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Looking to publish in a Special Issue for even more impact? Our website is regularly updated with the latest general and special issue call for papers across our Social Science, Humanities, Science, Technology, and Medicine journals. Make sure you read the relevant journal’s Aims & Scope and Manuscript Submission Guidelines before submitting and contact the journal’s editorial office with any queries about your article. If you have any questions about publishing with Sage, please visit the Sage Journal Solutions Portal .

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Public Finance and Management

Symposium Issue – Application of Blockchain Technology in PFM – deadline for abstracts April 30, 2024
Symposium Issue—Budgeting Mechanisms and Behaviors – deadline for manuscripts July 1, 2024

Journal of Interactive Marketing

Intelligent Automation and AI – d eadline Aug 31, 2024
Brands and Branding in the Metaverse – deadline May 31, 2024

Journal of Tropical Futures: Sustainable Business, Governance & Development

General call for papers
Special issue call for papers - deadline May 6, 2024

Journal of Macromarketing

Embracing Healthy Ageing in Marketing – d eadline Aug 31, 2024

Social Marketing Quarterly

Social Marketing’s Role in Racial Equity – ongoing

Journal of Marketing

Expanding the Boundaries: Marketing as a Multidisciplinary Knowledge Creation Engine – ongoing

Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal

Spotlight on Early-Career Researchers of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association – Deadline June 1, 2024

Progress in Transplantation

Amplifying the Patient Voice in Research and Healthcare – Deadline August 1, 2024

Wilderness & Environmental Medicine

Space Medicine & Health Systems – Deadline June 1, 2024

The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery

General Call for Papers – ongoing
International Special Issue Series – ongoing

Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery

Journal of Dance Medicine & Science

Journal of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis

Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases

Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Emerging Media

AI from a Human and Responsible Perspective – Deadline April 30, 2024
Decolonising Media Futures – Deadline September 15, 2024

Journal of Chinese Writing Systems

Naxi Manuscripts – deadline 10-Jan-2024 for abstract, 30-Jun-2024 for submission

Journal of Transformative Education

Call for Proposals: Exploring Transformative Learning Theory in Asian Contexts – D eadline June 30, 2024

Journal of Advanced Academics

Call for Proposals – Deadline July 31, 2024
General Call for Papers – Deadline December 31, 2024

ECNU Review of Education

Understanding What Mathematics Teachers Notice in Instruction: A Cross-Cultural Dialogue Between East and West – deadline 15-Nov-2023 for abstract, 31-Mar-2024 for submission

Asian Journal for Mathematics Education

Gifted Child Today

General Call for Papers – ongoing

Journal of Interpretation Research

Creative Nursing

Activism, Advocacy, and Allyship – deadline TBD
Social Media and Artificial Intelligence – deadline TBD
Social Violence – deadline TBD
Transforming Power Over to Power With – deadline TBD

Evaluation & the Health Professions

Hispanic Health Care International

Journal of Human Lactation

State of the Science – deadline May 1, 2024

NASN School Nurse

New Solutions

COVID-19 and the Workplace: Risk Factors and Solutions – ongoing
Restoring Science and Reconstructing the Regulatory State – ongoing
Racial Justice and Workplace and Environmental Health Equity – ongoing

European Journal of Mass Spectrometry

Brain Science Advances

The Application of Big Data Models in Brain Science – deadline July 31, 2024

Clinical EEG and Neuroscience

Commemorating the 100th year anniversary of EEG – articles will be accepted on a rolling basis until early 2029

Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology

General Call for Papers – ongoing

Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair

Chinese Journal of Transnational Law

Private International Law and Sustainable Development in Asia – deadline 20-Feb-2024 for abstract, 1-Oct-2024 for submission

Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology

Unpacking Economic Inequality: A Psychological Perspective – Proposal deadline: Sep 9, 2024; Manuscript deadline: Jan 10, 2025

Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion

Special Issue: Harm Reduction Strategies to Address Substance Misuse and the Associated Challenges – deadline July 31, 2024

Emerging Adulthood

General Call for Papers – deadline June 1, 2024

Perceptual and Motor Skills

Special Issue: The Role of Psycho-Affective Factors in Second/Foreign Language Learning – deadline September 15, 2024

Illness, Crisis & Loss

Special Issue: Public Dying and Public Grieving – deadline Feb 10, 2024

Food and Nutrition Bulletin

Health Promotion Practice

International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Health Services

Special Sections – ongoing

Medical Decision Making

Interface between Human Users and Machine Learning Models in Medical Decision Making – ongoing

Sociology of Race and Ethnicity

Pedagogy Section Call for Submissions for Teaching about Race and Racism Outside the Classroom Special Issue - Abstracts due May 1, 2024

Pedagogy Section Call for Submissions for 10 Year Reflection and the Future Special Issue - Abstracts due July 15, 2024

American Behavioral Scientist

A Sampling of Pre-Internet Networked Operations – deadline November 1, 2024

World Futures Review

Environmental Futures – advancing images of mutual human-nature relationships – deadline feb 29, 2024: Abstract submission (300-500 words)

Chinese Journal of Sociology

Toward a Hopeful Sociology of Digital China – Deadline May 31, 2024
China and the Environment – Deadline August 31, 2024

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Highlight your research and enhance its visibility to your field and community by submitting to one of our Collections. Collections at HSS Comms provide a high-profile venue for topics of substantial interest to the community. Papers included in a Collection are published in the journal and featured on our Collection page.

Divisive politics, polarisation and democratic decline

Interrogating postmodernism

Philosophy [in:of:for:and] digital knowledge infrastructures

Frodo Podschwadek, PhD.

Transdisciplinary approaches to knowledge production and problem solving to tackle grand societal challenges

Digitalisation in the post-pandemic era: sustainability, inequality and politics

Qinglong Shao, PhD.

Replication and replicability

Technology and learning

Theorising and implementing smart healthy age-friendly environments

Agnieszka Cieśla, PhD.
Delali A. Dovie, PhD.
Jorge Felix, PhD.
Andrzej Klimczuk, PhD.
Vitalii Nitsenko, PhD.

Behavioural public policy

Dr. Sanchayan Banerjee, PhD, FHEA
Prof. Michalis Drouvelis, PhD
Dr. Laura Zimmermann, PhD

The manosphere and networked misogyny

Zhen Troy Chen, PhD, FHEA

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Welcome to the Undergraduate Research Journal multidisciplinary journal

Call for papers fall 24, submit to undergraduate research.

Undergraduate Research journal invites students to submit their undergraduate work!

SUBMISSION PORTAL OPENS: January 15, 2024

PAPER SUBMISSION DEADLINE: April 15, 2024 (close of business)

Main Website: http://undergraduateresearch.org

Papers will be published in Undergraduate Research, Vol. 4(2), FALL 2024

Call for Undergraduate ART WORK & ARTISTIC EXPRESSION- front and back covers of journal- SUBMIT your art to [email protected] for consideration.

Undergraduate Research is a national double-blind, educator-reviewed print and electronic journal published annually in the Winter. The journal is a forum for multidisciplinary undergraduate research and creative endeavors within higher education. The journal follows the Council of Undergraduate Research (CUR) strategic pillars for undergraduate research and creative endeavors.

Debuting in Winter 2021, Undergraduate Research publishes research and creative endeavors from undergraduate students enrolled in institutions of higher education from across the United States. This journal highlights the best of mentored undergraduate scholarly products across all disciplines from all types of higher education institutions.

Submission Guidelines: https://undergraduateresearch.org/submission-guidelines

Please submit your papers here: https://undergraduateresearch.scholasticahq.com/

Thank you for considering Undergraduate Research!

Fall 2023 Volume 3 Issue 2

Now Available!

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Call for Papers

Call for Papers - Volume 147 Issue 1

ISSN number : 2708-3578 (Online)
Submission Start From : 16 Apr 2024
Initial Submission Accepted upto : 30 Apr 2024
Acceptance Notification : 03 May 2024
Camera Ready Paper Submission : 06 May 2024
Copyright Transfer : 06 May 2024
Payment & Final Submission Accepted : 06 May 2024
E-Publication : 08 May 2024
Print Edition Release : 10 May 2024
Publication Fee : 40 USD
Open Access Fee : FREE

Call for Papers

The Journal of Undergraduate Research in Finance is accepting submissions for its 2023 issue. The JURF publishes original work written undergraduate students or co-authored by faculty with an undergraduate student. Accepted articles are largely the result of the highest quality senior or honors theses. Works from all areas of finance are welcome, including original research, case studies, and replications of high-impact work.

Please see Submission Guidelines Page for submission details.

Email Melissa Woodley at [email protected] with any questions.

The deadline for submissions is May 31, 2024.

The Mark J. Bertus Prize will be awarded for the best paper in the JURF. A panel of judges will select the winner who will receive $1,000. Each runner-up will receive $250.

All articles are subject to blind review by faculty. Recognizing that the typical “revise and resubmit” model of most academic journals is not optimal given the time constraints of undergraduates the JURF will follow a no revisions policy. Authors will receive a yes or no along with a full referee report that may recommend extensions or suggestions for future research. Simple cosmetic changes may be required prior to publication.

Initial submissions must be made while at least one co-author is a full-time or part-time undergraduate student.

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Call for papers 2023

We, at IJSER, initiate a call for research paper in all areas of science, engineering and technology every month . From original research papers, survey papers, case studies and academic or scholarly articles to extended versions of previously published papers in conferences, scholarly journal or academic peer reviewed international journals, we welcome high quality work that focuses on research, development and application in the aforesaid areas.

(ISSN 2229-5518)

Call for papers 2023 Paper Submission Deadline: September 30, 2023 ( Call for Papers - Volume 14, Issue 9 Edition ) Paper Online Publication : September, 2023 ( Research paper online publication finalized for (registered papers) Volume 14, Issue 9 Edition . ) Open Access Journal Publication

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Following is a long list of areas covered which is in fact much wider in scope than what you see. so, find out the details for the latest call for paper and start the online submission process (the areas are not limited to the following):.

International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

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Call for Papers 2024

We invite you to submit research papers from engineering, science and technology subjects – call for papers april – 2024.

IJERT call for original research papers, survey papers, review articles, case studies and academic or scholarly articles to extended versions of previously published papers in conferences, scholarly journal or academic peer reviewed international journals are accepted.

Submission Open for April – 2024 Call for Papers

Initial Review Acceptance: within 4 – 6 days after submission

Last Date of Paper Submission : 30, April 2024

Journal Statistics & Approval Details

Authors will get following Hard Copies via Express Speed Post ,

Author's Welcome Kit - Sample

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Papers Hard Copies - Sample

IJERT maintains High-Quality Publication Standards using cutting edge technologies and platforms.

Author benefits :.

Paper will publish online as well as in print version with DOI

Individual Hard & Soft Copy of Certificate of Publication (Instantly after publication)

Fast, Transparent & Easy Publication process via Online EMS System

Get 2 – full Color hard copies of paper with journal cover

Broad Scope – High visibility and promotion of your research work

Open Access Article – Anyone can freely access & download anytime

Indexed in all major open databases like Google Scholar

Prestigious academic reviewers around the globe

Faster Peer-Review – Using Online EMS System having 2000+ reviewers & Editors

You may Submit papers via online system IJERT – EMS using below link,

Submit your Paper for Review

Engineering unlike science, is concerned not only with knowledge of natural phenomena, but also with how knowledge can serve humankind’s needs and wants. Such variables as cost, user compatibility, productivity, safety, and adaptability to various external operating conditions and environments must be taken into account in the design, development, operational support and maintenance of the products and services that engineers create. Thus, engineering involves the integration of knowledge, techniques, methods, and experiences from many fields & areas.
Major contributors to engineering research around the world include governments, private business and academia.The results of engineering research have been recognized as the highly effective way to make fruitful solutions for emphasized issues and challenges in the current world.
Researchers, academicians, social workers, policy makers and other stakeholders are welcome to submit your original research papers related to various scientific research areas in upcoming Call for Papers – Volume 13, Issue 4, April 2024 which brings the disciplines towards the better technologies.
IJERT is the platform for raising voice to overcome the barriers while exercising emerging ways to identify the engineering & science challenges in the context by joining hands, gathering together and networking.
We invite to send your original research articles, in-depth reviews or case studies formatted to given format in the author guidelines before the paper submission deadline. All research papers will be evaluated by international recognized scholars in a single/double blind reviewing process and research papers will be selected according to the international research standard.
All the accepted research papers/abstracts will be eligible to be published in the current issue and they should register on or before the final registration deadline.

List of Topics for Call for Papers 2023 (View Complete List)

Paper Publication Format: Publication of any Paper or manuscript in IJERT requires strict conformance to the paper template.Once the paper is selected, manuscript of the article/ paper will be published in the IJERT Digital Library. The paper template can be downloaded from this link. Processing Charges: There is no charge for the submitting paper for review , but processing fee is required after acceptance of article which is very nominal amount per article to cover printing & editorial expenses , click here for more details. All the transactions on the site are protected with 256-bit Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption. Formal Conditions of Acceptance:

Papers will only be published in English.
All papers are refereed, and the Editor reserves the right to refuse any manuscript, whether on invitation or otherwise, and to make suggestions and/or modifications before publication.

How to Craft The Perfect Call For Papers

Written by Researchbite | Updated on: November 28, 2022

Read this article to write the best Call for Paper.

Introduction

Your call for papers is an email highlighting your occasion and the start of proposals for researchers interested in presenting. Since academics receive hundreds of emails soliciting contributions, one must provide magnetic material to increase their chances. Furthermore, due to the advent of virtual meetings, researchers and academics now have greater access to conventions than ever before. Your invitation for papers must thus be withdrawn. When planning a research session, there are many things to take into consideration. Don't let these worries deter you from publishing a clickable call for papers, though.

An email announcing your conference and the beginning of submissions to scholars who might be interested in presenting will serve as your call for papers. To increase your chances of obtaining submissions, you must provide appealing material because researchers receive hundreds of calls for papers and emails. In addition, researchers and academics now have greater access to conferences than ever because of the growth of virtual gatherings. As a result, your call for papers must be distinctive. When planning a research conference, there are already a lot of choices to be made, such as the format and the abstract management system. However, keep these queries from stopping you from developing a clickable call for papers.

What Is Call For Papers?

An academic community representing the event field of study will receive a call for papers from the conference organizer. This communication, often an email, aims to persuade researchers to submit their work for consideration as a proposal to present at a forthcoming conference. A compelling call for papers or abstracts is crucial in planning a conference. While these conferences offer excellent chances for academics to present their work, it's crucial to remember that there are now more ways than ever before to participate in these gatherings. An effective tactic for luring a sizable pool of qualified applicants to participate in your event is to craft an engaging, charismatic call for papers.

Typically, a request for papers is 200–300 words long. The messaging needs to be scannable, brief, and straightforward. Nothing else should be in it; only the most essential details and a clear description of the kind of study the conference organizers are searching for. Use solid and catchy headlines to draw the reader in and let them know what type of information you're searching for without forcing them to focus on wordy, fluffy instructions. You may call for papers that are simple to read and well within the advised 300-word limit by including subheadings and bullet points in addition to these headers. Ensure that the terms and phrases in your call for papers are short and straightforward. Yes, you are communicating with academics who can understand complex messages but remember that many options are available to researchers today, so the simpler, the better.

Some Recommendations On What Should Be In Calls For Papers

Details on the event.

Your call for papers should clearly describe the workshop's purpose and organizers from the outset. Many people are hesitant to continue spending money and time participating in physical activity. As a result, you want to give your participants constancy. Your call for papers is probably one of the first things potential delegates would hear from you about.

Therefore, the most critical aspect of the event ought to have been the first thing that recipients noticed. Any form of special events (including social gatherings) or guest lectures might help draw potential writers and delegates. Thus it would be well worth mentioning them if you have a general concept of your conference program or plans for visiting speakers. It's essential to make clear what time zone the conference will be held in. You should include in the call for papers that your conference is supported by an affiliate or affiliated with an academic journal.

As a consequence, the most crucial elements of the occasion have to be what attendees notice first:

The topic should include the name of the event.
Time of the incident
The venue of the event
The website URL for the event
The purpose of the event and its theme
Short catalog of subjects

Any special activities or lectures might help attract new writers and registrations. Therefore, highlighting them is essential if you have a rough plan for your convention or ideas for special speakers. It's important to include the event's start and end times. You should include these elements if a group sponsors your event in the call for papers. Make sure to mention the physical, virtual, or hybrid format of your conference and links to your abstract management system. Participants intend to present research at your conference. Clarifying their presentation's structure will aid in this situation.

Guidelines For Submission For The Call for Papers

You should include all applicable instructions and information in your call for papers. Before submitting, delegates should be aware of the following:

Submission deadline
Themes or topics they are allowed to submit
Their options for submission formats. Give as much information as possible about submitting to any unique formats, such as seminars or panels, if you have them.
Important dates like the final paper submission deadline or the notice of acceptance.

A policy for articles that have been accepted is also appropriate. If your rules are too lengthy, give a link to your website's written rules page. Next, you must describe how to submit a paper or an abstract for your conference and the requirements involved.

Online Resources And Social Media

Exchange details about your call for papers entry page, with a particular emphasis on a connection to it on Twitter, Facebook, and the events and LinkedIn profiles for your association. Vary your postings and use various images to avoid being too repetitive and offending your fans. You may also ask your followers to share or retweet your articles to spread the word. Encourage your group to take part. Advocates for the industry should post the information on their social media accounts.

Strategies for Email Marketing: Send emails announcing the call for papers and include a link to the collection's website in every email list you have. Although sending at least one email exclusively devoted to your call for papers is a wise choice, you should also mention it and provide a link to the entry page in other emails. Prior year's contributors who didn't cut create a great email list to target.
Articles: Post a blog item on your institution's website outlining your call for papers and include a link to your paper submission website. You may promote your call for papers by making short animated movies that invite authors to participate.

Call of Paper Legal Compliance

Before sending a demand letter, you must ensure that it complies with information protection laws and regulations. The new EU data protection regulation, GDPR, took effect on May 25, 2018, and it applies to anybody who handles the personal information of others. This refers to the email addresses on your mailing list for the conference. Your event will violate GDPR if you send your demand documents to professionals who still need to give you their consent to send them email messages, which could result in a fine. Therefore, confirm that everyone on your email list has consented to receive emails about your meeting before delivering your demand papers.

Creating an Effective Research Paper Title

One of the most crucial choices you'll need to make when preparing an article for journal publication is the title of your study. The study title is the only information that other researchers will see in a database or search engine query. It is the first item journal editors, and reviewers see when reviewing your manuscript. It has been demonstrated that solid and succinct titles with all the necessary keywords may boost Altmetric ratings and citation counts.

Therefore, be sure to include the precise topic and problem being examined in the title of your research paper, as well as any other pertinent information. Additionally, it needs to make these components accessible and captivating.

When it comes to formatting, word count, and content, there are a few other crucial considerations you should bear in mind in addition to the processes mentioned:

Write the title Following the completion of your paper and abstract
Include any pertinent terminology in your essay.
Keep it brief (16 words or fewer) and to the point.
Don't use jargon or acronyms that aren't essential.
Put your paper's content into a few keywords.
Your title is not a sentence; therefore, never put a period at the end.

Contact Information For Conference Committee

Include the primary contact's email address. This will guarantee that potential authors can readily obtain answers to their inquiries and that all of their lands are in the correct mailbox. Use a general email that your whole team should have access to through the submission system if it includes a communication center to assist you in remaining on top of your conference communications. Include the email address of the designated contact person. This will ensure that potential authors may respond to their inquiries right away and that nearly none of them are routed to the incorrect account. If your system has a contact center, use the email to which your whole staff should have access to keep track of event communications.

Alternative Alerts For Disable From Future Calls For Papers

Remember to include a withdrawal option if you're mailing out your call for papers. If you use an email sender, this should be included automatically in your emails. If not, something like "If you want to unsubscribe from this list, please send an email to" may be sufficient. Some conference planners worry about pruning their email lists because they will become smaller. On the other side, unwelcome emails show that such people do not feel at home in your community. Therefore, having them there won't help you. If you address the community of your conference in your emails, you'll have a far more successful call for papers. A call for papers can take time to organize. It makes sense that managing applications are one of the most difficult aspects of planning events, collaborating with editors, and choosing the best content for your event. However, all these activities occur after your call has been made public and you have started receiving submissions from potential speakers.

Academic conferences are significant in graduate school. It is a forum for researchers to debate and presents their work, building a bridge for information sharing among researchers. A brief description of the paper you plan to deliver at the academic conference is included in the calls for papers. The whole piece is collected and condensed into an abstract, which is then printed in the conference proceedings. These calls serve the only aim of reviewing your paper's major arguments in order to persuade conference organizers that your work has something significant and worthwhile to contribute to the conference. As a result, it necessitates a concise and detailed presentation of the key components of your research.

To scientists who might be considering presenting, demand papers can be an email announcing your meeting and the start of submissions. You should write compelling articles to increase your chances of receiving submissions because experts receive hundreds of demand paper emails. Due to the growth of virtual events, scientists and academics now have much greater access to conferences than they did in the past. Therefore, your demand papers must be noticeable. When planning a study conference, there are already a lot of decisions to be made. But do not let these queries stop you from creating clickable demand documents. And finally, even the ideal call for papers won't ensure that your conference receives a large number of submissions of high caliber. Suppose you combine a successful call for papers with a frustrating abstract management system. Therefore, be sure to include a link to your user-friendly abstract management system in your call for papers.

https://typeaconference.com/how-to-craft-the-perfect-call-for-papers-ex-ordo/
https://fourwaves.com/blog/call-for-papers-template/

Written by Researchbite ResearchBite is a platform committed to availing the scientific knowledge and information at your fingertips.

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Call for Papers 2024: April

Call for academic papers\ call for research papers.

Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal (The journal Covers all scientific fields)

Submit and Publish Your Reserch Paper Today

(We Accept Full-Papers Written in ENGLISH only)

(Paper Review and Publication Fees is 105 USD)

kindly Click the following link to get indexing list.

Click the following link for the Topics Covered by the Journal

The International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) is a multidisciplinary peer reviewed Journal. The IJSBAR welcomes the submission of scientific articles in all scientific fields for this year 2024. For all details About this Journal and about Articles Publication CLICK HERE .

PAPERS SUBMISSION IS OPEN FOR April 2024:

Impact Factor: 0.31

Deadline for Paper Submissions is April 2024: April 28, 2024 end at 23:00 PM GMT.

Date of Publication: Accepted manuscripts will be published within 2-5 days after acceptance in April issue

Paper Acceptance/Rejection Notification: within 4 Weeks

Accepted papers will be published online ISSN (Online) and printed ISSN (Print)

Low cost paper publication (each paper will cost 105 USD).

Submission Of Manuscripts are also allowed by Email: [email protected]

This Journal Publication Site Guarantees that the editor decision based on the peer review results will not exceed 21 days from the Paper Submission For Journal.

Submission Of Manuscript is Open: Submit Your Paper Now

Authors are invited to read our International Journals Call For Papers for this year 2024; to find the relevant topics for the journal, and to submit complete unpublished scientific researches, which are not under review in any other conference or academic journal in the following topics , but not limited to :

The IJSBAR Published Papers are Indexed, listed, and abstracted in the following places:

(click this link to see all related details) , submissions.

The IJSBAR journal invites the submission of long as well as short papers on original, substantial, and unpublished research in all aspects of basic and applied research. IJSBAR submissions must describe unpublished work. Wherever appropriate, clear evaluation and analysis should be included within the submitted papers. Submissions will be judged on clarity, originality, replicability, correctness, meaningful comparison, and contributions to research resources. Each submission will be reviewed internally and externally. internally by at least one editorial board member, if the submission is found suitable then it will be sent for the external peer review process in which two reviewers will evaluate the research.

Long papers may consist of up to any number of pages of content; final versions should take into account reviewers' comments. Short papers can include: A small, focused contribution, Work in progress, A negative result, An opinion piece.

Deadline : The deadline for the short papers as well as for the Long papers is always extendable; this means that the submission is open in all months for the Journals To Publish Papers:

Electronic Submission:

Articles Submission and Articles Publication In Journals using the journal’s submission software at the following URL:

https://gssrr.org/index.php/JournalOfBasicAndApplied/about/submissions

Submission is open: Submit Your Paper Now

Submitted paper format (suggested to follow these instructions):.

Research paper submissions and Research Papers Publications should follow the journal template ( download the template ). The manuscript should be in English, Times new roman; No Columns .

Manuscript (paper) Structure:

The manuscript should be arranged as follows to be accepted by the Articles Publisher:

1- Title page.

2- Abstract.

3- Key-words.

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Decolonising global health research: Shifting power for transformative change

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliations United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka

Roles Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Roles Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Ramya Kumar,
Rajat Khosla,
David McCoy

Published: April 24, 2024

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003141
Reader Comments

Recent debates on decolonizing global health have spurred interest in addressing the power asymmetries and knowledge hierarchies that sustain colonial ideas and relationships in global health research. This paper applies three intersecting dimensions of colonialism (colonialism within global health; colonisation of global health; and colonialism through global health) to develop a broader and more structural understanding of the policies and actions needed to decolonise global health research. It argues that existing guidelines and checklists designed to make global health research more equitable do not adequately address the underlying power asymmetries and biases that prevail across the global health research ecosystem. Beyond encouraging fairer partnerships within individual research projects, this paper calls for more emphasis on shifting the balance of decision-making power, redistributing resources, and holding research funders and other power-holders accountable to the places and peoples involved in and impacted by global health research.

Citation: Kumar R, Khosla R, McCoy D (2024) Decolonising global health research: Shifting power for transformative change. PLOS Glob Public Health 4(4): e0003141. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003141

Editor: Ananya Banerjee, McGill University, CANADA

Copyright: © 2024 Kumar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

1. Introduction

Inequity within international research partnerships has troubled the field of global health for decades. In particular, power asymmetries between actors from wealthier and historically-privileged countries and their counterparts in the Global South (GS) have led to paternalistic ways of working, unequal sharing of resources, skewed distribution of benefits, and limited commitments to capacity strengthening [ 1 ]. Recent debates on decolonizing global health have brought renewed attention to addressing these problems in global health research. In addition to highlighting equity concerns, these discussions draw attention to the epistemic injustice and “white saviour” mentalities that underpin research collaborations [ 2 – 8 ].

Recognising that power asymmetries in global health are produced by both historical and current exploitation and resource extraction, our approach to decolonizing global health involves three intersecting dimensions: 1) colonialism within global health; 2) colonisation of global health; and 3) colonialism through global health [ 9 ]. The first dimension speaks to power differentials and resource disparities between different actors within the field of global health. The second deals with the dominance of certain powerful actors and vested interests over the overall complex of global health structures, systems, policies and practices. The third dimension refers to exploitative and extractive practices that occur through the health sector [ 9 ].

This paper uses this framework of three dimensions to arrive at a broader understanding of the scope of policies and actions needed to decolonise global health research. We begin by briefly outlining persisting inequities within research partnerships- already addressed by a large body of literature. Next, we draw attention to issues that are underexplored, specifically who controls the agenda of global health research (i.e., colonisation of global health research), and who benefits from such research (i.e., colonialism through global health research) ( Fig 1 ). We then present a brief review of recent guidelines and checklists that seek to decolonize global health research and/or centre the needs and aspirations of the GS in research, revealing an emphasis on addressing inequity within research partnerships. We end by recommending policies and actions that would decolonize the field of global health research in an effective and comprehensive manner.

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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003141.g001

This paper employs the terminology “Global North” (GN) and “Global South” (GS) to reflect asymmetries in power and access to resources between not just countries but also population groups. This terminology only partly corresponds to the classification of countries according to per capita gross national income, i.e., low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries (LIC, MIC, and HIC) [ 10 ]. However, where we quote from sources that explicitly refer to LICs, MICs or HICs, these terms are retained. We borrow from Garcia-Basteiro and Abimbola [ 11 ] to define global health research as research that seeks to address health inequity within and across countries, aiming to improve health in what they call “low-resource settings” described as regions weighed down by financial constraints, suboptimal service delivery, underdeveloped physical and knowledge infrastructure, historical, political and sociocultural contexts/specificities, and geographical, environmental and human resource limitations.

2. Colonialism within global health research: Who leads?

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2020, of the USD 37 billion spent worldwide on ‘biomedical research’, 98.7% went to HICs [ 12 ]. Perhaps more reflective of the global health research landscape, in 2021, 82% of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation’s (BMGF) grant funding went to HIC recipients [ 13 ]. This unequal distribution of funding is striking when one considers that much global health research is carried out in GS settings.

The inequitable global health research funding patterns reflect not only the wider socio-economic disparity between GN and GS, but also the biases within the global health research system. For example, grant calls, either explicitly or through eligibility criteria or capacity requirements, favour GN-based institutions [ 14 ] with research funding agencies of key donor countries often requiring principal investigators (PI) to be based in their country or compel PIs from the GS to partner with a researcher based in the donor country [ 15 , 16 ]. Eligibility criteria based on geographic location and experience may further restrict applications from GS-based researchers [ 17 ]. GN-based researchers are also better able to navigate the funding terrain with their training, networks and resources [ 18 , 19 ].

Although most global health funding agencies require GN-based researchers to “collaborate” with local “partners,” the terms of collaboration are usually set by the former who typically conceptualise the research before inviting others onboard [ 20 ]. This gives GS-based researchers limited influence over the research, despite their expertise and familiarity with the context [ 7 , 21 , 22 ], thus supporting what has been called “parachute” research, where GN-based collaborators fly in for weeks at a time for onsite “supervision” [ 23 , 24 ]. As grant cycles are usually short, the urgency to meet deadlines results in lopsided decision-making, hasty administrative approvals and, at times, the undermining of local administrative and ethics procedures [ 8 ].

Much grant funding goes towards the salaries of GN-based researchers with substantially less dedicated to research systems and capacity strengthening in GS settings [ 2 , 14 ]. This lack of long-term commitment to the development of GS-based institutions sustains the status quo [ 25 ]. Meanwhile, extant capacity strengthening initiatives are often uni-directional and paternalistic, involving assumptions about what competencies GS collaborators may lack [ 26 ].

Inequity is further reinforced by authorship patterns that are biased towards GN-based researchers [ 27 , 28 ]. Authorship guidelines of prominent journals systematically exclude non-native English writers [ 29 ] by giving weight to written contributions over field work [ 30 ]. Representation at conferences and symposia is similarly unequal, although research collaborations do enable participation for some GS-based researchers. Even so, visa and other barriers challenge researchers from travelling to meeting destinations [ 31 ].

3. Colonisation of global health research: Who controls?

Global health funding agencies wield significant power in defining global health problems and the approaches taken to addressing them [ 7 , 32 ]. Under the current system, researchers based at universities and other research institutions respond to grant calls, crafting their research to fit with the agendas and ideologies of global health funders rather than vice versa [ 33 ].

Extreme wealth concentration under neoliberal globalization and the rise of ‘philanthrocapitalism’ by which global health problems are framed as market opportunities, has seen a shift from public to private financing in global health [ 34 , 35 ]. However, private actors have interests and priorities that may be at odds with the public interest or with achieving equity in health. For instance, the shift from publicly-funded to industry-funded research has distorted scientific evidence on infant formula with detrimental effects on infant and child health [ 36 ]. Moreover, the funding decisions of corporations and foundations are ultimately approved by a handful of largely GN-based board members, who are not subjected to any independent mechanisms of accountability for their funding decisions or their impact on people affected by these decisions [ 32 , 37 ]. Although some funders have recently instituted measures to address diversity within their leadership [ 13 , 38 ], such change will not be transformative without redistributing power and resources, and genuine efforts to improve accountability [ 39 ].

Research funders favour specific thematic areas, not always based on the health problems prevailing in specific GS settings [ 19 , 40 ]. They tend to promote technology-based solutions and favour innovation and entrepreneurship in projects that yield quick and quantifiable results [ 41 ]. The preference for short-term impact over longer-term improvements in health results in grant proposals that centre “magic bullets” (e.g., vaccines, medicines, bed nets, mobile apps) rather than systems building, local capacity strengthening and unblocking the social and political barriers to the scale up of proven and more sustainable alternatives [ 42 , 43 ].

Academic programmes in global health continue to be characterised by what has been called a “white saviour complex” or a depoliticized, patronizing and charity-based approach shaped, in part, by a wider aid industry [ 44 , 45 ]. Global health curricula remain largely disconnected from the many realities and locales of the GS, both in geography and lived experience. Dominant Eurocentric epistemologies, which are embraced and propagated by powerful global health institutions, are usually given primacy in research training, even as heterodox methodologies that interrogate power and inequality are marginalized [ 45 , 46 ].

The inability of countries of the GS to weigh in on the global health research agenda and define their own priorities is perpetuated by their minimal contributions to research funding [ 25 , 47 , 48 ]. While domestic investment is critical to shift the balance of power, debt-ridden governments of lower-income countries may have limited leeway with their health and R&D budgets owing to fiscal constraints [ 19 ]. For these countries, HIC-driven global health research collaborations may present a welcome source of foreign currency. Too often however, external funding for health research takes place with little coordination among granting agencies [ 49 , 50 ], facilitating duplication, and making impact assessment difficult.

4. Colonialism through global health research: Who benefits?

The asymmetric global health research funding structure also gives powerful states and private actors opportunities to craft research in the GS in ways that they benefit from financially or economically. These benefits are primarily driven by the commercialization of research and publishing, supported by imperatives to expand markets, unfair intellectual property rights (IPR) regimes, and predatory academic journals.

Arguably, the biggest profits are made by commercial entities that hold patents for global health technologies often tested through research carried out in GS settings. Such research aids market expansion for medicines, vaccines, diagnostic tests, mobile devices, etc. benefitting big pharma, biotechnology, and big tech companies, while doing little to strengthen public health infrastructure and services or reduce dependency [ 19 , 41 ]. Indeed, some private foundations are routing a growing proportion of their tax-subsidised grants to private for-profit organisations, in both GN and GS settings [ 37 , 51 ].

Current IPR regimes which provide private companies with extensive monopoly rights over new and modified technologies despite much basic research being funded publicly is one aspect of an R&D ecosystem biased in favour of private financial interests at the expense of public health. This was seen with the billions of dollars of private profits generated from COVID-19 vaccines despite vast amounts of public and charitable funds that went into their development [ 52 ].

The unequal benefits accrued through authorship in global health journals have been widely studied [ 27 , 28 ] but less is known about their commercial dimensions. The revenue of academic publishers is estimated to be about USD 19 billion annually, where about half the market share is controlled by five transnational companies, with Elsevier alone accounting for 16% of the market share, with profit margins in the order of 40 per cent [ 53 ]. These corporations are all headquartered in the GN and maximise profits through article processing charges (APCs), subscriptions, and the uncompensated labour of authors and peer-reviewers. Ever-increasing APCs are required to publish ‘open access’ in prestigious journals, implemented in the name of equity, but barring most GS-based researchers through stringent waiver criteria [ 54 ]. Global spending on APCs alone is estimated to exceed USD 2 billion annually [ 55 ]. Academic journals are, in turn, linked to bibliometric platforms that track the ‘impact’ of research communications, which feed into commercialised university ranking systems [ 56 ]. With research funding and citations in ‘high-impact’ journals being key elements of performance indices, the top-twenty universities, as ranked by Academic Ranking of World Universities and Time Higher Education, are all located in the GN [ 57 ].

The current system of global health education supports extraction of wealth and other resources from GS to GN. A recent analysis of masters in global health degrees revealed that 95% of them are based in HICs, costing on average USD 37,732 in tuition [ 58 ]. Given the location and cost of global health postgraduate programmes, their graduates, including those from GS settings, are likely to be drawn to work with global or GN-based institutions both to repay the debt incurred and because of the lack of well-remunerated positions back home [ 58 ]. Ultimately, career trajectories in global health are skewed towards the GN and not “low-resource settings” where global health work and resources are much needed [ 23 ].

In sum, whether in terms of leadership, control or benefits, GN-based actors and institutions are privileged within the broader global health research ecosystem, often to the detriment of researchers, institutions and ‘beneficiaries’ in GS settings. It appears that global health research supports a renewed form of extractivism, where resources in the GS, including funding, knowledge and researchers, are drawn to the GN. In the next section, we examine whether and to what extent recent guidelines on decolonising global health research address the three intersecting dimensions of colonialism in global health research.

5. Recent guidelines that aim to decolonise global health research

We searched the literature for tools that either explicitly or in their framing seek to decolonise global health research and/or centre the needs and aspirations of the GS in research. As searches on PubMed and Scopus [(“decol*” OR “colonial*”) AND “global health” AND “research” AND (manual OR guideline OR checklist)] yielded less than 10 publications, we also searched Google Scholar, Google, and pursued reference lists of identified publications. Criteria for inclusion were: addressing equity in global health research with reference to colonialism or explicit attention to making research fairer for peoples and institutions in the GS; including a set of standards or guidelines; targeting researchers, research institutions or funders; published within the five-year period of 2019 to 2023. We identified eight tools that fit our criteria as described below.

Hodson et al. [ 40 ] offer a set of “practical measures” for global health researchers, underpinned by four principles: “1) seek locally derived and relevant solutions to global health issues, 2) create paired collaborations between HIC and LMIC institutions at all levels of training, 3) provide funding for both HIC and LMIC team members, [and] 4) assign clear roles and responsibilities to value, leverage, and share the strengths of all team members.” This guideline addresses specific challenges experienced in GS settings by advocating for: educating all team members on global health history; early engagement of GN-based researchers with local administrations; capacity strengthening to support independent research in GS settings; protected research time for all team members; preventing GS-based researchers being drawn away from regular work; and ensuring knowledge translation to local communities, among other measures. Despite the commitment to long-term capacity strengthening, the guideline focuses primarily on research processes within partnerships.

Kumar et al. [ 26 ] propose a set of individual and institutional level actions to advance equity in global health research. Those at the individual level include questioning “notions of absolute scientific objectivity” (p.146), adopting a decolonial approach towards global health concepts and implicit hierarchies, cultivating respect and humility, promoting fairness at all levels (including at the level of global health leadership), and going beyond ‘equality’ to recognize ‘equity’ within collaborations. At the institutional level, they support decentring the GN in global health efforts (including the location of centres of knowledge), promoting solidarity, investing in researchers from LMICs, bi-directional capacity strengthening, evaluating partnerships by “measures of fairness” and “ethical and culturally responsive engagement,” and correcting “colonising and unethical practices” (p.146). While some of these actions aim to rectify power asymmetries well beyond research partnerships, they do not include specific guidance on implementation.

Embracing a feminist decolonial approach, Singh et al. [ 59 ] offer a guideline for researchers working in situations of forced displacement that centres participant agency, voice, and experience; it aims to address power hierarchies through a set of recommendations targeting various stages of research. The guideline demands: consideration to “political, social, economic, and historical contexts and power hierarchies of the research setting” (p.561); involving marginalised groups in the research design; reflecting on how coloniality and gendered power relations may be reinforced during data collection; an intersectional analysis of gendered power relations; collaboration in analysis and knowledge dissemination; and using research to “challenge unjust systems and policies and deliver gender transformative and equitable programmes” (p.561). Although the guideline aims to reconfigure power within individual research projects, it offers no direction on how to redistribute power.

Rashid [ 8 ] offers guidance for researchers in LICs to “[navigate] the violent process of decolonisation in global health research.” The guideline includes a list of dos and don’ts to help researchers in LICs contend with power asymmetries in international research collaborations. They recommend carefully reviewing agreements, clarifying systems of reporting and accountability, insisting on inclusion in communications with funders, meticulous documentation, boosting one’s profile, expanding networks, and building solidarity. However, this guideline focuses on change at the individual level on the part of researchers in GS settings rather than systemic change.

The TRUST Code–“A Global Code of Conduct for Equitable Research Partnerships” is based on the core values of fairness, respect, care, and honesty [ 60 ]. Compiled by a team with wide representation from the GS, the TRUST Code consists of 23 articles. Apart from conventional ethical standards, the tool emphasises: bona fide involvement of local communities in research, fairness in the transfer and ownership of data and biological materials, and fair compensation of local collaborators. It emphasises cultural acceptability, community assent, respect for local ethics review and giving consideration to the impact of research on local human resources, animal welfare, and the environment. It calls for clarity on roles, responsibilities, capacity strengthening, transparency, and integrity of the research process. Although broadly framed around justice for communities and researchers in the GS, the tool primarily concentrates on making individual research partnerships more equitable.

The Research for Health Justice Framework proposed by Pratt and colleagues [ 61 ] offers two sets of guidelines, one for health researchers and another for granting agencies. Developed through an iterative process and fine-tuned through case studies in GS settings, the guidelines emphasize equity, justice, and inclusion, with accompanying explanations on implementation. The guideline for researchers addresses: selection of the research population and research problem, research capacity development, delivery of ancillary care, and knowledge translation practices. With respect to granting agencies, it asks that they prioritise the health concerns of the worst-off, promote ownership of the research agenda by LMIC researchers and support projects that seek to advance equity within healthcare systems, atop measures to support equitable research practices. While this framework is comprehensive in scope, the guidelines are still largely limited to the research process and do not explicitly seek to transform the global health granting system and the power asymmetries within it.

Focusing specifically on global health research funding, Charani et al. [ 19 ] outline eight areas of action for funders: 1) developing situational awareness, including an understanding of institutional dynamics and who benefits from grants; 2) formulating a mission statement that pledges equity in research; 3) equitable allocation of funds to cover differential needs of HIC- and LMIC-based researchers; 4) funding structures that encourage local ownership and leadership; 5) bi-directional capacity strengthening that enables all partners to engage with funders; 6) diversity and inclusion across the grant cycle, including in design, knowledge dissemination, access to training etc.; 7) knowledge generation, including methodologies, frameworks, tools and clarity on data ownership; and 8) reflection and feedback involving HIC and LMIC researchers on equal terms. Encouraging funders to include specific requirements for grant recipients to comply with participatory approaches and fair sharing of resources and benefits, the guideline also speaks to what should be funded, who should be funded and how. Moreover, among its recommendations—albeit with no details provided—are “a transparent process for tracking the progress of funding” and “a code of ethics for global health funders”.

The Global Health Decolonisation Movement Africa [ 17 ], self-described as a collective of African citizens, has published a guideline called, Pragmatic Approaches to Decolonising Global Health in Africa . What is unique about this guideline is that it addresses multiple “stakeholders” in HICs, including individual practitioners, funding agencies, academic and training institutions, scientific publishers, and event conveners and organisers, among others. The guideline broadly seeks to address racism against Africans within global health, and promotes African leadership and self-determination. The section for funders calls for diversifying grant review panels, rejecting “parachute” proposals, and removing requirements for researchers based in Africa to collaborate with HIC-based institutions. For academic and training institutions, the guideline recommends diversifying leadership and recruitment practices, and addressing coloniality in global health curricula. And for scientific journals, it demands diversifying authorship and peer-review panels. While this guideline emphasises diversity, equity, and inclusion, it remains constrained by the limitations of the current system of global health research funding.

In sum, there is considerable variation in guidance on improving equity in research partnerships and decolonising global health research. All reviewed sources strive to make the research process fairer and rectify power asymmetries through diversity, equity and inclusion measures, but only some engage with historical imbalances in power, interrogate dominant knowledge paradigms, centre the concerns of marginalized groups, and create space for self-determination. The guidelines for funders go beyond research partnerships to address who and what is funded. However, for the most part, these guidelines neglect the wider contextual factors that shape agenda-setting in global health research, as well as the actors and institutions that control and benefit from them.

6. Shifting the balance of power in global health research: Going forward

In this section, we draw on the three intersecting dimensions of colonialism in global health research to present seven action areas that we call for to mitigate inequitable, exploitative and extractive arrangements in global health research ( Fig 2 ).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003141.g002

First, and most fundamentally, we call for a critical examination of the epistemological and ideological underpinnings of global health research. While current debates engage to some extent with the marginalization of indigenous perspectives, few question the dominance of positivist approaches and the biomedical paradigm. Guided by a biased hierarchy of evidence that favours quantitative assessments, global health research remains over-occupied with testing the efficacy of discrete, downstream and often clinical technologies and interventions, taking attention away from the social and structural determinants of health, which are more challenging to measure [ 41 , 43 , 62 ]. Shaped by neoliberal ideology, understandings of health and healthcare have evolved from collectivist to individualist interpretations, giving way to economistic evaluations based on assumptions that resource constraints in low-income settings are inevitable [ 63 ]. Global health education could challenge dominant paradigms and mainstream approaches that advance social justice and equity in health [ 64 ].

Second, we need a better and more detailed analysis of the overall pattern and performance of research funding: where it comes from, where it goes, how it is spent, and its impact. A few of the guidelines reviewed earlier do address the global health research funding system. For instance, Charani et al. [ 19 ] recommend that funding agencies self-monitor whom they fund and also call for a code of ethics for funders, while the Global Health Decolonisation Movement Africa [ 17 ] asks funders to remove requirements for researchers based in Africa to collaborate with GN-based institutions. Even so, these measures remain couched within the current structure and system of grant funding that lacks transparency and leaves power concentrated in the hands of largely GN-based donors. The problematic norm of donors funding favoured research areas over those that are identified locally remains largely unchallenged. At the very least, information should be available by funder, recipient, research area, and research setting, possibly through a centralized system that requires funders to provide information on their funding practices. Auditing such data should enable analysis of not only where research funding comes from and who receives it but also its impact.

Third, efforts to address power asymmetries in global health research must compel reform at the highest levels of global governance. By virtue of their funding contributions, powerful states, their bilateral agencies, private foundations, and corporate actors, among others, shape the global health research agenda. Bilateral agencies tend to push foreign policy and other domestic interests [ 65 , 66 ], while corporate actors are driven by profit, and many private foundations by the creed that the private sector can more effectively tackle intractable global health problems [ 67 ]. Bilateral and multilateral agencies should be held accountable for what they fund with taxpayer contributions, while private funders—who are primarily accountable to their boards—must be appropriately regulated and prevented from having undue influence on the shaping of research priorities [ 68 , 69 ].

A comprehensive guideline for research funders that promotes fairer distribution of resources and improved accountability is needed. Such a guideline could incorporate the measures proposed by Charani et al. [ 19 ], Pratt et al. [ 61 ] and the Global Health Decolonisation Movement Africa [ 17 ]. An international agreement, akin to the Declaration of Helsinki [ 70 ]—the World Medical Association’s ethical principles for medical research—could encourage and eventually normalise funding of equity-oriented research and local ownership. Decision-making on funding priorities must be shared with the GS, not just with governments but also with researchers, institutions, and the beneficiaries of research [ 26 ].

Fourth, national research systems should be supported and strengthened with in-built mechanisms of accountability. While there are calls for LMIC governments to invest more in R&D [ 25 ], the onus for change cannot be placed on these countries alone. Rather donors must also commit to investing in local research infrastructure, human resources, and higher education systems, all key to building research capacities. Meanwhile, government allocations for health research in GS settings should be guided by appropriate needs assessments and strategic plans to strengthen national research capacity [ 71 ] as once encouraged by the Commission on Health Research for Development (COHRED), an independent global initiative that supported research for heath and development in LMICs [ 72 ]. Systemic investments in research capacity strengthening with long-term budget commitments and harmonised mechanisms should be established [ 73 ] to replace the current piecemeal manner in which health research is conducted, often subject to the whims of external funders. Bi-directional scholarships for postgraduate training in research, with service requirements in GS settings, could target specific human resource gaps. Fifth, a global fund for research [ 74 ], guided by a multilateral framework that pools donor funds and channels them based on national health priorities may help to harmonise external funding, avoid duplication, and enable greater transparency and accountability.

Sixth, given acute human resource constraints in many GS countries, brain drain must be stemmed. The WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel [ 75 ] provides a multilateral framework but fails to hold the GN to account for their unethical recruitment practices. Instead, the Code focuses on the rights of migrating health workers and places the onus on ‘developing countries’ to retain them. It does not recognize the vast amounts of (often public) resources invested in health worker training in GS settings, nor does it recommend compensation to source countries for this training. Academic global health programmes should re-orient their curricula [ 76 ] so that the primary career pathways for global health practitioners are viewed to be in GS settings.

Lastly, interventions to promote fairer distribution of benefits should look beyond authorship and academic credit, to address extractivist practices within the research industry that impede access to knowledge and technologies in the GS. The current IPR regime upholds patent protection, allowing big pharma to control product pricing and restrict market entry of generic manufacturers who could drive down the cost of medicines and other health products [ 77 , 78 ]. IPR regimes need to be revised to enhance fairness in the distribution of the benefits of science rather than support industry benefits and profit over public health.

In this paper, we applied three intersecting dimensions (colonialism within global health; colonisation of global health; and colonialism through global health) to develop a broader and more structural understanding of the policies and actions needed to decolonise global health research. We highlighted the tendency of existing guidelines that seek to make research partnerships more equitable and less colonial, to target the behaviour of researchers and research institutions within the boundaries of individual research projects. Following such guidance should result in better and more appropriate global health research. However, efforts to decolonise global health research should go beyond addressing equity within research partnerships to reconfiguring power arrangements within the global health research ecosystem. This means re-orienting research along social justice and equity lines, building research capacities in GS settings, and moving away from the existing donor-driven model.

Of critical concern is the prevailing system of research funding that functions with little transparency or downward accountability. Data should be made available to scrutinize and evaluate the funding processes of research funders and the appropriateness and impact of funding patterns and practices. It would be important to examine not just the specific outputs and outcomes of individual grant programmes and research projects, but also the impact of the entire global health research portfolio on the overall functioning of health research systems at global and national levels and, in particular, how research outputs contribute towards advancing health equity. Quick fixes and half-hearted measures would simply not work. Time is now for the global health community to come together and demand a complete overhaul of the competitive global health research funding system, and its replacement or accompaniment with a more strategic and publicly-driven pooling and harmonised allocation of resources aimed at correcting the many deep and structural inequalities across the global health research ecosystem. This would also require fostering equity-oriented research approaches, grounded in local ownership, with systems of accountability built in.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Emer Breen, Tiffany Nassiri-Ansari, and Emma Rhule, for helpful feedback on earlier versions of the paper.

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51. Breen E, Kumar, R [Internet]. Private foundations and their global health grant-making patterns: a rapid analysis of the Rockefeller Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; 2023 [cited 2024 March 29]. https://www.globalpolicy.org/en/publication/private-foundations-and-their-global-health-grant-making-patterns
56. Chen G, Chan L. University rankings and governance by metrics and algorithms. In: Hazelkorn E, editor. Research handbook on university rankings: theory, methodology, influence and impact. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar; 2021. pp. 424–441.
57. Nassir-Ansari T, McCoy D. World-class universities? Interrogating the biases and coloniality of global university rankings [Internet]. Kuala Lumpur: United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health; 2023 [cited 2023 Sept 27]. https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:9082/UNI-Ranking-paper_February-2023.pdf
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65. Oxfam. Sick development: how rich-country government and World Bank funding to for-profit private hospitals causes harm, and why it should be stopped; 2023 [cited 2023 Sept 28]. https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/621529/bp-sick-development-funding-for-profit-private-hospitals-260623-en.pdf?sequence=14
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Decolonising global health research: Shifting power for transformative change

1. Introduction

2. Colonialism within global health research: Who leads?

3. Colonisation of global health research: Who controls?

4. Colonialism through global health research: Who benefits?

5. Recent guidelines that aim to decolonise global health research

6. Shifting the balance of power in global health research: Going forward

Acknowledgments

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