computer basics presentation download

Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C

Reema Thareja, Assistant Professor, Institute of Information Technology and Management

© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

1 st gen-1940-56

2 nd gen 1956-63

3 rd -64-71

4 th —72-89

5 th -mordern day

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SOFTWARE

• A computer is a machine that takes instructions and performs computations based on those instructions.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS

GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

The word generation means the state of improvement in the product development process. Similarly, computer generation refers to the different advancements of new computer technology.

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

The first generation computers used very large number of vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.

UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are prime examples of first-generation computing devices.

Advantages: Fastest calculating device of their time

Disadvantages:

1. Dissipate a lot of heat

2. Consume a lot of electricity

3. Very bulky in size

4. These computers were frequently down due to hardware failures.

5. These computers needed constant maintenance because of low mean time between failures

6. Limited commercial use because these computers were difficult to program

7. Very expensive

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

• The second generation computers were manufactured using transistors.
• While first generation computers were programmed using machine language, second generation computers moved towards symbolic, or assembly languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.
• At this time, high-level programming languages like COBOL, FORTRAN, ALGOL and SNOBOL were also being developed.
• Second generation computers were first to store instructions in memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
• Second generation computers were first developed for the atomic energy industry.

Advantages:

1. Consumed less electricity and thus dissipated less heat as compared to first generation computers

2. Faster, cheaper smaller and more reliable than first generation computers

3. Could be programmed using assembly language and high level languages

4. These computers had faster primary memory and a larger secondary memory

1. Second generation computers were manufactured using transistors that had to be assembled manually. This made commercial production of computers difficult and expensive.

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

• The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
• These computers had few megabytes of main memory and magnetic disks which could store few tens of megabytes of data per disk drive.
• High level programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN were standardized by ANSI
• Some more high level programming languages like PL/I PASCAL and BASIC were introduced at this time.
• Third generation computers were the first to implement time sharing operating systems.
• Input to these computers could now be provided using keyboards and mouse.
• Faster than second generation computers and could perform 1 million transactions per second.

2. Smaller, cheaper and more reliable than their predecessors

3. These computers had faster and larger primary memory and secondary storage

4. They were widely used for scientific as well as business applications

5. During this generation of computers, standardization of existing high level languages and invention of new high level languages was done

6. These computers had time sharing operating system which allowed interactive use of computer by one or more users simultaneously thereby improving the productivity of the users.

Fourth Generation (1971-1989) Microprocessors

• The microprocessor started the fourth generation of computers with thousands of integrated circuits built onto a single silicon chip.
• Semi-conductor memories were used which were very fast, even the hard disks became cheaper, smaller in size and larger in capacity.
• For input, floppy disks (in addition to magnetic tapes) were used to port data and programs from one computer to another.
• During this period many new operating systems were developed like MS-DOS MS-Windows UNIX and Apple’s proprietary operating system.
• Development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
• In this period, several word processing packages, spreadsheet packages and graphics packages were introduced.

1. Smaller, cheaper, faster and more reliable

2. Consumed less electricity and therefore dissipated less heat

3. They had faster and larger primary memory and secondary storage

4. They could be used as general purpose computers.

5. GUIs enabled people to learn to work with computers very easily. So the use of computers in both office and home became widespread.

6. Networks allowed sharing of resources thereby efficient utilization of computer hardware and software

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

• The fifth generation computers are completely based on a new concept of artificial intelligence.
• Although such computers are still in development, there are certain applications like voice recognition which is widely being used today.
• In the fifth generation of computers the aim is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
• The two most common are LISP and Prolog.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Computers can be broadly classified into four categories based on their speed, amount of data that they can hold and price.

Computers can be broadly classified into four categories based on their speed, amount of data that they can hold, and price .

Classification of Computers

Super Computer

Mini Computers

Mainframe Computers

Micro Computers

Intelligent Terminal

Dumb Terminal

Workstation

Cellular Telephones

H/PC Pro Devices

APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS

• Word Processing
• Digital Audio or Video Composition
• Desktop Publishing
• Traffic Control
• Legal System
• Retail Business
• Travel and Tourism
• Business and Industry
• Weather Forecasting
• Online Banking
• Industry and Engineering
• Decision Support Systems
• Expert Systems

BASIC ORGANIZATION OF A COMPUTER

A computer is an electronic device which basically performs five major operations which includes:

1) accepts data or instructions (input)

2) stores data

3) process data

4) displays results (output) and

5) controls and co-ordinates all operations inside a computer

CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT

Data and instructions

Flow of data and instructions

Control exercised by control unit

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The central processing unit (CPU, occasionally central processor unit) is the hardware within a computer system which carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, but their fundamental operation remains much the same. A computer as shown below performs basically five major operations or functions irrespective of their size and make. These are 1) it accepts data or instructions by way of input, 2) it stores data, 3) it can process data as required by the user, 4) it gives results in the form of output, and 5) it controls all operations inside a computer. We discuss below each of these operations. 1. Input: In computing, an input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or other information appliance. 2. Storage: Storage Devices are the data storage devices that are used in the computers to store the data. The computer has many types of data storage devices. Some of them can be classified as the removable data Storage Devices and the others as the non removable data Storage Devices. The memory is of two types; one is the primary memory and the other one is the secondary memory. The primary memory is the volatile memory and the secondary memory is the non volatile memory. The volatile memory is the kind of the memory that is erasable and the non volatile memory is the one where in the contents cannot be erased. Basically when we talk about the data storage devices it is generally assumed to be the secondary memory.

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Computer Basics.

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Presentation on theme: "Computer Basics."— Presentation transcript:

Basic Computer Vocabulary

Click the mouse to advance the presentation. Press Esc key to close. Vocabulary Crossword 1-1.

Computer Hardware Software Network Peripheral devices Input Breaking codes Modeling weather systems Mainframe Server System unit CPU Input Devices Data.

REVIEW FOR SOME WELCOME TO THE COMPUTER!. WHY ARE COMPUTERS IMPORTANT?

Information flow inside the computer IT skills: none IT concepts: computer components (input devices, output devices, memory, storage and CPU), program.

Computer components This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial- Share Alike 3.0 License. Skills: none IT concepts: computer.

Hardware For your computer. Definition First! Hardware is the equipment that processes data to create information. This includes Keyboard Monitor Printer.

COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS ACTIVITY

Parts of a Computer.

Computers They're Not Magic! (for the most part)‏ Adapted from Ryan Moore.

Computer Basics Flashcards #2

Instructions Slides 3,4,5 are general questions that you should be able to answer. Use slides 6-27 to answer the questions. Write your answers in a separate.

Input, Output, Processing and Storage

Welcome to the Computer!

Keyboarding Fall  Hardware is the parts of the computer that you can actually see and touch, such as…… Monitors Mouse Keyboard Ear phones Scanner.

Parts of the Computer.

Fill in the blanks on your note.

Introduction to Computers I A presentation of the Elmhurst Public Library.

Vocabulary Test Review Directions: (Press F5 to start) 1.Click the mouse or use the arrow keys to get to the next slide. 2.Answer the question in your.

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Basic Computer Fundamentals

Oct 02, 2014

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Basic Computer Fundamentals. What Is a Computer?. A computer is a programmable machine with two principal characteristics: It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).

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Presentation Transcript

What Is a Computer? • A computer is a programmable machine with two principal characteristics: • It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. • It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).

Modern Computers Are Electronic and Digital. They Can Be Described in Terms Their Hardware and Software. THE MODERN COMPUTER

Hardware Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips.

HARD DISK AND DRIVE

K E Y B O A R D S

USB TO MIDI

EXTERNAL STORAGE

Software Software exists as ideas, concepts, and symbols, but it has no substance.

Books provide a useful analogy. The pages and the ink are the hardware, while the words, sentences, paragraphs, and the overall meaning are the software. A computer without software is like a book full of blank pages -- you need software to make the computer useful just as you need words to make a book meaningful.

Computers Use Random Access Technology - Data Can Be Accessed in Any Order at Any Time Regardless of Storage Position or Time of Creation.

The Language of Computers • Binary: the digital language of computers. This language is composed of an alphabet containing only 2 “letters” known as bits. Any work done on a modern computer from word processing to digital audio is translated to this language.

Digital Letters and Words • Bit: the smallest form of information in the language of computers. It is represented as a zero or a one. A bit can be considered a letter in the digital language of binary. • Byte: a “word” of information in binary. It is made of a number bits determined by the bit rate. 8 bits is usually = 1 byte on modern computers.

Bit Rate • Bit rate: the number of “letters” or bits in a digital word or byte. An example of a 16 bit digital word in binary could be (01010101 10101010).

Example • 8 bits = 1 byte • 1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (210) • 1024 kilobytes = 1 megabyte (220) • 1024 megabytes = 1 gigabyte (230)

Important Hardware • CPU - abbreviation of central processing unit, the CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the processor or central processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.

Clock Speed • Clock speed - also called clock rate, the speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions. Every computer contains an internal clock that regulates the rate at which instructions are executed and synchronizes all the various computer components. The faster the clock, the more instructions the CPU can execute per second.

Bus • A bus is a collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another. You can think of a bus as a highway on which data travels within a computer. There are various types of busses, both internal and external, that connect the hardware, inside and outside, the computer. • Like the CPU, busses have a clock speed. A fast bus allows data to be transferred faster, which makes applications run faster.

HARD DISK (Storage Device) • The hard disk is a magnetic disk on which you can store computer data. The term hard is used to distinguish it from a soft, or floppy, disk. Hard disks hold more data and are faster than floppy disks. A hard disk, for example, can store anywhere from 10 to more than 100 gigabytes, whereas most floppies have a maximum storage capacity of 1.4 megabytes.

RAM Vs. ROM (Memory) • Is an acronym for random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; That is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers.

RAM Vs. Rom • In common usage, the term RAM is synonymous with main memory, the memory available to programs. For example, a computer with 300M RAM has approximately 2400 million bytes of memory that programs can use. In contrast, ROM (read-only memory) refers to special memory used to store programs that boot the computer and perform diagnostics. In fact, both types of memory (ROM and RAM) allow random access. To be precise, therefore, RAM should be referred to as read/write RAM and ROM as read-onlyRAM.

Important Software • The operating system software is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs.

Peripherals • Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices.

PERIPHERALS

Applications • Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called applicationprograms, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run.

Connectivity • USB Short for universal serial bus, is an external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of 12 mbps (megabits per second). A single USB port can be used to connect up to 127 peripheral devices, such as mice, modems, and keyboards.

Plug and Play • USB also supports Plug-and-Play installation and hot plugging. Also referred to as Hi-Speed USB, USB 2.0 is an external bus that supports data rates up to 480 Mbps. USB 2.0 is an extension of USB 1.1. USB 2.0 is fully compatible with USB 1.1 and uses the same cables and connectors. (Two of the contacts carry data — one for each direction; the other two supply 5 VDC and a ground. Standard MIDI cables carry information in only one direction on a single data wire.)

FIREWIRE A very fast external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of up to 400Mbps (in 1394a) and 800Mbps (in 1394b). Products supporting the 1394 standard go under different names, depending on the company. Apple, which originally developed the technology, uses the trademarked name FireWire. Other companies use other names, such as i.link and Lynx, to describe their 1394 products.

More Fire • A single 1394 port can be used to connect up 63 external devices. In addition to its high speed, 1394 also supports isochronousdata -- delivering data at a guaranteed rate. This makes it ideal for devices that need to transfer high levels of data in real-time, such as video devices. Like USB, 1394 supports both plug-and-play and hot plugging, and also provides power to peripheral devices.

Even More • Like USB, FireWire lets you hook things up to a computer. Unlike USB, however, FireWire will run quite happily without a computer. That makes it ideal for situations in which a computer would be unnecessary, such as in permanent audio installations like theaters or churches. It also gives FireWire another advantage, because devices can talk directly to each other without having to go through a computer's operating system.

The Mac Lab: Computer And Peripherals • Digidesign Mbox • Korg X5D • Iomega 250 Mb zip drive • Midi to USB interface • USB hub • Keyboard / mouse

Digidesign Mbox • USB digital interface for ProTools software allows: • Analog to digital conversion by way of microphone, line and instrument inputs • Digital to analog conversion to headphone and line outputs • Digital transmission by way of SPDIF (Sony Phillips digital interface) input/output

Korg X5D • Digital synthesizer

Iomega 250 Mb Zip Drive • External Storage Device

Midi to USB Interface • Converts midi messages to USB

USB Hub • Provides multiple ports

Keyboard / Mouse • USB data entry devices

THE MAC LAB SET UP • COLOR CODE for diagram: BLUE – USB GREEN – MIDI RED – AUDIO

The Mac Lab USB MIDI AUDIO

YUP THAT’S IT!

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