cancer treatment essay

Essay on Cancer for Students and Children

500+ words essay on cancer.

Cancer might just be one of the most feared and dreaded diseases. Globally, cancer is responsible for the death of nearly 9.5 million people in 2018. It is the second leading cause of death as per the world health organization. As per studies, in India, we see 1300 deaths due to cancer every day. These statistics are truly astonishing and scary. In the recent few decades, the number of cancer has been increasingly on the rise. So let us take a look at the meaning, causes, and types of cancer in this essay on cancer.

Cancer comes in many forms and types. Cancer is the collective name given to the disease where certain cells of the person’s body start dividing continuously, refusing to stop. These extra cells form when none are needed and they spread into the surrounding tissues and can even form malignant tumors. Cells may break away from such tumors and go and form tumors in other places of the patient’s body.

Types of Cancers

As we know, cancer can actually affect any part or organ of the human body. We all have come across various types of cancer – lung, blood, pancreas, stomach, skin, and so many others. Biologically, however, cancer can be divided into five types specifically – carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia.

Among these, carcinomas are the most diagnosed type. These cancers originate in organs or glands such as lungs, stomach, pancreas, breast, etc. Leukemia is the cancer of the blood, and this does not form any tumors. Sarcomas start in the muscles, bones, tissues or other connective tissues of the body. Lymphomas are the cancer of the white blood cells, i.e. the lymphocytes. And finally, melanoma is when cancer arises in the pigment of the skin.

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Causes of Cancer

In most cases, we can never attribute the cause of any cancer to one single factor. The main thing that causes cancer is a substance we know as carcinogens. But how these develop or enters a person’s body will depend on many factors. We can divide the main factors into the following types – biological factors, physical factors, and lifestyle-related factors.

Biological factors involve internal factors such as age, gender, genes, hereditary factors, blood type, skin type, etc. Physical factors refer to environmental exposure of any king to say X-rays, gamma rays, etc. Ad finally lifestyle-related factors refer to substances that introduced carcinogens into our body. These include tobacco, UV radiation, alcohol. smoke, etc. Next, in this essay on cancer lets learn about how we can treat cancer.

Treatment of Cancer

Early diagnosis and immediate medical care in cancer are of utmost importance. When diagnosed in the early stages, then the treatment becomes easier and has more chances of success. The three most common treatment plans are either surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy.

If there is a benign tumor, then surgery is performed to remove the mass from the body, hence removing cancer from the body. In radiation therapy, we use radiation (rays) to specially target and kill the cancer cells. Chemotherapy is similar, where we inject the patient with drugs that target and kill the cancer cells. All treatment plans, however, have various side-effects. And aftercare is one of the most important aspects of cancer treatment.

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Cancer Treatment Research

The Importance of Cancer Treatment Research

Research on the treatment of cancer is fundamental to improving outcomes for all patients affected by the disease. Treatment advances, in combination with innovative diagnostic tools, are leading to therapies that are increasingly tailored to the cancer’s unique traits.

But despite the tremendous progress made in recent decades in treating many types of cancer, effective therapies are still lacking for some cancers, including liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and certain types of adult and pediatric brain cancer. And even when effective therapies are available, these often stop working as the cancer develops resistance to the treatment.

Also, many people with cancer experience severe side effects of the disease and its treatment. Some of these toxic effects have long-term consequences, including an increased risk of a second cancer . For childhood cancer survivors in particular, the long-term effects of cancer treatment can have a lifelong impact on their quality of life.  

NCI-supported researchers are developing more effective and potentially less toxic treatments, such as targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and cancer vaccines, that are designed to spare healthy tissues more so than systemic treatments. In parallel, researchers continue to improve therapies that have existed for decades, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. And some studies test whether less intensive therapy, with fewer side effects during and after treatment, can still effectively treat cancer.

Thanks to NCI-funded research, patients with cancer have a greater number of therapeutic options than ever before, many of which are more effective and less toxic than earlier options. But more research is needed to ensure the most effective treatment possible, including better ways to use existing therapies in combination, while maintaining the highest possible quality of life for every individual with cancer.

Selected NCI Activities in Cancer Treatment Research

For more than 50 years, NCI has played an active role in cancer drug development—from conducting preclinical studies in the laboratory to testing potential therapies in humans.

NCI researchers conduct clinical trials to test cancer treatments at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD, and the institute sponsors trials at cancer centers, hospitals, and community practices around the country. The  Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP) functions as the institute’s primary clinical evaluator of new anticancer agents, radiation treatments, and surgical methods.

While many companies and institutions around the world conduct research on cancer treatments, NCI meets needs that industry does not. These include developing and testing treatments for rare cancers and conducting trials to test the safety and effectiveness of using less treatment or no treatment at all.

Examples of NCI-supported activities in treatment research include:

Discovering New Cancer Drugs

NCI Treatment Research and the National Cancer Plan

NCI supports a broad variety of research that aligns with the National Cancer Plan’s goal to develop effective treatments. Read about the plan and this goal.

• NCI’s  Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP) provides free services and resources to the academic and private-sector research communities worldwide to facilitate the discovery and development of new anticancer agents, including targeted therapies that work through cancer’s unique genetic alterations. DTP supports all stages along the critical path of preclinical drug discovery and development, from high-throughput tumor cell–based screening to first-in-human clinical trials.
• The NCI-60 Human Tumor Cell Lines Screen , which includes 60 human tumor cell lines representing nine different types of cancer, is a free resource available to the research community worldwide to evaluate compounds for anticancer activity. The NCI-60 screen tests up to 7,000 compounds yearly and prioritizes compounds with promising anticancer potential for further evaluation.
• The Comparative Oncology Program is a unique program that helps researchers improve the assessment of novel therapies for humans by treating pet animals with naturally occurring cancers. The program gives these animals the benefit of cutting-edge research and therapy, and it provides researchers a better understanding of cancer biology and cancer's response to treatment.

Understanding Treatment Response

• The Acquired Resistance to Therapy Network (ARTNet) uses team science to study the mechanisms of acquired resistance to cancer therapies and disease recurrence. This program replaces and builds on progress made by the  Drug Resistance and Sensitivity Network (DRSN) , an NCI and Cancer Moonshot–created program to explore why some cancer cells are innately sensitive to treatment and to identify strategies for circumventing drug resistance in tumors.
• NCI contributes to the international  Human Cancer Models Initiative , which generates novel human tumor-derived culture models with the goal of creating cancer models that replicate patients’ tumors as faithfully as possible. The models are annotated with genomic and clinical data and are available to the wider research community to define cancer pathways, determine mechanisms of drug resistance, and assess responses to small molecules.

Improving Current Cancer Treatments

NCI Fiscal Year 2025 Professional Judgment Budget Proposal

Each year, NCI prepares a professional judgment budget to lead progress against cancer.

• NCI’s first-of-its kind precision medicine trial called Molecular Analysis for Therapy Choice (NCI-MATCH) tested the effectiveness of treating tumors in adults and children based on matching targeted therapies to specific genetic alterations in the tumors, regardless of tumor type. Using information learned from NCI-MATCH, three more precision medicine trials—called ComboMATCH, MyeloMATCH, and iMATCH —will test whether drug combinations can overcome resistance to treatment, evaluate new treatments for myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome, and examine immune profiles and tumor markers for responsiveness to immunotherapy, respectively.
• NCI’s  Radiation Research Program (RRP) provides expertise to investigators who perform radiotherapy studies and helps direct radiation research. Methods that more precisely target radiation therapy to tumors while sparing as much normal tissue as possible are critical for maintaining patients’ quality of life and improving cure rates.
• Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that helps cells in a patient’s own immune system detect and eliminate cancer, including some difficult-to-treat tumors. Researchers are working collaboratively through the Immuno-Oncology Translational Network (IOTN) and the Pediatric Immunotherapy Network (PIN) to speed up the development of new immunotherapies to treat and prevent adult and pediatric cancers.
• NCI brings together researchers from across the institute and the National Institutes of Health to work on cancer immunology and immunotherapy research to discover, develop, and deliver immunotherapy approaches that can prevent and treat cancer and cancer-associated viral diseases. This work has pioneered important research on the basic mechanisms of immune response, including how immune system cells and cancer cells interact, and on the development of better vaccines and immunotherapies.

Moving Discoveries into the Clinic

• The  Translational Research Program (TRP) supports efforts through the Specialized Programs of Excellence (SPOREs) to translate novel scientific discoveries from the laboratory to the clinic for testing in humans. This work includes determining the biological basis for observations made in cancer patients or in populations at risk for cancer.
• The  NCI Experimental Therapeutics Program (NExT)  focuses on advancing discoveries in basic and clinical research into new therapies to treat cancer patients. This translational research effort unites the drug development expertise of multiple NCI research programs and the facilities at the NIH Clinical Center to advance new therapeutic interventions from both the private and public sectors.

Supportive Care, Symptom Management, and the National Cancer Plan

NCI supports research on supportive care and symptom management to improve the lives of people living with cancer. This research aligns with the National Cancer Plan’s goal to deliver optimal care. Read about the plan and this goal.

Supportive Care and Symptom Management

• The Supportive Care and Symptom Management program focuses on the prevention and treatment of acute and chronic symptoms and side effects related to cancer and its treatment, such as fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, nerve damage, and fertility issues. Researchers also study the effect of treatment on cancer patients' quality of life and the psychosocial issues and strategies for care at the end of life.
• NCI has established a collaborative research consortium, called  Improving the Management of Symptoms during and following Cancer Treatment (IMPACT) , to determine the best approaches for symptom management in cancer care delivery. Research centers within this consortium are testing integrated symptom monitoring and management systems in the clinic and analyzing the effects of those systems on patient outcomes, cancer treatment delivery, and health care utilization using randomized designs.

Recent Research Findings in Cancer Treatment

• For Kids with Medulloblastoma, Trial Suggests Radiation Can Be Tailored
• Revumenib Shows Promise in Treating Advanced Acute Myeloid Leukemia
• Dexrazoxane Protects the Heart Long Term for Kids Being Treated for Cancer
• Enhertu Marks First Targeted Therapy for HER2-Mutant Lung Cancer
• NCI Study Finds that Immunotherapy Substantially Increases Survival of People with Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
• Disguising Cancer as an Infection Helps the Immune System Eliminate Tumors
• NCI clinical trial leads to atezolizumab approval for advanced alveolar soft part sarcoma
• New T-cell therapy shrinks solid tumors in early-phase clinical trial
• FDA Approves BCMA-Targeted CAR T-Cell Therapy for Multiple Myeloma

353 Cancer Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best cancer topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on cancer, 📌 most interesting cancer topics to write about, 💡 good research topics about cancer, ⭐ simple & easy cancer essay titles, 🔎 interesting topics to write about cancer.

• Different Applications of Calculus in Cancer Treatment and Monitoring The type of treatments applied is pre-determined by the location, the type, and the severity of the tumors. The mathematical concept of calculus is applied when doctors consider the diffusion of different drugs into the […]
• Descriptive Data Statistics: National Cancer Institute The definitions for the measures presented are as follows: Mean = sum of all data points / number of data points; Median = the value that’s exactly in the middle when it is ordered from […] We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts 808 writers online Learn More
• Esophageal Cancer Overview and Analysis Esophageal Cancer mainly refers to the growths that forms within the tissues that line the walls of the esophagus; the tube composed of muscles that aid the passage of the food from the exterior opening […]
• American Cancer Society History Its main duty is to ensure there is a reduction of the number of patients suffering from cancer and eradication of the disease as one of the major health problem faced by many Americans today.
• Breast Cancer Symptoms and Causes The mammogram is the first indication of breast cancer, even though other indications such as the presence of the lymph nodes in the armpits are also the early indications of breast cancer.
• Breast Cancer: Concept Map and Case Study Each member of the interdisciplinary team involved in treating patients with cancer and heart disease should focus on educational priorities such as:
• Health Psychology: Going Through a Breast Cancer Diagnosis He is unaware that she has been diagnosed with depression and that she is going for breast screening Stress from work is also a contributing factor to her condition.
• Viruses as a Cause of Cancer This is done by switching on a dormant cancer gene when it enters the cell’s DNA of the host. Some practices like smoking and drinking increase the risk of developing cancer as they work together […]
• Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Plan Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the lower part of the uterus known as the cervix. The presence of these cells in the cervix is an indication that a woman may be […]
• Enhancing Cancer Screening Access and Treatment Equity Increasing the accessibility and equity in cancer screening solutions is extremely important. The existing screening criteria should be expanded through changes in guidelines, and increased funding.
• Progress in Cancer Control: Rhetorical Analysis According to their study, these behaviors are more likely to lead to cancer, and the authors’ goal is to convince the audience that they should take responsibility for their health and strive to minimize the […]
• Breast Cancer and Its Population Burden The other objectives that are central to this paper are highlighted below: To determine which group is at a high risk of breast cancer To elucidate the impact of breast cancer on elderly women and […]
• Pap Smear and Cervical Cancer: Oncology Nursing The piece of legislation I believe has most significantly affected women’s healthcare in the past century is the regulation for women to take Pap smear regularly to prevent cervical cancer development.
• Colorectal Cancer Screening Methodology CRC affects the colon, the large intestine, and the rectum a passageway between the colon and the anus. In 2019, the average incidence rate for CRC in the United States was 41.
• Screening Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer Prevention Colonoscopy allows visualization of the entire mucosa of the distal terminal ileum and the large intestine. Before the screening, the natural history of the disease is essential for the practitioner to identify the prevention levels.
• Prostate Cancer: Urinary Frequency and Incontinence In terms of the back and spine pain that the patient reported, it is notable that the x-ray revealed some mild degenerative changes in the form of a cystic mass near the spine.
• Discussion: Understanding of Cancer Annually, the IARC estimates the number of new cancer cases and fatalities worldwide and in the United States and gathers the most up-to-date data on the prevalence of cancer in populations.
• Ovarian Cancer: Risk Factors, Health Disparities, and Preventive Measures The most common signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer include weight loss, pain in the pelvic region, swelling and bloating in the abdomen, low appetite, and increased urination.
• Mindfulness Practice During Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer She discusses the significance of the study to the nursing field and how nurses can use the findings to help their patients cope with stress.
• The Role of hnRNPs in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Blood and lymph are tissues of mesenchymal origin, which consist of plasma and corpuscles suspended in it and form the internal environment of the body.
• Benefits of Good Nutrition During Cancer Treatment Eating various foods is an important part of a healthy diet to get the nutrients the patient needs to fight cancer.
• Community-Based Health Education on Cervical Cancer Through awareness, women will be able to understand the life of the diseases and the control measures that should be put in place to eradicate the infection.
• Antioxidants: The Role in Preventing Cancer and Heart Disease Some of antioxidants are more widely known as vitamins E, C, and carotenoids, and have a reputation of preventing cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
• The Lung Cancer Incidence Research The attributed risk is calculated by dividing the newly diagnosed incidence of cancer attributed to smoking by the total number of newly diagnosed cases of lung cancer.
• Breast Cancer: The Effective Care Domain Information about how the patient is seen, how often the patient is seen, and whether she will return for mammograms can be collected and analyzed to verify the successful intervention to extend consistency with mammograms.
• Colorectal Cancer Screening and Its Effect on Disease Incidence The purpose of this quantitative quasi-experimental quality improvement project was to determine if or to what degree the implementation of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s System Approach to Tracking and Increasing Screening for […]
• The Burden of Cancer in the United States Both Hispanic men and women are the least affected by lung cancer in terms of incidence and mortality. Therefore, considering the DALYs measure and smoking rates in the Hispanic group, it can be concluded that […]
• Statistical Analysis of Lung and Bronchus Cancer Data Using the mean obtained, the Black community has recorded the highest cases of lung and bronchus cancer, with the lowest ethnic group recording, such being the Hispanic race.
• Garden Pesticide and Breast Cancer Therefore, taking into account the basic formula, the 1000 person-years case, the number of culture-positive cases of 500, and culture-negative of 10000, the incidence rate will be 20 new cases.
• Breast Cancer as a Genetic Red Flag It is important to note that the genetic red flags in Figure 1 depicted above include heart disease, hypertension, and breast cancer.
• Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium Analysis Simultaneously, the resource is beneficial because it aims to “improve the delivery and quality of breast cancer screening and related outcomes in the United States”.
• Drinking Green Tea: Breast Cancer Patients Therefore, drinking green tea regularly is just a necessity- it will contribute to good health and physical vigor throughout the day and prevent severe diseases.
• Pathophysiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer It is also evident that the illness acts fast due to the continuous multiplication of the cancer cells leading to breathing disruptions and eventual death. This sustained weight loss is primarily essential to the advancement […]
• Breast Cancer Prevention: Ethical and Scientific Issues Such information can potentially impact the patient and decide in favor of sharing the information about the current condition and risks correlating with the family history.
• Prostate Cancer Statistics for a Term Paper Prostate cancer is also known as ‘Carcinoma of the Prostate’ and it starts when cells in the prostate glands develop an abnormality that allows them to grow out of control.
• Colorectal Cancer: Promoting a Healthy Diet The aims and goals were to analyze the goals, techniques of solution, and outcomes of particular research and enhance knowledge about the topic area based on a review of freshly released data. I would also […]
• Colorectal Cancer Development Due to Dietary Habits A fundamental research interest of the present dissertation was to run a pilot test on a small sample to assess the possibility of using questionnaires as a tool to assess Saudis’ perception of dietary habits […]
• Cancer Patients’ Late Admission to a Hospice Mulville et al.set out to evaluate and identify the reasons that prevent timely admission to the hospice of cancer patients at the end of life.
• Breast Cancer: Epidemiology, Risks, and Prevention In that way, the authors discuss the topics of breast cancer and obesity and the existing methods of prevention while addressing the ethnic disparities persistent in the issue.
• Breast Cancer Development in Black Women With consideration of the mentioned variables and target population, the research question can be formulated: what is the effect of nutrition and lifestyle maintained on breast cancer development in black women?
• Dietary Habits as a Risk Factor of Colorectal Cancer The risks, however, reduce with the adoption of healthy dietary habits, such as the intake of fresh fruits and vegetables. The author advised conducting more qualitative studies on factors affecting the Saudis population to adhere […]
• Traditional and Complementary Medicine Among Indigenous Cancer Patients Therefore, it is necessary to increase the overall understanding of the role of CAM among breast cancer patients alongside identifying the key motivating factors, where the prime manifestations of the phenomenon are faith and prayer.
• Mechanisms Behind Cancer Development This shows that epigenetics can be employed to determine the type of cancer an individual is expected to develop and make it easier to detect the disease at its early stages. Thus, the combination of […]
• Education for Parents of Children With Cancer The hospital was selected because I am have been working there for a long time, and the personnel is willing to help me with the implementation of the process.
• Health Inequities in Cancer Patients Despite a recent slowdown in overall spending, the United States spends more on health care than other high-income nations and still has some of the worst health results.
• 177Lu-PSMA Radioligand Therapy for Prostate Cancer The therapy is proved to be safer and more effective than its alternatives, with a great deal of success in reducing PSMA.
• Lung Cancer: Diagnostics and Treatment Thus, it is essential to invest in research about lung cancer and be aware of the factors that contribute to its emergence to protect themselves.
• Khalaf’s Burden of Pancreatic Cancer Study Analysis The outcome factors in this study are that regular-dose and low-dose Aspirin were observed to decrease the risk of pancreatic cancer.
• Cancer Blood Tests Saving Lives It is important to note that the article explores novel ways of cancer diagnostics and screening methods using blood tests for various signs of the condition.
• Breast Cancer in Miami Florida The situation with the diagnosis of breast cancer is directly related to the availability of medicine in the state and the general awareness of the non-population.
• 177LU-PSMA Radiological Therapy of Prostate Cancer More clinical trials are necessary to define the efficacy of PSMA treatment and develop more concomitant medication. Also, Gafia et al.found that PSMA is a long-term clinical condition whose changes in management are observed after […]
• Cancer Among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People When compared to non-Indigenous Australians, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, also known as Indigenous Australians, are disadvantaged across a number of health and socioeconomic indices.
• The Ethical Problem in the Case of the Cancer Patient On the other hand, urgently inducing the patient’s death may have been an administrative problem for the patient, and it is not sure that it was caused by the wife’s deliberate decision.
• Cancer Treatment Strategies and Challenges Inspired by the merits of the natural nanovesicles and the state of the art of the advanced engineering versatility of synthetic nanomaterials, we previously presented the synthetic and biological hybrid exosomes for targeted synergistic chemo […]
• Urinary Tract Infections and Pancreatic Cancer The laboratory technician is supposed to culture the urine and use Gram’s staining method to detect the microbes in the sample. The practitioners used a combination of mecillinam and cefotaxime to manage the condition.
• Patient HealthCare: Early Diagnosis of Cancer The NCQA describes the three patients’ interventions and explains how the Nurse Practitioner explicitly measures the listed interventions’ effects. While the patient is in the clinic for routine care, problems with preventive tests and their […]
• Machine Learning Algorithms in Cancer Detection One of the most fundamental tools for machine learning in cancer detection is the use of imaging, with the premise that prognostic data is embedded in pathology images and digital pathology can provide big data […]
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Nutritional Influences A complete blood count is used to determine the precise number of each blood cell type in an individual, whereas a peripheral blood smear is used to determine alteration in the appearance and mobility of […]
• Breast Cancer: Genetics and Malignancy In the presence of such conditions, the formation of atypical cells is possible in the mammary gland. In the described case, this aspect is the most significant since it includes various details of the patient’s […]
• Video Consultations Between Patients and Clinicians in Diabetes, Cancer, and Heart Failure Services For example, during one of my interactions with the patient, I was asked whether the hospital had the policy to avoid face-to-face interaction during the pandemic with the help of video examinations.
• Diets to Prevent Heart Disease, Cancer, and Diabetes In order to prevent heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, people are required to adhere to strict routines, including in terms of diet. Additionally, people wanting to prevent heart disease, cancer, and diabetes also need to […]
• Smoking as a Risk Factor for Lung Cancer Lung cancer is one of the most frequent types of the condition, and with the low recovery rates. If the problem is detected early and the malignant cells are contained to a small region, surgery […]
• Skin Cancer: Description, Causes, and Treatment Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer; the three most common types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Its Prevalence and Incidence The purpose of this paper is to present the first part of the case study by describing the disease’s pathophysiology, treatment options, prevalence, and incidence.
• Colon Cancer: Symptoms, Genes, and Immunosuppression Colon cancer is the type of cancer that starts in the large intestine, which is the last section of the digestive tract.
• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Causes, Origin, and Gene Mutation Apart from analyzing chromosome abnormalities present in patients with ALL, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the disorder’s origin, including primary causes and the process of gene mutations.
• Researching the Colon Cancer and Nursing It is critical for the nurse to have trusted information about cancer tumors because many studies have indicated that patients appreciate and rely on the competence of nurses.
• Nebraska State Department of Health Registries for Cancer and Immunization There is a need to report the progress of breast cancer in Nebraska to help do more research on preventing and introducing improved chemotherapy plans. Nebraska state has immunization and cancer registries which are helpful […]
• Cancer Terminology and Characteristics Carcinomas arise from epithelial tissue, lymphomas are cancers of lymphatic tissue, leukemias are cancers of blood-forming cells, and sarcomas come from connective tissue.
• The Cancer Cell Development: Causes and Sources Loss of function of suppressor genes resulting from mutations becomes the cause of cancer development: the cell divides abnormally, increasing the cell mass of the tissue.
• Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia and Granulocytosis: Causes and Treatment The accumulation of the underdeveloped stem cells impairs the functioning of the blood cells resulting in such diseases as cancer. This is because white blood cells are part of the immune system and help fight […]
• Epidemiology: Lung Cancer Risk The continued exploration of the factors, as well as agents, leading to the spread of pandemics led to a quantitative and qualitative examination and the development of immunization to reduce infections.
• Case Study for a Patient With Cancer Because Julia refused to continue chemotherapy and radiation treatment, her adenocarcinoma should be expected to get worse, which means she may need further services of a nurse, who would create plans for supportive care; as […]
• Financing of Public Health Initiative on Prostate Cancer Additionally, they need to demonstrate to the public that the resources bestowed on them are adding value to the facilities they are in charge of.
• Genetic Testing: Screening for Colon Cancer This disorder is characterized by the development of hundreds of thousands of adenomatous polyps in the colon and rectum early in life.
• Cancer: Causes, Diagnostic and Treatment This article recommends that the new dietary patterns can be used to reduce the risk of cancer and other diseases. Vegetables can be used to reduce the occurrence of stomach cancer and colorectal cancer.
• Prostate Cancer Among Blacks in Maryland: Public Health Initiative This paper evaluates the economic principles underlying community health needs assessment of the initiative and the health economics relevant to the utilization of the service.
• New Gene Discovered That Stops Spread of Cancer At this point, it is crucial to mention that the discovery by the Salk institute is just a beginning of a long scientific journey that is anticipated to culminate in a comprehensive and conclusive study […]
• Genes Cause Breast Cancer Evidence suggests the role of BRCA1 in DNA repair is more expansive than that of BRCA2 and involves many pathways. Therefore, it is suggested that BRCT ambit containing proteins are involved in DNA repair and […]
• Do Cellphones Cause Brain Cancer? The reason for the worries is that cellphones emit RF energy that contains both electric and magnetic energy, and exposure to it may be unhealthy for a human being.
• Cancer Survivorship and Reproductive Health Outcomes This life includes the social, emotional, psychological, and financial effects that start at the beginning of diagnosis and commences up to the final stage of the disease.
• Patients With Cancer: The Importance of Early Referrals to Hospitals The purpose of this study was to prove the connection between early referrals to hospitals for patients with cancer and the possibility of a positive outcome of treatment for them.
• Aspects of Testicular Cancer The cancer is narrowed to the testicles and the epididymis as the tumor markers level reads normal at the first stage and has not grown into the blood.
• New Venture: Cancer Risks of Firefighters In my opinion, being a firefighter is not just a profession, it is the ability to come to the rescue, to have compassion, to feel pain, and to empathize with people who are in a […]
• Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Genetic Features of Black Patients According to the researcher, the differences in the biological impact of disease and the socioeconomic factors play a crucial role in the disparity between the Blacks and the Whites in the recovery process.
• Cancer Alley and Environmental Racism One of the sources under study is valuable, as it examines the current situation of the coronavirus and the impact of pollution on human health.
• Cancer: Risk, Treatment and Prevention Cancer is a condition characterized by abnormal cells that do not function usefully in the body, thereby destroying normal body tissues.
• Colon Cancer: Treatment Options, Medication Research Colon cancer typically begins in the large intestine, which is at the end of the digestive tract and is called a colon.
• Managing Patient With Pancreatic Cancer Overall, pancreatic cancer affects the cellular functioning of the pancreas and disrupts the operation of the digestive system. PanIN is the most common antecedent of pancreatic cancer and occurs in the small pancreatic ducts.
• Cancer Medication and Treatment Alternatives: Project Proposal Indeed, despite the advances made in the management of cancer, particularly, the surgical removal of the tumor and the following therapy allowing to reduce health risks, cancer remains one of the major causes of death […]
• Dr. Paul Demers Presentations: Asbestos and Occupational Cancers and Carcinogens With the cases of asbestos-related cancer rising and the vast amounts of asbestos existing in buildings, water pipes, and workplaces, there is a dire need for stringent policies to remove all asbestos from the environment.Dr.
• Does the Sun Radiation Cause Skin Cancer? Moreover, from the article written by American Cancer Society, it is evident that Ultraviolet A and Ultraviolet B from the sun lead to skin cancer.
• Light Use in Cancer Treatment The notable strength of this article is that it goes further to identify ZnPc-Q1 as a possible candidate for using light therapy in the treatment of cancer. In this work, the authors examine and describe […]
• The Virus That Causes Throat Cancers The research article used after the insight of the summary in the New York Times was from the journal of American medical association.
• Esophageal Cancer: Credible Internet Information Esophageal cancer has become one of the main forms of cancers which usually causes a lot of suffering to patients due to immense pain, difficulty in swallowing or dysphagia.
• Breast Cancer. Service Management The trial specifically looks at the effect on breast-cancer mortality of inviting women to screening from age 40 years compared with invitation from age 50 years as in the current NHS breast-screening programme.
• Fibrocystic Breast Condition or Breast Cancer? The presence of the fibrocystic breast condition means that the tissue of the breast is fibrous, and cysts are filled with the liquid or fluid. The main characteristic feature of this cancer is that it […]
• Cervical Cancer: Causes and Treatment Cervical cancer develops in the cervix – the lower part of the uterus. It starts in a particular part of the cervix, where its squamous and glandular cells connect.
• Analysis in Epidemiology: “Epithelial Ovarian Cancer and Oral Contraceptives” Therefore, in the current case, since the use of combination oral contraceptives reduces the occurrence of epithelial ovarian cancer, then the factors that affect the OCs MUST ALWAYS precede the factors affecting the occurrence of […]
• Coping With Stress in Breast Cancer Patients Therefore, it is important for research experts to ensure and guarantee adherence to methodologies and guidelines that define scientific inquiry. However, various discrepancies manifest with regard to the initiation and propagation of research studies.
• Breast Self-Examination and Breast Cancer Mortality Though it is harsh to dismiss self-exams entirely due to studies that indicate little in deaths of women who performed self-exams and those who did not, the self-exams should not be relied on exclusively as […]
• Breast Self-Exams Curbing Breast Cancer Mortality The results of the study were consistent with the findings of other studies of the same nature on the effectiveness of breast self-examination in detecting and curbing breast cancer.
• Prostate Cancer: Pathophysiology and Diagnostics The disease is normally multimodal in the prostate gland and just about 70% of the illness exists in the or the Peripheral zone.
• Cancer: Factors of Prevention and Treatment The paper focuses on studying polyploidy/multinucleated giant cancer cells, calcium, BXL Protein, Acetylsalicylic Acid, and their specific roles in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
• Herbal Therapy for Cancer Herbal therapy is a theoretical and practical medicine based on the scientific study and use of medicinal plants or drugs obtained from them for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes.
• An Approach to Care of Cancer Overview Suspecting the presence of ovarian cancer is primarily based on a number of symptoms, especially abnormal physical examination, CT and NRI scans of the abdomen as well as the pelvis region.
• Taxol Effectiveness in Inhibiting Breast Cancer Cells The following were the objectives of this experiment: To determine the effectiveness of Taxol in inhibiting breast cancer cells and ovarian cancer cells using culture method.
• Control Breast Cancer: Nursing Phenomenon, Ontology and Epistemology of Health Management Then, the evidence received is presented in an expert way leading to implementation of the decision on the management of the disease.
• Leukemia: Causes, Pathogenesis, Morphological Changes, Basic Management Studies are ongoing to establish the exact cause of the disease, which is still unknown according to the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society.
• MD Anderson Cancer Center: Community Health Assessment The focus of the assessment is the city of Houston, Texas, and the MD Anderson Cancer Center. Most health issues are related to income disparities, immigration status, and the insurance status of Houston residents.
• Researching the Ovarian Cancer In the European continent, for every 100,000 females, 12 to 17 will have ovarian cancer, depending on the nation of origin; this is the age-standardized rate. BRCA1 and BRCA2 profoundly account for the prevalence of […]
• Local Inflammation and Human Papillomavirus Status of Head and Neck Cancers The objective of the study was to assess whether periodontitis is related to the human papillomavirus status of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
• Throat Cancer With Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus The infection by the HPVs often appears in the epithelium, particularly in the areas with tissue lesions. In this respect, by means of the RNA scope, it is possible to transcribe the HPV genome and […]
• Breast Cancer: Effects of Breast Health Education The design of the research focused on research variables like skills, performance, self-efficacy, and knowledge as the researchers aimed at examining the effectiveness of these variables among young women who underwent training in breast cancer […]
• Community Nursing Role in Breast Cancer Prevention However, early detection still remains important in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. The community has thus undertaken activities aimed at funding the awareness, treatment and research in order to reduce the number of […]
• Radiotherapy: The Efficient Cancer Treatment Method The main purpose for the proposal of this policy is to increase the safety levels and promote efficiency in the delivery of radiotherapy services to patients.
• Measuring the Uncertainty in Children With Cancer The Limitations of using Mishel Uncertainty Illness Scale and Children Uncertainty Illness Scale led to the development of Uncertainty scale for kids.
• Self-Examination and Knowledge of Breast Cancer Among Female Students Shin, Park & Mijung found that a quarter of the participants practiced breast self-examination and a half had knowledge regarding breast cancer.
• Prognosis in Ulcerative Colitis for Risk of Cancer After that the attempt was to extract the information about incidence of colon cancer in populations previously diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, to check whether the cancer risk increased with the duration of disease and finally […]
• “Tracking Breast Cancer Cells on the Move” by Gomis The article serves the purpose of examining the role of NOG, a gene that is essential in bone development and its role in breast cancer.
• Nutritional Assessment for Cancer Patients The consumption of fatty fish and a reduction in the consumption of unhealthy fats can reduce the risk of colon cancer that is brought about by the consumption of animal fat.
• Cancer Treatment Measures in the Sydney Cancer Center Overall, the study enhanced the proper understanding of the effectiveness through the analysis of the number of health specialists working in the Sydney Cancer Centre and the number of cancer patients attended per day.
• Association Between Pre-Diagnostic Circulating 25-(OH) D and Cancer This was what made the authors to undertake an investigation on correlation between pre-diagnostic of circulating 25- D concentration in the body and dietary intakes of vitamin D and calcium with colon and rectum cancer […]
• Sonodynamic Therapy for Cancer Treatment Sonodynamic therapy also known as ultrasound therapy is a hopeful innovative cancer treatment method that focuses on synergistic effect on tumor cell killing of a photosensitizer and ultrasound. Cavitation refers to the growth, oscillation and […]
• The Relationship Between Cancer and Lifestyle In addition, other lifestyle aspects, such as cigarette smoking, sun exposure and stress need to be addressed to reduce the risks of cancer.
• Cancer: Angiogenesis, Recent Research, Ethical Concerns Zayed et al.’s research reveals that the CIB1 protein controlling the endothelial cell functions is the same as the one causing red blood cell formation in cancer tumors.
• Breast Cancer Survivorship: Are African American Women Considered? The finding of the analysis is that the issue of cancer survivorship is exclusive, developing, and at the same time it depends on what individuals perceive to be cancer diagnosis as well as personal experiences […]
• Gaining Ground on Breast Cancer: Advances in Treatment The article by Esteva and Hortobagyi discusses breast cancer from the aspect of increased survival rates, the novel treatments that have necessitated this and the promise in even more enhanced management of breast cancer.
• Pain Management in Hillman Cancer Center’s Patients Medical and surgical approaches are considered to be the main ways for pain treatment in cancer patients. Advanced stages of cancer result into a multidimensional pain and are where the clinical psychologists step in.
• Ovarian Cancer: Description and Treatment In applying various treatment options, it is important for doctors to ensure that they understand all options, means of navigating through the process, as well as the development stage of the cancer.
• Effects of Hypoxia, Surrounding Fibroblasts, and p16 Expression on Breast Cancer The study was conducted to determine whether migration and invasion of breast cancer cells were stimulated by hypoxia, as well as determining whether the expression of p16 ectopically had the potential to modulate the cell […]
• Breast Cancer: Preventing, Diagnosing, Addressing the Issue In contrast to the MRI, which presupposes that the image of the tissue should be retrieved with the help of magnetic fields, the mammography tool involves the use of x-rays.
• Smoking and Lung Cancer Among African Americans Primarily, the research paper provides insight on the significance of the issue to the African Americans and the community health nurses.
• Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia in Adult Patients Acute lymphocytic leukemia is the cancer of the blood and the bone marrow. The final type of lymph cells is natural killer cells whose role in the body is to nullify the effect of cancerous […]
• Dietary Fat Intake and Development of Breast Cancer This study aimed to determine the relationship between dietary fat intake and the development of breast cancer in women. The outcome of the study strongly suggests that there is a close relationship between a high […]
• The Detection and Diagnosis of Breast Cancer The severity of cancer depends on the movement of the cancerous cells in the body and the division and growth or cancerous cells.
• Smoking and Cancer in the United States In this research study, data on tobacco smoking and cancer prevalence in the United States was used to determine whether cancer in the United States is related to tobacco smoking tobacco.
• Prostate Cancer: Preventive Approaches and Treatment However, the case of prostate cancer seems to oppose this ideology; hence, the purpose of this paper is to understand preventive approaches and therapies used to manage prostate cancer.
• Skin Cancer: Comparison of Samples The aim of this experiment is to examine and thereafter represent low and high power illustrations of a normal skin specimen and of skin specimens that have been affected by various forms types of skin […]
• The Female Reproductive System and Ovarian Cancer The ovary is the one of the central organs of the female reproductive system. The zona granulosa is the exterior layer of cells enclosing the follicles.
• Property Rights to the Cancer Genes The easiest way to understand the protection of patents and the rationale behind them is by appreciating the fact that patents are part of human rights.
• Dietary Approach to Colon Cancer Prevention These research findings appear to support the hypothesis that the presence of folate in the diet is linked to the risk factor for colon cancer.
• Treatment of Ovarian Cancer Factors that predispose women to ovarian cancer include infertility, use of certain medication, hormone replacement therapy, use of oral contraceptives, and party.
• The Pennsylvania Cancer Registry (PCR) This data is essential in that, doctors or clinical experts are able to identify the form of treatment to be provided to each cancer patient, to follow up on the patients’ progress, give any necessary […]
• Breast Cancer: WMI Research and the Current Approaches Although the conclusions provided by the WHI in the study conducted to research the effects of estrogen and progesterone cessation on the chance of developing a breast cancer do not comply with the results of […]
• Oesophageal Cancer as a Global Health Concern The incidence of oesophageal cancer is high in various parts of the world, but for the purposes of this paper, China will be the region of focus.
• Using Genetically-Modified Bacteria to Fight Cancer at Johns Hopkins To do so, a concise summary of the article will be provided, followed by a review of its relevance to the course.
• Skin Cancer and Sunlight: Case Control, Cohort, and Clinical Trial Design The main component in sunlight that is said to be responsible for the development of skin cancer is the Ultraviolet emission.
• Battle Against Cancer in New York State On the other hand, the cancer goals for New York target to reduce the new forms of the disease as well as the various disabilities and body deformations resulting from cancer.
• Various Proteins Targets for Lung, Breast and Colorectal Cancers This protein has been identified in recent research as the one playing the biggest role in causing the growth and the spread of cancer in the lungs.
• Global Health Organization – World-Cancer Campaign The organization can collaborate with other organizations such as the World Economic Forum and the International Council of Nurses to tackle the cancer crisis.
• Healthcare: Colon Cancer The colon refers to the longest section of the large gut and the most low-down section of the digestive arrangement in the human body.
• Dosage & Regimen for MEK Inhibitor: Cancer Clinical Trial The study is a treatment trial aimed at designing the correct dose of GSK1120212. The trial is aimed at determining the dosage and regimen for MEK inhibitor that should be mixed with everolimus in order […]
• Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene (BRCA2) The mechanisms underlying the genetic predisposition to a particular disease are manifold and this concept is the challenging one to the investigators since the advent of Molecular Biology and database resources.
• Prostate Cancer Pathophysiology and Management At the moment, the use of tumour markers such as kallikrein is the most widespread method of differentiating these two disorders.
• Terminal Cancer Patients: Community Nursing The sole purpose of any nursing activity during any given kind of illness and end-of-life stage is to maximize the quality of life and functioning for individuals, families, and the community at large.
• Ovarian Cancer Overview and Analysis However, several factors have been deemed to contribute to the risk of developing ovarian cancer, for instance, the lesser children a woman has and the later in life she bears children, the higher the chances […]
• Prediction of Breast Cancer Prognosis It has been proposed that the fundamental pathways are alike and that the expression of gene sets, instead of that of individual genes, may give more information in predicting and understanding the basic biological processes.
• The Genetic Basis of Human Cancer This is one of the most difficult in curing, as it may affect any part of the body, and seriously damage the body tissues.
• Breast Cancer Survivors: Effects of a Psychoeducational Intervention While the conceptual framework is justified in analysis of the quality of life, there is the likelihood of influence of the context with quality of life adopting different meanings to patients in different areas and […]
• Cancer and Oxygenation: Oxygen as a Remedy for Cancer
• Cancer: Gene Mutation’s Influence, Treatments
• The Effective Pain Assessment in Patients With Lung Cancer
• Providers’ Role in Quality Assurance in Breast Cancer Screening
• Framing Qualitative Research on Lung Cancer
• Oncology: Colorectal Cancer
• Prostate Cancer: Symptoms and Treatment
• Clinical Laboratory Science of Breast Cancer
• Induced and Spontaneous Abortion and Breast Cancer Incidence Among Young Women
• Quality of Life in Chronic Leukemia Patients
• Dyspnea in Cancer Patients
• Ovarian Cancer: Medical Review
• Lung Cancer Cells Migrating to Other Parts of the Body
• Prostate Cancer: The Ion Channels
• To Live Until You Die: Palliative Care in Cancer Experience
• Care Needs of Children Whose Parents Have Incurable Cancer
• New Screening Guidelines for Breast Cancer
• Breast Cancer in Afro- and Euro-Americans
• Cancer Treatment and Life Quality in Adult Patients
• Breast Cancer Assessment in London
• Oral Cancer Reconstruction
• Skin Cancer Awareness Overview
• Angiostatic Approaches to Cancer Therapy
• Genetics of Prostate Cancer and Physical Features
• Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Investigation
• Creativity in People With Cancer
• Cancer: Alternative and Complementary Therapies
• Promotion of Cardiovascular Health and Cancer Prevention
• Breast Cancer: Crucial Issues
• Cancer Longitudinal Exploration
• Breast Cancer: At-Risk Population, Barriers, and Improvement
• Effective Solutions to the Prevention of Cervical Cancer
• Breast Cancer: Moral and Medical Aspects
• Breast Cancer and AIDS: Significant Issues in the United States in the Late 20th Century
• Breast Cancer Risk Factors: Genetic and Nutritional Influences
• Breast Cancer Genetics & Chromosomal Analysis
• The Role Genetics Information Plays in Treating Cancer
• Breast Cancer: The Case of Anne H.
• Leukemia Types: Characteristics, Genetics, and Symptoms
• CRISPR and Cas-9 Technology as the Solution to Cancer
• Colon Cancer: Risk Factors
• World Health Organization Cancer Website Tool
• Long Distance Cancer Treatment Ethics
• A Community Capacity-Enhancement Approach to Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening
• The Role of Inflammation in Cancer
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Plan for Cancer Pain
• Psychosocial Factors & Immune Mechanisms in Cancer Regulation
• Fundraising Methods for the Canadian Cancer Society
• Nutrition and Cancer Rates
• Breast Cancer Diagnosis Procedure in Saudi Arabia
• Language and Stigmatization: Cancer, HIV, and AIDS
• The Three Most Common Types of Cancer in America
• Breast Cancer and the Effects of Diet
• J. Overcash on Older Adults With Cancer
• Postmenopause Hormone Therapy and Endometrial Cancer
• Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer
• When the Smoke Clears: The Story About the Lung Cancer
• Motivational Interviewing as a Smoking Cessation Intervention for Patients With Cancer
• Genetic Predisposition to Breast Cancer: Genetic Testing
• Cancer Pathophysiology and Nursing Management
• Breast Cancer: Causes and Treatment
• Integumentary System Diseases. Skin Cancer and Eczema
• Digestive Cancer. Complementary & Alternative Treatment
• The History of Cervical Cancer: Treatment and Care
• Ethics of Leukemia Treatment With Disabled HIV Cells
• Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Cancer
• Colorectal Cancer Care Coordination
• Penectomy Challenges in Cancer Patients
• Monoclonal Antibodies in Treating Breast Cancer
• The American Cancer Society’s Website Evaluation
• Acute Lymphocytic and Myelogenous Leukemia in Children
• Cancer and Chemotherapy Effects on Patients
• Chronic Diseases: Heart Failure and Cancer
• Pain Reduction Metods for Cancer Patients
• Lung Cancer Stages, Complications, and Support
• Breast Cancer: Women’s Health Initiative & Practices
• Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Pathophysiology
• Cervical Cancer and Women’s Health
• Complex Fibroadenoma and Breast Cancer Risk
• Cannabis and Cancer Pain Management
• Breast Cancer: Health Psychology Plan
• Colorectal Cancer Patient’s Discharge Planning
• Cancer Epidemic Research and Expectations
• Best Practices in Breast Cancer Care
• Carcinoma in Situ Management Options
• Cancer Epidemiology in the United States
• Understanding Pathophysiology of Cancers
• Registered Nurses and Cancer Patients
• ”Preferences for Photographic Art Among Hospitalized Patients With Cancer” by Hanson ET Al.
• Pain Assessment for Cancer Patients: Literature Search
• Keytruda as an Innovative Cancer Control Tool
• Oncology: Innovative Solutions to Fight Cancer
• Cancer, Its Nature and Gene Therapy
• Body pH and Cancer Occurrence Correlation
• Cancer: Psychological Effects and Coping Strategies
• Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Women With Breast Cancer
• Alcohol and Smoking Impact on Cancer Risk
• Decision-Making in Cancer MDT
• Ovarian Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
• Establishing a Cancer Treatment Unit in a Hospital
• Cancer Behavior in the Elderly: Cognitive-Affective Analysis
• Cancer Alley: Environmental Justice Analysis
• Lung Cancer and Cystic Fibrosis: Diagnosis and Care
• Trinity Community Hospital’s Cancer Service Line
• Blood Test and Cancer Spread in Children
• Reverse Mutation Concept in Cancer Biology
• Cancer and Tumor Suppressor Genes
• Skin Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment
• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer
• Thyroid Cancer Chemotherapy
• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Immunoglobulin M
• Colorectal Cancer Screening in the USA
• Breast Cancer Screening in Young American Women
• Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Cancer Patients
• Prostate Cancer Among African Americans in NYC
• Prostate Cancer Among African American Men in New York
• Hexokinase 2 Enzyme in Cancer Treatment
• Depression and Cancer in Caucasian Female Patient
• Cancer Screening in Lesbians, Gays, Transgenders
• Cancer Epidemiology for American Population
• Air Pollution as a Factor for Renal Cancer
• Children With Cancer and Their Social Activities
• Cancer Treatment Effects on Sexual Function
• Protein Diet, Telomere Length, and Cancer
• Community-Based Participatory Research on Cancer
• Nursing for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer Patient
• Children With Cancer and Schooling Challenges
• Epigenetics and Its Role in Cancer Detection and Prevention
• Screening for Breast Cancer
• The Role of Epigenetics in Cancer: Contributors to the Formation of Cancer Tumors
• Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health
• Prostate Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
• Prostate Cancer and Age-Related Risk Factors
• Gua Sha in Cancer Therapy Against Myalgia
• Gastric Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
• Cervical Cancer and Risk Factors
• Annual Breast Cancer Awareness Campaign
• Cervical Cancer: Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy
• Testicular Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment
• Organic Foods Consumption and Cancer Prevention
• Prostate Cancer, Its Genetics and Prevention Methods
• Cancer Epidemiology Among Chinese Americans
• Colorectal Cancer, Diagnosis and Treatment Plan
• Cervical Cancer, Its Nature and Symptoms
• Prostate Cancer Symptoms and Laboratory Tests
• Skin Cancer in Australia and Health Campaign
• Breast Cancer Patients’ Life Quality and Wellbeing
• Obesity as a Risk Factor for Uterine Cancer
• Palliative Care for Cancer Patients: Search Strategies
• Palliative Care for Adult Cancer Patients
• Palliative Care for Adult Patients With Cancer
• Breast Cancer Patients’ Functions and Suitable Jobs
• Peptic Ulcer Disease and Stomach Cancer Diagnostics
• Jordanian Breast Cancer Survival Rates in 1997-2002
• Cancer Patients’ Financial Status and Life Quality
• Breast Cancer Awareness Among African Americans
• Cancer Disease and Its Impact
• Breast Cancer Screening Among Non-Adherent Women
• Healthcare Research: Bladder Cancer Independent Variables
• Cancer Patient’s Autonomy and Medical Ethics
• The Internet Use at MD Anderson Cancer Hospital
• American Cancer Society’ Social Media Networks Usage
• Breast Cancer: Treatment and Rehabilitation Options
• The Effectiveness of Music for Cancer Patients
• Women Healthcare: Breast Cancer
• Skin Cancer: Types and Cells of Origin
• Prevention of Cancer: Good Nutrition and Positive Behavior
• Lung Cancer Disease and Prevention Methods
• Breast Cancer Public Relations Campaign
• Technologies: Improving the MD Anderson Cancer Center Website
• Explanation of Cancer Disease
• Gallbladder Cancer, Its Causes and Rates
• Health Information Seeking and Breast Cancer Diagnosis
• Stem Cell Therapy in Colorectal Cancer
• Employing Cancer Vulnerability Reduction in Ukraine
• Current Standing of Breast Cancer and Its Effects on the Society
• Descriptive Epidemiology of Cancer in the UK
• International Expansion Strategy of Australia Cancer Care Hospital.
• Medical Marijuana use for Terminal Colon Cancer
• Asbestos and Rising of Cancer
• The Problem of Skin Cancer in Australia
• Health Outcome of Tobacco Use: Lung Cancer
• Prostate Cancer Treatment
• Breast Cancer: Disease Prevention
• Breast Cancer Definition and Treatment
• Radiation Therapy for Testicular Cancer
• Breast Cancer Incidence and Ethnicity
• Treatment Options for Breast Cancer
• Cancer Treatment by Nanotechnology
• Health Risks and Prevention: Cardiovascular Disease and Cancers
• Healthcare Demographics of Prostate Cancer in the US
• Malevolence of Cancer: Pathogenesis and Treatment Options
• Risk Factors, Staging, and Treatment of Breast Cancer
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Cancer - Essay Examples And Topic Ideas For Free

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Essays on this topic could delve into the various types of cancer, their causes, and treatment options. Additionally, discussions might extend to the psychological and social impact of cancer on patients and families, advancements in cancer research, and the efforts towards cancer prevention and awareness. We’ve gathered an extensive assortment of free essay samples on the topic of Cancer you can find at PapersOwl Website. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

Micro Needle Thermocouple for Detection of Breast Cancer

Hundreds and thousands of people are affected by cancer each year; it is one of the most fatal diseases and a leading cause of death and disability for humans (Iranifam 2014). There are several types of cancer than can affect different areas of the body, some being less life-threatening than others. A vast amount of patients suffer from late diagnosis or recurrence of their disease in spite of all the advances in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Modern cancer […]

The Role of Histology in the Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is an uncontrolled growth of breast cell that can be benign, not dangerous, but it can also metastasize and invade different and distant tissues in our body. Breast Cancer is the most common cancer in female of any age and although the risk increases, as you get older, many different factors affect the chance of a woman to get breast cancer. I chose this specific topic because breast cancer is something that I’ve dealt with in my personal […]

Anxiety Case Study

Anxiety Case Study Ann's Diagnosis Ann, a 58-year-old breast cancer survivor, was referred to me by her outpatient oncology physician due to anxiety related to her upcoming annual MRI scan. After reading her oncologist's notes as well as conducting my own assessment, I can confidently diagnose Ann with 300.02 Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Ann has been cancer free for 15 years, however the anniversary of her diagnosis is approaching, and she is worried that her cancer has come back. She has […]

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Breast Cancer: Casuses and Treatment

Cancer is defined as “when the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues.” (“What is cancer?”, 2017), caused by mutations that lead to the cell cycle to proceed, regardless if the cell is qualified to. The mutations block the use of the G1, G2, and M checkpoints in the cell cycle. These checkpoints are important in “sensing defects that occur during essential processes, and induce a cell cycle arrest in response until the defects are […]

Breast Cancer History Research Paper

Breast cancer is a disease in which most commonly occurs in all women no matter their size, shape, race, or ethnicity. About one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer every year, a fatal disease if not discovered early. Early detection of breast cancer is key so that cancerous cells found in the breast do not spread through other parts of the body. With an increasing prevalence in breast cancer today, the evolution of technology has been improved […]

Water Pollution Effects on Humans

The world population is increasing every day, bringing with it several pollution problems. Water pollution is one of the biggest examples, which generates devastating effects on human beings, such as poisoning with heavy minerals, bacterial diseases, and serious skin problems. The degree of the consequence will depend on the exposure of the person and the type of contamination that is in the water during their contact. Sometimes, the damage generated could be irreversible, concluding in chronic diseases or even death. […]

Understanding Breast Cancer

This paper will clarify what Breast Cancer is. It will explain the symptoms, treatment options, and other useful information regarding this disease. The first thing to know about Breast Cancer is understanding what it is. According to the Cancer.org website, breast cancer begins when cells in the bosom begin to spread out of control. The tumor that is formed from these cells may be detected on an x-ray or can be felt as a lump. Malignancy can advance into neighboring […]

Breast Cancer in African American Women

Summary Despite the fact that Caucasian women in the United States have a higher incidence rate of breast cancer than any other racial group, African-Americans succumb notably worse to the disease and record the highest mortality rate. To comprehend the barriers and challenges that predispose African-American women to these disparities, this research was conducted to get a better understanding from the perspective of oncologists. With diverse ethnicity and gender representation, the participation of seven medical, surgical and radiation oncologists that […]

Medical Animal Testing should be Banned

Medical animal testing should be banned for there being other humane testing methods that exist. Because there are other alternatives that would replace or relieve animal testing, the use of animals would decrease dramatically. An example of a company who believes in an alternative to animal testing is Procter & Gamble Co. or P&G. Every year they spend $4.5 million on research that advances alternatives to animal testing. Though these alternatives may not replace all animal testing; but, it would […]

Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment

The human body is made up of cells. When a cell dies the body automatically replaces it with a new healthy cell, but sometimes the cell is not healthy and grows out of control. These cells group together and form a lump that can be seen on an x-ray. Breast cancer is a tumor in the cells of person’s breast. It can spread throughout the breast to the person’s lymph nodes and other parts of the body. Sometimes it occurs […]

Breast Cancer Diagnosis

I. Executive Summary Breast cancer is concerning a large number of female individuals worldwide. This disease comes from abnormally developed breast tissue, which usually begins in either lobules or ducts of the breast. Generally speaking, breast cancer is divided into two types—non-invasive and invasive. The core criteria to distinguish in between these two types of breast cancers is the location of cancer cells. Cancer cells remain on their initial positions for a non-invasive breast cancer, whereas they grow, or “invade”, […]

A Look into Veganism and Plant Based Diets

In recent years the trend of converting to a vegan or plant based diet has been on the rise. As a result there has been rising debate among vegans and those who Maintain a western diet if veganism is a safe and healthy way to go about maintaining your health. It is to my understanding that converting to a vegan or plant based diet is completely possible to thrive on and encouraged. a vegan diet although completely devoid of animal […]

Alcohol Consumption and Cancer Risks

Nineteen years ago, my uncle was sent to prison for drunk driving. He was driving down a two-lane highway in my home town while under the influence. His best friend was sitting in the passenger seat of his 1970's Bronco while he sped down the road. He crashed head on into a semi-truck traveling at approximately 80mph. He was immediately ejected from his car, and flew several yards from the accident. My uncle's best friend was killed upon impact. My […]

Understanding a Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Breast cancer is often known as an aggressive cancer. It forms when cells grow uncontrollably in the tissues of the breast, leading to a tumor. Over 190,000 individuals are diagnosed yearly (Cancer Center). Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death, and the rate increases every year in women, and occasionally in men. Over 12 percent of women in the United States of America will face breast cancer in their lifetime. It is the most common cause of death […]

Breast Cancer in the Era of Precision Medicine

Introduction: Precision medicine is concerned with the diagnosis of patients according to their biological, genetic, and molecular status. As cancer is a genetic disease, its treatment comes among the first medical disciplines as an application of precision medicine. Breast cancer is a highly complex, heterogeneous, and multifactorial disease; it is also one of the most common diseases among women in the world. Usually, there are no clear symptoms, so regular screening is important for early detection. Scientists recently started using […]

Exome Sequencing to Identify Rare Mutations Associated with Breast Cancer Susceptibility

Abstract Background - Breast cancer predisposition has been known to be caused by hereditary factors. New techniques particularly exome sequencing have allowed/ helped us to identify new and novel variants that exhibit a phenotype. Method - In this review we discuss the advantages of exome sequencing and how it could help in understanding the familial breast cancer. In particular, we will discuss about the studies by Noh et al.(1), Thompson et al.(2), and Kiiski et al.(3), on how they have […]

Chronic and Complex Infections

The aim of this paper is to assess the management of chronic diseases and measures taken to curb, prevent, and educate society concerning issues of various chronic diseases. The paper attempts to highlight key factors affecting healthcare systems in the task of tackling some of the diverse and adverse chronic illnesses, as well as corrective measures that should be taken to fully develop a functional unit system. It also outlines some of the risk-associated factors in relation to public health […]

A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for HER2 Breast Cancer by Nanoparticles Combined with Macrophages

Abstract:In recent years, the cell membrane bionic nanoparticles as a new drug delivery system is widely used in small molecule drugs, vaccines and targeted delivery of macromolecular drugs, because of its inherited the specific receptors on the cell membrane and membrane proteins can be used to implement specific targeted delivery, and the tumor showed a good treatment effect on the disease such as model, this topic with a huge bite cell membrane of the role of tumor capture, chemical modification, […]

Why is Screening for Breast Cancer Important

The impact this disease has, on not only the individual but the people around them, is powerful. Even though the tests show cancer, I am thankful that I had the annual test. It is true that stress, anxiety, and money can be saved by waiting until the age of 50 years old because of misinterpretation and overdiagnosis. However, early detection is the key to success in the battle against breast cancer. There are many different options for detection scans that […]

Healthy Lifestyle – a Way to Prevent Cancer

There are different steps that we can take as individuals to prevent cancer. Even though cancer is not always preventable there are things that we can do, and lifestyle changes we can make, to help reduce our risk of cancer. There is more and more diagnosis of this terrible disease each day. Due to the growing rate of cancer globally, cancer research is important to progress against this disease. With the way technology is growing every day, hopefully one day […]

A Treatment of Different Cancer Diseases

As a treatment of different cancer diseases, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used on patients. Unfortunately radiotherapy may cause dangerous effects. Investigating these effects and determinations of risk reliable research. It is shown that IR's most dangerous effect in cells are DBSs and that monitoring ?-H2AX focus numbers were useful biomarker to detect the invidual ionizing radiation (IR) effect on cells. Since the ?-H2AX was detected as a sensitive perceptible method for in vivo determination of DSBs, it was used in […]

Childhood Leukemia

Leukemia is the most common cancer among children up to age fifteen. There are two main subtypes that affect this age group: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common subtype, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a rather rare subtype. There are multiple phenotypes that are precursors to a child being diagnosed with ALL. B-cell precursor ALL is the predominant phenotype occurring mostly in children ages two to five, and the less common precursor is T-cell phenotype. There are different cytogenetic […]

New Healthcare Inventions on Breast Cancer

Abstract Background: The Ki67 labeling index (LI) for breast carcinoma is essential for therapy. It is determined by visual assessment under a microscope which is subjective, thus has limitations due to inter-observer variability. A standardized method for evaluating Ki67 LI is necessary to reduce subjectivity and improve precision. Therefore, automated Digital Image Analysis (DIA) has been attempted as a potential method for evaluating the Ki67 index. Materials and Method: We included 48 cases of invasive breast carcinoma in this study. […]

Essential Breast Cancer Screening Techniques and their Complements

It is with great distress that each year a large number of females suffer and die from breast cancer. Medicine practitioners and researchers have been striving to save lives from breast cancer, and how they manage to do this includes two major parts—diagnosis and treatment. What comes first on the stage of diagnosis is the detection of tumor. Thus, the development of breast imaging techniques is at the highest priority for diagnosing breast cancer, and individuals’ focus is on earlier […]

Anticancer Drugs and Chemotherapy

Abstract In the past 50 years cancer treatments have increased the amount of successfully treated cancer patients. Before the 1990s surgery or chemotherapy were the only options. Recently, scientist have discovered qualities of cancer and formed new anti-cancer drugs less harmful to the whole body. These anti-cancer drugs paired with chemotherapy are the current approach to the majority of cancer patients. Each type of cancer behaves differently and consequently must will be treated in a diverse way. The main goal […]

Stomach Cancer Research Paper

Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world (1). In the United States, 22220 new gastric cancer patients are diagnosed each year, of which up to 10990 are expected to die (2). Among the cancer deaths up to the 1980s, gastric cancer ranked second after lung cancer and the incidence decreased in the last decade (3). One reason for this decline was the identification of H.pylori infection and some dietary and environmental risk factors (4). In this […]

Obesity in Childhood

There are numerous issues that society faces on a daily basis. One of the issues that society faces is obesity. It is one of the leading risks of death and has been ongoing since the 1960s and 1970s. Obesity is an issue that continues to grow not only in the United States but also in developing countries as well. Not only does obesity affect adults but it has become a serious issue for children. According to an article, "approximately 12.7 […]

Corporate Social Responsibility against Cancer

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Essay on Cancer

List of essays on cancer, essay on cancer – introduction, types and conclusion (essay 1 – 150 words), essay on cancer (essay 2 – 250 words), essay on cancer – for school students (essay 3 – 300 words), essay on cancer – for medical students (essay 4 – 400 words), essay on cancer – for science students (essay 5 – 500 words), essay on cancer (essay 6 – 600 words), essay on cancer – written in english (essay 7 – 750 words), essay on cancer – for ias, civil services, upsc, ips and other competitive exams (essay 8 – 1000 words).

Cancer is a disease which is related to the abnormal growth of cells in a particular part of the body. Since the last decade, cancer has become one of the most feared diseases of all times, particularly due to the difficult treatment one has to undergo and the limitations of the treatment in curing this disease during later stages of cancer.

Audience: The below given essays are exclusively written for school and college students. Furthermore, those students preparing for IAS, IPS, UPSC, Civil Services and other competitive exams can also increase their knowledge by studying these essays.

Introduction:

Cancer is a group of more than 100 diseases that can develop in almost anywhere in the body. Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

Types of Cancer:

There are various types of cancer. They include:

1] Breast cancer: This is type of cancer that forms in the cells of the breast.

2] Prostate cancer: This is type of cancer that occurs in a man’s prostate. This is a small walnut sized gland that has the duty of producing seminal fluid.

3] Lung cancer: This is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs and this occurs mostly in people who smoke.

4] Leukemia: A cancer of blood forming tissues, hindering the body’s ability to fight infection.

Conclusion:

We have seen various types of cancer but the types of cancer we have are hundreds but we had mentioned just a few. Each type of cancer comes with various symptoms and various ways of curbing it.

Cancer is a disease that has been around for centuries, but it has never had such an impact on public health as it has now. Cancer is the increase in the number of cells in human beings at an abnormal rate. Doctors have been discussing the reasons behind this increase for the past fifty years. One is tempted to think that there are no reasons behind this occurrence and that it is just a natural phenomenon, people die all the time. Right?

The thing is that the number of cancer cases has increased in the past decades and a lot of this increase is attributed to the influence of different types of radiation. Even though most of the really dangerous substances (or sources of radiation) are not allowed near people. What else can be causing such an increase in cancer cases?

Some doctors have made a discovery regarding cancer that can really help us get rid of this problem. Following down the line of the argumentation presented in the famous “China Study” more doctors are advising their patients to change their diet because it can help  in their fight against cancer. Not only that but a proper diet can also be the best prevention.

When you are a student your metabolism is young so you do not feel the bad effect of your habits as much as older people do but as we age the side effects of our bad choices will become obvious. We can teach ourselves to listen to our bodies and to prevent cancer but to do that we, first of all, have to defeat our habits.

Cancer is uncontrolled and unchecked development of abnormal cells in a part of the body. Cancerous cells develop just like another cell in the body. They, however, keep growing and can form a mass then subsequently becomes tumors. Since cells are present in every part of our body, cancer can also grow in all parts of our body.

Causes of Cancer:

One great scientific mystery in our world is the cause of cancer. Scientists from all over have tried and failed in isolating any particular action, substance or environmental factors that can lead to cancer.

However, scientists all over the world agree that cancer is caused by substances known as carcinogens. These substances are introduced to the body when we are exposed to or consume materials containing them. One of the confirmed sources of carcinogens is exposure to radiation from x-ray machines.

Cancer Treatment:

There are various ways to treat a person infected with cancer. These modes of treatment are chosen depending on the type of cancer, the stage of development and the health peculiarities of the cancer patient. In other cases, several modes of treatment are combined to treat a single patient.

Some of the modes of treating cancer are in fly highlighted below:

1. Surgery to remove Cancerous tumors from the body.

2. Radiation therapy to reduce the growth of cells.

3. Chemotherapy for destroying cancer cells.

4. Stem cell transplant.

Prevention of Cancer:

Just as there are no agreed actions, materials and exposure that causes cancer, there are no generally accepted means of preventing cancer. However, there are certain habits that can limit a person’s exposure.

Some of them are highlighted below:

1. Healthy environment and diet.

2. Reduction of exposure from the sun.

3. Keep your weight low.

4. Avoid the use of tobacco.

Early detection of cancer has been hailed as the most potent way of treating this menace. Though scientists are still in the business of searching for a cure, we as humans can prevent cancer by regular medical check-ups.

Cancer is one of the second largest fatal illnesses across the world. One of the horrific words a human being can listen to is being diagnosed with Cancer. The word Cancer brings alarm and anxiety to the listener. Cancer is the abnormal growth of cells in one part of the body which can even spread to other parts if not treated at an early stage. Neoplasms or tumour are the subset of these abnormally grown-up cells which often results in a mass or lump.

What causes Cancer?

Those agents which cause cancer are termed as Carcinogens . These can be classified into physical, chemical and biological. Physical Carcinogens include ultra violet and other ionizing radiations. Food adulterants such as aflatoxin, tobacco smoke, drinking water contaminant such as Arsenic, asbestos etc., are termed as Chemical Carcinogens. Viruses, Bacteria and other parasites which cause infections and eventually lead to Cancer are categorized under Biological Carcinogens. Ageing also causes cancer as the risk of the cellular repair mechanism weakens as we age.

Significant Symptoms of Cancer:

Some of the major symptoms of cancer include unexplained weight loss, extreme fatigue, persistent sores that do not heal, changes in the bladder and bowel movements, odd bleeding and discharges, change in voice due to cancer indication in larynx and lumps and bumps on the skin.

Preventive Measures:

Some of the risk factors which needs to be addressed to prevent cancer may include avoidance of tobacco, being overweight or obese, unhealthy eating with less vegetables and greens, physical in-activity, avoiding pollution etc. Apart from the mentioned, vaccination against HPV and Hepatitis B Virus, controlling hazards while at work, reducing exposure to ultra violet and ionizing radiation etc., can help prevent being infected by Cancer.

Assessing the type of cancer and the stage is very important because every cancer type has a different pattern of treatment from surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy . The treatment that is used to relieve the cancer patient from their pain and enhance the quality of life for the patients and their families is termed as Palliative care.

World Health Organization has partnered with UNO and other non-profit organizations to ensure every country is being made aware of the non-communicable diseases and the prevention of cancer and its control. Insights to develop Centers of Excellence to provide quality treatments and to conduct research on the carcinogenesis should be provided to governments and to help the people.

The abnormal cell growth in our body which spreads to other parts as well is what is termed as cancer. Around four lakh of people in India are known to be affected by this disease every year. More so, around half of them are not able to survive as they are usually detected in the last stages of cancer. Hence it is all the more important to educate the people about this disease and its symptoms so that it can be detected early and the lives of the people suffering from it can be saved.

Cancer can affect any body part. The part that is affected gives it the name, for instance, lung cancer which affects the lungs, skin cancer in which the skin is affected and so on. However, we can broadly divide cancer into four types. The first one is Sarcoma which is known to affect the blood vessels, bones, muscles cartilages and connective tissues. The second type of cancer is Carcinoma which affects the internal organs of the body or the skin. The third type is the Lymphoma. This cancer affects the lymph glands and the lymph nodes. The last type in which cancer can be categorised is Leukaemia which largely affects the parts forming blood such as the bone marrow.

Symptoms of Cancer:

Although no particular cause is known to trigger this disease, some activities have been associated as the cause of different types of cancer. The first and foremost is smoking. Excess smoking affects the entire respiratory system thereby leading to the onset of lung cancer. More so chewing tobacco is also attributed to giving rise to mouth and throat cancer. Similarly, alcohol is attributed to be the cause of stomach, liver and gallbladder cancer. Summarising it, all the ill habits of society and urbanisation have been attributed to this disease. Even radiations coming from X-ray machines can prove harmful and lead to cancer. That is why there are proper laws an protection in place when exposing people to these harmful radiations.

Treatments Available:

If detected in early stages, cancer can surely be curable. Surgery is one of the primary steps of curing this disease. If required, doctors remove the body part affected such as the uterus, gallbladder or the breast. Thereafter, through radiotherapy, the cancerous cells on the other affected parts of the body are killed so that they don’t spread to other parts. Chemotherapy is done using the strong chemical in order to kill the cancerous cells. Other methods such as tumour suppressing genes are used in different types of cancer as may be the need advised by the doctors. Whatever the method, it is extremely difficult to go through the pain and social stigma such as loss hair which comes alongside the treatment of cancer.

Living with this Disease:

It is indeed very difficult to live with this disease as not only this disease is not fully curable but the treatment is so tough that it scares even the toughest of individuals. We, as a society, must support the people suffering from cancer and help in their difficult times. We must not discriminate them and must understand that is already suffering a lot and must not do anything which further aggravates their sufferings.

Cancer is a severe disease in which there is abnormal growth of cell that spreads around the human body. Many people in the world are struggling with this disease. Consistently around 10 million cases are analyzed. These number of cases are expected to increase around 20 million by 2020. It turns into the most widely recognized reasons for death. Due to abnormal cell growth, it develops & affects the overall body weight. Prolonged cough and abnormal bleeding are some symptoms of this severe disease. The developed abnormal cells first make their impact on organs then slowly moved as poison. Cancer disease can be identified in the beginning periods. The medical professionals are still trying to catch this disease.

One of the main causes of cancer is smoking. Other causes include tobacco, consumption of alcohol, obesity, lack of physical activities, exposure to UV radiations, etc. Age factor and changes in genes are yet other factors that cause cancer.

Cancer has different types which can be divided into various forms:

i. Skin Cancer:

It is the most common type of cancer which can be seen in many people. Every year more than 1 million people are affected by skin cancer. Skin cancer happens due to the overexposure from the sun. The thicker ozone layers directly harms our skin, which increases the chances of skin cancer.

ii. Lung Cancer:

This type of cancer is related to the cells inside the lungs. The symptoms of this type of cancer are chest pain & sudden weight loss. It is also known as lung carcinoma. As a process of metastasis, the growth of abnormal cell growth spread inside the lungs. Smoking is a fundamental driver of Lung cases.

iii. Kidney Cancer:

Another name of kidney cancer is renal cancer. Renal Cell Carcinoma and Transitional Cell Carcinoma are the types of kidney cancer. This development of cancer happens after the age of 40 years. Smoking can twofold the danger of kidney malignant growth.

iv. Leukemia:

This cancer starts developing in the bone marrow, which leads to a high number of abnormal white cells. Acute myeloid leukemia or acute lymphocytic leukemia are the sorts of leukemia. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy can be used as the treatment for Leukemia.

Cancer Staging:

It is important to understand the staging factor of this severe disease. Diagnosis of cancer in early stages helps to tackle this disease by proper treatments. During the initial stages of cancer, proper surgeries or radiotherapy can help to overcome cancer. When the broken cancer cells move to other parts of the human body, then advance treatment is suggested by the professionals. But when a patient is in the final stages of cancer, he needs a treatment which covers his whole body. Chemotherapy is a therapy which is used to circulate the bloodstream. Professional doctors use various test techniques to identify the stages of cancer. Stages are used to describe the severity of cancer.

In the initial stage, cancer can be prevented through medication, proper surgeries and light treatment. In the advance stages of cancer, chemotherapy and radiation therapy is useful. Above all, the best way to keep cancer away is to stay away from smoking and tobacco, eat healthy food and a lot of green vegetables, and do some physical exercise daily.

It is very difficult for a cancer patient to fight with the final stages of cancer. To deal with this severe problem cancer symptoms should never be ignored. More than 70% of cases are seen only due to smoking. At every stage, it is essential that everyone must adopt a healthy diet plan & exercise daily to prevent this disease. A person who has a good and healthy lifestyle can fight with cancer more strongly.

Current trends in global health mention cancer. Cancer is currently one of the leading causes of death globally. It is an illness in which abnormal cell growth develops and affects parts of the human body as it advances, it has the potential to spread from one part of the body to the other. It is a chronic illness that imposes a great economic burden on a nation because its management is costly. Cancer occurs in different parts of the body and are classified according to where it has affected. In India, men are mostly acted by lung, oral, lip and neck cancers whereas women are affected by cervical, breast and ovarian cancer. The detection procedure varies with the type of cancer while the treatment varies with the stage of the cancer progression. Mostly early stages of cancer have better prognosis compared to late stages of cancer.

There are modifiable and non-modifiable factors that predispose an individual to cancer. Non modifiable factors include age and genetics. With an increase in age, the rate of cancer incidence increases. The genetic predisposition to cancer increases the incidences of suffering the disease. Modifiable factors include lifestyle habits like drinking and smoking tobacco which increase the incidences of lung, oral, esophageal among other cancers. Diet is also a predisposing factor especially one that is less in vitamin supplements.

Physical inactivity and obesity predispose to cancers of the colon, breast and others. Sexual activity in women with multiple sexual partners predisposes them to cervical cancer due to the transmission of HPV (Human Papilloma Virus). The environment also predisposes to cancer because of the chemicals, radicals and radiations that interact with human beings.

Detection of Cancer:

The detection varies with the type of cancer and so screening is done for each type differently. It is advisable that people get regular checkups of the whole body so that early detection facilitates effective and curative treatment. Screening of cancer is done using detailed examination of the physique, laboratory and histology tests, radiological and magnetic imaging techniques among other methods.

The campaigns against cancer advocate for early detection by teaching the public on the early signs of cancer. In breast cancer awareness for example, the public is made aware of physical examination of the breast and if they detect any abnormal growth or lump, they are to seek further investigation. Early detection is important because it results in successful treatment. In the detection, the cancer staging is done, which is usually four stages, stage one, two, three and four. Stage one has the best prognosis whereas stage four has the poorest prognosis.

Treatment of Cancer:

Once cancer is detected, a range of treatment options is provided. Treatment depends on the types of cancer and the staging. It can be treated by surgery whereby excision of the abnormal growth is done. Surgery is done for non-hematological cancers and those that have not metastasized to other parts of the body. An example of surgery is mastectomy to treat breast cancer.

Chemotherapy is another treatment option that involves the administration of anticancer medication that eliminate the abnormal cells in the body. Another treatment option is radiation therapy that uses ionizing radiations to destroy cancer cells. Radiation is also used to make tumors small. It is used to treat solid tumors and it depends on the sensitivity of the tumor to the radiations. It is targeted at the nucleic acid destruction in the tumor cells.

Consequences of Cancer:

Cancer is a chronic illness that could result in very serious consequences even with treatment. Cachexia is the extreme wasting of the body that causes death in cancer patients. Economic burden to both the individual and the nation is experienced in cancer treatment because the treatment modalities are costly. The economic burden results in decline of the nation’s economy and increased healthcare costs to the population.

Mental illnesses result from cancer because it is a terminal illness and most patients become mentally unstable upon diagnosis. The quality of health is affected in a country when there is high incidences of cancer and the performance is greatly affected, which cause poverty and economic crisis for individuals.

Cancer is a serious illness that impacts the lives of people and the nation negatively. It is evident that cancer has diverse treatment options but the problem is that people do not go for checkups. Checkups are important in early detection, which usually results in successful treatment and less burden of cancer in a nation and in individuals.

Cancer is basically an agglomeration of various diseases that involves the abnormal growth of cells with the ability to spread or invade other body parts. Cancers are quite different from benign tumours in that the latter does not spread or invade other body parts. Some of the many symptoms and signs of cancer include abnormal bleeding, a lump, weight loss that is unusual, prolonged cough and bowel movement change. Even though these listed symptoms and signs of cancer, they might be caused by other things so it is necessary to be diagnosed. Today, we have more than 100 various kinds of cancer that affect us humans.

History of Cancer:

It is believed that cancer has been in existence for a majority if not all of the history of man. Breast cancer was the first form of cancer that was recorded and this happened around 1600 BC in Egypt. Between 460 BC and 370 BC, Hippocrates spent time analysing various types of cancer and referred to them as crayfish or crab. The name was as a result of the crab-like look of the malignant tumour and the lateral extension of the distended veins and tumours.

Factors Causing Cancer:

It has been discovered that the major cause of deaths as a result of cancer is the use of tobacco and it accounts for about 22 percent of the total number of deaths due to cancer. Poor diet, obesity, excessive alcohol consumption and a lack of exercise and physical activities accounts for another 10 percent of deaths caused by cancer. Some other causes and factors that contribute to cancer include environmental pollutants, ionizing radiation exposure and certain infections.

In most developing countries, infections like hepatitis B, Helicobacter pylori, papillomavirus infection of humans, Hepatitis C, HIV and Epstein Barr contribute to fifteen percent of all cancers. All of the factors listed above change the cell genes. There are always a lot of genetic changes before the development of cancer. About 10% of all cancers are as a result of genetic defects that are inherited from a parent. Asides the symptoms and signs that are used to detect cancer, screening tests are also a good way of detecting cancer. Cancer is normally thoroughly investigated using medical imaging; it is then confirmed through biopsy.

Development of Cancer:

A tumour or neoplasm is a collection of cells which have gone through growth that is not regulated and most times form a lump or mass. Every tumour cell exhibits the six important characters that are necessary for the production of the malignant tumour.

The six characteristics are:

1. Cell division and growth without all the signals that are proper.

2. Continuous division and growth even though the signals given are contrary.

3. Cell death that is usually programmed is avoided.

4. The divisions of the cell are quite limitless in number.

5. The construction of blood vessel is promoted.

6. The tissues are invaded and metastases are formed.

Cancer Prevention:

The prevention of a lot of cancers can be ensured by trying to maintain a weight that is healthy, not smoking, consuming a lot of whole grains, fruits and vegetable, avoiding the consumption of a lot of alcohol, reduction in the amount of red and processed meat that is consumed, getting vaccinated against some infectious diseases and the avoidance of too much exposure to sunlight. It is sometimes useful that there is early detection in cases of colorectal and cervical cancer and this can be achieved through screening. The usefulness of breast cancer screening is highly controversial.

The treatment of cancer is usually done by combining surgery, radiation therapy, targeted therapy and chemotherapy. A very important element of care is the management of symptoms and pain. In cases of advanced disease, palliative care is of utmost importance. The extent of the disease at the commencement of treatment and also the form of cancer that is involved go a long way to determine the odds of survival. Using the adopted survival rate at five years, children that were under the age of 15 when they were diagnosed have an average rate of survival of 80% in most developed countries. In the US, the average rate of survival for the five year period is 66%.

90.5 million  people were living with different cancers in 2015. It has been reported that every year, close to 15 million reports of new cancer cases are filed. These do not include the cases of skin cancer. Cancer results in more than eight million deaths every year which is about 15.7% of the total number of deaths every year.

In males, prostate cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer and colorectal cancer are the most widespread cancer types. In females, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer and lung cancer are the most widespread cancer types. Apart from melanoma, if we include skin cancer in the amount of new cases of cancer every year, it is going to be 40% of the total number of cases.

Brain tumours and lymphoblastic leukemia that is acute are the most widespread cancer types in children but in Africa, lymphoma that is no-Hodgkin is the most widespread. The total number of children that are under the age of 15 that ended up being diagnosed with one type of cancer or the other in 2012 is around 165,000.

With an increase in age, it has been seen that the risk of getting cancer also increases significantly and the number and occurrence of cases of cancer in developed countries in more than the number and occurrence of cancer cases in other countries. The change in lifestyle and increase in the number of people living to a very old age in countries that are developing contributes to the increase in the rate of the occurrence of cancer. Cancer is believed to have a financial cost of up to 1.16 trillion dollars every year.

Cancer can be extremely dangerous when it is not discovered early and when adequate and proper care and attention is not given to the treatment. Therefore it is very important to go for regularly screening to find out if there is need for caution or treatment.

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Cancer Treatment

Cancer: Is there an increasing use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine?

Cancer is one of the most dangerous and serious diseases. Although it is recognized that the cancer is not absolutely incurable, and it may be treated, especially if it is detected in the early stages, however, it remains one of the most fatal and frightening diseases even nowadays. Traditional medicine includes the wide range of methods of cancer treatment, but they are not always as effective as it is expected, and many people (sometimes in the desperate attempt to save their lives by any possible means) tend to use the alternative and untraditional methods. Current paper describes in details the main types of the alternative methods, the degree of their effectiveness and probable risks connected with the usage of untraditional medicine in the cancer treatment. It also analyzes the possibility of the combination of traditional and complementary and alternative medicine and its outcomes. 

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Cancer is the type of disease caused by abnormal growth of the cells, which cannot be controlled, regulated or stopped. Cancer cells reproduce and spread rapidly, despite the body’s signals. They frequently are different from the healthy cells and cannot function normally. When such cell growth causes the appearance of tumors, which harm the body, this condition is called cancer and requires the immediate intervention.

The main risk factors, which are the reason for cancer, are the following: tobacco smoking, the excessive weight and being obese, bad nutrition, low level of physical activeness, infections, which significantly decrease the immunity of the body, air pollution and the low quality of the environment. Some researches indicate that the level of cancer disease incidence and mortality depends on the level of the country’s economic development. Thus, in accordance with statistics, 70%  of deaths caused by the cancer occur in the countries with low or pre-middle level of income. Also, as the statistics show, men are more vulnerable to cancer than women. The rate of cancer disease incidents in men amounts to 45% , while the amount of women is 39%. The most wide-spread cancer form is lung cancer. As the research indicates, the fact that cancer is genetically based disease is the myth. Only 8% of the common amount of diseases are the cases when the predisposition to the cancer is transmitted genetically.

Oftentimes, people do not trust in the effectiveness of the traditional methods of treatment, because there are not many cases when people manage to recover fully due to the traditional methods, although they are very advanced. In such cases, they prefer to use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Also, people who do not get any facilitation using traditional medicine may use CAM as the last chance to recover. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is the term used in order to unite the range of medical products and practices, which are not included in the standard care. The term ‘standard care’ is used to define the methods and medications, which medical doctors, doctors of osteopathy, and health professionals referred to the official medicine, such as nurses and physical therapists, practice. CAM represents a significant challenge for oncologists, because some types of CAM may be successfully combined with standard methods of treatment, and because excessive or inappropriate use of some types of CAM (for example, the defined herbal mixtures and vitamin supplements), may considerably damage health. 

CAM includes the following types, which are described below: 

• Natural products. This group consists of the wide range of various products, such as herbs (also defined by the term botanicals), vitamins and minerals, and probiotics (live bacteria or yeasts). They are widely represented in the markets, freely available to consumers, and frequently sold as dietary supplements. The tendency of usage of the natural products has increased significantly in the past several decades. In accordance with the 2007 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), which is based on the comprehensive survey concerning the usage of complementary health methods and techniques by the Americans, 17.7%  of American people had used a non-vitamin or non-mineral natural products in the year of 2007. The above mentioned products were one of the most popular complementary health methods among adults as well as children. The most usable natural products for cancer treatment are fish oil/ omega 3s, (37.4%), Echinacea (37.2%). The effects of these natural products have been studied in the large number of various placebo-controlled researches, and many of them did not indicate the anticipated effects. Research on other natural products which is conducted in order to determine whether they are effective and safe in the treatment of cancer is currently under the process of studying. Several researches have confirmed that some natural products may be quite helpful and harmless; however, more details need to be learned about the effects of these products in the human body and whether they are safe and potentially able to interact with medications and with other kinds of natural products. Similarly to any medical product or treatment method, the risks connected with be complementary therapies also exist. The above mentioned risks depend on the particular kind of therapy. Each therapy requires to be considered on its own. However, if the specific therapy is considered, the risks connected with its usage may be minimized.
• Mind and Body Practices. This type of CAM includes a wide range of various procedures or techniques controlled or taught by a specially trained practitioner or teacher. These techniques and procedures include the following main elements. Acupuncture (when a practitioner stimulates special points on the body, the most frequently inserting a thin needle into the patient’s skin). Massage therapy (when a practitioner presses, rubs, and moves muscles and other soft tissues of the body by means of his or her hands and fingers in order to provoke the increase of the blood flow and oxygen to the area which is massaged). Meditation (conscious mental technique used in order to learn concentrating the attention and remaining in the certain posture in order to stop the stream of thoughts and relax the body). The range of movement therapies includes a great variety of different complexes of Eastern and Western movement based techniques (for example, Feldenkrais method or Alexander technique; sometimes such moving techniques as Pilates or Rolfing Structural Integration may be used; Trager psychophysical integration may also be the example of the above mentioned movement-based techniques). In order to provoke the body’s natural relaxing response, various relaxation techniques (for example, breathing exercises, guided imagery, or progressive muscle relaxation) are used. Spinal manipulation is one of the most popular methods which is practiced by health care specialists (for example, chiropractors or osteopathic physicians; it also can be practiced by naturopathic physicians or physical therapists, and sometimes even some medical doctors). Practitioners implement the spinal manipulations by means of their hands or special devices in order to apply the controlled force to the joints of the spine. The force applied is predetermined by the form of the manipulations used. Tai chi technique and qi gong practice are derived from traditional Chinese medicine and consist of special movements and postures, coordinated breathing techniques, and mental concentration.

It can be stated with certainty that there exist certain risks connected with using CAM because not all peculiarities, the level of effectiveness and side effects of such methods are examined thoroughly. However, there are some recommendations used in order to minimize the risks of using CAM.

• The patient should know that it is very important to charge of his or her health by being an informed and aware consumer. The patient should be informed about the fact that the scientific evidence should be the only reliable source of knowledge about any therapy’s safety and whether it works.
• The patients should also realize that every individual responds differently to the treatment, whether it is traditional or alternative. The person’s response to a certain therapy depends on many different factors, such as the person’s health state, the way the therapy is used, or the personal conviction and belief in the effectiveness of the therapy.
• The patients should understand that what is natural does not compulsorily mean safe. (For example, the mushrooms growing in the wild environment can be considered. Some of them are safe and humans can eat them, while some others are poisonous for humans).
• The patients should be informed properly about factors that influence their safety. In the therapy which is implemented by a practitioner, the range of these factors consists of the training, skills advance, and the depth of the experience of the practitioner. The significant factors influencing the safety of a product (for example, a dietary supplement) are the quality and the appropriate combination of specific ingredients and the level of quality of the manufacturing processes.
• If a patient decides to use a method of treatment which would be implemented by a complementary medicine practitioner (for example, naturopathy or acupuncture), he or she should choose the practitioner very carefully.
• If a patient decides to use the dietary supplements, such as the herbal products, he or she should be informed that some products may have different results of interaction of these products with medications or other supplements, and some of them may have negative side effects.
• A patient should inform all his or her health care providers about any complementary and alternative methods he or she uses. A patient should provide them with a full picture of what they do to manage their health. This will assist to ensure appropriately coordinated and safe care.

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Summarizing the information expounded above, it can be stated that although the traditional medicine proposes quite progressive and advanced treatment for the cancer, some people tend to use CAM. There are a lot of different types of CAM. Some of them are scientifically tested and approved by conventional medicine. However, the effects of others are in the process of studying. Also, the great challenging research field for the scientists is the interaction between traditional medicine and CAM. The side effects of combination of traditional and unconventional treatments are not fully examined. Therefore, the scientists should pay the special attention to this problem, as the combination of the above mentioned types of medicine may provide the maximally effective cancer treatment, as well as considerably damage the body. 

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Cancer Control: Knowledge Into Action: WHO Guide for Effective Programmes: Module 4: Diagnosis and Treatment. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.

Cancer Control: Knowledge Into Action: WHO Guide for Effective Programmes: Module 4: Diagnosis and Treatment.

A plan for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a key component of any overall cancer control plan. Its main goal is to cure cancer patients or prolong their life considerably, ensuring a good quality of life. In order for a diagnosis and treatment programme to be effective, it must never be developed in isolation. It needs to be linked to an early detection programme so that cases are detected at an early stage, when treatment is more effective and there is a greater chance of cure. It also needs to be integrated with a palliative care programme, so that patients with advanced cancers, who can no longer benefit from treatment, will get adequate relief from their physical, psychosocial and spiritual suffering. Furthermore, programmes should include a awareness-raising component, to educate patients, family and community members about the cancer risk factors and the need for taking preventive measures to avoid developing cancer.

Where resources are limited, diagnosis and treatment services should initially target all patients presenting with curable cancers, such as breast, cervical and oral cancers that can be detected early. They could also include childhood acute lymphatic leukaemia, which has a high potential for cure although it cannot be detected early. Above all, services need to be provided in an equitable and sustainable manner. As and when more resources become available, the programme can be extended to include other curable cancers as well as cancers for which treatment can prolong survival considerably.

This module on diagnosis and treatment is intended to evolve in response to national needs and experience. WHO welcomes input from countries wishing to share their successes in diagnosis and treatment. WHO also welcomes requests from countries for information relevant to their specific needs. Evidence on the barriers to diagnosis and treatment in country contexts – and the lessons learned in overcoming them – would be especially welcome (contact at http://www.who.int/cancer ).

All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: tni.ohw@sredrokoob ). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: tni.ohw@snoissimrep ).

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Essay on Cancer: Types, Causes and Treatment

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Cancer is one of the most important non-infectious or non-communicable diseases.

“Cancer is referred to as an ailment characterised by an unrestrained growth of abnormal cells which if untreated and unchecked eventually kills the patient.”

In India nearly four lakhs of people are affected by cancer every year. Out of them two lakhs of people die. It is mainly due to late detection. Many people are not aware of the early symptoms of this disease.

What is Cancer?

The growth of multicellular animals occurs due to addition of new cells. The old or existing cells divide by mitosis to form new cells. This division is controlled and regulated by some factors. Sometimes, due to unknown reasons, some cells divide in abnormally faster rate to form a lump.

This lump increases rapidly causing ulcers. It causes serious complications in the body. These abnormal cells first destroy the organ and then the whole body. These cells utilize the total food of the body. So the affected person becomes weak, looses his weight and ultimately dies. The tumors, enclosed in connective tissue are called benign tumor and when the tumors grow, it is called as malignant.

Types of Cancer:

Cancer can be divided into different types:

1. Sarcoma:

The cancer which occurs in muscles, cartilages, bones, blood vessels, connective tissues are known as sarcoma.

2. Carcinoma:

This type of cancer originates from skin or cells which lines the internal organs.

3. Lymphoma:

It is the cancer of lymph glands and lymph nodes.

4. Leukemia:

It occurs in blood forming organs, specially the bone marrow. It is found that no organ of body and no species is free from cancer.

Causes of Cancer :

The real cause of cancer is not yet known.

The following aspects can be attributed to the cause of cancer:

1. Excessive smoking has been found to be associated with lung cancer, cancer in urinary bladder, mouth, throat, larynx etc.

2. Chewing of tobacco, betel nuts etc. are believed to be the cause of cancer in mouth, throat, oesophagus etc.

3. A large number of dyes, chemicals, heavy metals can cause cancer.

4. Ionic radiations like X-ray, gamma ray etc. can cause cancer.

5. Alcohol is thought to be the cause of cancer in stomach, liver, gall bladder etc.

6. Pollutants like chemicals, smoke, dust may be responsible for cancer. Though the exact cause of cancer is not known, the above described substances are mutagens which can cause mutation in genes. The mutant genes have no control over normal functioning of the cell. So it may lead to cancer.

Sites of Cancer :

Though cancer can develop at any part or organ of the body, it mostly develops in some organs like liver, alimentary canal, larynx, pharynx, tongue, lips, gall bladder, lungs, uterus, urinary bladder, lymph nodes, bones etc.

Primary Symptoms of Cancer :

1. Presence of any persistent lump or thickening of tissues in lip, tongue or breast.

2. Any wound that does not heal.

3. Unusual bleeding or discharge of blood.

4. Persistent indigestion, difficulty in swallowing.

5. A regular change in bowel movements.

6. Rapid change in rate of growth, colour and form of mole or wart.

7. Change in the voice.

8. Unusual loss of weight of the body.

How Cancer Spread?

Cancer spreads inside the body rapidly and infects other organs, called metastasis:

(i) Cancer cells grow through the walls of blood vessels.

(ii) Cancer cells are carried by the blood stream to other parts of the body.

(iii) Cancer cells pass through lymphatic vessels and lymph glands.

(iv) Cancer cells spread from tissues to tissues.

Behaviour of Cancerous Cells :

Normal cells of the body have a control over the division. The controlling factor is present in the DNA. The DNA directs the cells to divide and stops the division when not required. In cancerous cells the controlling factor is not present, probably due to mutant genes. Due to absence of controlling factor, the mitosis continues uncontrolled and forms cancer. It is believed that these cells carry certain cancer causing genes, called oncogens. These oncogenes remain inactive. Certain conditions initiate these genes to multiply and destroy the normal controlling factor of the cells.

Suspected Involvement of Virus in Cancer :

The role of virus is strongly suspected now. Some retrovirus, which causes tumor may be involved in this process. It is known that these viruses have RNA as genetic material. These RNA have the capacity to integrate with the host DNA. By the process of “reverse transcriptase”, these RNA make copy of the DNA.

This DNA acts as viral oncogene. The viral oncogenes may interact with the oncogenes of the cell, called proto-oncogenes and take control of the cell function. The DNA, which have been transcribed from viral RNA, transcribe back the viral RNA through normal transcription processes forming large number of new retroviruses.

Treatment of Cancer:

Cancer is curable, if it is detected at the early stages. The patient enjoys full life without recurrence of the disease.

Cancer is treated in three ways:

(i) Surgery:

Some of the infected organs are removed from the body by surgery: Example-Uterus, breast etc.

(ii) Radiotherapy:

The affected organs are irradiated to kill the cancerous cells and prevent them from spreading.

(iii) Chemotherapy:

Strong chemicals are used to kill the cancerous cells and isolate these cells from other organs. Sometimes all these three methods are applied to cure cancer. This dreaded disease can be cured fully, if it is detected at the preliminary stage. So social consciousness should be developed for early detection.

Oncogenes :

Oncogenes (Gk. Onkos meaning cancer) were initially identified as genes carried by viruses that cause transformation of their target cells. A major class of Oncogenes, the oncogenes present in acute transforming retroviruses, has homologues in animal genomes; these cellular counterparts are called Proto- oncogenes.

Proto-Oncogenes :

Proto-oncogenes participate in normal cell function, and in certain cases, a mutation or aberrant activation of a Proto- oncogenes causes tumour formation. So far trans membrane proteins to transcription factors.

Viral Oncogenes :

Transformation represents a gain-of-function in which a Proto- oncogene is activated either because of its acquisition by a retrovirus (this generates a viral oncogene or v-onc) or its activation by mutation or by association with new regulatory sequences due to recombination, leading to its expression where it is usually not expressed or an over expression in the tissue of its usual expression (this generate cellular oncogenes or (c-onc). Oncogenic development results from either increased expression of the oncogene or an alteration in the activity of the oncoprotein. Oncogene in such cases therefore is dominant over its Proto- oncogene counterpart.

Tumour Supressor Genes :

There are a group of genes whose inactivation (loss-of -function) by mutation, including deletion leads to tumour formation; these are known as Tumour Suppressor Genes. These genes usually impose some restriction on the cell cycle or cell growth.

Therefore a loss-of- function for such genes is tumorigenic. In such cases, tumour development is recessive to normal development, and both the alleles must be inactivated by mutation or deletion to allow oncogenesis.

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Cancer — Cancer: Types, Causes, Effects and Treatment

Cancer: Types, Causes, Effects and Treatment

• Categories: Cancer Therapy

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Words: 2465 |

13 min read

Published: Mar 18, 2021

Words: 2465 | Pages: 5 | 13 min read

Table of contents

Introduction, common causes of cancer, traditional treatments for cancer/effects, success rates for different treatments, role of mutations, breast cancer, brain cancer, lung cancer, immune system.

• Allison, J., 2017. MD Anderson Cancer center. [Online] Available at: https://www.mdanderson.org/newsroom/md-anderson-immunologist-jim-allison-awarded-nobel-prize.h00-159228090.html
• American cancer society , 2016 . Survival rates for breats cancer. [Online] Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/breast-cancer-survival-rates.html
• Anon., 2018. American Cancer society. [Online] Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes.html
• Anon., 2018. Explination of cancer. [Online] Available at: https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=explination+on+cancer+&view=detail&mid=94D3CB9CF0AA232DC98394D3CB9CF0AA232DC983&&FORM=VRDGAR
• CTCA, 2019. CancerCompass. [Online] Available at: https://www.cancercompass.com/cancer-treatment/radiation-therapy.htm
• Farlex, 2019. definition of screening. [Online] Available at: https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/screening
• R.News, 2016. R. News. [Online] Available at: https://www.rnews.co.za/article/16673/the-reality-of-breast-cancer-treatment-cost-in-south-africa
• Tutor, C., 2018. cancer vs Immune system. [Online] Available at: https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=immune+system+verses+cancer&&view=detail&mid=9524B15F2F0CE060F0739524B15F2F0CE060F073&&FORM=VRDGAR
• U.S department of health, 2018. National cancer Institution. [Online] Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer

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Why belief in cancer fatalism can harm your health

When Leonora Argate found a lump in her breast, the first thing she felt was fear. She thought, "Cancer doesn't seem to have a cure, right?"

Argate, a 64-year-old grandmother who shares her home with nine other people and a sari-sari (a small convenience shop) in Taguig, the Philippines, was reluctant to visit a health centre to confirm what she suspected. It took almost a month before she agreed to go for screening. And after she was diagnosed with breast cancer, she didn't turn up for a surgical consultation. "I really didn't want to get treatment because I was scared," she explains. Her cousin had died of cancer despite undergoing surgery for it.

Argate's neighbour had also experienced cancer and referred her to a patient navigator. Patient navigators are health or social workers who guide patients through the various steps of dealing with a health condition, which can include connecting them with financial and transport support. Argate's city, Taguig, has a patient navigator programme for people with breast cancer, in partnership between health officials and the iCanServe Foundation.

Argate's cancer moved through several stages. But following surgery, chemotherapy and medication, she's now in remission.

These physical changes have been accompanied by changes in how she thinks about cancer. She initially felt hopeless about the disease – as so many people do, all around the world. Psychologists, health workers and others have been studying this phenomenon, known as cancer fatalism, in order to understand why it's so persistent and to help people take action sooner. The hope is that one day this research could save lives.  

Fatalism is complicated

Fatalism has been tricky to define. It's generally thought of as a belief that outcomes cannot be changed and are determined by outside forces. For Oscar Esparza-Del Villar, a professor of psychology at the Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez in Mexico, what some people call fatalism can be separated out from related factors like helplessness and a belief in divine control . The researchers found that of  fatalism and these related factors, it's the helplessness that influences health behaviours the most .

Fatalism can have very different expressions in different cultures, but is seen around the world at varying levels. Esparza-Del Villar coauthored a six-country study of fatalism . "To our surprise, the German population was the group with the highest level of fatalism," Esparza-Del Villar explains – more than in Ghana, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria or Switzerland. This was contrary to some perceptions that fatalism is more common in low- and middle-income countries.

This suggests that psychological assessments of fatalism should be adjusted to different cultures. Esparza-Del Villar and colleagues created the first fatalism scale to be developed simultaneously in Spanish and English .

Some types of cancer are highly treatable when they are caught early (Credit: Getty Images)

Perhaps surprisingly, fatalism can have some benefits. In research with migrants near the Mexico–US border , "those with higher fatalism reported lower levels of depression and anxiety," Esparza-Del Villar explains. "It was like a protective factor for them." Indeed, fatalism can provide a sense of wellbeing in the face of hardship .

However, there is a relationship between fatalism and potentially harmful behaviours, notably with cancer. Fatalism has been linked to lower rates of colorectal cancer screening in Ireland . In Ghana, some people say that destiny can't be changed when they refuse breast cancer treatment . In the US, kids use sunscreen less when their parents are both fatalistic and have a family history of melanoma.

In the Philippines, "fatalistic attitudes on health are common," reports Janine Pajimna, an internist at St. Luke's Medical Center in Quezon City, the Philippines. She and colleagues recently pointed to cancer fatalism as a contributor to the extremely low rates of cervical cancer screening in the Philippines, even though it is diagnosed using a relatively inexpensive visual test.

One representative Filipino phrase is kung oras mo na, oras mo na , which Pajimna translates as "when it is really your time, your time is up." She feels that the sentiment can be harmful. "This statement is very fallible in a way that some Filipino patients would not even seek consult nor pursue life-saving treatments that can potentially prolong and/or improve their quality of life," Pajimna says. "It is alike to merely accepting their fates without doing anything because that is the hand they were dealt," she says.

Cancer fatalism is very common

Cancer fatalism has two dimensions , says Laura Marlow, a senior research fellow in the Cancer Behavioural Science Unit at King's College London in the UK. One is inevitability: the idea that external forces cause cancer and it can't be prevented . The other is incurability: the belief that if someone has cancer they'll die from it .

When it comes to inevitability, one expression of fatalism that Samuel Smith, a professor of behavioural oncology at the University of Leeds in the UK, often sees implied in news stories is the idea that just about everything causes cancer. This gives the impression that it's nearly impossible to address the causes. Contrary to this, Smith says, "the message around cancer has been relatively stable with regard to environmental determinants for many years: don't smoke, reduce your alcohol consumption (none is better), maintain a healthy weight, maintain a healthy diet, and get physical exercise."

The inevitability is one aspect of cancer fatalism, but "the incurability aspect of it is the bit that we really want to overcome," Marlow says, because in many cases that's no longer the reality.

Still, for many people, "the word cancer means death," Malgorzata Polnik has observed. Polnik was an oncology nurse before becoming a psychotherapist based in Devon, England, where she continues to see many clients dealing with cancer. In her experience, many patients tune out of medical consultations as soon as they hear the word cancer. It can be hard to hear anything else – like the fact that some types of cancer are essentially chronic illnesses, which can be well managed if caught early enough. "I see that for a patient hearing this powerful word, it leads to a whole process of reflection and maybe they're not ready right away to talk about all of the treatments," Polnik explains.

The children of parents with fatalistic attitudes to cancer tend to use suncream less frequently (Credit: Getty Images)

There are of course many practical and structural barriers to obtaining diagnosis or treatment for cancer. But depending on the person, cognitive and emotional responses to this health threat may be just as significant, Smith says. These include cancer worry, fear and fatalism.

 "We all hold these beliefs to some extent," says Smith.

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 In 2015. he coauthored a US study which found that 66% of participants thought that everything causes cancer, and 58% automatically associated cancer with death. This is despite cancer survival rates increasing over time , especially in wealthy countries like the US.

Marlow believes that "things like fatalism are really detrimental to that early part of the process," where people avoid thinking about things like cancer screening. "They don't necessarily trump all of the other stuff that we've got to put in place to support people to be able to participate in these behaviours." But all those aspects need to be addressed in order to improve health outcomes.

Beyond fatalism

When Polnik works with patients who believe that their cancer is going to kill them, she focuses on asking questions rather than issuing statements. For instance, she asks how healthy such thoughts are, and whether they have a factual basis. "Sooner or later, we’re going to come to the conclusion that the belief is not based in fact," Polnik says. She might then ask if such beliefs are helping her patients resolve their conflicts, or whether they're worsening their anxiety. This kind of step-by-step approach helps to break down what can feel overwhelming.

Beliefs are powerful but not always well understood. For example, religious belief is not the main reason that fatalistic people may avoid certain health measures, as is sometimes thought. In fact, in some cases religious service attendance is associated with more screening against cancer . Pajimna says that balance is important. Although some people find that faith is beneficial for their mental health, some people take it to the extremes and view scientific evidence as invalid, she says. "This attitude serves as a hindrance to vital health seeking behaviours, such as undergoing regular cancer screenings and receiving life-saving vaccinations," says Pajimna.

More than religion, the factor that significantly explains cancer fatalism is education . Of course, education and health literacy can be entangled with other factors like gender, income, language, migration status and ethnicity , but some research suggests that these factors alone are not sufficient to understand why cancer fatalism is so prevalent in certain groups. 

Where healthcare is unaffordable or inaccessible, cancer fatalism is especially unsurprising, says Smith. In these environments, cancer really can come with higher mortality rates because it's often diagnosed at a later stage or fewer treatments are available. Without education, it would be easy to take a fatalistic view, but in reality people can improve their chances of survival with simple behaviours such as going for screening.

"It's about trying to address that and trying to ensure that those people in the community understand that it's not an inevitability," says Smith. And that's where positive stories are especially needed.

Fatalistic attitudes towards cancer can hinder healthy behaviours such as attending screenings (Credit: Getty Images)

Smith comments that fatalism should be addressed not just at an individual level, but also at a community level, to encourage public understanding of cancer. "Meeting people where they live rather than expecting them to come to you could be one way of addressing this,"  says Smith. For example, Bowel Cancer UK are running roadshows outside places like supermarkets, where people can walk inside giant inflatable bowels and learn more about bowel cancer. Marlow says being able to speak with health professionals in a more conversational way at events like roadshows is particularly useful "when people have low health literacy and find it difficult to pull meaning out of text-based communications".

In general, because education levels are the most important factor in cancer fatalism, reducing educational disparities can help to address other inequalities that affect health. This includes any form of educational attainment, regardless of whether it is directly related to health. Another approach is to tackle those inequalities in healthcare access head-on. While reforming entire educational and health systems is an ambitious goal, there are also smaller-scale ways to address differences in education levels, like using visuals and accessible language in educational materials about cancer.

It can also be helpful for patients to share their own stories, as Argate is doing. She was able to manage her fear with the support of her family as well as her patient navigator, who would call and visit her at home. All this helped to bridge the emotional, financial and practical realities of living with cancer. In the Philippines, patients with patient navigators are less likely to abandon cancer treatment .

Now, Argate says, if another person with cancer tells her that they don't want to go to the doctor,

"I will tell them not to be afraid to seek treatment because there is someone helping us."

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• National Cancer Awareness Day: Empowering Hope and Health

Coveted as one of the most notorious diseases in the world, cancer has known to be one of the leading causes of death across the world. Cancer in any form is life-threatening and people often shy away from discussing it. However, cancer awareness can be of great benefit to the common people.

Long Essay on Cancer

In this long essay on cancer, we are providing you with cancer meaning, speech on cancer awareness. Go through this cancer essay to get a complete overview of this deadly disease.

In a recent study conducted in 2018, it was found that around 9.5 million people died that year owing to cancer. The World Health Organisation has revealed that cancer is the second leading cause of death across the world. The statistics in India are also no better and as per recent figures about 1300 people die every day owing to cancer of different types. Cancer types and causes have seen a steady increase in the past decade which does not bode well for the world population.

Meaning of Cancer

Before we proceed in this essay on cancer, we must understand cancer's meaning or what exactly is cancer? Cancer is the term given collectively to any and all forms of unregulated cell growth. Normally, the cells inside our body follow a definitive cycle from generation to death. However, in a person suffering from cancer, this cycle is unchecked and hence the cell cycle passes through the checkpoints unhinged and the cells continue to grow.

Types of Cancer

Now, that we have a preliminary understanding of the meaning of cancer, let us proceed to the cancer types or specifications. Cancer types are usually named after the area they affect in the body - usually like skin, lung, pancreas, blood, stomach among the others. However, if classified biologically, there are primarily five types of cancer. These include - leukemia, melanoma, carcinoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma.

Leukemia is the type of cancer that originates in the blood marrow and is a cancer of the blood. In this cancer type, no tumors are formed. Melanoma is regarded as one of the most dangerous types of cancer as in this, the skin coloring pigment or melanin becomes cancerous in nature. Carcinomas are cancers of the various types of glands or organs such as the breasts, stomach, lungs, pancreas, etc. Cancers of the connective tissues such as the bones, muscles, etc are classified as sarcomas. Lymphomas, on the other hand, are cancers of the white blood cells. Among the most diagnosed types of cancers are carcinomas.

Cancer Causes

In the present day living environment, a number of factors are liable to cause cancer. However, in many cases, one single factor cannot be attributed or held responsible for causing cancer in an individual. The substances that are known to be cancer-causing or increasing the risks of cancer are known as carcinogens. Carcinogens can range from anything from pollutants to tobacco to something as simple as processed meats.

The effect of carcinogens, however, on different individuals is different and it is also dependent on a number of factors, be it physical, lifestyle-choice, or biological. The physical factors enabling the effect of carcinogens include exposure to different environmental conditions such as UV rays, X-rays, etc. Cancer among mining workers because of their constant exposure to asbestos and fine silicone dust is common. Biological factors generally include hereditary factors, such as the passing of a mutated BRCA1 or 2 mutations from mother to daughter in case of breast cancer. In addition, they also include factors such as age, gender, blood type, etc. Lifestyle choice refers to habits such as smoking, drinking, radiation exposure, etc, which can act as triggers for carcinogens.

Cancer Treatment

In this segment of our essay on cancer, we will discuss the various types of cancer treatments involved and their applicability. The most commonly applied cancer treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Often, these treatments are given in a combination of one with the other. Surgery is usually performed in the case of benign tumors usually followed by a short cycle of preventive chemotherapy. The treatment of chemotherapy includes a combination of drugs targeted to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy, on the other hand, makes use of radiations to kill cancerous cells. All these treatments are usually known to have side effects, so after-care for cancer survivors is also equally important.

The kind of treatment best suited for a patient is usually determined by the physician. The most important aspect of cancer treatment is early diagnosis and immediate medical intervention. The chances of surviving or beating cancer increase by a paramount value if diagnosed in the early stages.

Cancer Awareness

In India, and many other countries, speaking or discussing cancer is still considered taboo and this perception is in dire need of a change. Always remember cancer awareness is the first step towards cancer prevention. You must come across survivors sharing their journey by means of speech of cancer awareness. It can be of great benefit to know about the disease beforehand as it will keep you wary of any signs or symptoms you might come across and bring the same to the notice of your physician immediately. This will help in preventing or fighting cancer more effectively.

Short Essay on Cancer

To provide you with a grasp on the subject matter, we have provided a short essay on cancer here. Cancer is a disease in which the cells in specified or different parts of the body start dividing continuously. Cancer is usually caused by specific substances that affect several factors in our body. These specific substances are called carcinogens.

Cancer can be caused owing to exposure to pollution, radiation, harmful substances, poor lifestyle choices, etc. Cancer is best treated when detected early. Usually, surgery as well as other treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, etc. are used to treat cancer.

Cancer awareness is one of the best means that help in preventing and fighting the disease.

Points to Remember About Cancer

Students are recommended to remember the point of facts so it can be helpful for the students to write an essay with ease. Below are listed a few quick points for the convenience of students who are opting to write an essay on Cancer—

Cancer is a condition in which the cells divide in vast numbers uncontrollably which results in impairment and other damage to the body.

Excessive alcohol consumption, poor nutrition or physical inactivity and, excess weight of the body are some of the causes of Cancer. 

Genetic factors can be responsible for the development of cancer. 

Some genetic malfunctions occur after birth and factors like exposure to the sun and smoking can increase the risks. 

A person can also inherit a certain predisposition for a particular type of cancer. 

Chemotherapy is one of the treatments for cancer that targets the dividing cells, it can cure cancer but the side effects can be fatal. 

Hormone Therapy is another way for treating cancer where the medication targets certain hormones that interfere with the human body. Hormones are essential in breast cancer and prostate cancer. 

Immunotherapy is another way where the medication and treatment target the immune system to boost it.

Personalized medication is one of the newer developments where the treatment is more personalized depending on the person’s body and gene. It is believed that this kind of treatment can cure all types of cancer. 

Radiation therapy is the treatment in which a high dose of radiation is given out to kill the cancerous cells. It can be used for shrinking the tumors before the surgery. 

Stem cell transplant is essential for blood-related cancer like leukemia and lymphoma. In this treatment, the blood cells are removed that are destroyed by chemotherapy and radiation and then the cells are put back into the body after being developed by the doctors. 

Surgery is also a part of the treatment. 

Leukemia, Breast cancer, thyroid cancer, melanoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, pancreatic, endometrial, colon, liver, and bladder cancer are the types of cancer that people are diagnosed with every year. 

The most common types of cancer are lung cancer and melanoma.

Cancer is classified by doctors in two ways. 

First, by the location of the cancerous cells. 

And secondly, by the tissues that are affected by it. 

Metastasis is a condition where cancerous cells spread to different parts of the body. 

Improvements in the rate of cancer have been seen over the years after a significant drop in tobacco consumption and smoking. 

The outlook of cancer depends on the severity, type, and location of the cancerous cells.  

Some cancer can exhibit symptoms while others don’t so it is always advised to report anything to the medical expert if something is wrong. Cancer doesn’t exhibit many symptoms unless it is in an advanced stage so it is usually better to go for regular checkups. 

Tumors can be caused in the brain and spinal that can be cancerous in nature. 

Germ cell tumors give rise to sperm and eggs in the body and it can be caused in any part of the body. 

Quick Ways to Remember and Write an Essay on Cancer

Do the research

It is essential to write the valid points and present them in this essay as it is based on Cancer. An essay on Cancer must be comprehensive and should ideally contain the context related to this topic hence, it is very important for a student to know about this topic thoroughly in order to write the essay brilliantly. 

Analyze the question

A student must understand the intention of the essay and know the terms that are needed to be used. It will clearly form an essay that consists of all the valid points related to cancer. 

Remembering the information on Cancer

Cancer as a topic is vast because there are several types of Cancer and writing about all of them is not possible in a condensed essay so it is important to understand and remember the points which are more essential than the others to be mentioned in the essay.  

Defining the terms and theories

It is essential for a student to explain the terms being used in the essay. For example, writing the names of the types of Cancer is not enough, it also has to be explained by the student on how it affects and how it may be treated. 

Organize a structured essay 

Students must write the essay in a coherent manner which must begin with the introduction to cancer, followed by the body of the essay that must contain the types of cancer, treatment, and other information regarding the topic of Cancer. It must be well concluded later to tie everything up neatly. 

Cancer is, undoubtedly, one of the most life-shattering diseases. Together, let us make an effort to take on this disease with more care and hope.

FAQs on National Cancer Awareness Day: Empowering Hope and Health

1. Differentiate Between Cancerous and Non-Cancerous Tumours.

The unregulated cell mass inside the body is known as a tumour and can be specified to a particular area or the uninhibited cell growth may spread to the surrounding tissues. Based on this, tumours are majorly classified into two types:

Benign Tumours: This type of tumours are usually regarded as non-cancerous as they are specified to a particular area and can be surgically removed without causing damage to the surrounding tissue.

Malignant Tumours: These tumours, on the other hand, have broken free from their site of origin and spread to other tissues, usually through the bloodstream. These tumours are cancerous in nature and usually require other treatments.