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Writing Up Your Research Project

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T1 - Writing Up Your Research Project

AU - MacIntosh, Robert

AU - Farrington, Thomas

AU - Sanders, John William

PY - 2015/9/1

Y1 - 2015/9/1

N2 - For many people, their dissertation represents the largest piece of written work they will have had to produce to date. Writing tens of thousands of words is a qualitatively different problem than writing shorter essay or assignment style pieces. With scale comes the challenge of making sure that the document as a whole flows, is clearly structured and reads like a single integrated piece. In reality, you will find yourself writing different sections at different times sometimes months apart. It is not uncommon for these different sections to vary slightly in focus, structure or tone and this can mean that the final project reads as somewhat disjointed. The problem is that both projects and writing styles differ, so there is no single recipe for success. The research topic, methods, supervisors and your own way of working are all key aspects of developing a high quality document that will be assessed against the kinds of criteria set out in appendix 2. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight a few key points about the process of writing up your research project, as distinct from the process of doing the research itself, and offer some advice on writing effectively. Though obviously interrelated, it is worth teasing these two tasks apart since it can make the whole process more productive. The chapter begins with a look at mapping out your writing, before offering suggestions on how to find your focus and maintain it. The chapter then looks at overcoming writer’s block, rewriting and editing, and the use of technology. This is followed by a series of writing tips, before the chapter concludes with some practical advice on the relationship between you and your supervisor.

AB - For many people, their dissertation represents the largest piece of written work they will have had to produce to date. Writing tens of thousands of words is a qualitatively different problem than writing shorter essay or assignment style pieces. With scale comes the challenge of making sure that the document as a whole flows, is clearly structured and reads like a single integrated piece. In reality, you will find yourself writing different sections at different times sometimes months apart. It is not uncommon for these different sections to vary slightly in focus, structure or tone and this can mean that the final project reads as somewhat disjointed. The problem is that both projects and writing styles differ, so there is no single recipe for success. The research topic, methods, supervisors and your own way of working are all key aspects of developing a high quality document that will be assessed against the kinds of criteria set out in appendix 2. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight a few key points about the process of writing up your research project, as distinct from the process of doing the research itself, and offer some advice on writing effectively. Though obviously interrelated, it is worth teasing these two tasks apart since it can make the whole process more productive. The chapter begins with a look at mapping out your writing, before offering suggestions on how to find your focus and maintain it. The chapter then looks at overcoming writer’s block, rewriting and editing, and the use of technology. This is followed by a series of writing tips, before the chapter concludes with some practical advice on the relationship between you and your supervisor.

M3 - Chapter

SN - 978-1-910158-12-8 Hbk

SN - 978-1-910158-13-5 Pbk

T3 - Global Management Series

BT - Research Methods for Business and Management

A2 - O'Gorman, Kevin

A2 - MacIntosh, Robert

PB - Goodfellow Publishers

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A LaTeX template for writing a thesis according to Heriot-Watt University guidelines

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Environmental Science: Nano

Practical considerations to optimize aquatic testing of particulate material, with focus on nanomaterials †.

* Corresponding authors

a Experimental Ecology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany E-mail: [email protected]

b LyondellBasell, Delftseplein 27E, 3013 AA Rotterdam, Netherlands

c Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, Heriot Watt University, The Avenue, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK

d Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands

e Toxicological and Environmental Risk Assessment Unit, Solvay SA, 1120 Brussels, Belgium

f Corteva Agriscience UK Ltd., 101 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK

g Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, USA

h Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch BV, Hambakenwetering 7, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands

i Hochschule Fresenius, Institute for Analytical Research, Limburger Str. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany

Aquatic testing of particulate materials (PMs), e.g. , nanomaterials (NMs) and microplastics (MPs), poses inherent challenges potentially hindering the application of existing test guidelines (TGs). Those TGs are primarily designed for hazard assessment of the dissolvable form of a material, whereas the guidance document on aquatic and sediment toxicological testing of NM (OECD Guidance Document 317) encourages the inclusion of potential colloidal fractions in the assessment. A prerequisite for the testing of PMs is the preparation of stable dispersions. However, testing difficulties may result from the fact that nano-scale PMs are inherently unstable when dispersed in test media, leading to the need for differentiation of potential chemical vs. physical effects caused by the tested material. Aquatic testing of unstable PMs will likely result in inconsistent and non-uniform uptake and exposure scenarios and thus effects observed in the respective test systems. Maintaining stable exposure conditions is often very challenging given the constantly changing size of the PM and its agglomerates, requiring observed endpoints to be based on measured concentrations and particle size distributions present in the water phase, while neglecting agglomerated and settled particulates. In this paper we describe the current state of PM-testing, demonstrate PM-specific challenges in aquatic testing ( e.g. , test duration, physical effects, instability, biodegradation, bioaccumulation) with a focus on NMs, considering a set of most relevant TGs, and provide proposed testing considerations to optimize aquatic testing of PMs.

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Practical considerations to optimize aquatic testing of particulate material, with focus on nanomaterials

S. Luederwald, J. Davies, T. F. Fernandes, A. Praetorius, J. Sergent, K. Tatsi, J. Tell, N. Timmer and S. Wagner, Environ. Sci.: Nano , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D4EN00056K

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Thesis examination

Guidance for postgraduate researchers.

Once your examiners have been approved and all the appropriate forms for your initial thesis submission have been approved and you have uploaded your thesis, your thesis will then be sent to the approved internal examiner and external examiner(s).

You will be informed of your viva date by your School. After the viva takes place, the internal examiner and external examiner(s) send their reports to your School's Postgraduate Research Office. After you have submitted your final thesis, these reports are submitted to the Research Degrees Committee and the examiners' decision is considered.  You will be notified of your award approval in writing after this meeting.

Forms to be completed by Examiners

• Individual Examiner's Report form  (to be completed individually by all examiners in advance of the viva)
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Guidance and other documents for Examiners

• Handbook on Examining for Research Degrees
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• UK Quality Code, Chapter B7: External examining (October 2011)

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