essay on effects of drug abuse on youth

Essay on Impact of Drugs on Youth

Students are often asked to write an essay on Impact of Drugs on Youth in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Impact of Drugs on Youth

Introduction.

Drugs have a significant impact on youth, affecting their health, education, and social relationships.

Health Consequences

Drugs can damage a young person’s physical and mental health. They can lead to addiction, organ damage, and mental disorders.

Educational Impact

Drugs can impair a youth’s ability to concentrate and learn, leading to poor academic performance.

Social Effects

Drug use can lead to isolation from friends and family, and involvement in illegal activities.

The impact of drugs on youth is profound. It’s crucial to educate them about the dangers to prevent drug abuse.

250 Words Essay on Impact of Drugs on Youth

The impact of drugs on youth is a topic of significant concern, affecting individuals, families, and communities worldwide. The youth, being the most vulnerable demographic, are particularly susceptible to the harmful effects of drug use.

The Allure of Drugs

The allure of drugs for young people often stems from a desire to fit in, escape reality, or experiment. Peer pressure, social media influence, and the thrill of rebellion can all contribute to the initiation of drug use. This early exposure can lead to addiction, impacting their physical, mental, and social health.

Physical Impact

Drugs can have devastating physical effects on young bodies. They can hinder growth, affect brain development, and lead to long-term health problems like heart disease and cancer. Moreover, drug use can lead to risky behaviors, increasing the likelihood of accidents, violence, and sexually transmitted diseases.

Mental Impact

On the mental front, drug use can exacerbate or trigger mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis. It can also impair cognitive abilities, memory, and academic performance, limiting a young person’s potential for success.

Social Impact

Socially, drug use can lead to isolation, strained relationships, and a loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities. It can also lead to legal issues, reducing opportunities for future employment and education.

The impact of drugs on youth is profound and far-reaching, affecting all aspects of their lives. It is essential to educate and support our youth, providing them with the tools to resist the allure of drugs, and promoting healthy, drug-free lifestyles.

500 Words Essay on Impact of Drugs on Youth

The global landscape of drug abuse and addiction is a complex issue that has significant implications on the youth. The impact of drugs on youth is far-reaching, affecting not just their physical health, but also their mental well-being, academic performance, and future prospects.

The Physical Consequences

The first and most apparent impact of drugs on youth is the physical damage. Substance abuse can lead to a host of health problems, ranging from liver damage, cardiovascular diseases, to neurological issues. Furthermore, drugs can interfere with the normal growth and development processes, particularly during the critical adolescent years when the body undergoes significant changes.

Mental Health Implications

Drugs do not only harm the body, but also the mind. Regular drug use can lead to mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis. It can also exacerbate pre-existing mental health conditions. Moreover, substance abuse can impair cognitive functions, including memory, attention, and decision-making capabilities, which are vital for academic success and overall life management.

The social implications of drug use among youth are equally significant. Substance abuse can strain relationships with family and friends, leading to isolation and loneliness. It can also lead to delinquency, crime, and a general disregard for societal norms and values. This damage to their social fabric can have long-term consequences, affecting their ability to form meaningful relationships and contribute positively to society.

Educational and Career Impact

Substance abuse can severely impact a young person’s educational attainment and future career prospects. The cognitive impairments caused by drug use can lead to poor academic performance, lower grades, and increased likelihood of dropping out. This, in turn, can limit their career opportunities and earning potential, trapping them in a cycle of poverty and substance abuse.

Prevention and Intervention

Given the severe implications of drug abuse, it is crucial to invest in prevention and intervention strategies. These could include comprehensive drug education programs, early detection and intervention efforts, and providing access to counselling and rehabilitation services. A multi-faceted approach that involves parents, teachers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers can make a significant difference in mitigating the impact of drugs on youth.

In conclusion, the impact of drugs on youth is a multifaceted issue that extends beyond the individual to families, schools, and communities. It is a pressing problem that requires collective effort and commitment to address. By understanding the depth of its impact, we can better equip ourselves to combat this issue and pave the way for a healthier, more productive future for our youth.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

• Essay on Say No to Drugs
• Essay on Drug Addiction Among Students
• Essay on Effects of Drugs on Society

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Teenage Drug Addiction: An Overview

• Substance Use Statistics
• Why Teens Use Drugs
• Drug Effects
• Specific Health Risks
• Symptoms and Warning Signs
• Four Stages of Addiction

Many teens experiment with substances but don’t continue to use them. For some adolescents, however, trying a substance like alcohol, marijuana, or illicit drugs leads to regular use. Once withdrawal and cravings set in, a teen dealing with addiction and dependence may not be able to stop using a substance, even if they want to.

Caregivers can prevent teen drug abuse by knowing the signs and talking to their children about the consequences of using substances. This article reviews statistics, risk factors, health effects, signs, and treatment for teenage  drug addiction .

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Teenage Substance Use Statistics

Public health experts track the rates of substance use in people of all ages. One group that they pay particular attention to is teens.

Basic Statistics

Here are some of the key statistics from the Monitoring the Future survey, which has been tracking youth substance use in the United States for over 40 years.

In 2023, here’s how many teens in the U.S. reported any illicit drug use in the last year:

• Eighth graders: 10.9%
• 10th graders: 19.2%
• 12th graders: 31.2%

In addition:

• By the time they reach 12th grade, 21.3% of teens have tried an illicit drug at least once.
• From 2016 to 2020, drug use among eighth graders increased by 61%.
• In a year, around 4,477 15-to-24-year-olds die of illicit drug overdoses (about 11.2% of all overdose deaths are in this age group).

Substances Used

Here is how many teens reported using a specific substance in the last year:

• Eighth graders: 15.1%
• 10th graders: 30.6%
• 12th graders: 45.7%
• Eighth graders: 8.3%
• 10th graders: 17.8%
• 12th graders: 29%
• Any illicit drugs:
• 10th graders: 19.8%
• 12th graders: 31.2 %
• Cigarettes:
• Eighth graders: 5.8%
• 10th graders: 9.4%
• 12 t thgraders: 15%
• Vaping nicotine (e-cigarettes):
• Eighth graders: 11.4%
• 10th graders: 17.6%
• 12th graders: 23.2%

Prescription Medications

Alcohol is the most commonly abused substance among teens, but rates of nicotine and prescription medication abuse are increasing. Examples of prescription drugs teens may misuse include stimulants like Adderall and benzodiazepines like Xanax .

What Causes Teens to Use Drugs?

The reasons why any person uses drugs are complex, and the same is true for teens. Wanting to fit in with peers, feeling overwhelmed by their changing brains and bodies, and pressure to perform in school or sports are just a few reasons why teens may start experimenting with drugs. Teens may not seek drugs out but are instead introduced to substances by someone they know, such as a friend, teammate, or even a family member.

In addition, teens often don’t know or understand the dangers of substance abuse. They may see occasional use as being safe and don’t believe they could become addicted to drugs or face consequences. They may also assume that they can stop using if they want to.

Other risk factors for drug use in teens include:

• Family history of substance use 
• Academic pressure
• Adverse childhood events ( ACES )
• Lack of supervision
• Mental health disorders
• Peer pressure
• Desire to escape (e.g., external situation like home life or internal situation like complex feelings)
• Social acceptance (e.g., fitting in with peers)
• Low  self-esteem
• Increased access to substances
• Transitional periods (e.g., starting puberty or attending a new school)

While drug use can lead to mental health disorders, sometimes it’s the other way around. Teens may use substances to self-medicate or numb emotional pain.

What Are the Effects of Using Drugs During Adolescence?

The body sends out a “feel good” chemical called  dopamine  when using a substance. This response tells the brain that it is worth using the substance again to get that feeling. As a result, a person starts having cravings for the substance. Addiction happens when cravings don’t stop,  withdrawal  occurs without the substance, and use continues even when there are negative consequences. Since the physical and mental urge to use is so strong, it becomes very hard to stop using a substance.

Teenagers who misuse substances can experience drug dependence ( substance use disorder ). Developmentally, adolescents are at the highest risk for drug dependence and severe addiction.  

Effects on Brain Development and Growth

The human brain continues to develop until about the age of 25. Using substances during adolescence can change brain structure and negatively affect brain functions like learning, processing emotions, and decision-making. It can also lead to the following:

• More risky behaviors : Substance abuse makes teens more likely to engage in risky behaviors like unprotected sex (or "condomless sex") or dangerous driving.
• Higher risk for adult health problems : Teenagers who abuse substances have a higher risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, and sleep disorders.
• Mental health disorders : It is common for teens with substance abuse disorders to have mental health conditions (and vice versa).
• Impaired academic performance : Substance use affects a teen’s concentration and memory, which may negatively affect their schoolwork.

Substance Misuse and Mental Health

A study showed that 60% of teens in a community-based substance use treatment program were also diagnosed with a mental health disorder.

What Are the Health Risks of Drug Abuse?

Drug and alcohol use can lead to substance use disorder as well as the specific health risks of the substance being abused.

Alcohol use can lead to an increased risk of:

• Liver disease, cirrhosis, and cancer
• Heart disease and stroke
• Depression 
• Lack of focus 
• Alcohol poisoning
• Increased risky behavior

Alcohol Statistics

In the United States, 29.5 million people ages 12 and older have an alcohol use disorder.

Marijuana can impair concentration, worsen mental health, interfere with prescription medications, lead to risky sexual behaviors, or contribute to dangerous driving. Smoking marijuana can also negatively affect lung health.

Marijuana is often thought of as not being "as bad" as other drugs and, in some cases, even good for you. However, marijuana can be harmful to teens because their brains are still developing. Marijuana use in teens is linked to difficulty with problem-solving, memory and learning issues, impaired coordination, and problems with maintaining attention.

Vaping and Edible Marijuana Use Is on the Rise

Recent data shows a shift from teens smoking marijuana to using vaping devices and edibles instead.

Opioids include legal prescription medications such as hydrocodone, oxycontin, and fentanyl, as well as illegal drugs such as heroin. These drugs carry a high risk of overdose and death. The annual rate of opioid overdose deaths for those aged 15 to 24 years is 12.6 per 100,000 people.

Over-the-Counter and Prescription Medications

Over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications can be misused more easily than others because they’re often easy for teens to obtain. Diet pills, caffeine pills, and cold and flu products with dextromethorphan are just a few examples of OTC substances teens may use. They may also have access to family member’s prescriptions for drugs like opiate painkillers and stimulants or get them from friends who do.

There are serious health risks to misusing OTC cold and cough products, including increased blood pressure, loss of consciousness, and overdose. There can also be legal issues if a teen is using someone else’s prescriptions.

Tobacco can lead to multiple chronic illnesses, including:

• Lung disease 
• Heart disease
• Vision loss
• Decreased fertility

E-Cigarettes (Vaping)

Vaping  is attractive to teens because e-cigarettes are often flavored like fruit, candy, or mint. These products may contain nicotine or other synthetic substances that damage the brain and lungs. The teenage brain is vulnerable to the harmful effects of nicotine, including anxiety and addiction.

E-cigarettes come in a variety of shapes and sizes and might be disguised as everyday items, such as:

• USB Flash Drives
• Hoodie (sweatshirt) strings
• Smartwatches
• Toys (e.g., fidget spinners)
• Phone cases

Cocaine  carries a risk of overdose and withdrawal. It causes decreased impulse control and poor decision-making. Withdrawal symptoms from cocaine include restlessness, paranoia, and irritability. Snorting cocaine can cause nosebleeds and a loss of smell. Using cocaine can lead to heart attacks, lung problems, strokes, seizures, and coma.

Cocaine Can Be Fatal With First Use

There have been reports of people dying the first time they use cocaine, often from sudden cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, or seizures.

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Ecstasy is a stimulant that causes an increased heart rate, blurred vision, and nausea. It can also lead to brain swelling, seizures, and organ damage.

Ecstasy is also known as:

Inhalants are fumes from gases, glue, aerosols, or solvents that can damage the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, and liver. Using inhalants even once can lead to overdose, suffocation, seizures, and death.

Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine (crystal meth) is a highly addictive stimulant that has multiple health consequences, including:

• Severe weight loss
• Lack of sleep
• Dental problems
• Change in brain structure
• Paranoia and hallucinations

Disease Transmission Risk

Injecting drugs with shared needles increases the risk of contracting HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.

What Are the Signs a Teen Is Using Drugs?

Being on the lookout for drug paraphernalia and signs and symptoms of drug abuse can help adults recognize at-risk teens. 

Behavioral warning signs of drug use in teens include:

• Personality changes 
• Irritability 
• Difficulty sleeping
• Inappropriate or odd behavior (e.g., laughing randomly)
• Loss of interest in hobbies or extracurricular activities
• Avoiding eye contact
• Acting secretive or like they’re hiding something
• Staying out late
• Social withdrawal (e.g., from family, friends)
• Poor academic performance
• Hanging out with new friends or no longer hanging out with their usual friend group
• Poor hygiene
• Skipping school
• Isolation (e.g., staying in their room, refusing family meals)

Not All Warning Signs Indicate Drug Use

These warning signs do not necessarily mean a teen is using drugs. Other health problems like allergies, sinus infections, hormone imbalances, or mental disorders can also cause these symptoms in teens.

Physical signs  of drug use in teens may include:

• Persistent cough
• Dilated pupils
• Increased or decreased energy
• Sleeping all the time or not at all
• Mood swings
• Memory problems
• Talking very fast or slowly
• Runny nose or nosebleeds
• Increased/decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Smells like smoke or alcohol (e.g., on clothes, skin, or breath)

Other than behavior and physical signs in a teen, you should also be aware of objects that can be used to do drugs. Examples of drug paraphernalia include:

• Mirrors with white powder
• Razorblades
• Rolled dollar bills
• Crack pipes and spoons
• Needles and syringes
• Rolling paper

Substance Abuse Screening

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that teens be screened at each annual medical exam appointment with questionnaires that ask them about substance use and their knowledge of the risks.

What Are the Four Stages of Drug Addiction?

You should also be aware of the four stages of addiction. The earlier teen drug use is recognized, the sooner they can get help.

• Experimentation: A teen tries one or more substances. Some teens will only try a substance once. Others will continue to experiment and increase their use.
• Regular or “social” use: A teen begins to use one or more substances regularly. At this stage, they may limit their use to just when they’re with friends or only in situations where they feel it’s needed—e.g., before a test.
• Risky use: A teen continues to use a substance that they have regularly been using, even if it’s caused problems for them at school, at home, and in their relationships. They crave the substance, both physically and mentally. At this stage, the substance has become central to a teen’s life, and they’ll take risks to get and use it.
• Dependence and Addiction: A teen is addicted to a substance, and most of their time and energy is devoted to getting and using it. At this stage, they would need intervention and treatment to quit, as they may not be able to stop on their own, even if they wanted to. 

How Can Parents Prevent Teenage Drug Use?

While they may not express it, teens do value bonds with the adults in their lives. Nurturing that connection with them includes being involved in their lives and having open, honest communication. 

How to Talk to Your Teen About Drug Use

Open communication starts by showing an interest in and talking to your teen about everything. This dialogue builds trust and respect, making it easier for you to talk about difficult topics.

Giving teens your undivided attention, without distractions, helps them feel special and heard. This quality time could be during chores, dinner, walks, car rides, or a fun family game night.

Here are some general tips to keep in mind when you’re talking about drugs with your teen:

• Stay curious and show interest.
• Ask open-ended questions.
• Actively listen.
• Don’t interrupt.
• Give compliments.
• Stay up late to talk.
• Chat over their favorite food. 

If you’re trying to start a conversation with your teen because you think they may be using drugs, their response to being confronted will determine how you’ll need to approach the conversation.

If your teen admits to using drugs, stay calm. Be supportive and willing to listen. Find out as much as you can about their drug use—what substances they’re using, how often they’re using them, and how they’re getting them. Be clear that the risks of drugs are serious and that drug use will not be tolerated. At the same time, make sure that you reassure your teen that you love them and that you want to help.

If your teen denies using drugs and you think they are lying , communicate the negative consequences of drug and alcohol use. Be clear that you want them to be safe and that experimenting with substances is dangerous—even if it’s just one time. If you are not able to keep the line of communication open with your teen, talk to their healthcare provider. They can help connect you to resources and support you in taking more decisive action, like drug testing.

Other Strategies

Talking to your teen openly and often is key, but there are also other steps you can take:

• Model responsible behavior for them.
• Stay involved with their activities but let them express their boundaries.
• Meet their friends and their parents.
• Teach them how to make good decisions when under pressure.

Protect Teens From Prescription Medications

Prescription drugs are generally safe when they're taken as prescribed. However, any time a person takes medication for reasons other than what they were prescribed for, it is considered medication abuse. Strategies to protect teens from prescription medication misuse include:

• Storing prescription medications in a safe place
• Locking up controlled substances 
• Getting rid of old medications

Safe Medication Disposal

Do not dispose of medications by flushing them down the toilet or pouring them down the sink. Medications can be crushed and mixed into the trash (to keep them away from children and pets) or returned to your local pharmacy or community drug take-back program.

Drug Addiction Treatment for Teens

Even if the adults in their lives try to prevent it, some teens will develop substance use disorders. Support for teens with drug addiction includes treating withdrawal or underlying mental health conditions, and addressing emotional needs, usually with a qualified mental health professional such as a psychiatrist or psychologist.

Treatment for teens experiencing substance use disorder includes a combination of the following:

• Outpatient clinics
• 12-step programs
• Inpatient mental health or substance use units 
• Medications
• Therapy (individual, group, or family)

Substance Use Helpline

If your teen is struggling with substance use or addiction, contact the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helpline at 1-800-662-4357 for information on support and treatment facilities in your area.

If you are having suicidal thoughts, dial 988 to contact the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline and connect with a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911 .

For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database .

Talk to your teen’s healthcare provider about what treatment would be best for them. Here are a few topics to discuss:

• Underlying health problems
• Benefits of treatment
• Credentials of team members
• Side effects 
• Family involvement
• Schoolwork during treatment
• Length of treatment
• Follow-up care

Experimenting with drugs or alcohol is tempting for teenagers because they may not know or understand the dangers of using substances—even just once. Academic pressure, low self-esteem, and peer pressure are just a few factors that increase their risk of substance use.

Caregivers need to have an open line of communication with their teens and teach them about the risks of using drugs. It’s also important to know the signs of drug use and intervene early to help teens who are at risk for or have already developed substance use disorders.

While drug use may increase the risk of mental health disorders, it’s also important to note that these disorders can lead to substance abuse to self-medicate or numb the emotional pain. If you suspect that a teenager is experiencing either, consult a pediatrician or mental health professional as soon as possible. 

Frequently Asked Questions

Depending on the substance and severity, a tube may be placed through the nose to suction drugs from the stomach. Activated charcoal is given through the tube to bind with the drug to release it from the body, decreasing the amount released into the bloodstream. If an antidote (reversal agent) such as Narcan is available for that substance, it may be given. 

National surveys from the National Institute on Drug Abuse show adolescent drug use rates have remained steady. However, the survey’s detected a shift in the types of drugs used by teens. Alcohol is still the most often abused substance, but the rates are decreasing. Instead, nicotine use and misuse of prescription medications are on the rise.  

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By Brandi Jones, MSN-ED RN-BC Jones is a registered nurse and freelance health writer with more than two decades of healthcare experience.

Drug Abuse among Teenagers Causes and Effects

Introduction, causes of drug abuse, effects of drug abuse, works cited.

Drug and substance abuse amongst teenagers is a global menace. Millions of youths are seriously engaging in drug and substance abuse posing a threat to the future generation. Youths across the world have now tested all kinds of drugs including cigarettes and alcohol to hard drugs like cocaine, cannabis, and heroin (Newcomb, Scheier, and Bentler 230).

The rates of drug abuse have been increasing over the decades. World drug report estimates indicate “Over 153 million and 300 million people aged 15-64 of the world’s population have consumed illicit drugs” (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime 48). Several organizations and initiatives have emphasized on this issue and tried to put strategies to handle it. Drug abuse among youths and teenagers has been eminent in almost all countries in the world cutting across developed countries to developing countries including famous countries and states like the US, Germany, and China.

According to Newcomb, Scheier, and Bentler (215), some of the commonly abused drugs by adolescents include alcohol, cigarettes, cannabis, and cocaine. Youths have been doing drugs and thus creating serious addiction that further interferes with their personal as well as affecting people close to them. Despite acknowledging the adverse effects of drug abuse, youths have continuously kept on abusing drugs. Therefore, this essay seeks to identify major causes and effects related to drug misuse in teenagers.

There are numerous causes of drug abuse identified and tested empirically, viz. peer pressure, parental influence, and socio-economic aspects among others. Beginning with peer pressure, several studies have examined how peer pressure is a contributing factor in teenage drug abuse. Conventionally, individuals in most cases are normally defined with what happens within their environment. Most youths like associating themselves with groups commonly known as peer groups.

The United Nations Office on Drug and Crime indicates, “Most people obtain their first dose of illicit drugs from a friend, family member, or romantic partner” (91). In this context, a small number of drug users in a group will probably influence the rest of the members into consuming drugs. In most cases, human beings are greatly influenced by the living environment in which they spend most of their time. Peer groups develop within one’s immediate environment and in youth schools, neighborhoods and social clubs tend to influence the formation of peer groups.

Family structure and family behavior influence personal attributes. Most modern families tend to adopt elegant living styles influenced by westernization. A family living with traditional manners is mostly associated with naivety. In this modern world, cultural values have eroded consequently leading to a decline in social norms.

Bahr, Hoffman, and Yang observed social theories and concluded that family and peer relationships are important in examining causes of drug abuse, since they play significant roles in determining the attitudes and behaviors of individuals (530). In fact, with the increasing migration and urbanization rates, strong traditional family ties are gradually corroding and the traditional value systems are losing their importance in the modernized world. Most parents are nowadays spotted drinking alcohol and openly using drugs in the presence of their children. Squeezed urban centers also force this association.

Socio-economic status is another denotative cause of drug abuse. Globally, population rates are growing at alarming rates with several economical challenges experienced. Unemployment is one of the major influential factors for drug trafficking and illicit drug abuse. Due to the existing situation of unemployment across the globe, especially in developing countries, people are looking for alternative means of survival (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime 87-88).

As a result, individuals end up engaging in drug trafficking businesses thus reducing the gap between international barons and local drug vendors and consequently making the drugs easily accessible to teenagers. The high rates of unemployment amongst youths have consequently compelled them to engage in drug trafficking and illicit drug abuse.

However, unemployment is not the only socio-economic factor that pushes teenagers and youths into drug abuse and addiction. Others include inequalities in earnings and disposal funds given to youths in developed countries, which influence drug abuse in most youngsters. The funds given to young people are a catalyst for drug abuse and addiction if not used appropriately with due responsibility. On inequality in earnings, people earning meager salaries may be tempted to engage in drug trafficking as aforementioned.

Drug abuse is a dangerous activity that is associated with several devastating repercussions. People accustomed to drug abuse suffer numerous side effects ranging from psychological to social consequences. In terms of health, drug abuse leads to psychological disorders. Newcomb, Scheier, and Bentler posit, “Mental health problems are often observed in among drug abusers” (215). The psychological impacts of drug abuse can appear immediately or even later in the abuser’s life. Clinically examined there is a great relationship between drug abuse and psychopathology.

Clinical evidence indicates that intense drug use has psychopathology effects before, during, and even after getting treatment and undergoing rehabilitation (Newcomb, Scheier, and Bentler 215). Since the adolescent stage is a crucial phase in human development, drug abuse amongst youths and teenagers consequently results in mental disorders including posttraumatic disorders and emotional syndromes among others. These disorders affect personal development and growth and can result in adverse long-term negative effects on their adult life.

Drug abuse has on numerous occasions associated with the spread of the most threatening infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS. According to the United Nations Office on Drug and Crime, “of the estimated 16 million people who inject drugs, about 3 million are living with HIV” (16). People have found themselves contacting the deadly disease while under the influence of drugs. Apart from acquiring infectious diseases while a person is under influence, drug abuse involves the sharing of personal items.

According to a recent world report, “Injecting drugs carries a high risk of infection with blood-borne viruses such as HIV, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B, and the sharing of contaminated needles and syringes is an important mode of transmission for those viruses” (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime 15). On several occasions, doctors and physicians have identified drug abuse as one of the major causes of the spread of infectious diseases. Drug abuse generally leads to careless living thus forcing individuals to engage in other dangerous activities including unprotected sex, prostitution, crime and violence, which increase the risk of HIV infection.

Globally, drug abuse has influenced drug related deaths amongst youths, popularly known as premature deaths. Drug abuse has been the major cause of deaths that result from accidents that occur when youths are driving, or even having fun. Main accidental deaths relating to drug abuse include suicidal cases, road accidents resulting from driving under the influence of drugs, murder cases, unintentional overdose, unintended infections, and even trauma (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime16).

Youths involved in drug abuse tend to gain the confidence to engage in life-threatening activities because of the effect of hallucinations caused by drug consumption. According to the United Nations Office on Drug and Crime, the world drug report estimates that, globally, between 99,000 to 253,000 deaths resulting from accidents in the year 2010 resulted from drug abuse (16). It is very traumatizing to identify that of these deaths, over 77.9 cases of such deaths were people aged between 15-64 years, youths inclusive.

Drug abuse among youth is definitely a global predicament. Several factors have influenced teenagers to engage in drug abuse. Peer pressure is a contributing factor towards teenage drug abuse with those used to drug abuse influencing others into it. Family structure and family behavior influences drug abuse since most parents have adopted western culture leading to erosion of social norms, which are important in shaping youth behaviors. Globalization and rural-urban migration have been contributing to this predicament.

Socio-economic factors including unemployment have influenced drug abuse among youngsters, with several unemployed citizens finding possible ways of surviving. Unemployment leads to individuals engaging themselves in drug abuse and trafficking. Drugs abuse results in several negative consequences. Such repercussions may include psychopathology disorder, posttraumatic disorders, increased risks of HIV/AIDS infection and even an increase in death-related accidents. Drug abuse is still the most challenging thing and may remain troublesome if the relevant authorities will not put stringent measures to arrest the situation.

Bahr, Stephen, John Hoffmann, and Xiaoyan Yang. “Parental and Peer Influences On the Risk of Adolescent Drug Use.” Journal of Primary Prevention 26.6 (2005): 529-550. Print.

Newcomb, Michael, Lawrence Scheier, and Pauline Bentler. “Effects of Adolescent Drug Use on Adult Mental Health: A prospective Health Study of a community Sample.” Journal of American Psychological Association 1.4 (1993): 215 241. Print.

United Nations Office on Drug and Crime. World Drug Report United Nations . New York: United Nations Publications, 2012. Print.

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Drug Abuse and Its Negative Effects Essay

Introduction, works cited.

One of the consequences of using drugs is, eventually, an individual becoming addicted. Addiction refers to a neuropsychological disorder that involves persistently feeling an urge to engage in particular behaviors despite the significant harm or negative effects. The psychology that explains addiction covers many areas, such as an illness or personal problem, an effect of someone’s lifestyle, family history, or socioeconomic demographics. This paper aims to highlight what the field of psychology says about the negative effects of drugs and why people continue using despite the consequences.

Using drugs once does not necessarily mean someone will never consume them again. In most cases, the drugs contain elements that can cause a person to become addicted. From a psychological perspective, it is important to understand how people enter into addiction. At the root of addictive behavior is a level of emotional stress deeply hidden within someone’s subconscious mind, and addressing it becomes a challenge. To relieve stress, pleasure is discovered in excess (Bechara 100). An example is when people choose to drink alcohol to ease their pain and ultimately find fun.

Stopping the behavior is a danger to someone’s mental state as they fear returning thoughts of the initial source of emotional stress. When a person is addicted, it suggests they lack healthy coping methods for the problem. The only mechanisms are distracting as well as unhealthy such as substance usage. Individuals dealing with addiction do not care about what matters since what is important to them is the desire to do something when that stress appears (Bechara 101). Some can stop their behaviors as their emotional stress does not manifest as among the addictive behaviors. Meanwhile, for others, their drug usage indicates an issue they may not have known and needs treatment. This leads to associative learning, which refers to learning to do something according to a novel stimulus.

Associative Learning

It is regarded as associative learning when an individual finds and takes drugs and ultimately gets high. The concept can be further explained using Ivan Pavlov’s experiment, where he rang a bell to call a dog and then rewarded it with food (Fouyssac and David 3015). A specific part of the brain controls associative learning, which it does via a neurotransmitter named dopamine. Dopamine is produced naturally by the brain when an individual does something rewarding or pleasurable.

The dopamine effect is a survival mechanism whereby eating or drinking feels good. It ensures continuity of life, family, and species in general. The element’s production is among the key drivers behind sex since, as much as the act is rewarding and pleasurable simultaneously, it is needed for survival (Fouyssac and David 3015). The main effect is that it creates a memory of the experience, which pushes people to seek the feeling again. People forget about the negative effects of drugs due to the moments of pleasure. As mentioned earlier, it is most likely that someone who uses the drug once will consume it again. The feeling established, regardless of how long, is enough to convince a person to forget everything they know concerning the negative effects and pursue a minute or two of a great time.

The paper has highlighted what the field of psychology says about the negative effects of drugs and why people continue using despite the consequences. It has been established that, in most cases, individuals experience addiction due to the pursuit of stress relief. Using the logic of the dopamine effect, once someone experiences something pleasurable or rewarding to them, they are most likely to pursue that feeling again. Eventually, it becomes impossible to convince them against the drugs as their desire to end their problem is more than the need to remain healthy.

Bechara, Antoine, et al. “A Neurobehavioral Approach to Addiction: Implications for the Opioid Epidemic and the Psychology of Addiction.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest, vol. 20, no. 2, 2019, p. 96–127.

Fouyssac, Maxime, and David Belin. “Beyond Drug‐Induced Alteration of Glutamate Homeostasis, Astrocytes May Contribute to Dopamine‐Dependent Intrastriatal Functional Shifts That Underlie the Development of Drug Addiction: A Working Hypothesis.” European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 50, no. 6, 2019, p. 3014-3027.

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THE PREEMINENT MENTAL HEALTH AND SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER TREATMENT PROGRAMS FOR ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS

What are the Effects of Drug Abuse on Youth? 

When a person uses drugs, a chemical reaction takes place within the brain. Depending on the drug, a user may experience a surge of dopamine (the “happy” hormone), which causes an intense wave of euphoria. Or, the drugs imitate the brain’s natural neurotransmitters and change the way a user’s body processes information. This can lead to an array of different effects, like powerful sensory experiences, feelings of relaxation, hallucinations, and changes in perception or sense of time. It can also trigger negative reactions, like panic and paranoia, increased body temperature, heart palpitations, breathing problems, and incoordination. These short-term effects of drug use will vary, depending on the type of drug used. However, drugs of abuse have something in common: they can pose the risk for long-term effects on a person’s physical and mental health. This is particularly true for youth, who are at a critical stage of brain development. 

Right now, you may be curious to learn about the long-term effects of drug abuse, and whether it is really posing a risk to your (or your loved one’s) health. You may be a parent of a teenager or young adult and concerned that their “recreational” drug use may lead to more serious consequences. No matter your situation, it is important to understand the effects of drug abuse on youth, and how that can impact one’s long-term health and well-being. This guide will break it all down for you. 

The Effects of Drug Abuse on Youth 

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), substance abuse can affect the brain development and growth of youth. It can also lead to risky behaviors, like driving under the influence, and contribute to a series of serious health problems, both mental and physical. Drug abuse in adolescence can also heighten one’s risk for overdose, or lead to long-term problems with drug use. 

Of course, different drugs will have different effects on users. Some drugs, for example, are opioids, which pose risk for respiratory depression. Meanwhile, stimulant drugs like cocaine can cause heart attacks and strokes. Marijuana, on the other hand, poses risk for learning and memory deficits. These are just some examples of the risks and longer-term effects of drugs, generally.  

Below are examples of the common effects of drug abuse on young people. 

Physical Effects of Drug Use on Youth 

Again, the physical effects of drugs vary depending on the substance used. SAMHSA , the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, cites the following, common health consequences of drugs: 

• Dangerously high body temperatures 
• Irregular heartbeat/heart palpitations 
• Heart attack or failure 
• Sleep disorders 
• Drowsiness 
• Slowed breathing 
• Respiratory depression 
• Slurred speech 
• Shallow breathing 
• Disorientation 
• Lack of coordination 
• Seizures upon withdrawal 
• Impairment in memory, learning, concentration, and problem-solving 
• Hallucinations 
• Psychosis later in life (associated with early use) 

Mental Effects of Drug Use on Youth 

• Poor Judgment:   

A short-term effect of drug use, teens under the influence will display poor judgment. This is due to the effects that drugs have in the brain. Poor judgement may carry through to personal choices and social interactions. 

• Declines in Academic Performance:   

Substance use in youth often leads to poor academic performance. Those who use drugs often skip school, struggle with concentration, or are not able to retain information as quickly or easily. Additionally, studies show that teens who use drugs experience reduced motivation, which can play a role in their overall performance a school. 

• Dependence on Drugs:   

Research shows that youth who use drugs at an early age – specifically before their brains are developed – will develop an increased risk for substance dependency. This is because adolescents’ and young adults’ brains are not fully developed. When drugs are introduced at an early age, they interfere with the brain’s progress. They change the chemical makeup , and commonly will create a sense of dependency on drugs to function or feel good. Teens who use drugs regularly are likely to develop a substance addiction later in life. 

• Mental Health Disorders:   

Similarly, when drugs interfere with the brain’s development at a young age, there becomes an increased risk for mental health disorders. The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that “mental health problems such as depression, developmental lags, apathy, withdrawal, and other psychosocial dysfunctions frequently are linked to substance abuse among adolescents.” Additionally, youth who use drugs are at greater risk of developing conduct problems, violent behaviors, suicidal thoughts, attempted suicide, and self-harm behaviors.  

Other Long-Term Risks of Drug Use for Youth 

In addition to the physical and mental effects of teen drug use, there are many negative consequences that drugs can bring to a young person’s life. When drugs are used, it changes the way the brain thinks, rationalizes, controls impulses, and makes decisions. It interferes with a person’s ability to make good choices. Therefore, teens become more likely to make rash decisions, without thinking about the long-term costs. Teens who use drugs are more likely to experience the following negative effects. 

• Criminal records that cannot be expunged 
• Car accidents due to impaired driving 
• DUI charges 
• Assault charges 
• Damaged relationships with friends and family due to drug and alcohol use 
• Withdrawal from family, friends, and once-loved activities 
• Sexually transmitted diseases, due to unprotected sex 
• Unplanned pregnancies, also due to unprotected sex 
• Increased risk of violent behaviors and fights 
• Negative attitude towards work, school, or other obligations 
• Wasted academic opportunities 
• Delayed or deferred career opportunities 
• Skipping out on work and school obligations 
• Dropping out of school and other discipline problems 
• Financial loss and distress, for those who become addicted to drugs 

The effects of drugs listed in this blog are by no means exhaustive, but this guide is designed to show you just some of the many negative effects that drugs can have on adolescents and young adults. 

Most significantly, substance use – particularly at a young age – can lead to fatal consequences. As reported by the Office of Justice Programs, “Disproportionate numbers of youth involved with alcohol and other drugs face an increased risk of death through suicide, homicide, accident, and illness.”  

If you or your loved one is using drugs or considering using drugs, know that the effects can be serious and critical. It is up to you to educate yourself, seek help, and make a difference. If you are concerned about your loved one’s drug use, and specifically its development into a mental health or addictive disorder, please do not hesitate to seek help. Early intervention can be vital to your loved one’s health and well-being. It is never too early to seek treatment, but it can be too late. 

Parents can play a critical role in helping their children onto a healthier path. If you are a parent, the best way to help your teen in this moment is to create an open dialogue at home. Talk to your teen about the dangers of drug use and the risks of drugs on their health. Ask your teen questions, such as have they ever tried drugs, or do their friends use drugs? These open, honest, and non-judgmental questions can establish a sense of trust between parents and their children. This, in turn, can help you become a greater support, alliance, and advocate for your child when they need you most. 

Learn about the common causes of teen drug use here.  

If your child is displaying concerning signs of drug abuse , dependence, or other mental health issues, the best thing you can do is seek help. Talk to your family doctor or reach out to a treatment professional. Turnbridge is just one call away. We are a mental health and addiction treatment center for youth, with dedicated programs for adolescents, young men, and young women struggling. We are here for you. Call 877-581-1793 to learn more.  

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Substance abuse among high school learners in a rural education district in the Free State province, South Africa

Kebogile e. mokwena.

1 Department of Public Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa

Nomkanka J. Setshego

Associated data.

Data may be available when requested from the corresponding author, K.E.M., according to data-sharing principles of Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University.

In South Africa, many studies conducted on substance abuse among in-school youth focus on urban areas. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that rural areas are experiencing an increase in substance abuse, though there is dearth of studies in these areas.

This study used a quantitative design to collect data from 629 high school learners who were in Grades 10 and 11 in public schools in rural Free State Province, to determine the prevalence of, and factors associated with substance use.

The sample consisted of 46% males and 54% females. Their ages ranged from 14 to 20 years, with a mean of 16.9 years. The prevalence of substance abuse was 47% ( n = 295) with alcohol consumption, cigarette and dagga smoking being the most common substances used. Socio-demographically, age and gender were significantly associated with substance abuse. While behavioural variables of physical fights, serious problems with parents and friends, poor academic performance, trouble with police, having sex without condom, and having sex and regretted the next day were significantly associated with substance abuse ( p = 0.05).

The prevalence of substance abuse is very high for this rural school community, which highlights the need to pay attention to rural schools regarding substance abuse challenges.

Introduction

South Africa has a high rate of substance abuse among young people, which includes both in and out of school youth. Despite reported stigma and associated reluctance to seek treatment for substance abuse, 1 an increase in young people aged 20 years seeking treatment for substance abuse, 2 is an indication of the gravity of the problem. Variations in the trends of substance use have been reported between urban and rural youth, 3 with substance use among learners in urban area being more than those in rural areas. 4 However, rural areas are increasingly experiencing problems of adolescent substance use. 5

Substance abuse among learners is associated with a range of criminal acts, 6 , 7 which includes violence and bullying. 8 , 9 It has also been associated with a range of mental disorders 10 ; while socially, it is associated with social disorganisation, deviant behaviour, and social interaction with deviant groups, 11 depending on which substances are used. Risky sexual behaviours are also likely to manifest into sexually transmitted infections.

In the school environment and academic context, substance abuse has been associated with challenges in school discipline, 12 appetitive aggression 7 and other classroom management challenges. 13 These frustrate the achievement of intended education outcomes, and result in poor academic performance, including possible dropping out of school.

The social environment is often a significant determinant of substance abuse, 14 with adolescents being often influenced by their peers. 15 Other determinants of drug use among young people include: curiosity, sense of growing up, amount or lack of parental discipline and monitoring, and family cohesion. 16 Availability and easy access of illicit drugs within the community or the household, 17 economic hardship, high unemployment, lack of adequate social support networks, pressure to meet daily family needs, family conflicts, 18 were all associated with use of illicit drugs.

In the context of schooling, substance abuse has been significantly associated with poor academic performance, 19 which often results in dropping out of school. 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 The perceptions that rural areas experience less substance abuse among learners often result in inadequate attention being paid to such areas. With the precise intention of expanding substance abuse studies to areas other than cities, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of substance abuse, as well as explore the associations between substance abuse and a range of demographic variables among learners in a rural school district of Free State Province, South Africa.

Methodology

Study design.

A cross-sectional quantitative survey, using a self-developed questionnaire, was conducted among learners attending local high schools in the rural school district of Free State Province, South Africa.

Study setting

The study was conducted at high schools at Setsoto local municipality, Thabo Mofutsanyane District of the Eastern Free State, which is largely rural. The municipality is comprised of four rural towns namely Clocolan/Hlohlolwane, Marquard/Moemaneng, Senekal/Matwabeng, and Ficksburg/Meqheleng. According to the Census 2011, the municipality has a population of 1 10 335, and of those aged 20 years and above approximately 8.7% have no formal schooling, 22.6% have completed matric, and 6.9% have some form of tertiary education. Agriculture is the main economic activity in the municipality, and the unemployment rate of those aged between 15 and 34 is high at 46%.

Study population and sample

The study population was high school learners in public schools of Setsoto municipality. There are eight public schools in the sub-district, and using the hat method, four schools from each rural town were randomly selected. An additional school was used for the pilot study. The estimated population of Grades 10 and 11 in the eight schools is 2100.

Sample and sampling technique

The sample consisted of learners who were in Grades 10 and 11 at the time of data collection. From estimated population size of 2100 from eight schools, the Raosoft sample calculator was used to determine a minimum sample for the study. Using a 5% margin of error, a confidence level of 95% and a distribution of 50%, a minimum sample size of 323 was calculated. Because a survey was used, in which all learners willing to participate in the study were invited, 800 learners in 42 classrooms participated, but 629 were analysed, with the rest having missing information of more than 10%.

Recruitment

Recruitment was done at the identified school, with the researcher addressing the Grades 10 and 11 learners by telling them about the study and requesting them to participate. Those who agreed to participate were given letters for their parents to provide informed consent.

Data collection tool

An English self-administered questionnaire, which was modified from a risk behaviour survey, was used to collect data. The tool was pilot tested among 20 learners at another school before data collection. The tool collected learner-related demographic data like age, gender, grade, and whether they have ever repeated a class, as well as the socio-economic data of the family, such as employment status of parents, highest education attained by the parents and who the participants live with. Substance use related data collected included the substances of current use, age at which they first experimented with substances, use of substances in their social environment and ease of access of substances. Behaviour related data included whether they were involved in physical fights, were in trouble with police, were engaged in risky sexual behaviour, (such as having sex without using a condom or having sex and regretted it the next day), and problems with parents and friends.

Data collection

On the day of data collection, learners whose parents had provided the informed consent were assembled in the school hall or classroom and an explanation about the study was repeated. The learners were given an opportunity to ask questions or seek clarification. Informed consent was administered to learners who were over the age of 18, while learners under the age of 18, whose parents had provided consent, were requested to provide assent by signing the appropriate forms. The data collection tool was then distributed to all the learners. Adequate time was given to complete the questionnaires, and the learners left the venue after all had completed the process.

Data analysis

The data were captured into Microsoft Excel and transported to STATA version 13 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse socio-demographic data prevalence of substance use, and these were reflected in the form of frequencies and percentages. Chi-square test was used to explore associations between a range of demographical variables and substance abuse among the sample. Statistical significance was set at ≤ 0.05.

Validity, reliable and bias

At sub-district district level, selection bias was minimised by random selection of schools. The use of the survey at school minimised selection bias as all learners in the selected grades who were prepared to participate were included in the study. The questionnaire was pilot tested to identify any challenges before the actual data collection commenced.

Ethical considerations

Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University Research and Ethics Committee (number: SMUREC/H/95/2016). Permissions to conduct the study were obtained from the offices of the Provincial Department of Education, the Thabo Mofutsanyane District of Education, the Setsoto sub-district and the management of each participating school. Informed consent was obtained from parents for participants who were younger than 18 years of age, and these minors provided assent to participate in the study. Informed consent was obtained from participants who were 18 years and above.

Characteristics of the sample

Eight hundred (800) learners participated in the survey, and of these, 629 were analysed, with the others being excluded because of missing data of 10% or more. Of the 629 students whose data were analysed, more than half (55%) were in the age group 16–17 years followed by those aged 18 years and above (33%). Their ages ranged from 14 to 20 years, with a mean of 16.9.

Prevalence and type of substance use among learners

The prevalence of substance use among the study participants was 47%, and of those using substances, the highest proportion consume alcohol (87%) followed by cigarette (45%) and (24%) dagga smoking ( Table 1 ).

Prevalence and types of substance use among learners ( n = 295).

Note: The total exceeds 100% because some participants reported more than one substance.

Factors associated with substance use

The association between substance use and selected demographic characteristics are shown in Table 2 . Substance use significantly increased with age ( p < 0.05), while the prevalence was significantly higher among males than females (53% vs. 42%, p < 0.05). A significant higher proportion of the participants were introduced to substance use by friends ( p < 0.05). There was no statistical association between substance use and grades, employment status of the parent, and whether they stay with their parents or not.

Association between demographics and substance use.

Table 3 illustrates behaviours that were significantly associated with substance use.

Associations between behaviours and substance use.

The purpose of the study is to determine the prevalence of substance abuse, as well as explore the association between substance abuse and a range of demographic variables. The prevalence of substance abuse among this sample is high at 47%, which is close to the 47.9% reported in a similar sample in Ethiopia, 25 but higher than the 6% reported in another study conducted in a rural setting in South Africa. 4 The finding that many learners started using substances at a young age of 15 years confirms findings of a previous study conducted in South Africa. 16 Although cigarettes and alcohol are legal, they are still illegal for minors such as most of the sample. Of greater concern is the use of illicit drugs such as dagga, nyaope, ecstasy and cocaine, which indicates criminality as these are prohibited substances. Dagga is easily cultivated and commonly used in South Africa, and nyaope is a cocktail drug that has destroyed many lives among Black communities in South Africa because of its high addictive characteristics. 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30

Adolescents who use drugs have been reported to have significantly lower levels of psychological well-being and life satisfaction, 31 , 32 which implies mental and social risks for the sample. Although peer pressure may influence young people to use drugs, they still feel guilty and stigmatised by family and community, which increases the chances of social ill-health, 33 which increases the shame associated with the behaviour of using substance. 34 The challenge of substance abuse should therefore be understood comprehensively as a problem of adolescent social ill-health.

Males had a significant higher prevalence of substance use than females ( p = 0.007), which is similar to previous studies which reported that males were up to 10 times more likely to use substances than females. 35 , 36 The finding that older learners are more likely to use substances than younger ones is similar to a study conducted among learners in the Western Cape, which reported the odds ratio of 1.6 among older learners. 36 Also similar is the finding that substance use by other members of the household and friends, increases the risk of use among learners two-fold. 36 These findings highlight the need for comprehensive interventions to influence the comprehensive well-being of young people, especially among young learners. Such interventions also need a community component, 37 , 38 which is likely to improve the effectiveness of substance use prevention amongst learners, and thus improve the overall well-being of these young people.

Substance use has been shown to be associated with poor academic performance, 39 , 40 , 41 a serious barrier to reaching the goals of the education system. The finding of a significant association between substance use and risky sexual behaviour 42 confirms the negative impact of substance abuse on overall youth health.

The significant association of substance abuse with a range of anti-social behaviours of physical fights, serious problems with parents and friends, poor academic performance, trouble with police, having sex without condom and having sex and regretted the next day, all with p -values of 0.001, are similar to the findings reported in previous studies, which reported statistically significant associations ranging from p -values of 0.001–0.05. 36 , 43 These findings put substance abuse at the centre of various problems experienced at South African schools and communities. These associations also identify the need to target substance abuse as a barrier to overall social development because the outcomes, be they academic, physical health, social and/or mental have long-term implications for the affected learners.

Alcohol, cannabis and cigarettes were found to be the most commonly used substances, which is similar to another study conducted in Durban, South Africa. 44 The ease of access for these substances increases the levels of challenges as this cannot be addressed without the involvement of other sectors, including the law enforcement and behavioural scientists. The complexity of the situation also indicates the urgency of stakeholders to work together to develop interventions that are focused on both prevention and management. Currently, there are no such interventions accessible by the general learner in any South African public-school setting.

Despite the challenges of substance abuse in schools, it does not seem that the Department of Education has any specific intervention to address the problem, other than relying on the Life Orientation (LO) learning area, which aims to address a wide range of learner developmental areas. which include personal, psychological, neuro-cognitive, motor, physical, moral, spiritual, cultural and socio-economic areas. 45 However, the delivery of LO has been reported to have serious challenges because of constraints at the individual, interpersonal, school, and community levels. 46 Another shortcoming of LO as a resource for substance abuse is that it is general, and does not address personal experiences, 47 and therefore is limited in assisting learners with substance abuse challenges. Of serious concern is that the Department of Basic Education’s policy on management of substance abuse in schools is neither known nor implemented, 48 which implies that there is not much at school level that addresses the serious problem of substance abuse among learners.

Limitations of the study

As with other survey studies, 21% of the questionnaires could not be analysed because of missing data. However, the high response rate of 78% and a relatively large sample size of 629 counteracted the non-usable questionnaires. A limitation which applies to other survey studies is the response bias, in which the sample may under- or over-estimate the population parameter. However, this potential bias was minimised by sampling from various schools and more than one class in a school. Societal lack of approval of substance abuse by learners may have contributed to bias in their responses, but this was minimised by the privacy afforded to the participants, which meant that others would not have known about their responses.

The result of the study contributes to highlight the need for interventions to address the challenge of substance abuse in schools, which will improve the academic outcomes with long-term social and career impacts. As substance abuse is more of a societal rather than just a school’s challenge, the required interventions need not be limited to schools, but extend to other young people in communities, including rural areas.

Recommendations

It is recommended that the substance abuse problem be outsourced to public health and/or behavioural health specialist and not be left to the Department of Education, as this is not their focus areas. This will enable consistent application, monitoring and evaluation of such interventions, and enhance the implementation of necessary modifications.

Acknowledgements

Competing interests.

The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.

Authors’ contributions

J.N.S. conducted the study and initiated the draft manuscript. K.E.M. supervised the study and refined the manuscript. Both authors finalised the manuscript.

Funding information

The study and its publication were jointly supported by the DST/NRF/Nedbank Research Chair (Substance Abuse and Population Mental Health) grant (SARCI170807259060), and the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Mid-Career Scientists Programme grant (M052).

Data availability

The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any affiliated agencies of the authors.

How to cite this article: Mokwena KE, Setshego NJ. Substance abuse among high school learners in a rural education district in the Free State province, South Africa. S Afr Fam Pract. 2021;63(1), a5302. https://doi.org/10.4102/safp.v63i1.5302

Teen Drug Use, by the Numbers

Annual survey data points to which drugs and other substances are most commonly used among teenagers today.

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Alcohol, marijuana and nicotine through vaping remained the most commonly used substances among teens in 2023, according to a survey by Monitoring the Future.

It's an age-old worry among many parents: Is my kid using drugs?

Data shows why such concerns these days go beyond fretting over a teen potentially puffing on pot, with the rise of fentanyl fueling record-high fatal overdose totals in the U.S. and research pointing to the synthetic opioid’s deadly impact on youth .

But there’s also more positive news: Illicit drug use among American teens has held fairly steady around the lower levels reached in 2021, amid the school and societal disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Estimates from the most recent iteration of the annual Monitoring the Future survey also show significant increases in the shares of 10th- and 12th-graders who have never used alcohol, marijuana or nicotine, to approximately 54% and 38%, respectively.

The Monitoring the Future survey since 1975 has provided a national snapshot on the state of substance use among America’s adolescents and teens. The most recent drug use estimates were drawn from surveys of more than 22,000 students in eighth, 10th and 12th grade across 235 public and private schools.

The Top 10 Causes of Death in the U.S.

Here’s a look at some of the notable teen drug use data identified by the project.

Which Drugs and Substances Are Teens Using the Most?

Alcohol, marijuana and nicotine through vaping remained the most commonly used substances among teens in 2023, though at levels notably below what they were prior to the pandemic.

Approximately 29% of 12th-graders, 18% of 10th-graders and 8% of 8th-graders had used marijuana sometime over the previous 12 months in 2023 – rates that remained relatively unchanged since 2021 . Among all three grades combined, lifetime use of marijuana/hashish stood at 23%. The drops in marijuana use since the onset of the pandemic have marked the first substantial change in prevalence in over a decade, researchers said.

Meanwhile, the share of 12th-graders estimated to have used alcohol over the past 12 months decreased from 52% in 2022 to 46% in 2023. Past-year prevalence stood at 31% among 10th-graders and 15% among eighth-graders, while lifetime use among all students was 36%.

Nicotine vaping within the past year fell significantly among both 10th- and 12th-graders from 2022 to 2023, landing at 18% and 23%, respectively. It held fairly steady at 11% among students in eighth grade. Lifetime use among all three grades was 25%.

Other Drug and Substance Use Among Teens

Relatedly, lifetime cigarette use “trended slightly downward in all three grades” in 2023, according to a Monitoring the Future report on the latest survey results. Lifetime use among all grade levels was approximately 10%.

“Overall, cigarette prevalence in 2023 (was) at or near the lowest ever recorded by the survey since the start of the survey in 1975,” the report states.

Lifetime prevalence rates for other drugs across all three grade levels include:

• Cocaine - 1.1%
• Methamphetamine - 0.5%
• Heroin - 0.5%
• Hallucinogens (including LSD and psilocybin ) - 4%

Among 12th-graders, past-year prevalence rates for select drugs include:

• OxyContin - 0.6%
• Vicodin - 0.6%
• Ecstasy (MDMA) - 0.7%
• Ketamine - 1%
• Any prescription drug (without doctor’s orders) - 4.1%

Digging Into Delta-8, aka ‘Diet Weed’

New to the survey in 2023 was asking 12th-graders about their use of delta-8 THC, which is a variant of the main psychoactive compound in cannabis and has been referred to as “diet weed.” Legal at the federal level due to a legislative loophole but not in all states, delta-8 has become accessible in places like gas stations, smoke shops and convenience stores. It comes in various forms, including gummy candies and flavored vaping devices.

More than 11% of 12th-grade students used delta-8 over the past 12 months in 2023, according to MTF estimates. Prevalence of delta-8 use was found to be higher among teens who lived in states that had not legalized recreational marijuana for adults.

“Potential health effects of delta-8, including dependence, are currently unknown,” the report states.

Spike in Legal Use of ADHD Medications

The share of 12th-grade students who had ever legally used drugs to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder declined slightly in 2023 to 14.3% after jumping from 11% in 2021 to a high of 14.6% in 2022 – its largest single-year increase on record.

Lifetime prevalence among 8th-grade students declined from 12% in 2022 to 10% in 2023, while the percentage remained unchanged at close to 11% among 10th grade students in both 2022 and 2023.

“It is possible that the need for treatment of ADHD increased during the pandemic due to adolescents experiencing more stress during the pandemic,” the MTF report states. “Another possibility is that sheltering at home during the pandemic may have made any attention issues of adolescents more salient to their parents.”

Illicit Prescription Drug Use Down

Use of any prescription drug without a doctor’s orders among 12th-graders continued to hover around the lower level reached in 2021, after the pandemic took hold.

In 2023, the past-year prevalence of prescription medication use was 4% among 12th-grade students, compared with 5% in 2022 and 7.5% in 2020. Lifetime prevalence in 2023 was 8.5%, down from 14% in 2020.

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Tags: teens , drug abuse , drugs , surveys , opioids , alcohol , marijuana , cocaine , prescription drugs

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E-Cigarette Use Among Youth

What to know.

E-cigarettes are the most commonly used tobacco product among U.S. youth. No tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, are safe, especially for children, teens, and young adults. Learn more about e-cigarette use among youth.

• In the United States, youth use e-cigarettes, or vapes, more than any other tobacco product. 1
• No tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, are safe, especially for children, teens, and young adults. 2
• Most e-cigarettes contain nicotine, which is highly addictive. Nicotine can harm the parts of an adolescent's brain that control attention, learning, mood, and impulse control. 2
• E-cigarette marketing, the availability of flavored products, social influences, and the effects of nicotine can influence youth to start or continue vaping. 3 4
• Most middle and high school students who vape want to quit. 5
• Many people have an important role in protecting youth from vaping including parents and caregivers, educators and school administrators, health care providers, and community partners.
• States and local communities can implement evidence-based policies, programs, and services to reduce youth vaping.

E-cigarette use among U.S. youth

In 2023, e-cigarettes were the most commonly used tobacco product among middle and high school students in the United States. In 2023: 6

• 550,000 (4.6%) middle school students.
• 1.56 million (10.0%) high school students.
• Among students who had ever used e-cigarettes, 46.7% reported current e-cigarette use.
• 1 in 4 (25.2%) used an e-cigarette every day.
• 1 in 3 (34.7%) used an e-cigarette on at least 20 of the last 30 days.
• 9 in 10 (89.4%) used flavored e-cigarettes.
• Most often used disposable e-cigarettes (60.7%) followed by e-cigarettes with prefilled or refillable pods or cartridges (16.1%).
• Most commonly reported using the following brands: Elf Bar, Esco Bars, Vuse, JUUL, and Mr. Fog.

Most middle and high school students who vape want to quit and have tried to quit. 5 In 2020:

• 63.9% of students who currently used e-cigarettes reported wanting to quit.
• 67.4% of students who currently used e-cigarettes reported trying to quit in the last year.

Most tobacco use, including vaping, starts and is established during adolescence. There are many factors associated with youth tobacco product use . These include:

• Tobacco advertising that targets youth.
• Product accessibility.
• Availability of flavored products.
• Social influences.
• Adolescent brain sensitivity to nicotine.

Some groups of middle and high school students use e-cigarettes at a higher percentage than others. For example, in 2023: 6

• More females than males reported current e-cigarette use.
• Non-Hispanic multiracial students: 20.8%.
• Non-Hispanic White students: 18.4%.
• Hispanic or Latino students: 18.2%.
• Non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native students: 15.4%.
• Non-Hispanic Black or African American students: 12.9%.

Many young people who vape also use other tobacco products, including cigarettes and cigars. 7 This is called dual use. In 2020: 8

• About one in three high school students (36.8%) who vaped also used other tobacco products.
• One in two middle school students (49.0%) who vaped also used other tobacco products.

E-cigarettes can also be used to deliver other substances, including cannabis. In 2016, nearly one in three (30.6%) of U.S. middle and high school students who had ever used an e-cigarette reported using marijuana in the device. 9

• Park-Lee E, Ren C, Cooper M, Cornelius M, Jamal A, Cullen KA. Tobacco product use among middle and high school students—United States, 2022 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71:1429–1435.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. E-cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016. Accessed Feb 14, 2024.
• Apelberg BJ, Corey CG, Hoffman AC, et al. Symptoms of tobacco dependence among middle and high school tobacco users: results from the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey . Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(Suppl 1):S4–14.
• Gentzke AS, Wang TW, Cornelius M, et al. Tobacco product use and associated factors among middle and high school students—National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2021 . MMWR Surveill Summ. 2022;71(No. SS-5):1–29.
• Zhang L, Gentzke A, Trivers KF, VanFrank B. Tobacco cessation behaviors among U.S. middle and high school students, 2020 . J Adolesc Health. 2022;70(1):147–154.
• Birdsey J, Cornelius M, Jamal A, et al. Tobacco product use among U.S. middle and high school students—National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2023 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72:1173–1182.
• Wang TW, Gentzke AS, Creamer MR, et al. Tobacco product use and associated factors among middle and high school students—United States, 2019 . MMWR Surveill Summ. 2019;68(No. SS-12):1–22.
• Wang TW, Gentzke AS, Neff LJ, et al. Characteristics of e-cigarette use behaviors among US youth, 2020 . JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(6):e2111336.
• Trivers KF, Phillips E, Gentzke AS, Tynan MA, Neff LJ. Prevalence of cannabis use in electronic cigarettes among U.S. youth . JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(11):1097–1099.

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