reference meaning on resume

How to List References on a Resume in 2022 (with Examples & Tips)

In this guide, we will cover everything you need to know about including references on a resume, from how to format them to how to know when they should be included at all.

Beautiful resume templates to land your dream job

Should I Put References on a Resume?

The answer to whether or not to put references on your resume can vary.

The general rule of thumb when is actually to not include references on your resume .

This is because employers are unlikely to reach to references until the interview phase, making the inclusion of them on an initial resume typically unnecessary.

This does not mean that there are never scenarios in which you will need to know how to properly list references.

For specific jobs and in certain situations, you may be asked or required to include a list of references within or alongside your resume.

When you need strong references, it's important to structure them so that they stand out and impress the hiring manager, landing you the pivotal interview.

In this guide, we will be covering the basics of how listing references on your resumes and when to know it’s time to use references.

Plus, we will discuss alternatives to sending references that can help you in situations where sending a reference may be a difficult task.

How to List References on a Resume

When it comes to listing references on a resume, there are two main ways you can go about it:

1) Make a Dedicated Reference Section

Making a dedicated reference section involves making the space on your existing resume to include a short section with information on your references.

2) Create a Separate Reference Page (recommended)

More often than not, job applicants who have chosen to include references on their resume will do so on an entirely separate page to be included with the resume.

The second option of listing your references on a separate page is actually the preferred and recommended method.

This is because references are not generally expected to be included on an initial resume and can take up unnecessary space that may be off-putting to hiring managers.

Comparatively, a separate page of references gives the hiring manager the opportunity to look more closely at the information in the resume without becoming visually disoriented by too many sections.

Hint: Not sure how to list other sections of your resume? Check out our Resume Guides to learn more about how to craft each section of your resume.

When to Put References on a Resume

So, if it is typically not expected to have references included on an initial resume, when is the best time to include references on a resume?

Creating a reference section or page can be necessary depending on a number of situations, including:

If the employer has specifically requested for references to be included in the job description
If you have progressed further down the hiring process and have been asked to provide references before or after an interview
If you are applying to governmental or institutional position, such as a federal job, that will require strong references and a background check

Quick Tip: If you have impressive references, such as a company CEO or another recognizable figure, be sure to make these the most noticeable references and the first ones you list in your reference section.

Overall, the golden rule is to wait to provide references until they are requested.

Examples of References on Resumes

Let’s take a look at a few examples of references on resumes to learn more about common mistakes made when crafting a reference and how to correct them.

It is highly important to include the necessary information to contact a reference – just a name and company is not enough. You should always include at least an official business number and an official business email in your references.

John Doe CEO of Doe Corporation 123 Avenue Way, New York, NY

John Doe CEO of Doe Corporation 123 Avenue Way (123) 456-9890 [email protected]

Always be specific when including the reference’s job position or title.

Don’t just list the name of the company without the exact job title to go along with it.

If you are unsure of a reference’s job title, ask them before submitting your references to an employer.

Jane Smith Works for corporate at Best Buy 42 Wallaby Way (123) 456-7890 [email protected]

Jane Smith Head of Marketing and Sales Best Buy 42 Wallaby Way (123) 456-7890 [email protected]

‍ How to Format a References Section on a Resume

Formatting a reference section will ultimately depend on if it is being created within a larger resume or separately on a different page.

For on-resume reference sections, it is important to keep them as short as possible, potentially even excluding some of the basic information.

If you are including references directly on a resume, you will likely only want to include one or two of your most relevant and impressive ones in order to not take up too much space.

When making a separate page for references, you can simply stack them as you would jobs in a work experience section , placing emphasis on relevance in how the references are ordered.

The Basic Reference Format:

First and Last name
Position or Title (i.e. CEO, professor of law, etc.)
Company or University of Employment
Company or University Address ( not personal addresses)
Company or University Phone number
Company or University Email Address

It is important when writing out your references that you do not include personal information about the reference, such as a personal cellphone number or email, without their explicit permission.

It is best to just air on the side of caution and only include official and public contact information.

There is, of course, optional additional information you may want or choose to include within a reference.

This can include:

Your relationship to the reference
The length of time you worked with this reference
Examples of experiences or projects that you and a reference shared work on that they can provide greater detail about

As for formatting the rest of your resume, don’t forget to check out our other guides in this series including How to Write the Perfect Resume and How to Choose the Correct Resume Format !

What Not to Include in a Reference on a Resume

We have already covered the basics of what to include and how to format a basic reference – but what kind of information should be excluded from a reference on a resume.

Here is a quick breakdown of what kinds of information should be excluded from a reference:

Any personal information
Lengthy descriptions of your relationship to the reference
Personal anecdotes or other non-essential information
Too many references from the same company or employer

You ultimately want to provide concise references that are easy to ready quickly and clearly show why that person has been included as a reference.

Take a look at these two examples on correcting reference errors:

When including additional information, keep it to one line or less of the most relevant information.

Additionally, keep additional specific and don’t use vague wording such as “several years.”

Incorrect :

Jack Frost CEO of Frost Inc. 21 East Avenue (123) 456-7890 [email protected] I worked closely with Jack for a number of years and learned a lot from him that contributed to my skills today.

Jack Frost CEO of Frost Inc. 21 East Avenue (123) 456-7890 [email protected] I worked as Mr. Frost’s personal and administrative assistant for 8 years.

When making your list of references you plan of including, it is important to not include too many from the same company.

You should only really include two references from the same company if each reference witnessed different skills or accomplishments of yours that the other did not.

You worked at a corporate company in the communications department as a copywriter, and you have worked with both junior and senior level copywriters who you have included as references.

You include only the senior copywriter as a reference, as they can better attest to your skills and their position is more impressive and relevant to the job you are seeking.

How Many References to Add to a Resume

Assuming you are using a separate, dedicated references page, the ideal number of references to aim for is between 3 to 4.

In some cases, you may include up to 5 to 6 references, though generally you should limit yourself to a lower number unless specifically requested to do otherwise.

When selecting your 3 to 4 references, it is important to keep a few factors in mind:

Which references hold the highest prestige in their positions, making their inclusion on a references page notable?
Which references can provide the most relevant information about your work ethic and skills for the job you are currently applying for?
Which references do you have the strongest relationships with who will go above and beyond to recommend you to a hiring manager?

Who to Ask for References

As you are creating your list of potential references to contact, there are a number of different types of people you can consider including.

It is important to keep in consideration how a reference can relate back to the job you are applying for, and whether their testimony of your work ethic and skills will be relevant enough for the desired position.

Here are some common examples of who to include as references:

Former employer or manager
Supervisor or low-level management
Coworker, colleague, or team member
College professor
Internship supervisor
Community member (typically used when a job applicant has limited references but has connections within the community who can validate their experience and skills)
Business partners (this can be anyone you worked on a project with or shared a similar business experience with)

How to Ask for a Reference

Asking for professional references can be a bit nerve-wrecking, especially if your references are busy people.

The key to asking for references is to be polite and concise in your request. A direct phone call is preferred for asking for references, but a quick email can work in a pinch as well.

When asking someone to serve as a reference for you, it is important to be considerate of their potentially busy schedule and give them a good time frame for when to expect a call or email.

This is another reason why it is important to wait to provide references until requested, as it will give you a narrower window of time to give to your references of when they will need to be on the lookout a hiring manager to contact them.

Quick Tip: When you call or email to ask for a reference, this is a great time to confirm that the information you have is correct (such as their specific title and business phone number).

Can People You Have a Personal Relationship with Be a Reference?

It is generally advised against to include references that have a strong personal relationship with you outside of work (such as a significant other, parent, or sibling) as this can result in a biased recommendation from the reference.

However, exceptions can be made in certain instances, such as if you worked within a family-owned business or if the reference worked directly with you for a long period of time.

In general, however, try to avoid including references that are too personally related to you.

Alternative Methods for Sending References

If you are a new graduate or are returning to the workforce after some time away, you may not have many recent professional references to include in a resume.

For recent grads, including one or two professors can be acceptable, but you will likely still need other references.

Here are some examples of alternative references when you lack strong professional ones:

Volunteers you have worked with
Professors or teachers who have recently taught you
Community members such as church pastors or mentors who can attest to your character

Final Takeaways

Ultimately, the key to doing references right is to wait to provide them until they are requested by a hiring manager or potential employers.

Once references have been requested, remember the following five takeaways that are key for rocking your reference section:

Create a separate and dedicated references page to go along with your resume
Provide all the necessary official contact information
Avoid including personal information of the reference’s
Avoid including references who share too personal of a connection to you
Include the most relevant or impressive references at the top of the page

To learn more about all the elements of creating a great resume, check out our beautiful resume template designs and resume examples for inspiration!

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How to List References on a Resume [w/ Examples]

You’ve applied for an office position. You can’t wait to get an interview with the HR department.

Everything seems good to go, but now, the HR asked you for a list of your references.

So, how do you do this?

Are you supposed to attach it to your resume? Who do you include in your resume references? Is there a custom format style?

Well, kick back and relax because we’re here to help answer all your uncertainties!

Read on to learn everything you need to know about listing references on a resume.

Whether you should or shouldn’t put a reference sheet on your resume.
How to properly list references on a resume (with pro-tips).
The best way to format a “References” section.
Helpful resume references examples.

Should You Include References on a Resume?

The general common practice that the majority of resume experts agree on is that you should NOT add a list of references to your resume .

Because, generally, the HR department doesn’t have time to go through every candidate’s list of references. They have a lot more important things to do than reach out to all the references every single candidate ever provided.

That’s why references aren’t requested until after your interview has gone well or right before you are hired.

But here’s the thing:

That’s not an unshakable no.

If the job description explicitly states that you should include references on your resume, without question, include one!

This is very straightforward on its own, you’ll know when you see it.

Some consulting firms, for example, tend to ask for testimonials on your performance from previous employers before they hire you.

In this case, it's best if you do include the contact information of the people providing you with their positive feedback, so the HR can check how legitimate they are.

Bottom line:

Every word on your resume should be full of value and quality. References add unnecessary space. Insert them only when required or if you’re asked to submit testimonials.

Want to save time? Get your resume done in under 5 minutes, with our resume builder . Quick and simple, ready-made templates that will do all the work for you.

How to List References on a Resume [+ Example]

Now, let’s say you’re requested to provide a list of references.

What’s the best way to display it?

Reference's First Name & Last Name - Tim Borden
Professional Position / Title - Marketing Coordinator
Name of the Reference's Company - Zen Corporation
Business Address - Blaine Ave
City, State, Zip of Company - Atlantic City, NJ, 07030
Phone Number of Reference - (600) 753 9216
Email Address of Reference - [email protected]

It’s best to stay ahead of the game.

Keeping a list of possible references is something that should be done in advance, even when you’re not looking for a job.

When you’re searching for a new position, you want to have a list of several names to contact.

You wouldn’t want to struggle coming up with good fits on short notice, would you?

Here are some more tips to keep in mind:

You should always start your list with your biggest fan first : your most important and impressive reference.

And no, this shouldn’t be your mom. Instead, you’d want your previous boss to vouch for you.

Busy employers may not contact all of your references, but they will likely start at the top of the list. Glowing recommendations shouldn’t be left last!

What’s more, it’s important to clarify your relationship .

It’s crucial to include what your working relationship to the reference is and how long you’ve known them for.

But do not overshare . Don’t add more than the items we mentioned on the list unless required.

And never include the personal mail addresses of your references for two reasons:

They will surely not be contacted via snail mail.

And they might not want all of their personal information shared.

Last, but not least:

Choose your references appropriately.

Always choose the best references for the specific job under consideration.

Let’s say you want to assert your marketing skills. In this situation, you could seek references from a former boss who can attest to that. Somebody like the Head of Marketing or Chief Marketing Officer .

How to Format a Resume References Section

Learning how to arrange a reference section is just as vital as other sections of your resume or cover letter.

A messy, carelessly formatted reference page will lose your employer's interest.

So how do you write one that’s eye-catching and professional?

First, put your references on a separate sheet . Add an exclusive reference page, as the last page of your resume.

Keep the same format for your reference sheet as your resume and cover letter, meaning use the same font, margins, and color scheme.

Start off at the very top with your name, address, and phone number. You should place this information on that side of the page that fits the look of your cover letter and resume. (left, right or in the middle).
Next, write the date. Then start with your employer's information in this specific order: name, job position, company name, and company address.
Finally, follow up with a preferred title/subtitle: name the section References or Professional References .

If you’ve included personal references as well, you could also add “Personal References” as a subtitle.

Use the formatting we discussed in the previous section to list your references.

Ditch the common “References available upon request”.

This is a frequent mistake. Employers formerly know this and it’s an overworked phrase. The general rule of thumb is to keep your resume as brief as possible. Why misuse the space?

How Many References Should You Include in Your Resume?

Though there really isn’t a written rule anywhere about how many references you should include, the most fitting number would be three to five .

Based on your career level though, there is a general division of two groups:

Regular and/or first-time job seekers , should usually provide 3 to 4.

Whereas people applying for senior roles should include a longer list: about 5 to 7 references.

In that case, it’s sufficient to list one reference for all the different points in your professional record.

Who is a Good Reference For Your Resume?

It’s important that all the references in your resume are all deliberately selected individuals .

Everyone’s aunt thinks that they are special, but what does your previous manager think about your work ethic?

To figure out who’s a good reference for you, you should take personal experience into consideration: that means what stage in your career you’re currently in.

Because you’d list different people at different points in your career.

If you are a student or recent graduate with little to no work practice, you would want to get references from:

Guidance tutors or counselors
Course teachers and professors

Any of these people can speak positively about your best skills, qualities, and experiences.

When you have some professional background, however, even at an entry-level position , you have more variety in selecting a good reference.

You could use former colleagues or managers as well as project , master , doctorate supervisors from your most current studies.

If you are a professional candidate , this process becomes simpler as your preferred references will be more acquainted with giving and requesting references.

If you don’t have a lot of professional references to count on, you can reach out to just about anyone that can provide you with a valuable character reference.
If a friend works in the company you are applying to, you could also use them as a reference.

Other important things you should consider:

Ask for permission and say thank you. Fill in your references before handing over their contact information to an eventual employer. It’s solely common courtesy. Send them a copy of your resume as well, so that both of you are in harmony for when the manager calls. Don’t forget to be grateful either. If you get the job, take them out on lunch to properly say thank you. Follow up, a little acknowledgment can go a long way!
DO NOT use family members. This is unconventional and discouraged. The people you use as references should be unrelated to you, in a familial sense. Of course, our mothers have countless nice things to say about us, but their opinion isn’t relevant on a resume. It might also appear as though you don’t have enough people to vouch for you.
Avoid people you’ve confronted. Be careful in not adding individuals you are or have once been in professional conflict with. You can never be too sure if they’re still holding a grudge against you. Play it safe.
Make sure they are comfortable. Especially if they’re a person you are currently still working with, confirm they are okay with you searching for a new job. If you’re trying to keep it a secret from your employer though, it’s best not to ask a current coworker at all. You can never know for certain how ethical or pleased with your success one is.

In the end, the basic point of a reference is for the employers to get a true reflection of your work ethics, background, character, and personality.

Find people who can properly display all of the above for you.

3+ Good & Bad Resume Reference Sheet Examples

So many rules!

But don’t worry - we have some great examples for you to help put them into practice:

GOOD EXAMPLE:

MY BEST AND FAVORITE REFERENCE - inappropriate title

Martha Payne - a family member as a reference

2809 Candlelight Drive - including home address

870-294-1238 - wrong listing order, the reference phone number should be second to last

Nursing Assistant - unrelated to your industry or position

Newlife Hospital

4164 Fittro Street

Lurton, AR, 72848

[email protected]

Martha is my auntie. She’s not only a well-respected member of the community but a remarkable nurse. She was the one who raised me and I consider her my mother. She knows me better than anybody else and I couldn’t have chosen a better person to speak of my character. - prolonged and unprofessional description

References available upon request - overused unnecessary phrase

providing them only one reference

Key Takeaways

Here’s a recap of what we learned in this post:

References ARE NOT supposed to be on your resume. So when in doubt, DON’T include a list to your resume.
On rare occasions though, references may be added on a resume. If you decide to do so, put your list on a separate sheet. Don’t forget to match it to the style of your cover letter and resume.
Be intelligent with your reference choices. Your number of references should correspond to your career stage. Put your most glowing references on the top. Selected those who are closest to your line of work. Avoid people you’ve ever had professional conflicts with.
Be diplomatic. Always ask for permission before listing them as references. Email them a copy so that you’re both on the same page. Don’t forget to thank them afterward.
Use the correct formatting. List your references precisely as we showed you in this guide. There’s a definite, proper way to arrange entries and the structure of the page itself - don’t contradict it. Use the examples we gave you as a guide.

References on a Resume: When and How to Include Them

When it comes to crafting a winning resume, references can be a valuable tool. However, knowing when and how to include them can be a tricky process. In this article, we’ll explore the concept of references on a resume, why they are important, and provide useful tips for selecting the right references to make your job application stand out.

Definition and Purpose of References on a Resume

References are individuals who can vouch for your skills, achievements, and character. They serve as a kind of third-party review of your qualifications, offering a prospective employer the chance to get an outside perspective on your abilities.

On a resume, references are typically listed towards the end of the document, following your work history and education sections. Including references is not mandatory, but it is considered good practice when applying for jobs in fields such as government, academia or research.

Importance of Choosing the Right References

Choosing the right references can be a make-or-break factor in the application process. A good reference can boost your chances of landing the job, while a bad reference can significantly hinder your prospects.

When selecting your references, it’s important to choose individuals who are familiar with your work and can speak positively about your skills and character. It’s best to avoid selecting references who may have a personal bias against you or who do not have a strong understanding of your qualifications.

Overview of the Article

In this article, we’ll provide an in-depth guide to references on a resume. We’ll cover topics such as:

The pros and cons of including references
Best practices for selecting and contacting references
How to format references on a resume
Legal considerations for providing references
Tips for handling bad or negative references

By the end of this article, you’ll have a solid understanding of how to include references on your resume and leverage them to enhance your job search process. So let’s dive in!

Who Should You Include as References?

When it comes to including references on your resume, it’s important to understand who you should include and why. A reference is someone who can vouch for your skills, work ethic, and character to a potential employer. They are typically contacted by the hiring manager or recruiter as part of the interview process.

There are different types of references that you can use, including professional references and personal references. Professional references are individuals you have worked with in a professional setting, such as former colleagues, supervisors, or clients. Personal references, on the other hand, are people who know you outside of work, such as friends, family members, or mentors.

When choosing the right references to include on your resume, it’s essential to consider the following factors:

Relevance: You want to select references who can speak to your qualifications for the job you are applying for. If the position requires specific skills or experience, choose references who can attest to your proficiency in those areas.

Reputation: Your references should be individuals who have a good reputation in their field and are well-respected. Their endorsement can carry weight with potential employers and help you stand out from other candidates.

Availability: Make sure that your references are willing and available to speak on your behalf. It’s a good idea to ask for their permission before including them on your resume.

Diversity: It’s best to have a mix of professional and personal references to provide a well-rounded picture of your character and work ethic.

Including references on your resume can be a valuable addition as long as they are chosen carefully. By selecting relevant, reputable, available, and diverse references, you can increase your chances of landing your dream job.

When to Include References on Your Resume

When it comes to including references on your resume, there are certain situations where it is required, and others where it is optional. However, there are also valid reasons to avoid including references altogether.

Situations where references are required

Some job postings specifically request that applicants provide a list of references with their application. This is especially common for positions that require a high level of trust or require working with vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, or individuals with disabilities. Additionally, government and security jobs may also require references for background checks.

Situations where references are optional

In many cases, references are not required but can still provide additional support for your candidacy. Including references can help demonstrate your professionalism, work ethic, and ability to cultivate positive relationships with previous colleagues or supervisors. If a job posting does not require references, it is generally acceptable to offer to provide them later in the hiring process, when they are specifically requested.

Reasons to avoid including references on your resume

There are valid reasons for avoiding including references on your resume altogether. Firstly, including references can take up valuable space on your resume that can be better used to highlight your skills and achievements. Secondly, if you provide references upfront and the hiring manager contacts them without first offering you the job, it can put your references in an awkward position, as they may not be comfortable discussing your candidacy with potential employers. Finally, some job seekers may be concerned about potential discrimination or bias from their references, particularly if they are unwilling to provide a positive reference for personal reasons.

Deciding whether or not to include references on your resume will depend on the specific job posting and your personal preferences. It is important to carefully consider the potential benefits and drawbacks before making your decision. Regardless of your choice, always ensure that you have a list of potential references prepared and that they are willing to act as a reference for you when needed.

How to Format References on Your Resume

Jobseekers often wonder where to include references on their resume. Including references on your resume can either make or break your candidacy, depending on how it is presented.

Where to include references on your resume:

Traditionally, references are no longer a required part of a resume. Hence, it is optional to include them in your job application. However, if a job posting specifically asks for references, the best place to include them is on a separate page, after the main body of your resume. When doing so, make sure that the page is titled “References” or “Professional References.”

How to format reference information:

When formatting your reference section on your resume, it’s important to include certain pieces of information such as the name, job title, company, phone number, and email of your reference. Ensure each reference’s information is listed in the same order making your reference section easy to review. Make sure that the page number on which the reference is listed appears on each page.

Arrange your references in the way that suits you best, but make sure to maintain consistency throughout. One popular format for listing references is having three references — only those that are relevant to the position you’re applying for. Choose individuals who can attest to your work ethics, skills, and character. Also, only include references who can provide glowing feedback. If your references list is long, try to avoid including individuals who only have good things to say about your personal life but not your work-related skills.

Tips for making your reference section stand out:

Here are some tips that will make your reference section stand out:

Select influential advocates: At times, recruiters contact the individuals on the reference list to assess an applicant. In this case, choose your references carefully. Select individuals who can speak authoritatively about your skills and accomplishments.

Take advantage of references as an opportunity: By including professional references, you can also demonstrate why you’re a suitable candidate for the role. Ensure you choose individuals who are conversant with the job, company, and industry. By doing this, you may help tip the scales in your favor by establishing a connection between your reference and the company.

Focus on design: Just like any other part of your resume, your reference section should be easy to read, visually appealing, and aesthetically designed. You can experiment with different fonts and formatting so long as you keep it simple and easy to read. Consider using bullet points, bold letters and emboldened font for section titles.

Keep it concise: Don’t use the reference list as an opportunity to pad out your resume with people’s names. Keep the list to only three or four references so that the hiring manager can gauge quickly what you’ve listed as a reference.

How to Ask Someone to Be Your Reference

When it comes to job hunting, having strong references can make all the difference. Choosing the right people to vouch for your skills and work ethic is crucial; but inviting them to be your reference can be tricky. Here’s what you need to know about who to ask, how to ask, and how to stay connected with your references.

Who to Ask and How to Ask Them

First, determine who would be the most relevant and effective references for your job search. This could include former managers or supervisors, colleagues, clients, or even professors, depending on the nature of the job and your experience.

Once you have a list of potential references, consider each person’s relationship to you and their availability. It’s a good idea to reach out to them in person or via phone or email to ask if they would be willing to serve as a reference for you. Begin by thanking them for their time and explaining what type of position you are applying for. You may also want to give them a brief summary of your experience and qualifications as a reminder.

If they agree to be your reference, make sure to confirm their contact information and let them know when and how they might be contacted by a hiring manager. Keep in mind that it’s always best to ask for permission before sharing someone’s contact information.

Providing Useful Information to Your References

It’s important to give your references the tools they need to advocate for you effectively. This might include a copy of your updated resume, a list of important accomplishments or projects you worked on together, or even a brief script they can reference when speaking to a potential employer.

You should also make sure to give them any relevant job descriptions or requirements for the position you’re applying for. This will help them tailor their remarks to the specific needs of the employer and highlight your most relevant skills and experience.

Best Practices for Staying Connected with Your References

Once you’ve secured your references, it’s important to stay connected with them, even if you don’t land the job you were applying for. Keeping in touch can help you maintain these valuable professional relationships and ensure that they continue to speak well of you in the future.

Consider sending periodic updates on your career progress or any new accomplishments or skills you’ve added to your repertoire. You might also want to connect with them on professional networking sites like LinkedIn, and make sure to congratulate them on any achievements or milestones they share.

Finally, remember that gratitude goes a long way. Thank your references for their time and support, and offer to reciprocate the favor in the future by serving as a reference for them or helping them connect with potential employers or clients.

By taking these steps, you can secure strong references and keep those valuable connections active and engaged, no matter where your career takes you.

How to Prepare Your References

When it comes to job search, having strong references can be a game-changer. References are the people who can vouch for your skills, work ethic, and character, and oftentimes can make or break your application.

So, if you have identified potential references that can help you land your dream job, you need to make sure to prepare them properly. Here are some tips on how to do it.

What your references need to know before they receive a call/email

Before you put your references’ names and contact information on your resume, it’s essential to talk to them and inform them about your job search. This way, they won’t be caught off guard when a potential employer contacts them. Also, they will appreciate the heads-up and will have time to gather their thoughts and remember specific examples that show your skills and achievements.

When talking to your references, make sure to provide them with the following information:

The job(s) you are applying for
The skills, experiences, and accomplishments that are most relevant to the position(s)
The company, its mission, and its values (if possible)
The name and contact information of the person who may contact them (if available)
A brief reminder of how you know them and your working relationship

You may also want to ask your references if there are any particular points they want to highlight or any questions they anticipate from the potential employer. This way, you can prepare yourself better and avoid any surprises.

How to provide additional information for your references

As you prepare to apply for a job, you may want to provide additional information for your references to help them speak more confidently about your abilities. Here are some examples of the type of information that can be helpful:

Your updated resume, highlighting your most relevant experiences and achievements
A cover letter or personal statement, showcasing your motivation, passion, and professionalism
The job description, outlining the key skills and qualifications required for the position
Examples of your work or projects that demonstrate your skills and expertise
Feedback from previous employers, colleagues, or clients that is relevant to the position(s) you are applying for
Any awards, certification, or other recognition that you have received and that are related to the job(s)

Make sure to provide this information to your references in advance, either by email or in hard copy, and ask them if they need anything else to be prepared.

How to thank your references

Last but not least, don’t forget to thank your references for their help and support.

How to Use References in the Job Application Process

When it comes to including references in your job application process, it’s important to know when and how to provide them. In this section, we’ll cover the when and how, giving you the knowledge and confidence to ensure your references are used properly.

When to Provide Your References

When it comes to providing your references, the rule of thumb is to only do so when specifically asked by the employer. Most employers will ask for references during the latter stages of the recruitment process, which typically means after the initial interview. This gives the employer an opportunity to verify the information you’ve provided, and to gain additional insight into your professional character and work ethic.

If you’re asked for references, make sure to provide them in a timely manner. Delaying the submission of references can cause the employer to question your reliability, or worse, think that you have something to hide.

How to Ensure Your References Get Contacted

Now that you know when to provide your references, it’s important to understand how to ensure they get contacted. Here are a few tips and tricks to ensure your references are reached out to:

Ask for permission: When preparing your references for submission, ask each person for their permission to include them in your application. Make sure to get their current contact information, as well as their preferred method of communication (phone, email, etc.).

Prepare your references: Brief your references on the specific job role you’re applying for, and provide them with your resume and cover letter. This gives them an idea of the position you’re seeking, as well as your experience and qualifications.

Follow up with the employer: Once you’ve submitted your application and references, follow up with the employer to confirm receipt. This not only shows that you’re proactive and interested in the position, but it also gives you an opportunity to confirm that your references were contacted.

By following these simple steps, you can ensure that your references are used properly and help to bolster your chances of landing your dream job. Just remember to only provide your references when asked, and to be proactive in ensuring they get contacted. Good luck!

Dos and Don’ts for References on Your Resume

When it comes to including references on your resume, there are some best practices you should follow to present yourself in the best possible light. However, there are also some pitfalls you should avoid that can undermine your credibility and hurt your chances of landing the job. Here are some dos and don’ts to keep in mind:

Best practices for including references on your resume

Do ask for permission: Before including someone on your reference list, you should always ask for their permission. This not only shows respect for their time, but it also gives them the opportunity to decline if they don’t feel comfortable providing a reference for you.

Do choose your references wisely: You should only include people on your reference list who can speak positively about your work and character. This includes former managers, colleagues, and mentors who have firsthand knowledge of your abilities.

Do provide context: When you provide your reference list to a potential employer, be sure to include some context about how you know each person and what their relationship is to you. This will help the employer understand the relevance of each reference and how they can provide additional insight into your qualifications.

Do keep your references up-to-date: As your career progresses, you may need to update your reference list to reflect your most recent accomplishments and contacts. Be sure to keep your references informed of any changes and update your list accordingly.

Pitfalls to avoid when using references

Don’t include references without permission: Including someone on your reference list without their permission is not only disrespectful, it can also damage your reputation and relationships.

Don’t include references who can’t speak to your qualifications: If a reference can’t provide insight into your skills and work ethic, they are not a valuable reference for an employer. Be sure to choose references who can provide relevant and positive feedback.

Don’t assume every employer wants references: While many employers will ask for references as part of the hiring process, some may not. Be sure to read the job posting and follow the employer’s instructions for submitting your application materials.

Don’t neglect to prepare your references: Even if your references have agreed to be on your list, you should still prepare them for potential calls from employers. Provide them with information about the job you’re applying for and what skills you want them to highlight.

By following these dos and don’ts, you can ensure that your references are an asset to your job search and help you stand out from the competition.

Common Questions about References on Resumes

As you prepare your resume, one important aspect to consider is who you will include as references. Here are answers to some common questions that job seekers have regarding references on a resume:

What if you don’t have any references?

It is not uncommon for recent graduates or individuals who have limited professional experience to have difficulty gathering references. In such cases, there are a few strategies you can use. One option is to include references from other forms of experience, such as volunteer work, internships, or academic projects. Another option is to ask individuals who can speak to your character or work ethic, such as former professors, mentors, or coaches. It is also acceptable to note on your resume that references are available upon request.

How many references should you provide?

While there is no set rule for how many references to include on a resume, it is generally recommended to provide 3-5 references. This ensures that the employer receives a well-rounded view of your qualifications and experience. It is important to choose references who can speak knowledgeably about your work-related skills and accomplishments. Make sure to obtain their permission before including them on your resume and provide their contact information in a professional format, such as name, title, company, phone number, and email address.

Can you use references from previous jobs?

Yes, it is acceptable to use references from previous jobs, especially if they can provide information about your work history and achievements in that role. When selecting references from previous jobs, consider reaching out to former supervisors or colleagues who can speak to your contributions in the workplace. It is important to keep in mind that you should only include references who are comfortable speaking positively about your work and who can provide a professional recommendation. Additionally, verify that their contact information is up to date before providing it on your resume.

By answering these common questions, you can confidently include references on your resume and provide employers with valuable insights into your qualifications and experience. Remember to secure permissions from your references before including them and respect the confidentiality of their contact information. Happy job hunting!

Examples of References on Resumes

As you craft your resume and consider whether to include references, it can be helpful to see examples of how to format your reference section. Below are some sample layouts for reference sections on resumes:

Sample Reference Section Layout #1

John Doe, Manager at ABC Company. Email: [email protected] . Phone: 555-555-5555.
Jane Smith, Former supervisor at XYZ Corporation. Email: [email protected] . Phone: 555-555-5555.
Susan Lee, Colleague at DEF Industries. Email: [email protected] . Phone: 555-555-5555.

Sample Reference Section Layout #2

Professional References

Sample Reference Section Layout #3

References Available Upon Request

In addition to seeing examples of reference section layouts, it can also be helpful to see examples of reference formats. Here are three examples of how to format a reference on a resume:

Example Reference Format #1

John Doe Manager at ABC Company [email protected] 555-555-5555

Example Reference Format #2

Jane Smith Former supervisor at XYZ Corporation [email protected] 555-555-5555

Example Reference Format #3

Susan Lee Colleague at DEF Industries [email protected] 555-555-5555

When including references on your resume, it is important to consider when and how to include them. It is generally suggested to only include references when asked, and to always get permission from the reference before including their information. When formatting your reference section, be sure to make it clear and easy to read, and only include relevant information such as the reference’s name, title/position, email, and phone number.

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A quick guide on how to list references on a resume

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Should you include references on your resume?

Choosing the right references, what information do you need for a reference, tips and tricks for creating a reference sheet, a resume rolodex on the ready.

Job searching is nerve-wracking . We want our resume to leave a good first impression on hiring managers and don’t want to waste applying to positions we won’t hear back from.

Some trial and error is inevitable when applying for jobs. There’s always a learning curve if you’re entering the workforce or switching industries. But one piece of advice will help ease the process: always tailor applications to the job posting. This includes references.

Choosing whether to include a reference section on your resume depends on several factors, including your work experience and the job ad. We’ll discuss how to list references on a resume and when to include them.

We’ll also note how to write and format a reference list and include templates and tips to get you started.

In most cases, including references on your resume isn’t necessary — but that doesn’t mean it’s always a bad idea.

When hiring managers look at a resume, their main focus is auditing your skills and work experience to see if you qualify for the role. Based on that information, they’ll decide whether or not to invite you for an interview. Contacting references usually happens after you move past this first meeting.

Resumes are most effective when they’re clean and concise. They get through applicant tracking systems more successfully and are easier for hiring managers to read.

When you submit a resume online, it often goes through an applicant tracking software which detects specifics the employer has outlined. If it notices these specifications, your resume moves to the next stage. According to Jobscan, 99% of Fortune 500 companies use applicant tracking systems , so it’s worth simplifying your resume by omitting references to successfully move through these.

But that doesn't mean requiring references for a job is obsolete. You should always prepare to provide references to a potential employer by creating a resume reference list, should they ask for one.

A resume reference list is a separate document with all your references’ contact information. Recruiters, hiring managers, or direct managers may contact people on your resume reference list to verify your work history and job performance or ask behavioral questions to understand your character.

While in most cases you should only offer references when a hiring manager requests, if you’re a university student, recent grad, or a candidate applying to an entry-level position, providing references will help bolster your application.

Even if a recruiter doesn't call your references before the interview, including them is a great way to demonstrate that you’ve taken initiative to build professional relationships .

Some of the best career advice to take in earnest is to tailor your resume to each job posting. This is the best way to align your skills and experience with the company culture and job description.

Using similar language to the job description when advertising your hard and soft skills makes it easier for recruiters to immediately notice you qualify for the position.

The same rings true when sending references.

Imagine you’re a graphic designer applying for two positions. One is client-facing, while the other requires you to work exclusively with an internal project manager.

In the first scenario, you’ll want to include a former client that can attest to your work ethic and ability to meet deadlines and manage projects. In the latter, you’ll want to include former managers and direct supervisors to vouch for your ability to work in a more collaborative setting .

Woman-reading-folder-at-desk-in-living-room-how-to-list-references-on-a-resume

When narrowing down your choices, consider people that’ll give good character references . Choose contacts who will sing your praises and highlight your strongest qualities, skills, and qualifications.

These are the best people to include as references:

Current or former manager or direct supervisor
Current or former colleague
Current or former client
Academic advisor, professional mentor, or career coach

Make sure you’re comfortable with your references knowing you’re actively looking for a job, especially if they’re people you currently work with. Asking a present colleague or manager might create unnecessary tension at your job — especially if you aren’t committed to leaving.

It's also essential to ask people if they’re willing to be a reference for you before giving their information out. Confirm people’s preferred mode of contact before sending reference information.

Some companies require a lengthy phone call with your reference, while a brief email is enough for others. Be sure you respect your references' time and preferences by giving them time to prepare and a heads up if an interview goes well.

It’s also nice to send a thank you note to those who accept being your reference, especially if a potential employer contacts them, to express gratitude and strengthen your connection.

Writing a reference on a resume or reference sheet differs slightly. With a reference sheet, you have more room and should include the following:

Reference name
Company name and current job title
Brief description of your relationship (former colleague, previous employer, ongoing or past client)
Number of years you worked together
Company address, including professional phone number and email address

Female-student-listening-to-co-student-how-to-list-references-on-a-resume

The way you include references on your resume will be sparser, as you’ll have less space. Here’s how to format references on a resume:

Company name, job title, relationship
Preferred form of contact

If you’re really tight for space, just add “References available upon request” at the bottom so employers know you have some prepared if needed.

Include 2–3 references on a resume and 3–5 on a reference sheet. Never submit your reference sheet with your resume — save it for employers that ask. You can prepare one and bring it to an interview in case they request it in the moment.

You should also have an easily editable file to send with a follow-up email to the hiring manager if you’re asked for references during a phone or video interview.

A reference sheet is a valuable way to prepare for an interview. Here are three tips so your document persuades recruiters :

1. No personal info

Only include your reference's professional contact information, like a company email, address, and phone number. Don’t give away a contact's personal information unless they’ve explicitly asked you to.

Giving away someone's private information without their consent will likely catch them by surprise and could affect how they talk about you. It also looks less professional to employers.

serious-businessman-making-notes-at-workplace-how-to-list-references-on-a-resume

2. Keep it short and professional

Keep relationship descriptions short and sweet and avoid personal anecdotes or oversharing.

Here’s a good resume reference example:

Sheryl Dove, Head Project Manager

Sheryl was my direct supervisor at [company name] from 2019 to 2022. She oversaw my work on backend software development for more than 25 apps for 12 clients.

Why it works: The description gives all the appropriate, specific information (relationship, business, and years) with number-driven information that will tie into the skills and references on your resume.

Here’s an example of what not to write:

Sheryl Dove, Manager, [company name]

I loved working with Sheryl. She is an amazing project manager and I got to enjoy three great years with her. We worked together on lots of projects for many clients. I loved working on apps with her, and she also has the cutest dog.

Why it doesn't work: The description is unnecessarily personal and sounds like a recommendation for Sheryl rather than you. It also forces the hiring manager to do too much work to understand when and where you worked together.

Smiling-woman-writing-in-notebook-how-to-list-references-on-a-resume

3. Provide variety

The ideal set of references will show the breadth of your career. Try not to include too many individuals from one company or only your direct supervisor in each role. Instead, provide references that reflect the variety of experiences you’ve included on your resume.

Unless you’re new to the job market or industry, it’s best to keep references off your resume and instead include a reference sheet for requests. No matter the avenue you take, you should know how to list references on a resume or prepare a reference list for when you need one.

Scour your professional contacts and reach out to people you’ve worked directly with and had great experiences with.

Feel free to request certain information from them, like asking a reference to mention how well a specific project went or how quickly you were promoted. Your application will stand out thanks to your initiative and preparedness.

Ace your job search

Explore effective job search techniques, interview strategies, and ways to overcome job-related challenges. Our coaches specialize in helping you land your dream job.

Elizabeth Perry, ACC

Elizabeth Perry is a Coach Community Manager at BetterUp. She uses strategic engagement strategies to cultivate a learning community across a global network of Coaches through in-person and virtual experiences, technology-enabled platforms, and strategic coaching industry partnerships. With over 3 years of coaching experience and a certification in transformative leadership and life coaching from Sofia University, Elizabeth leverages transpersonal psychology expertise to help coaches and clients gain awareness of their behavioral and thought patterns, discover their purpose and passions, and elevate their potential. She is a lifelong student of psychology, personal growth, and human potential as well as an ICF-certified ACC transpersonal life and leadership Coach.

What are professional references and how to ask for one (examples)

Character references: 4 tips for a successful recommendation letter, use professional reference templates to make hiring smoother, how to ask for a letter of recommendation (with examples), how to put babysitting on a resume: 6 skills to highlight, functional resume: what is it & how to write one (with examples), how to answer “what are your weaknesses” with ease, resume best practices: how far back should a resume go, 8 signs of a good interview to prove you knocked it out of the park, similar articles, got career gaps here’s what to do about it, what do employers look for in a background check, 5 ways to cultivate a beginner’s mind (and stay open to the possibility), stay connected with betterup, get our newsletter, event invites, plus product insights and research..

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What Are References?

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What are references?

Professional references vs. personal references, how to list references on a resume, tips for preparing a list of references, reference list template, reference list example, frequently asked questions.

Although it may be tempting to underestimate the importance of references on a resume, providing the appropriate references can be a deciding factor for whether or not you get a job. It’s worth taking the time to compile a list of professional and personal references to include when submitting your resume. This article explains how to list references on a resume along with a template and example that you can follow when preparing your own list of references.

References are people who can speak to your skills, qualifications and character. As part of the hiring process, an employer may contact your references to verify information on your resume and ensure that you will be a good fit for the job. Many job applications require you to list at least two references. Typically, these references must be non-relatives. Previous employers, managers, coworkers and colleagues often make good references.

Depending on the nature of the job, you may need professional references as well as personal or character references. Professional references, such as a previous supervisor who can discuss your job performance, should be able to confirm that you are qualified and competent. In comparison, personal references, such as a college professor, previous coworker or friend, should be able to vouch for your character and abilities.

Many people end their resume with a generic statement like, ‘References available upon request.’ This is an obvious and therefore unnecessary statement. It’s much better to simply list your references on a separate sheet of paper. You can then submit the list along with your resume or simply have it ready in case someone asks for it.

Here are some tips to consider when preparing your list of references:

Be sure to include your own name and contact information at the top of the page in case your list of references gets separated from your resume
Your name and contact information can appear either above or below the title ‘Reference List’
The title can also be altered to ‘Professional References,’ ‘Personal References’ or ‘Employment References’ as needed
You can divide the reference list into two sections for personal and professional references, if you are listing both
Be sure to include the full name and preferred contact information for each reference
Note how you know each person so the interviewer will understand what type of information each reference can provide
References can be numbered or simply separated by a blank space
If you have several references to list, consider formatting them into two columns so they will all fit on the same page

You can vary the formatting in a few ways, but you should match the style and font of your resume so that both documents are consistent.

Use the following template to create your reference list:

[Your Full Name] [Street Address] [City, State and Zip Code] [Phone Number] [Email Address]

____________________________

REFERENCE LIST

[Name of Reference] [Job Title], [Employer] [Street Address] [City, State and Zip Code] [Phone Number] [Email Address] Relationship to candidate: [Briefly explain how you know them.]

Here is an example of a reference list:

Melissa Sanders 122 Oakwood Avenue Fremont, North Carolina 27830 555-555-5555 [email protected]

Avery Stouffer Floor Supervisor, Parker Industries 255 Corporate Drive Fremont, North Carolina 27830 555-555-5555 [email protected] Relationship to candidate: Avery was my supervisor for six years at Parker Industries.
Shelley Morgan Account Representative, Prince Resources 672 Spicer Lane Pleasant Valley, West Virginia 26554 555-555-5555 [email protected] Relationship to candidate: Shelley was one of my coworkers at Parker Industries. She now works at Prince Resources.
Ted Nuzum Professor of Business, NC State University 733 Verdant Avenue Raleigh, North Carolina 27607 555-555-5555 [email protected] Relationship to candidate: Professor Nuzum was my faculty advisor and one of my business professors. He is also the chair of NC State University’s Department of Business and Economics.

Here are some frequently asked questions about writing references on a resume:

Should I always include references with my resume?

It’s always a good idea to have a list of references ready. However, you may not need to attach the list to your resume if you already listed your references on an application. You may also want to submit your references after your interview. Waiting allows you to tailor your list based on information you gleaned during the interview. For instance, you can use your references to address any concerns that were discussed or to emphasize skills that seemed particularly important to the interviewer.

How many references do I need?

For most jobs, you should have three to five references ready. If you are applying for a senior position, consider listing five to seven.

Who should I list as a reference?

Your references can include:

Former employers and supervisors
Coworkers and colleagues
Teachers, mentors and professors
Friends and other non-relatives who know you well

Avoid listing the following people as references:

Former or current employees who may feel obligated to give a favorable review
Relatives, whose opinions are likely to be disregarded as biased
An employer with whom you had a poor working relationship
Anyone who is unlikely to provide positive feedback

Should I ask before listing someone as a reference?

Yes, since you will be providing their contact information to potential employers, you should always ask permission before listing someone as a reference. This gives them time to prepare what to say and lets them know to expect a call or email. Asking also gives them the chance to say no. This is crucial because you don’t want to list someone who is unwilling to provide a favorable review or who feels they have nothing to say.

What will employers ask my references?

Employers will use your references to verify information from your resume, including past job titles and employment dates. They also want to get a sense of your strengths, weaknesses, experience and abilities. With that in mind, they may ask about your responsibilities, performance, character and accomplishments.

When do I need recommendation letters?

Generally, you only need letters of recommendation if an employer asks for them as part of the application process. In some situations, you can include an unsolicited letter of recommendation to help your application stand out.

A letter of recommendation can be especially helpful if one of your references has connections or influence that might help sway an employer. For instance, if one of your references already works for the company you’re applying to, a personal recommendation from them could help. A letter of recommendation may also hold more weight if one of your references has a personal or professional relationship with the person who will make the hiring decision.

When should I include personal references?

Include personal references when they are relevant or if you do not have enough professional references. If you are applying to volunteer or work at a non-profit organization, for instance, references that can vouch for your character and your passion for the organization’s mission could be vital. A personal reference can also help explain gaps in your employment history or clarify issues that may cause an employer’s concern.

What if this will be my first job?

If you are applying for your first job, you may not have any professional references to list. In this case, you could use your high school teachers or college professors as references. A family friend might be willing to serve as a reference as well. You could also ask people who have supervised you in the context of community service, volunteer efforts or extracurricular activities, such as a pastor or coach.

How to List References on a Resume (Templates Included)

Mike Simpson 0 Comments

By Mike Simpson

Let’s face facts; writing a resume isn’t always easy. You have to choose the best resume format , discuss the right skills , cover critical achievements, and so much more, all in just a couple of pages. Then, if you need to fit references on a resume, too, it can quickly become overwhelming.

Does that mean you need to panic? Of course not. We’ve got you.

Here’s a look at the right way to list references on a resume, as well as a look at what professional references are, mistakes you want to avoid, and a handy references “template” to get you started on the correct path.

What Are Professional References?

Alright, before we dig into how to list references on a resume, let’s talk about what professional references are in the first place. In the simplest sense, professional references are people who know you through the lens of your career. They’re professionals you have working relationships with, either currently or previously, so they can talk about what you’re like on the job.

Hiring managers value professional references. Why? Because they help them get a better idea of what working with you is like. It really is that simple.

However, it can also go further. Contacting professional references lets the hiring manager confirm some of the details on your resume. That’s right; it’s an honesty check, too.

So, why would you include references on a resume? Isn’t that a less common thing to do today?

It is true that adding references to your resume isn’t the norm, but that doesn’t mean you’ll never need to do it. While 80 percent of employers will call your references during that hiring process, 16 percent of those actually reach out to a candidate’s references before they invite them in for interviews.

What does that mean for you? Well, mainly, that knowing how to list references on a resume is a good idea. That way, if you find an excellent opportunity with a company that wants your professional references from the get-go, you’ll be ready.

Common Mistakes When Listing References on a Resume and How to Avoid Them

As with all parts of a resume, avoiding missteps is crucial. Even small errors can derail your chances of getting called in for an interview or landing the job, so you really do need to dedicate time and energy to making sure everything is right.

So, what’s one of the biggest mistakes you can make when putting references on a resume? Well, putting a fake one on the list is a doozy.

A fake professional reference? What on earth is that? Well, usually, it’s when a person lists a contact who they have no professional relationship with and then asks that person to lie to make them look good. At times, it means listing a contact that doesn’t actually exist, including a made-up name, company, phone number, email address, and more. Yes, for some reason, candidates sometimes try that.

Dishonesty is always a big no-no. Why? Because if you get caught – and the odds are pretty good that you will – it will probably cost you. Overall, about 65 percent of candidates who get busted in a lie either don’t get the job or get fired if they were selected and start in the role. Who wants to take that kind of risk?

Plus, if word gets out that you lied, that can haunt you. Remember, people talk, so there is always a chance that the hiring manager will let others know about your less-than-scrupulous behavior.

Is that the only misstep? No, it isn’t. Selecting the wrong references is another one.

When you pick people to ask to reference, you need to choose wisely. First, you want people where there is a professional connection. Past managers, colleagues, mentors, customers, and similar professionals are your best bets.

Generally, don’t list friends unless the company explicitly requests that kind of personal reference. Hiring managers won’t necessarily find much value in these references.

The same goes for family members unless you have a working relationship. For example, if you had a job in the family business, then including a family member may be okay. Otherwise, skip them.

Second, you want to choose people who have good things to say about you in a professional context. Listing a past manager or colleague who you didn’t get along with is a horrible idea. They might not have the kindest words to share, and that can keep you from getting the job.

Ideally, they can discuss an accomplishment that really highlights what you have to offer, as well as talk about workplace attitude in a glowing way. You want someone who can champion your awesomeness, ensuring the hiring manager gets the right idea about what you bring to the table.

Finally, whatever you do, don’t have any references listed on a resume that’s publicly accessible. If you do, you’re essentially broadcasting other people’s contact details, opening them up to unwanted calls, including scams. While it may not directly hurt your job search, it is a major faux pas, one that could harm your reputation with your references and make them less inclined to say nice things about you going forward.

How to List References on a Resume

Alright, now it’s time for what you’ve been waiting for: a close look at how to put references on a resume. If you want to make sure you get it right, here is a step-by-step approach that covers it all.

1. Ask Permission

Why is “ask permission” step one? Because you should never blindside someone by listing them without their knowledge, that’s why.

Being someone’s professional reference is a favor, as well as a big responsibility. Some people aren’t going to be comfortable with being put on the spot, particularly if they don’t know a hiring manager might come calling.

So, before you include anyone as a reference on your resume, pick up the phone, give them a call, and make sure they are cool with it. Then, accept their answer.

Typically, you’ll want to get permission from three contacts. Why three? Because that’s the most commonly requested number of professional references. By getting them all handled now, you’ll usually be able to provide everything the hiring manager needs in this department in one fell swoop.

2. Get Updated Contact Information

Once you have a person’s permission, ask them to provide updated contact information. Usually, you’ll need their current job title, employer’s name, employer’s address, a daytime phone number, and an email address.

3. Start a New Page

When you’re adding a reference list to your resume, you want to start it on a new page. Additionally, it shouldn’t be any longer than a single page, as anything more is a bit excessive at such an early step in the hiring process.

It’s also important to note that your reference list will typically be the last page of the resume document. However, make sure you check the instructions for applying as some hiring managers will want them submitted as a separate document, not unlike how you usually need to go with cover letters .

4. Add Your Contact Information

Since your professional references are on a separate page, you want to add your contact details at the top. That way, if the page gets separated from the rest, the hiring manager will know whose references they are.

4. Keep It Simple

A professional reference list isn’t embellished. All you need to do is to write a header explaining that these are your professional references and then include the contact details for each person in succession, with a clear division between each person’s info.

Along with adding a space between each one, consider bolding the contacts’ names. That helps each listing stand out, and it looks much better than numbering your reference list.

5. Choose the Right Order

When you need to decide which reference to list first, go with the person who is most likely to give you an exceptional recommendation. Hiring managers may not reach out to everyone. So, by leading with the best, you’re increasing the odds that that reference will get a call.

6. Add a Short Statement Outlining Your Relationship

Along with the person’s contact details, it isn’t a bad idea to add a quick note about your relationship with each reference. That lets the hiring manager know a little about why they should care about what this person has to say, so it doesn’t hurt to do it.

What should you write? Well, mention the kind of working relationship you had, where you were working at the time, and how long you knew them. For example, “My direct manager at ABC Company from 2018 to 2022” is enough to provide the hiring manager with some context.

References on a Resume Sample

Alright, if you really want to know how to list references on a resume, a resume references example is a good place to start. It’ll give you insights into the format, making it easier for you to follow along.

To give you even more information, we’re going to cover two. First, there’s a references on a resume sample that shows you exactly what each entry needs to look like. Second, there’s a handy template that you can use when you’re creating a resume.

Resume References Example

Here is what a single professional reference entry usually looks like on a resume:

123 Main Street

Anytown, State, 12345

555-555-5555

[email protected]

My direct manager at XYZ, Inc. from 2018 to 2022

Resume References Template

Here’s a quick template for creating your reference page for a resume:

Your Address as Listed on Page One of Your Resume

Your Phone Number

Your Email Address

Section Heading, Usually “Professional References”

First Reference Name

City, State, Zip Code

Phone Number

Email Address

Relationship Description

Second Reference Name

Third Reference Name

Putting It All Together

At this point, you should have a solid idea of how to list references on a resume. Use all of the tips, the sample, and the template to your advantage. That way, if you ever need to include professional references as part of your resume, you’ll be good to go.

Co-Founder and CEO of TheInterviewGuys.com. Mike is a job interview and career expert and the head writer at TheInterviewGuys.com.

His advice and insights have been shared and featured by publications such as Forbes , Entrepreneur , CNBC and more as well as educational institutions such as the University of Michigan , Penn State , Northeastern and others.

Learn more about The Interview Guys on our About Us page .

About The Author

Mike simpson.

Co-Founder and CEO of TheInterviewGuys.com. Mike is a job interview and career expert and the head writer at TheInterviewGuys.com. His advice and insights have been shared and featured by publications such as Forbes , Entrepreneur , CNBC and more as well as educational institutions such as the University of Michigan , Penn State , Northeastern and others. Learn more about The Interview Guys on our About Us page .

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Adding References to Your Resume — The Complete Guide

Published: July 25, 2023

“Show me the receipts!” We’ve all heard the phrase, and when it comes to your new job search , those “receipts” are your references on a resume. The difference between snagging that dream job or being left in the dust can sometimes come down to the glowing endorsements of your professional network.

hiring manager calls references on a resume

In today’s competitive job market, it’s crucial to stand out, and a cover letter alone may not be enough — but having a well-prepared list of references can be the ace up your sleeve.

In this article, we’ll walk you through the nitty-gritty details of adding references to your resume — from how to notify and list them to formatting them like a pro.

Should you list references on your resume?

Should you say “references available upon request”, how to notify your references, how to ask people to be your references, email template for potential references, how to list references on your resume, how to format references on your resume, references on resume vs. letter of recommendation, resume references examples.

The answer, as you might expect, is not a simple yes or no. It depends on several factors, such as the industry, the job you’re applying for, and the stage of your career.

Let’s break down when you should and shouldn’t include references on your resume.

When to Include References on Your Resume

When specifically requested. If a job posting explicitly asks for references, it’s essential to provide them. In this case, including your references shows that you pay attention to detail and can follow instructions.
For entry-level positions. If you’re just starting in your career and don’t have much professional experience, including references can help validate your skills and work ethic. In this scenario, consider including references from internships, volunteer work, or even professors.
When transitioning industries. If you’re switching industries and your work experience isn’t directly related to the job you’re applying for, references from people who can vouch for your transferable skills or your ability to adapt to new environments can be beneficial.

When Not to Include References on Your Resume

When space is limited. Your resume should ideally be one to two pages. If you’re struggling to fit all your relevant experience and skills, it’s best to save that valuable real estate for showcasing your accomplishments and abilities, rather than including references.
When not requested. In most cases, employers will ask for references later in the hiring process, while some may list the requirement directly on the job application. Providing them upfront can make your resume look cluttered and may even give the impression that you’re trying too hard.
When you have limited or weak references. If you’re unable to secure strong references or your references have limited knowledge of your work, it’s better to wait until you’re asked and have time to gather more suitable options.

You might have seen the phrase “References available upon request” on resumes or even used it yourself, but is it really necessary?

In today’s job market, this statement is generally considered outdated and unnecessary. Here’s why.

Implied Availability

Employers already assume that you have references and that you’ll provide them when asked. Including “References available upon request” on your resume takes up valuable space without adding any new or useful information.

It’s better to use that space to showcase your skills, accomplishments, or experiences that are relevant to the position.

Focusing on Your Strengths

Rather than using the phrase “References available upon request,” concentrate on making your resume as strong as possible.

Highlight your achievements, skills, and experiences that make you an ideal candidate for the job.

If you’re a strong candidate, employers will naturally want to contact your references to confirm your qualifications.

Notifying your references is a crucial step in the job search process. Choosing the right people and asking them to vouch for you can make all the difference.

In this section, we’ll go over how to select and ask potential references to be part of your job search journey.

How to Choose Your References

Consider your relationship. Pick people who know you well and can speak to your work ethic, skills, and accomplishments. The best references are often former supervisors, colleagues, mentors, professors, or even clients.
Look for relevance. Choose references who can speak to your abilities in the context of the job you’re applying for, like a direct supervisor. If you’re applying for a managerial role, for instance, a reference who can discuss your leadership skills would be ideal.
Select a mix of references. Aim for a diverse group of references that can provide different perspectives on your abilities. Include a mix of supervisors, peers, and subordinates, if possible. Your list can be a mix of personal references, character references, and even former colleagues.
Check their availability. Ensure your chosen references are available and willing to provide a positive recommendation. Make sure they have the time and can be reached easily by potential employers.

How to Ask People to Be Your References. Ask for permission. Be accommodating. Provide context. Express gratitude.

Contact Information: Provide a phone number and email address where the reference can be reached. Make sure to ask for permission before sharing someone’s contact information.

For example:

John Doe - Senior Project Manager at ABC Corporation - Former Supervisor

Phone: (123) 456-7890 Email: [email protected]

Step 4: Organize your references.

Organize your references in a logical order, such as by relevance to the job you’re applying for or the strength of the relationship.

If you have a particularly strong reference who can speak to your most relevant skills, consider listing them first.

Step 5: Double-check your information.

Before submitting your reference page, double-check all the information for accuracy.

Make sure names are spelled correctly, titles are up-to-date, and contact information is current. You don’t want any errors to reflect poorly on your attention to detail.

How to Format References. Maintain consistency with your resume. Include all necessary information. Use a clear and easy-to-read layout. Organize references by relevance. Keep it concise. Proofread and double-check.

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Advice & Tips

The Ultimate Guide to Listing References on Your Resume

March 11, 2024

Introduction

In today's competitive job market, both job seekers and employers face numerous challenges. Job seekers are constantly striving to make their resumes stand out from the crowd, while employers are looking for ways to identify the best candidates efficiently. One crucial aspect of a comprehensive resume is the inclusion of references.

References play a vital role in the hiring process, providing potential employers with valuable insights into a candidate's skills, work ethic, and professional demeanor. However, knowing how to list references on a resume effectively can be a daunting task for many job seekers.

This article will delve into the intricacies of including references on a resume, offering insights on when and how to do so, along with examples and expert tips. Whether you are a seasoned professional or a recent graduate entering the job market, understanding the nuances of references can significantly impact your job search success.

Understanding References on a Resume

References play a crucial role in the recruitment process, offering potential employers insights into a candidate's professional background, work ethic, and character. Including references on a resume is a way for job seekers to provide verification of their qualifications and past performance. Employers often rely on these references to make informed decisions about a candidate's fit for a particular role.

What are References?

References are individuals who can speak to your skills, experience, and work habits. Typically, references include former managers, colleagues, supervisors, or mentors who have directly observed your performance in the workplace. These individuals can vouch for your professional capabilities and provide validation of the information presented in your resume.

The Role of References

Employers use references to verify the accuracy of the information provided by candidates during the hiring process. They may reach out to references to confirm details such as job titles, dates of employment, responsibilities, and achievements. Additionally, references offer insight into a candidate's interpersonal skills, teamwork abilities, and overall conduct in a work environment.

Verification: References serve as a means of verifying the information presented on a resume.
Validation: They provide validation of a candidate's qualifications and achievements.
Insight: References offer employers insights into a candidate's professional demeanor and work ethic.

Overall, references play a vital role in the decision-making process for employers, helping them assess a candidate's suitability for a specific position within their organization.

When to Include References on a Resume

In the competitive job market landscape, knowing when to include references on your resume can make a significant difference in the hiring process. While it was once common practice to provide references upon request, the modern approach has evolved. Here's a guide to help you navigate when to include references on your resume:

Job Application Instructions

Always follow the specific instructions provided in the job application regarding references. Some employers prefer to see references upfront, while others may request them later in the hiring process. Failing to adhere to these guidelines could result in your application being overlooked.

Job Level and Industry Norms

The decision to include references may also depend on the level of the position you are applying for and industry norms. For entry-level roles, it's less common to include references on the resume, while senior positions or specialized fields may require them upfront.

Limited Resume Space

When crafting your resume, space is precious, and you want to ensure that every section adds value. If you have limited space and need to prioritize showcasing your skills and experiences, it might be best to leave out references initially and have them ready upon request.

Strong References Make an Impact

If you have exceptionally strong references that can attest to your qualifications and work ethic, including them on your resume could set you apart from other candidates. High-profile references or those well-known in your industry can bolster your credibility.

Building Trust and Transparency

Including references early on demonstrates transparency and confidence in your abilities. It shows potential employers that you have nothing to hide and are open to having your past performance verified by credible sources.

Knowing when to include references on your resume is crucial in making a positive impression on prospective employers. By carefully considering the job application instructions, industry norms, the relevance of references, and the overall impact on your resume, you can strategically decide when and how to present your references effectively.

How to Format References on a Resume

When it comes to formatting references on your resume, there are specific guidelines to follow to ensure clarity and professionalism. Employers value well-organized and easily accessible information, so presenting your references in the right way can make a significant difference in your job application. Here's how you can format references effectively:

Gather Your Reference Information

The first step is to gather all the necessary information from your references. This includes their full name, job title, company name, contact information (phone number and email address), and the nature of your relationship with them.

Choose a Suitable Format

There are two main ways to present your references on a resume: including them directly on the resume or creating a separate reference page. If you have limited space on your resume, it's advisable to create a separate document for your references.

Include a Header

If you decide to include your references on your resume, create a clear header such as "References" or "Professional Recommendations." This header should stand out to guide the employer to this section of your resume.

Format Consistency

Ensure that the format of your references remains consistent with the rest of your resume. Use the same font style and size to maintain a professional look throughout your application.

List Your References

When listing your references, start with the reference's full name followed by their job title and company. Then, include their contact information and finally, briefly describe your professional relationship with them. Make sure to list at least three references.

Use a Clean Layout

Whether you choose to include references on your resume or in a separate document, opt for a clean and easy-to-read layout. Use bullet points or a numbered list to present your references clearly.

Proofread Carefully

Before submitting your resume with references, double-check all the details for accuracy and completeness. Typos or inaccuracies in your reference information can reflect poorly on your attention to detail.

By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your references are presented professionally and enhance your chances of impressing potential employers with a well-crafted resume.

Examples of Reference Lists on Resumes

When including references on your resume, it's essential to present them in a clear and organized manner. Here are some examples of how you can list your references effectively:

Example 1: Professional References

Position: Marketing Manager
Company: ABC Marketing Agency
Phone: 555-123-4567
Email: [email protected]
Position: Senior Software Engineer
Company: XYZ Tech Inc.
Phone: 555-987-6543

Example 2: Academic References

Professor Michael Johnson
Department: Economics
University: University of State
Phone: 555-567-8901
Dr. Amanda Roberts
Department: Psychology
University: City College
Phone: 555-222-3333

Example 3: Character References

Sarah Adams
Relationship: Neighbor
Phone: 555-444-7777
John Harris
Relationship: Volunteer Supervisor
Phone: 555-555-9999

These examples demonstrate the different types of references you can include on your resume. Remember to seek permission from your references before listing their contact information and ensure that their details are up to date.

Tips for Choosing the Right References

Choosing the right references can significantly impact your job application. Here are some tips to help you select the best people to vouch for your skills and character:

Consider Relevance

When selecting references, consider choosing individuals who can speak to your qualifications for the specific job you are applying for. This could include former supervisors, colleagues, or clients who are familiar with your work in a relevant context.

Diversity Matters

It's beneficial to provide a diverse set of references that can attest to different aspects of your abilities. Consider including references from various points in your career, such as a previous manager, a peer you collaborated with, and a client you worked closely with.

Ask for Permission

Before listing someone as a reference, always ask for their permission. Not only is this common courtesy, but it also gives them the opportunity to decline if they feel they cannot provide a positive recommendation.

Communication is Key

Keep your references informed about the jobs you are applying for and provide them with any relevant information about the position. This will enable them to tailor their responses to highlight the most relevant skills and experiences.

Quality Over Quantity

While it's essential to have a few strong references, you don't need to list too many. Aim for three to five references who can speak knowledgeably about your qualifications and work ethic.

Professionalism Counts

Ensure that your references are professional contacts who can provide valuable insights into your work performance. Avoid using friends or family members as references, as their opinions may not hold as much weight with potential employers.

Check References in Advance

Reach out to your references periodically to confirm their contact information and availability to provide a reference. This prevents any last-minute surprises and gives you time to update your reference list if needed.

By following these tips, you can choose the right references to strengthen your job application and increase your chances of landing your desired role.

Common Mistakes to Avoid with References

References play a crucial role in the hiring process, and making mistakes when including them on your resume can cost you a potential job opportunity. Here are some common mistakes to avoid:

Not Asking for Permission

Before listing someone as a reference, always ask for their permission. Not doing so can catch your references off guard and lead to a negative impression.

Providing Inaccurate or Outdated Information

Ensure that the contact information for your references is up to date and accurate. Providing incorrect phone numbers or email addresses can make it difficult for potential employers to reach them.

Using Unprofessional References

Choosing references who cannot speak to your qualifications or work ethic can be damaging. Select references who have directly supervised or worked closely with you and can provide meaningful insights into your professional abilities.

Not Tailoring Your References to the Job

Customize your list of references based on the job you are applying for. Highlight references who can speak to the skills and experiences most relevant to the position.

Overloading with References

While it's essential to have a diverse set of references, providing too many can overwhelm employers. Select a few strong references rather than including a long list.

Failure to Brief Your References

Inform your references about the job you are applying for and why you are a good fit. This can help them tailor their responses to align with the position and showcase your strengths effectively.

Ignoring Thank You Notes

After your references have been contacted, remember to send them a thank you note expressing your gratitude for their support. Failing to do so can leave a negative impression and deter them from supporting you in the future.

Avoiding these common mistakes can help you leverage your references effectively and increase your chances of landing your dream job.

The Importance of References for Employers

When it comes to making hiring decisions, references play a crucial role for employers. They provide valuable insights into a candidate's character, work ethic, and overall fit for the job. Here are some key reasons why references are essential for employers:

Building Trust and Confidence

References allow employers to verify the information provided by candidates during the hiring process. By speaking with previous supervisors or colleagues, employers can gain a better understanding of a candidate's skills and experiences. This verification process helps build trust and confidence in the hiring decision.

Evaluating Skills and Qualifications

References provide employers with an opportunity to delve deeper into a candidate's skills and qualifications. They can learn more about how the candidate performed in previous roles, their strengths, areas of improvement, and how they handle challenges. This information is invaluable when assessing a candidate's potential contribution to the company.

Assessing Cultural Fit

It's not just about skills and qualifications; cultural fit is equally important for employers. Speaking to references can give insight into how well a candidate integrates into a team, their communication style, and how they handle interpersonal relationships. Understanding the cultural fit helps employers ensure they are bringing on board someone who aligns with the company's values and mission.

Verifying Resume Claims

With the increasing competition in the job market, some candidates may exaggerate their accomplishments or skillsets on their resumes. Checking references allows employers to validate the claims made by candidates. It ensures that the candidate indeed possesses the qualifications and experiences they say they do, reducing the risk of hiring based on false information.

Minimizing Hiring Risks

Ultimately, references help employers minimize hiring risks. Making a wrong hire can be costly for a company in terms of time, resources, and morale. By conducting thorough reference checks, employers can make more informed decisions, leading to successful hires who are more likely to contribute positively to the organization.

"References are a fundamental part of the hiring process. They provide employers with critical information that goes beyond what is written on a resume, helping them make confident and informed hiring decisions." - John Smith, HR Director at TalentFinders Inc.

Overall, references serve as a crucial tool for employers to assess the suitability of candidates for a position. They offer a comprehensive view of a candidate's background, capabilities, and potential within a specific role, aiding employers in selecting the best-fit candidates for their organizations.

International Perspectives on Listing References

Understanding how to list references on a resume can vary significantly depending on the country and its cultural norms. In the international job market, the approach to including references may differ from what is typically expected in the USA. Let's explore some key insights from experts around the world:

United Kingdom - Emily Thompson, HR Manager at Elite Recruits

"In the UK, it is common practice to include references on a CV. Most candidates provide contact details for two referees who can speak to their character and work ethic. Employers often reach out to these referees during the hiring process to gain a better understanding of the candidate's background."

Canada - Michael Chang, Career Coach at Global Talent Advisors

"In Canada, listing references directly on a resume is not the norm. Instead, candidates are advised to have a separate document with their reference list ready to provide when requested by the employer. This allows for more control over who contacts their referees and when."

Australia - Sarah McKenzie, Recruitment Consultant at Horizon Staffing Solutions

"Australian job seekers commonly include a statement such as 'References Available Upon Request' on their resumes. This signals to potential employers that references can be provided if needed, without overcrowding the CV with unnecessary details. It maintains a professional and concise document."

These perspectives shed light on the diverse practices regarding references on resumes across different countries. As a job seeker or employer, being aware of these variations can help navigate the global job market more effectively.

Final Thoughts and Recommendations

After exploring the intricacies of including references on a resume, it's evident that this aspect plays a crucial role in the job application process. Job seekers must approach this section thoughtfully to present themselves in the best light to potential employers. Here are some final thoughts and recommendations to consider:

Final Tips for Job Seekers:

Choose your references wisely; opt for individuals who can speak to your qualifications and work ethic.
Always seek permission from your references before listing them on your resume.
Ensure that your reference list is updated with current contact information.
Craft a separate document for your references, following the same header and format as your resume for consistency.

Recommendations for Employers:

Take the time to contact references provided by candidates to gain deeper insights into their professional background.
Consider asking specific questions related to the candidate's skills, work style, and accomplishments when speaking with their references.
Use the information gathered from references as a valuable tool to make informed hiring decisions.

Remember, the reference section of a resume serves as a testament to a candidate's credibility and capabilities. Job seekers should leverage this opportunity to showcase their qualifications, while employers can use references to validate a candidate's suitability for a role. As the job market continues to evolve, adapting your approach to including references on resumes can set you apart from the competition and increase your chances of landing your dream job.

Why is 4/20 the unofficial weed day? The history behind April 20 and marijuana

The favorite day of stoners across the globe is upon us: April 20 or 4/20 , also known as weed day, is this Saturday.

Coincidentally falling on the same weekend as National Cold Brew Day and National Record Store Day, Saturday is shaping up to be something of a paradise for weed, coffee and music fans alike.

But how did an otherwise random day in April somehow become the mecca of marijuana enjoyment? Many theories have swirled over the years. While more exciting ones harken the holiday back to police busts or hidden messages in classic songs, the widely accepted origin is a little more reminiscent of a classic high school experience.

How did 4/20 become the official unofficial weed holiday? Here's what we know.

420 deals: Celebrate 4/20 with food deals at Wingstop, Popeyes, more. Or sip Snoop Dogg's THC drinks

What does 420 mean?

420 refers to the day 4/20, or April 20. The date has come to be known as the official stoner holiday on which marijuana smokers celebrate their love of bud.

The number 420 itself has also come to be associated with marijuana and smoking and is often used as a colloquial term for the flower and the act of consuming it.

Smokers see 4/20 not only as a day to kick back and celebrate their love of the stuff, but also to push for broader legalization and decriminalization of marijuana federally in the U.S. and beyond.

Where is weed legal? The states where recreational, medicinal marijuana is allowed in 2024

Why is 420 associated with weed?

You may have heard some of the most popular rumors that have circled the cultural zeitgeist over the years: that 420 is the code police used to describe marijuana smoking; 420 is the number of active chemicals in weed that get you high; April 20 was Bob Marley's birthday (it wasn't); that it's a reference to Bob Dylan’s song “Rainy Day Women #12 & 35” (12 times 35 equals 420).

In reality, it's much simpler and perhaps less exciting than any of that.

While no one can say for certain, one widely accepted origin traces back to a group of teenagers hanging out after school.

In the early '70s, five students at San Rafael High School in Marin County, California would meet outside of the school after extracurricular activities had ended for the day. The group, eventually called the "Waldos," simply for the fact they met by a wall to do their thing, made their official meeting time 4:20 p.m. and eventually started using 420 as code for smoking.

One of the Waldo members, Dave Reddix, later got work as a roadie for the Grateful Dead, and the band helped to popularize the term, he told Time. Specifically, a flyer distributed by a group of Oakland Deadheads in December 1990 inviting people to smoke on April 20 at 4:20 p.m. did the trick.

A reporter at High Times magazine got hold of the flier and printed it in 1991, bringing it to the attention of cannabis fans across state lines. The magazine continued to use the term in future publications, solidifying its place in popular vernacular.

Steve Bloom, the "High Times" reporter who originally received the flyer, later credited the Waldos for originating the term, saying in a 2013 blog , "...they wanted people all over the world to get together on one day each year and collectively smoke pot at the same time. They birthed the idea of a stoner holiday, which April 20 has become."

Stoner movies: Celebrate 4/20 with these TV shows and movies about weed

Where is weed legal?

Looking forward to partaking this 4/20? Make sure you know the laws in your area before you do.

The legalization of marijuana has been a long state-by-state process, and various levels of use from none to medical to recreational are allowed in jurisdictions across the U.S. At least 25 have fully legalized recreational use, and more are either in the process or have future voting on the books.

Wondering about the status in your state? Check our list of where recreational, medicinal marijuana is allowed in 2024.

Taylor Swift album lyrics - the hidden meanings and the people she appears to reference in The Tortured Poets Department songs

Upon the release of the singer's new album, fans immediately went to work unpicking Swift's lyrics and figuring out the references - from exes Joe Alwyn and Matty Healy, to current boyfriend Travis Kelce and rival Kim Kardashian.

Chief sub-editor @becca_harty

Friday 19 April 2024 14:09, UK

"An anthology of new works that reflect events, opinions and sentiments from a fleeting and fatalistic moment in time."

In her own words, Taylor Swift's latest album The Tortured Poets Department is a product of her personal life - which is often played out in the most public way.

Fans have already spent hours poring over her raft of new lyrics in the 31 new songs.

Two hours after its release, the singer announced The Tortured Poets Department: The Anthology, which includes 15 additional new songs .

From Kim Kardashian to Travis Kelce, here we take a look at who the lyrics might be about.

Analysis: Marriage, babies, break-ups - breaking down the album

Break-up with Joe Alwyn

Fans had been expecting a breakdown of the singer’s six-year relationship with actor Joe Alwyn - and they weren’t disappointed.

Even in the album title, there appears to be a reference - Alwyn and Normal People actor Paul Mescal revealed in 2022 they had a WhatsApp group chat with Fleabag actor Andrew Scott called The Tortured Man Club. Four months later news of Swift and Alwyn's split emerged.

The song appearing at number five in the new tracklist - often the slot reserved for the most meaningful song on each of her albums - is So Long, London, and is thought to offer new insights into her split with the British actor.

In the lyrics, Swift hints at wedding plans, singing: "You swore that you loved me but where were the clues, I died on the altar waiting for the proof", as well as being upset at having to leave London which she said she "loved".

She also makes a reference to "the house in the Heath" she left behind. The singer was often seen in Hampstead Heath with Alwyn when they dated, as he lived in north London.

"And I'm pissed off you let me give you all that youth for free," she sings. "Me locking myself away in my house for a lot of years - I'll never get that time back."

Swift was performing her Eras tour when it was reported that she and Alwyn had split - and the first show she played was in Florida, which is the title of one of her new songs, featuring Florence Welch from Florence and the Machine.

"The hurricane with my name when it came, I got drunk and I dare it to wash me away," she sings.

In another song, Fresh Out The Slammer, Swift discusses feeling isolated in a relationship. "Another summer taking cover, rolling thunder, he don't understand me.

"Splintered back in winter, silent dinners, bitter he was with her in dreams."

Romance with Matty Healy

Meanwhile, fans have interpreted the lyrics to the first song on the album titled Fortnight, featuring US star Post Malone, to be about British singer Matty Healy , whom she was rumoured to be dating briefly last year after her split from Alwyn.

Swift sings: "Sometimes I wonder if you're gonna screw this up with me, but you told Lucy you'd kill yourself if I ever leave and I had said that to Jack about you so I felt seen, everyone we know understands why it's meant to be."

But who are Lucy and Jack - the friends the lovers are confiding in?

Fans have suggested Lucy could be Lucy Dacus, a singer in the band Boygenius, who is friends with Healy.

Meanwhile, Swift's close friend Jack Antonoff was a producer on the song.

While Swift doesn't namecheck Healy, a number of other songs appear to reference him, including Guilty As Sin where she sings about having "fatal fantasies" for someone from her past while in a relationship.

Fans are also suggesting the song The Smallest Man Who Ever Lived appears to allude to Healy "ghosting" her.

"You tried to buy some pills, from a friend of mine, they just ghosted you, now you know what it feels like."

New relationship with Travis Kelce

Kansas City Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce (87) kisses Taylor Swift after the NFL Super Bowl 58 football game against the San Francisco 49ers, Sunday, Feb. 11, 2024, in Las Vegas. The Chiefs won 25-22. (AP Photo/John Locher)

"I'm making a comeback to where I belong", she sings in her 15th track, The Alchemy.

This song certainly seems to be a nod to her blossoming romance with Kansas City Chiefs star Travis Kelce .

The song references American football terms including "touch down", "the team", "warm the benches" and "winning streak".

Swift began dating the athlete last year and her attendance at the Super Bowl made headlines around the world, including that kiss with Kelce after the Chiefs' victory. The couple recently attended the Coachella music festival together.

Pic: Jennifer Johnson/Shutterstock for Neon Carnival

"Shirts off, and your friends lift you up over their heads," she sings.

"Beer sticking to the floor, cheers chanted, cause they said there was no chance, trying to be the greatest in the league, where’s the trophy, he just comes running over to me."

Kelce, who has recently landed a role as host of the game show Are You Smarter Than A Celebrity?, said he listened to parts of the album and said it's "unbelievable".

Read more: Boyfriend hails 'unbelievable' album

Feud with Kim Kardashian

Kim Kardashian, with former husband Kanye West, wore a Roberto Cavalli creation at the 2015 Met Gala in New York. Pic: Rex/Startraks/Shutterstock

In one of the additional new songs, thanK you aIMee, fans have been decoding what they believe is a reference to Kim Kardashian. The letters capitalised in the title spell Kim.

Kardashian's ex-husband Kanye West infamously stormed the stage at the 2009 VMAs as Swift accepted her award for best video by a female artist, a stunt he later claimed in a lyric "made that b**** famous ".

Amid the row, Kardashian posted a video online of what appeared to be West on the phone with the singer, where Swift appeared to consent to the vulgar lines.

The MTV VMAs moment in 2009 when Kanye sparked his feud with Swift. Pic. Reuters

"I wrote a thousand songs that you find uncool, I built a legacy which you can't undo," Swift sings.

"But when I count the scars, there's a moment of truth, that there wouldn't be this, if there hadn't been you.

"And maybe you've reframed it and in your mind, you never beat my spirit black and blue."

She then appears to reference West and Kardashian’s 10-year-old daughter North West.

"And one day, your kid comes home singing a song that only us two is gonna know is about you."

Keep up with all the latest news from the UK and around the world by following Sky News

After the album was released, Swift wrote on social media: "An anthology of new works that reflect events, opinions and sentiments from a fleeting and fatalistic moment in time - one that was both sensational and sorrowful in equal measure.

"This period of the author's life is now over, the chapter closed and boarded up. There is nothing to avenge, no scores to settle once wounds have healed.

"And upon further reflection, a good number of them turned out to be self-inflicted. This writer is of the firm belief that our tears become holy in the form of ink on a page. Once we have spoken our saddest story, we can be free of it.

"And then all that's left behind is the tortured poetry."

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Swift will bring her Eras tour to the UK from 7 June, which she will start with three shows in Edinburgh.

The run of London shows begins on 21 June.

It Looks Like Travis Kelce Made It Into Taylor Swift’s New Album, So Here’s What She Seemingly Had To Say About Their Relationship

While reckoning with her past, it seems Taylor didn’t forget about her current beau.

BuzzFeed Staff

By the look of things, Taylor Swift's Tortured Poets Department draws a lot of inspiration from her past heartbreaks . But, fortunately for Travis Kelce , it seems she still dedicated a few tracks to her present.

Taylor Swift performs onstage with a glittery outfit and guitar

In the unlikely event you need catching up, Taylor’s highly anticipated 11th studio album, The Tortured Poets Department , dropped at midnight, inevitably sending Swifties into a frenzy of excitement.

And just as listeners were processing the 16-track record, Taylor did what she does best and dropped in at 2 a.m. with a surprise — gifting fans with yet another 15 songs, which merged with the first installment to create The Tortured Poets Department: The Anthology .

So, with 31 brand-new tracks to get their teeth into, Swifties have been deep in lyrical analysis since the moment the clock struck 12. And by now, many have speculated that a lot of the songs may have been inspired by Taylor’s fleeting — and rather controversial — romance with Matty Healy , as well as a few nods to her previous ex, Joe Alwyn .

Taylor Swift and Matty Healy walking out of a building

For a reminder, Joe and Taylor dated for six years before breaking up in April 2023 . It was only a month after her split from Joe that Taylor was seen with Matty — whom she was previously rumored to have dated in 2014 .

After sparking widespread controversy in her fanbase, Taylor's brief relationship with The 1975 frontman ended in June, with a source telling Entertainment Tonight at the time: “They are both extremely busy and realized they're not really compatible with each other.”

Going into last night's album release, hopes were high that Taylor may have sought inspiration from her current relationship with Travis Kelce — and luckily for Tayvis fans, it seems she delivered.

Travis Kelce in a jersey and hat stands next to Taylor Swift after a football game

From what we know, Travis and Taylor first started seeing each other privately around August — a month after the NFL star gushed about trying to shoot his shot with her while attending the Eras Tour over the summer.

They confirmed their relationship in September when Taylor attended one of his football games with the Kansas City Chiefs — and the rest is history.

But, before we get into it, we must first acknowledge that lyrical interpretation is subjective. Therefore, this analysis is rooted in speculation based solely on the history of Travis and Taylor’s relationship.

Taylor Swift performing on stage in a sparkly dress

In the first batch of songs, a track titled “ The Alchemy ” quickly stood out to listeners as potentially Travis-inspired due to its slew of sports references — namely, the mention of touchdowns.

“So when I touch down / Call the amateurs and cut 'em from the team,” Taylor sings in the chorus. “Ditch the clowns, get the crown / Baby, I'm the one to be / 'Cause the sign on your heart / Said it's still reserved for me.”

In scientific terms, alchemy is concerned with mixing chemicals to create gold, and if there’s one thing we know about Taylor, she loves using golden themes to describe her happiest relationships. So, with that in mind, the story of this song seems to be about the transformative magic of a budding romance — presumably with Travis.

Taylor Swift in a flowing dress performing on stage

For example, in the first verse, Taylor appears to call back to the start of the relationship, noting that such a strong connection is rare.

Taylor Swift in a floral outfit walking with Travis Kelce.

“This happens once every few lifetimes / These chemicals hit me like white wine,” the opening lines go.

Later in the first verse, she also sings about seeking out her lover by circling them “on a map,” which some fans think could be a subtle reference to claims that Taylor put Travis “on the map” by boosting his fame and popularity when they started dating.

In the post-chorus, Taylor throws out more sporting references, singing about “blokes” who “warm the benches,” and being on a “winning streak.”

Travis Kelce holding up the Super Bowl trophy

Since “bloke” is a slang term for “man” commonly used in the UK, it’s possible that the blokes in question are her British exes, Matty and Joe, with Taylor poking fun at how her past lovers have been sidelined.

Meanwhile, the “winning streak” line could be a nod to the Chiefs’ immense success during the football season, becoming Super Bowl champions for a second consecutive year.

But perhaps most notably, the bridge paints a vivid picture of a familiar sporting scene as Taylor sings: “Shirts off, and your friends lift you up, over their heads / Beer stickin' to the floor, cheers chanted 'cause they said / ‘There was no chance trying to be the greatest in the league’ / Where's the trophy? He just comes, running over to me.”

Closeup of Travis Kelce and Taylor Swift

As most will remember, the last line, in particular, seems to draw parallels to the viral moment that Taylor and Travis embraced on the football field when the Chiefs won the AFC Championship game in January, securing their spot in the Super Bowl.

Despite all this, not everyone agrees that Travis was this song’s sole muse. In fact, numerous fans have theorized that “The Alchemy” could be about Matty.

For starters, in the post-chorus Taylor uses wordplay centering on heroin, singing: “He jokes that ‘It's heroin, but this time with an E.’” For context, Matty has talked openly about using heroin earlier in his life, so some have interpreted this as a reference to his past addiction struggles .

On top of this, a recurring theme in the song is past lovers and comebacks, with Taylor indicating multiple times that she’s “coming back” to the relationship. This would align with the fact that she and Matty were romantically linked nearly a decade before their public fling in 2023.

And while “The Alchemy” left fans a little divided, listeners seem to have no dispute that “ So High School ” from the second batch of songs might be inspired by Taylor’s all-American love story with Travis.

Travis Kelce kissing Taylor Swift on the field

From the outset, it’s noteworthy that Taylor and Travis’s relationship has drawn high-school comparisons since it first began — the superstar and her popular football player boyfriend, reminiscent of a senior year power couple.

And with that, “So High School” automatically seems to play into that perception of their sweet romance as Taylor depicts the nostalgia of teenage first love — dropping shoutouts to everything from American Pie to Grand Theft Auto , much to the amusement of her fans.

Taylor Swift and Travis Kelce at Coachella

“And in a blink of a crinkling eye / I'm sinking, our fingers entwined,” the chorus goes. “Cheeks pink in the twinkling lights / Tell me 'bout the first time you saw me.”

“I'll drink what you think and I'm high / From smoking your jokes all damn night,” she sings, leaning into the giddiness of young love. “The brink of a wrinkle in time / Bittersweet 16 suddenly.”

Away from the general high-school themes, Taylor also appears to include some nods to specific moments between her and Travis that fans pored over in the early months of their romance.

In the intro, for example, she sings about finding her lover in a crowd (something she and Travis are pretty used to, what with football games and concerts), as well as someone opening the car door for her (Swifties memorably lost it over Travis escorting Taylor from her car during a trip to NYC in October).

The first verse also includes the line: " Are you gonna marry, kiss, or kill me? ," which has been interpreted by many as a callback to a 2016 interview in which Travis played a game of "Kill, Marry, Kiss" — choosing to kiss Taylor.

And finally, the bridge appears to echo Travis’s public pursuit of her last summer, with Taylor signing: “You knew what you wanted, and, boy, you got her.”

So, while The Tortured Poets Department appears to dedicate a lot of time to the past, it looks like Taylor wants fans to know she’s doing pretty damn well in the present, too.

Taylor Swift performs on stage in a sparkling beaded bodysuit

Travis has not publicly discussed The Tortured Poets Department since its release, but we’ll let you know as soon as he does. In the meantime, you can read more of our Taylor coverage here .

Topics in this article.

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Travis Kelce
Matty Healy

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Breaking Down Taylor Swift's Travis Kelce References in 'The Tortured Poets Department'

Kansas City Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce appears to have his place in Taylor Swift's new album, "The Tortured Poets Department."

Author: Mark Van Sickle

In this story:

Taylor Swift, the superstar musician who took Chiefs Kingdom and the NFL by storm this past year , released her new album, "The Tortured Poets Department," on Friday, April 19. The 16-song album had been highly anticipated since Swift announced its release date during her acceptance speech at the Grammys in February. Not only did Swift do a great job teasing the album leading up to its release, she also dropped a surprise 15-track bonus album that is directly connected to "The Tortured Poets Department." The additional tracks on the release are labeled "The Tortured Poets Department: The Anthology" and can be listened to on all of the major music streaming platforms.

The big question surrounding the release of this new set of songs from Swift was about the subject matter of the lyrics. Would the new songs be all about her ex-lovers or would she make room for a song about her current relationship with Kansas City Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce? We have our answer, and it should make Chiefs fans-turned-Swifties very happy.

It appears that one song in the initial 16-song release of "The Tortured Poets Department" and one song in "The Anthology" references football and her relationship with Kelce. While not directly naming names, the Chiefs and Kelce are seemingly subject matter in the lyrics. Without getting answers directly from Swift, these songs will be interpreted by fans and listeners without knowing their meaning with certainty. Most times when songs are released, artists don’t delve too much into their lyrics and let people take what they want from them. With that in mind, here’s what I see.

Track 15: "The Alchemy"

Verse 1: This happens once every few lifetimes, These chemicals hit me like white wine. What if I told you I’m back? The hospital was a drag, Worst sleep I’ve ever had. I circled you on a map I haven’t come around in so long, But I’m coming back so strong

Swift talks about a feeling, likely love, that doesn’t happen very often between two people. The lyric about the hospital could be in reference to when Kelce was hurt just before Week 1 of the season, a game he ultimately missed when the Chiefs lost to the Detroit Lions. Maybe she was going to show up for the Week 1 game in Kansas City but chose not to since Kelce wouldn’t be playing. Ultimately, she came to support him at the Chiefs' next home game against the Chicago Bears, which set the NFL and the entertainment world on fire.

Chorus: So when I touch down, call the amateurs and cut ‘em from the team. Ditch the clowns, get the crown, baby I’m the one to be. ‘Cause the sign on your heart said it’s still reserved for me. Honestly, who are we to fight the alchemy?

The reference to "touch down," her plane coming to Kansas City, and seeing Kelce scoring touchdowns makes perfect sense. I wouldn’t say Swift is calling out Kadarius Toney for his dropped passes against the Lions, but rather this would be calling her ex-lovers the amateurs. Kelce also caught a touchdown and gave the heart-hands gesture toward Swift in the Chiefs' playoff win over the Buffalo Bills, and it makes sense she would reference that moment.

The bridge of the song is where it gets really interesting.

Bridge: Shirts off and your friends lift you up over their heads, Beer stickin’ to the floor, cheers changed ‘cause they said “There was no chance trying to be the greatest in the league” Where’s the trophy? He just comes running over to me.

No doubt about it, this is about the Chiefs winning the Super Bowl. No need to overthink this one. People doubted the Chiefs could get back-to-back Super Bowl titles, especially during the midseason slump, but the Chiefs were able to prove the doubters wrong, much like Swift has done in proving her doubters wrong throughout her music career. The final line in the bridge references when they celebrated on the field after the Super Bowl victory and while Swift looked for the trophy, Kelce looked for her before going over to the stage. A beautiful moment, indeed.

Track 22, “So High School” Verse 1: Are you gonna marry, kiss, or kill me? It’s just a game, but really. I’m bettin’ on all three for us two Get my car door, isn’t that sweet? Then pull me in the backseat. No one’s ever had me, not like you.

This is blatantly about Kelce without saying his name. There was a video of players (including Kelce) being asked to play "Kiss, Marry, Kill" with Swift, Katy Perry and Ariana Grande. He chose to "kill" Grande, "kiss" Swift, and "marry" Perry. Swift appears to question his answer here, but it seems to have worked out in the end. When their relationship first became public, everyone was enamored with the way Kelce treated Swift, including opening car doors for her, holding her hand in public, etc. This song is an ode to Kelce and the chorus continues as she gushes about her new love.

Chorus: And in a blink of a crinkling eye, I’m sinking, our fingers entwined. Cheeks pink in the twinkling lights, Tell me ‘bout the first time you saw me.

She even seemingly references Kelce impersonating his father in the second verse: " I feel like laughing in the middle of practice, to that impression you did of your dad again ." In the bridge, “ You knew what you wanted, and boy, you got her ” seems to reference the story of how Kelce and Swift first connected .

Swift deals plenty of blows to her ex-lovers throughout "The Tortured Poets Department," as has been a common thread throughout many albums throughout her career, but it was nice to hear her singing about new love in a couple of songs on this new release. Hearing references to the Chiefs, Super Bowl victories, and Kelce is especially exciting as the Chiefs Kingdom continues to expand worldwide with its ever-growing fan base.

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Jan 7, 2024; Inglewood, California, USA; Kansas City Chiefs safety Mike Edwards (21) returns a fumble for a touchdown during the first half against the Los Angeles Chargers at SoFi Stadium. Mandatory Credit: Orlando Ramirez-USA TODAY Sports

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How To List References on a Resume (With Examples)
As you begin putting together a list of references for employers to call on during the hiring process, consider the following steps to guide your document. 1. Determine how many references to include. The number of references you list depends on your career level. For example, if you're entering the job market for the first time, you may only ...
How to List References on a Resume (Examples + Template)
To expand upon Eva's advice, here are three straightforward tips for listing your references correctly: 1. Create a dedicated list of references separate from your resume. If you haven't done this yet, gather your references onto a page and label it " Professional References .". Having a dedicated references page that's separate from ...
How to List References on a Resume (Dos and Don'ts)
On your reference sheet, you should list each reference with the following information: Name. Current Job/Position. Company. Phone Number. Email Address. Reference Description: Write one sentence explaining how you know or have worked with this person, where, when, and for how long.
When and How to List References on a Resume [+Examples]
Here's how to list references on a resume: 1. Put your name and "References" on top of a separate page. 2. Format all references the same way: list full names, job titles, companies, and contact info. 3. Add at least 3 professional references. 4.
How to List References on a Resume in 2022 (with Examples & Tips)
123 Avenue Way. (123) 456-9890. [email protected]. Always be specific when including the reference's job position or title. Don't just list the name of the company without the exact job title to go along with it. If you are unsure of a reference's job title, ask them before submitting your references to an employer.
How to List References on a Resume [w/ Examples]
First, put your references on a separate sheet. Add an exclusive reference page, as the last page of your resume. Keep the same format for your reference sheet as your resume and cover letter, meaning use the same font, margins, and color scheme. Start off at the very top with your name, address, and phone number.
References: Types, What To Include and How To Get Them
If a reference has an official title, be sure to include it next to their name. You also need to describe your relationship with the reference in a brief sentence. For each entry on your reference list, you should include the following: Reference name. Reference position or title. Reference company or organization.
References on a Resume: When and How to Include Them
Definition and Purpose of References on a Resume. References are individuals who can vouch for your skills, achievements, and character. They serve as a kind of third-party review of your qualifications, offering a prospective employer the chance to get an outside perspective on your abilities. ... On a resume, references are typically listed ...
How to List References on a Resume [Full Guide with Examples]
Reference No. 3. [Reference Name] [Reference Current Occupation] [Reference Current Work Place] [Reference Contact Information] [Description of the Reference] etc. As you can see, there are no drastic changes in terms of style —we have the same font style and size throughout the entire section.
How to List References on a Resume and When to Do So
Preferred form of contact. If you're really tight for space, just add "References available upon request" at the bottom so employers know you have some prepared if needed. Include 2-3 references on a resume and 3-5 on a reference sheet. Never submit your reference sheet with your resume — save it for employers that ask.
How to List References on a Resume in 2024 [+Examples]
Choose three to five references. These should mainly be professional references and one personal reference. Choose your references carefully only ask people who will have positive things to say about your performance and personality. Ask permission from your references before sharing their contact information.
How and When to Include References on a Resume · Resume.io
If an employer is seeking references, be sure that the employer wants the references to be listed "on your resume.". It might be a better idea to include references in a separate attachment that is not actually part of your resume. Every resume needs to have five components: Header: Your contact info. Summary/profile: Your "elevator pitch".
What Are References?
References are people who can speak to your skills, qualifications and character. As part of the hiring process, an employer may contact your references to verify information on your resume and ensure that you will be a good fit for the job. Many job applications require you to list at least two references. Typically, these references must be ...
How to List References on a Resume (Templates Included)
Add Your Contact Information. Since your professional references are on a separate page, you want to add your contact details at the top. That way, if the page gets separated from the rest, the hiring manager will know whose references they are. 4. Keep It Simple. A professional reference list isn't embellished.
Adding References to Your Resume
Step 2: Use a consistent format. Consistency is key when it comes to formatting your reference page. Use the same header, font, and formatting style as your resume to create a cohesive and professional look. You can also include your name and contact information at the top of the page, just like on your resume.
Writing References on a Resume: A Guide With Examples
Here are some steps to mind when listing references on a resume: 1. Decide on the number of references to include in the resume reference list. If you make a section for professional references, you may provide 2 or 3 references, depending on how much space you have on your resume. You can provide up to 5 references if you are using a reference ...
Effectively Listing References on Resume [+ Examples & Templates
Reach out to the people who you want as references. Ask your contacts if they are willing to be listed as references on your resume and request their contact details, including email, phone number, and address. 4. Determine how you want to list the reference on your resume. Lastly, it is up to you if you want to make a section on your resume or ...
Resume References: Who To Add + Examples
Here's are three examples of how you can list your references correctly: Jennifer Williams Director of Marketing Southwest Airlines 555-555-5555 j.williams@——.com. Jennifer was my direct supervisor while I worked as a sales manager for Southwest Airlines from 2018 to 2020. Joseph Miller Digital Marketing Manager Vende Digital 555-555-5555 ...
Q&A: Should You Include References on a Resume?
Because references are not always a part of the interview process, you're taking up limited resume space to provide what may end up being irrelevant to employers in this phase. Even including the phrase " references upon request " on your resume can be unimportant. If their interview process includes references, employers will ask you to ...
How to List References on Your Resume (With Examples)
Rather than putting references on your resume, type them up on a separate document. On a separate reference page, include the person's first name and last name, current job title and company name, email address, and phone number. Be sure to check with each of your professional references ahead of time, to confirm that the person is willing to ...
How to List Resume References: A Job Seeker's Guide + Sample
Once you have a list of approved references, you can now create your reference list. The proper format for each reference should be as follows: Full name. Job title. Company name. Address. Contact information (phone number and email address) Description of relationship to the reference. Your references should also be listed from top to bottom ...
References on a Resume: To List or Not to List?
No, you shouldn't include references on a resume. The phrase "references available upon request" isn't needed and it's a thing of the past. The only time you should submit a resume with references is if it's requested in the job description. Create a separate document with your list of references.
How To Put References on a Resume (With Template & Examples)
3. Mention your personal details. Before listing the contact details of your references, try to include your details on the page. You can include your name, address, phone number and email address as it appears on your resume. Just below your details, add a title to your page. The title could be "Professional references" or "References.".
The Ultimate Guide to Listing References on Your Resume
Understanding References on a Resume. References play a crucial role in the recruitment process, offering potential employers insights into a candidate's professional background, work ethic, and character. Including references on a resume is a way for job seekers to provide verification of their qualifications and past performance.
How to Choose Your Referee & Put It on Your Resume [Example]
What you need to include in the reference section of your resume is: referee's full name. job title. company name. phone number. email address. And this is it. That's the entire reference section in your resume. Plus, a great cover letter that matches your resume will give you an advantage over other candidates.
Choosing resume references
Have your reference's full name, current job title, phone number, email address, and work address available if the hiring manager asks for it. 3. Discuss your application with references. As you move forward in the application process, sending your references a copy of your resume and relevant examples from your portfolio may be helpful. You ...
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What does 420 mean? 420 refers to the day 4/20, or April 20. The date has come to be known as the official stoner holiday on which marijuana smokers celebrate their love of bud. The number 420 ...
Taylor Swift album lyrics
Upon the release of the singer's new album, fans immediately went to work unpicking Swift's lyrics and figuring out the references - from exes Joe Alwyn and Matty Healy, to current boyfriend ...
Taylor Swift's References To Travis Kelce On The Tortured Poets Department
In the first batch of songs, a track titled " The Alchemy " quickly stood out to listeners as potentially Travis-inspired due to its slew of sports references — namely, the mention of touchdowns. "So when I touch down / Call the amateurs and cut 'em from the team," Taylor sings in the chorus. "Ditch the clowns, get the crown / Baby ...
Breaking Down Taylor Swift's Travis Kelce References in 'The Tortured
In the bridge, " You knew what you wanted, and boy, you got her " seems to reference the story of how Kelce and Swift first connected. Swift deals plenty of blows to her ex-lovers throughout ...

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References on a Resume: When and How to Include Them

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