones in india’s space exploration.

India’s journey in space exploration has been marked by significant milestones. The launch of the first satellite, Aryabhata, in 1975 marked the beginning of India’s independent space journey. However, the launch of Chandrayaan-1 in 2008, which discovered water molecules on the moon, and the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) in 2013, which made India the first Asian country to reach Martian orbit, are testaments to the country’s advanced scientific capabilities.

Current Endeavours and Future Prospects

Currently, India is working on several ambitious projects. Gaganyaan, India’s first manned space mission, aims to send astronauts into space by 2022. The Aditya-L1 mission, set for 2022, intends to study the Sun’s corona.

India’s space journey is not only about exploring the cosmos but also about leveraging space technology for societal benefits. With advancements in communication satellites, remote sensing, and satellite navigation, India is using space technology for disaster management, weather forecasting, telemedicine, and education.

India’s space journey has been a blend of scientific curiosity, national pride, and societal development. With its future missions, India is set to further its reputation as a major player in global space research and exploration. The journey of India in space is a testament to the power of a vision, scientific rigor, and indomitable determination.

500 Words Essay on India in Space

India’s journey into space is a fascinating narrative of ambition, determination, and scientific advancement. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), established in 1969, has been the driving force behind India’s space exploration, transforming the nation from a developing country to a significant player in the global space community.

ISRO’s Early Years and Achievements

Technological advancements and mars mission.

ISRO’s technological prowess increased over the decades, culminating in the successful launch of the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also known as Mangalyaan, in 2013. This mission made India the first Asian country to reach Mars and the first in the world to do so on its maiden attempt. The mission was not merely a demonstration of India’s technological capabilities, but it also contributed to the global understanding of Mars, with findings about the planet’s atmosphere and surface.

Chandrayaan Missions and Lunar Exploration

India’s lunar exploration program, Chandrayaan, has also received international acclaim. Chandrayaan-1, launched in 2008, made a significant discovery of water molecules on the lunar surface. Chandrayaan-2, despite a setback in the soft landing attempt, has provided valuable data about the lunar surface and will pave the way for future missions.

The Commercial Aspect: Antrix Corporation

Recognizing the commercial potential of space technology, ISRO established Antrix Corporation in 1992. Antrix has successfully commercialized ISRO’s capabilities in satellite technology and launch services, providing cost-effective solutions to international clients and contributing to the global space economy.

Future Prospects: Gaganyaan and Beyond

India’s space journey represents a blend of scientific curiosity, technological prowess, and a vision for societal development. It is a testament to the nation’s capabilities and potential. As India continues to explore the vast expanse of space, it not only contributes to global scientific knowledge but also inspires future generations to dream big and strive for excellence.

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

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Flash News: ISRO completes its RLV technology demonstrations through LEX trio

Flash News: Chairman, ISRO Shri Somanath S. was LIVE on Instagram, recently

Flash News: Reusable Launch Vehicle Landing Experiment from off-nominal initial conditions is successfully accomplished.

Flash News: ISRO Chairman was LIVE on Instagram recently.

Flash News: INSAT-3DS begins imaging the Earth.

Flash News: Our Instagram isro.dos

Press Release

Come, become a part of the workforce of the nation's prestigious space agency-be it in the technical or administrative areas? ISRO has several openings for recruitment to a plethora of posts. All recruitment notices will be published here.

ISRO committed to encourage students in creating awareness in the space technology and applications.They are the future hopes for applying technologies for social and economic up-liftment of the country.Several programmes are conceived for students to engage in STEM activities and learning.

This is a portal that carries all notifications related to tenders, corrigendums etc.for procurement related activities of all ISRO Centres spread across the country. It will be a frequently updated portal.

Latest News

Thailand Ambassador met ISRO Chairman

Shri suresh gopi, hon’ble minister of state, meets shri s. somanath, chairman, isro, lvm3 m3 upper stage re-enters atmosphere: mission debrief, gsat-n2: enhancing india's broadband infrastructure, aditya-l1’s suit and velc capture solar fury, trishna mission: advancing high-resolution thermal imaging for climate and resource management, handholding start-ups: towards a vibrant space ecosystem, visit of french delegation to isro, the ambassador of the united states to india visited isro, high energy x-ray modulation discovered in swift j1727.8-1613 black hole with astrosat, isro captures the signatures of the recent solar eruptive events from earth, sun-earth l1 point, and the moon, yuva vigyani karyakram (yuvika-2024) - inauguration, isro successfully conducts long-duration hot tests of additive manufactured liquid engine., successful ignition test on semi cryogenic pre-burner ignition test article (pita), space science roadmap formulation meeting, satellite technology day – 2024 at ursc, isro develops lightweight carbon-carbon nozzle for rocket engines, enhancing payload capacity, isro facilitates indian start-up's rocket motor test, announcement inviting project proposals from indian researchers under nices programme, pslv accomplishes zero orbital debris mission, isro achieves yet another success in the rlv landing experiment, the ambassador of norway to india visited isro hq, insat-3ds begins imaging the earth, danish parliamentarians visited isro/dos officials, hon'ble prime minister of india shri narendra modi visited vssc, honourable prime minister lays the foundation stone for india's second spaceport, minister of austria met chairman, isro / secretary, dos, sweden minister met chairman isro/ secretary dos, papa payload aboard aditya-l1 detects solar wind impact of coronal mass ejections, successful completion of human rating of ce20 cryogenic engine for the gaganyaan programme, polix onboard xposat commences its observations, gslv-f14/insat-3ds mission, insat-3ds satellite flagged off to sdsc-shar, poem-3 mission achieves all its payload objectives, sspace/iist lends tracking support to space startup, successful deployment of magnetometer boom on aditya-l1 in halo orbit, instrument on chandrayaan-3 lander started serving as a location marker near lunar south pole, inauguration of second generation distress alert terminal, xspect payload performance verified with cas a observation, halo-orbit insertion of aditya-l1 successfully accomplished, flight demonstration of si-gr anode based high energy density li-ion cells, isro’s fuel cell flight tested in pslv c58, respond basket 2023 –released, text book on finite element analysis released, aditya-l1's suit captures full-disk images of the sun in near ultraviolet wavelengths, returns to home earth: chandrayaan-3 propulsion module moved from lunar orbit to earth's orbit, aditya-l1's aspex instrument begins its measurements, high commissioner of australia met chairman, isro / secretary, dos, nasa administrator visited isro centres, kazakhstan vice minister visited isro/dos centres and had a meeting with chairman, isro/ secretary, dos, ambassador of france to india met chairman, isro/ secretary, dos, isro celebrates diamond jubilee of first sounding rocket launch, inauguration of capacity building programme on "geospatial technologies and applications" by hon'ble mos, dos dr. jitendra singh, announcement of opportunity (ao) for capacity building in space based disaster management support, jpl director visits isro hq, re-entry of cryogenic upper stage of lvm3 m4, isro robotics challenge-ursc 2024 (iroc-u2024): inviting indian students to join space exploration, ambassador of republic of tunisia met chairman, isro / secretary, dos, productionisation of pslvs: industry delivers the propellant ingredients, 20 years of excellence: irs-p6 celebrates historic anniversary, first crew module for gaganyaan test flight takes shape, an assessment of space situation around sun-earth lagrange point l1, ch-2 orbiter synthetic aperture radar images ch-3 lander, current space situation around the moon – an assessment, nisar utilization programme (nisar up) for indian researchers, nrsc/isro honoured with esri sag award 2023 for outstanding application of gis technology in landslide inventory, amateur astronomers in isro capture rare celestial event with minimal equipment, announcement of opportunity (ao cycle 13) soliciting proposals for astrosat observatory time, rozgar mela: 330+ appointment orders issued till december 2022.

ISRO Portals

Recent Updates

Launched on: February 17, 2024

PSLV-C58/XPoSat Mission

Launched on: January 01, 2024

Gaganyaan TV-D1 Mission

Launched on: October 21, 2023

PSLV-C57/Aditya-L1 Mission

Launched on: September 02, 2023

PSLV-C56/DS-SAR Mission

Launched on: July 30, 2023

LVM3-M3 / OneWeb India-2 Mission

Launched on: March 26, 2023

India G20 Presidency

PSLV-C54/EOS-06 Mission

Launched on: November 26, 2022

Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav

Autonomous bodies.

ISRO Centres & Units

IN-SPACe NSIL

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Write an essay on contribution of Indian Space Research Organisation in Indian space programme.

Indian national committee for space research (incospar) was called by department of atomic energy in $$1962$$, led by popular scientist homi jahangir bhabha. it was re-established in $$1969$$ as isro (indian space research organization). in india, manufacturing of satellites, development and launching are done by isro. dr. vikram ambalal sarabhai is credited to start indian space programme. space and planets related research and development works are being carried out with the help of space based experiments done by isro. dr. a.p.j. abdul kalam played a vital role in manufacturing indian satellite launching vehicle during working on many important projects of isro. nowadays, india become self-reliant in manufacturing of the high standard satellite launching vehicle. america and others also use indian satellite launching vehicles to launch their artificial satellite. isro has launched more than $$50$$ satellites of other countries. isro’s centres are all over india. its main launching centre is at sriharikota (shar) near chennai. national center for space related research is physical research laboratory at ahmedabed (prl). vikram sarabhai space centre is located at thiruvananthapuram. a remote sensing centre is also located at jodhpur, rajasthan to study the obtained maps, information and other data, etc. from artificial satellites..

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• Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets

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• IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology

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