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How do I reference a market or industry report… in the APA7 style?

Those of you using market and industry research in your assignments will need to know how to correctly reference any reports that you include in your work.

To list a report in your references, you would need to record the following elements:

Author(s) – either individuals (Surname, Initials.) or a group author – such as an organisation.
(Date of publication).
Title of report (with report number – if applicable – within a set of round brackets).
Publisher name – omit this element if the publisher is the same as the author.

Say, for example, you were using the report from IBISWorld pictured below, your reference would look like this:

Dinev, K. (2021). Takeaway & Fast-Food Restaurants in the UK . IBISWorld. https://my.ibisworld.com/

Many research reports do not have a named author. If you were referencing the FitchConnect report below, which has no author listed, you would use the publisher’s name (FitchSolutions) as a corporate author and then omit the publisher details from your reference.

Screenshot of FitchConnect industry report

Your resulting reference would look like this:

FitchSolutions. (2022). Qatar banking & financial services report (Q4 2022) . https://app.fitchconnect.com/

Remember to always format APA7 references with a hanging indent. This may not always be obvious with short references like those above.

For all your referencing questions – please contact your Library .

Please note: Cranfield supports two different referencing styles – APA7 (Author-date) and Numbered (NLM). Please make sure you use the style preferred by your supervisor or lecturer. The advice above relates only to the APA7 style. If you have any questions about referencing, please contact the Library .

Feature image from Pixabay. Available at: https://pixabay.com/photos/office-business-accountant-620822/

Karen Stokes

Written By: Karen Stokes

A Business Librarian since 2009, Karen leads support for the Cranfield MBA courses, both full-time and Executive.

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Subject guides
Citing and referencing

Company and Industry reports

Citing and referencing: company and industry reports.

In-text citations
Reference list
Books and book chapters
Journals/Periodicals
Newspapers/Magazines
Government and other reports
Legal sources
Websites and social media
Audio, music and visual media
Conferences
Dictionaries/Encyclopedias/Guides
Theses/Dissertations
University course materials
Patents and Standards
Tables and Figures
Abbreviations used in referencing
Medicine and Health sources
Foreign language sources
Music scores
Journals and periodicals
Government sources
News sources
Web and social media
Games and apps
Ancient and sacred sources
Primary sources
Audiovisual media and music scores
Images and captions
University lectures, theses and dissertations
Interviews and personal communication
Archival material
In-Text Citations: Further Information
Reference List: Standard Abbreviations
Data Sheets (inc. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS))
Figures & Tables (inc. Images)
Lecture Materials (inc. PowerPoint Presentations)
Reports & Technical Reports
Theses and Dissertations
Reference list guidelines
Journal articles
Government and industry publications
Websites, newspaper and social media
Conference papers, theses and university material
Video and audio
Images, graphs, tables, data sets
Personal communications
In-text Citations
Journals / Periodicals
Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
Interviews and lectures
Music Scores / Recordings
Film / Video Recording
Television / Radio Broadcast
Online Communication / Social Media
Live Performances
Government and Organisation Publications
Medicine & health sources
Government/organisational/technical reports
Images, graphs, tables, figures & data sets
Websites newspaper & magazine articles, socia media
Conferences, theses & university materials
Personal communication & confidential unpublished material
Video, audio & other media
Generative AI
Indigenous knowledges

APA Contents

Introduction to APA style
In-Text Citations
Abbreviations
Audio and Visual media
Journals/periodicals
Tables and figures
Sample reference list
Often the author of the report will be the publishing organisation (e.g. Morningstar, Economist Intelligence Unit), or if it is a company annual report, the company itself.
When the report has an identified personal author, follow the format in the example for the IBIS World Industry Report example, below.
If a report has a report number, include it in brackets after the title, as shown in the IBIS World Industry Report example.

Company Report - eg from the DatAnalysis database

Company annual report from the web, country report - eg from the viewswire database, industry report - eg from the ibisworld database.

IBIS World usually identifies the analyst who created the report; the analyst's name is used in your citing and referencing.

Market Report - eg fom the Passport database

EMU Library
Research Guides

Market Research

Citing Sources
Market & Industry Reports
Trend Reports
Consumer Spending
Attitudes & Opinions
Demographics
Business to Business Market Research
Market Research Methodology
Citation Tutorials
Research Help

Which style do I use?

Use the style that your professor specifies.

If you are a COB student and your professor lets you choose the style, you may want to choose APA Style (as you are likely to be asked to use APA again in COB classes).

This page gives tips on creating citations for materials you may use in your business classes.

For tips on formatting the layout of your paper in Microsoft Word or Google docs, see this library guide:

Microsoft Word / Google Docs: APA formatting help by Bill Marino Last Updated Aug 30, 2023 533 views this year

APA 7th edition Works Cited Examples - Articles

Electronic article with DOI (direct object identifier) -

Lau, C. L. L. (2010). A step forward: Ethics education matters! Journal of Business Ethics , 92 (4), 565-584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0173-2

Electronic article with exact URL printed on article (if a doi is not available)

Lanier, C. D. Jr., & Saini, A. (2008). Understanding consumer privacy: A review and future directions. Academy of Marketing Science Review , 12 (2), 1-45. https://www.amsreview.org/articles/lanier02-2008.pdf

Article in print form

Ensign, P., & Hebert, L. (2010). How reputation affects knowledge sharing among colleagues. MIT Sloan Management Review , 51 (2), 79-81.

APA 7th edition Author Format Tips

Use last name and initials for each author. Separate multiple authors with commas, and use both a comma and an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.

One author : Kennedy, J. F. (1962).

Two authors : Smith, A., & Kennedy, J. F. (1960).

Three to twenty authors (3+): Smith, A., Kennedy, J. F., & Doe, J. (1961). Smith, A., Kennedy, J. F., Doe, J., Wong, P. L., Fry, B., Jones, K., & Last, A. (1961).

Organization as Author or unsigned dictionary and encyclopedia entries: American Management Association. (2009). Encyclopedia of Marketing. (2020).

No Author : Move the title to the author position and follow with date of publication. Only use "Anonymous" if the work lists an anonymous author.

Brain research needs new ideas. (2011, July 18). Wall Street Journal , p. A12.

OWL on Reference List Authors
OWL on In-Text Citations: Author/Authors
Excelsior Online Writing Lab (OWL) APA Style

APA 7th ed. Works Cited Examples - Books, eBooks, Reports, etc.

Davenport, T. H., & Jinho, K. (2013). Keeping up with the quants: Your guide to understanding and using analytics . Harvard Business School Press.

AMA Management Handbook chapter

Capon, N. (1994). The product life cycle. In J. J. Hampton (Ed.), AMA Management Handbook (3rd ed., pp. 18-35). Amacom.

Conference Board Report

Levanon, G., Abel, A. L., Li, A., & Rong, C. (April 2021). Job satisfaction 2021: Job satisfaction remains high even in the midst of the pandemic and economic chaos . Retrieved May 19, 2021 from Conference Board Business Knowledge Research database.

Hoover's Company Record in ProQuest

Nike, Inc. (2021, July 1). [company report]. Hoover's Company Records . ProQuest One Business Database.

Mintel Report

Tip: Use the analyst as the author--you can find the analyst on the main page of the report.

Smith, D. (2021, July). Winter holiday shopping - US - 2021 . Mintel. https://reports.mintel.com/display/1045727/#

S&P Industry Survey

Scarola, C., & Ko, W. (2021, June). Aerospace & defense [Industry survey]. S&P NetAdvantage. https://www.capitaliq.com

WSJ Article from Factiva

Weisman, J. (2010, March 23). Parties joust over next steps on health. Wall Street Journal (Eastern ed.). Retrieved March 30, 2010 from Factiva Database.

10-K Report (SEC filing )

McDonald's Corporation. (February 24, 2014). Form 10-K 2013 . https://www.sec.gov/edgar/shtml

Starbucks Corporation Web Site. (May 8, 2015). Company information . https://starbucks.com/about-us/company-information

<< Previous: Market Research Methodology
Next: Citation Tutorials >>

Citing Business Databases in APA 7th edition

Citing Business Databases in APA Format (UNCG) A guide to citing business resources and databases, maintained by the business librarian at University of North Carolina-Greensboro.

These links offer advice for using APA Style and have enough information for most student papers.

APA 7th ed. Quick Reference Guide Charts detail how to create a reference for a journal article, book, and a book chapter.
APA Style Reference Examples This page offers links to example references for common types of materials such as journal articles, magazine articles, books, chapters from edited books, dissertations, etc.
APA 7th ed. Style and Grammar Guidelines
APA Style 7th ed. @ Purdue OWL Information on the format, in-text citations and the reference page for 7th ed. APA research papers. There are also links to archived pages for APA 6th information.
APA Style Blog 7th ed. Official blog with posts on common questions about 7th ed APA style.
Citation Tools Tools for creating citations and managing references.
Microsoft Word / Google Docs: APA Formatting Help Tips for formatting documents in APA style in Microsoft Word or Google Docs.
APA Student Paper Setup Guide Guide from APA showing how to set up an APA Style student paper.

What is a doi ?

DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier. DOIs are used to identify electronic articles and function much like the ISBNs that you are used to for textbooks.

Unlike a web address, the DOI for an article never changes. APA Style recommends that you include a DOI when available.

Where do I find a DOI? The DOI is often printed on the first page of journal articles--sometimes at the top of the page and sometimes at the bottom. You will recognize it, because it usually is preceded by doi: and the number always starts with 10.

Some articles will not have a DOI, especially non-scholarly articles or older articles.

Free DOI Look Up Enter citation info to find the DOI for an electronic article, eBook, etc.

Harvard Citation Style

Harvard Business School Citation Guide "This guide describes the citation conventions that HBS students should use when writing research papers." If your professor allows you to use this style, it can be useful as it gives examples for many types of business documents such as advertisements, annual reports, market research reports, SEC filings, etc. It also includes examples for many business databases.
Last Updated: Sep 6, 2023 4:46 PM
URL: https://guides.emich.edu/markets

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / How to Cite a Report in APA

How to Cite a Report in APA

This guide will teach you how to cite a report in APA and create accurate references and text in-citations for various types of reports. That includes citations for government reports, annual reports, and reports made by both individuals, task forces, and organizations. The content of this guide is based on the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (pp. 329-331).

Are you looking for information on how to cite a different kind of resource? Check out this EasyBib guide on creating an APA citation for a web page , or this one on formatting an APA book citation .

Guide Overview

What is gray literature, when the title doesn’t describe the literature type, when the author and publisher name are the same, how to cite a report from an organization or government agency, how to cite a report with listed author(s), how to cite a report that is part of a series, how to cite a report by a group, task force, or working group, how to cite an annual report, how to cite a press release, what you need.

To begin, let’s take a few moments to define what gray literature is.

Basically, gray literature includes any research or work that was produced by an individual or organization through non-traditional publishing routes.

A report is one example of gray literature. Reports are original research documents that are published by companies, organizations, or working groups that are intended to present the key findings of a specific research project. Since they are not distributed in a traditional way, reports are considered gray literature.

Though gray literature isn’t a traditional source type (like books, journals, newspapers, etc.), there can be a lot of value in gray literature.

Types include

Annual reports
Codes of ethics
Conference proceedings
Financial health reports
Government accountability reports
GrantsPeriodic reports
Issue briefs
Policy briefs
Pharmacological studies
Press releases
Technical reports
Unpublished clinical trials

In some cases, the type of gray literature that you are referencing may not be clear by the title alone, as is sometimes the case with policy briefs and press releases . In these instances, you should include a bracketed description of the gray literature immediately after the title.

Author last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Date published). Title of the work [Work description] (Associated number) . Publisher name. DOI or URL

To see an example of brackets in use, go down to the section on how to cite a press release .

According to the Publication Manual , when the author and publisher are the same, do not add the publisher element (329). To avoid redundancy in these references, you only need to use the name as the author.

Author last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Date published). Title of the work [Work description] (Associated number) . DOI or URL

In this example, the report has been both authored and published by the U.S. Department of the Interior. In cases such as these, provide the name of the organization or agency only once as the author element at the beginning of the reference.

U.S. Department of the Interior. (2016). Agency financial report FY 2016. https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/doi_fy_2016_afr.pdf

In-text citation example:

Parenthetical citation: (U.S. Department of the Interior, 2016)
Narrative citation: U.S. Department of the Interior (2016)

If you’re still a little unsure about how to cite a report, try our EasyBib citation form for reports .

If you are interested in learning more about how to cite gray literature, check out Section 10.4 of the Publication Manual .

Organization or Agency. (Year Published). Title of report or gray literature in sentence case (Associated number). Publisher Name. DOI or URL

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. (2017). NIH Turning discovery into health. (NIH Publication No. 11-7634). https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/about-nih/discovery-into-health/nih-turning-discovery-into-health.pdf

Some government publications will have many departments listed as the author. According to the Publication Manual , you should choose the most detailed department and use that as the in-text citation author (Section 9.11).

Parenthetical citation: (National Institutes of Health, 2017)
Narrative citation: National Institutes of Health (2017)

If the report has a specific person or persons listed on the title page, then their names belong in the author position, and the organization belongs in the publisher position.

1st author last name, First initial. Middle initial., & 2nd Author last name, First initial, Middle initial. (Year Published). Title of report in sentence case (Associated number). Publisher Name. DOI or URL

Gerling, M., & Wilson, T. (2019). Evaluating the June area survey’s field enumerator training (RDD-19-01) . U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Research and Development Division. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Education_and_Outreach/Reports,_Presentations_and_Conferences/reports/Evaluating_the_June_Area_Surveys_Field_Enumerator_Training.pdf

For this example, we have chosen a research report which utilizes the U.S. Research and Development Division’s own indexing system (RDD-19-01). If the report is presented with a report number like this, it is included in the reference within parentheses right after the title.

In addition, there are multiple government agencies responsible for the report in addition to the individual authors. In this case, the agencies are all included in the publisher position and separated by a comma.

In-text citation:

Parenthetical citation : (Gerling & Wilson, 2019)
Narrative citation : Gerling & Wilson (2019)

Here’s one more example reference:

Gorbunova, Y. (2013). Laws of attrition: Crackdown on Russia’s civil society after Putin’s return to the presidency . Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/04/24/laws-attrition/crackdown-russias-civil-society-after-putins-return-presidency#page

Note: Since no report number was identified, it was not included in the citation.

Author last name, First initial. Middle initial., & Author 2 last name, First initial, Middle initial. (Year published). Title of report in sentence case (Series Name, Series Number). Publisher Name. DOI or URL

Robson, S.G., Heiny, J.S., Arnold, L.R. (2000). Geohydrology of the shallow aquifers in the Boulder-Longmont area, Colorado (Hydrologic Atlas, 746). https://doi.org/10.3133/ha746D

Parenthetical citation : (Robson et al., 2000)
Narrative citation : Robson et al. (2000)

Name of Group. (Year Published). Title of report in sentence case (Associated number) . Publisher Name. DOI or URL

International Space Station Independent Safety Task Force. (2007). Final report. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/170368main_IIST_%20Final%20Report.pdf

Parenthetical citation: (International Space Station Independent Safety Task Force, 2007)
Narrative citation: International Space Station Independent Safety Task Force (2007)

Name of Organization or Company. (Year Published). Title of report in sentence case. URL

Yum! Brands. (2019). 2018 Annual Report. https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/NYSE_YUM_2018.pdf

Since annual reports are almost always published by the companies or organizations that commissioned them, the author and publisher name would be the same in a reference. To avoid this duplication, the organization name only needs to be listed once as the author; the publisher element can be left out.

Parenthetical citation : (Yum! Brands, 2019)
Narrative citation : Yum! Brands (2019)

Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Date published). Title of the work [Work description] (Associated number) . Publisher Name. DOI or URL

Chegg. (2019, June 6). Chegg reveals first of its kind equity plan to help its US employees pay off their student debt. https://investor.chegg.com/Press-Releases/press-release-details/2019/Chegg-reveals-first-of-its-kind-equity-plan-to-help-its-US-employees-pay-off-their-student-debt/default.aspx

Parenthetical citation : (Chegg, 2019)
Narrative citation : Chegg (2019)

A reference entry for a report, and other gray literature, will contain the the following source details:

Author name
Date published. Either year (2020) or year, month day (2020, February 14)
Title of the work (in sentence case)
Associated number (if applicable). Examples: Report No. 22, Project No. 567, Issue 101, etc.
Work description (if needed). Examples: [Grant], [Policy brief], [Press release]
Publisher name
DOI or URL (if applicable). DOi would be formatted as https://doi.org/xxxx

Here’s a basic structure for citing gray literature:

Author last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Date published). Title of the work (Associated number) . Publisher Name. DOI or URL

American Psychological Association. (2020a). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

American Psychological Association. (2020b). Style-Grammar-Guidelines. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/parenthetical-versus-narrative

Published August 10, 2012. Updated March 24, 2020.

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau. Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib.com. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing.

APA Formatting Guide

APA Formatting

Annotated Bibliography
Block Quotes
et al Usage
In-text Citations
Multiple Authors
Paraphrasing
Page Numbers
Parenthetical Citations
Reference Page
Sample Paper
APA 7 Updates
View APA Guide

Citation Examples

Book Chapter
Journal Article
Magazine Article
Newspaper Article
Website (no author)
View all APA Examples

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To cite a report in APA style, you need to have basic information including the name of the author/organization, publication year, title of the report, publisher, and/or URL. The templates for in-text citations and reference list entries for a report, along with examples, are given below.

In-text citation template and example:

Author Surname/Organization name (Publication Year)

Logan and Stults (2011)

Parenthetical:

(Author Surname/Organization name, Publication Year)

(Logan & Stults, 2011)

Reference list entry template and example:

Author or organization. (Year of publication). Title of the report (Report No. if applicable). Publisher. URL

Logan, J. R., & Stults, B. J. (2011). The persistence of segregation in the metropolis: New findings from the 2010 Census (Census Brief for Project US2010). American Communities Project, Brown University. www.s4.brown.edu/us2010/Data/Report/report2.pdf

The report title should be in sentence case and italics.

To cite a source with no title in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the name of the author, date if possible, and other information depending upon the type of publication, such as journal article, book chapter, or map. The templates and examples for in-text citations and reference list entries for a source with no title are given below.

Author Surname (Publication Year)

Google (n.d.)

(Author Surname, Publication Year)

(Google, n.d.)

Author Surname, F. (Publication Year). [Description of the work]. Source. URL (if applicable)

Google. (n.d.). [Map of Google to travel by road from Chennai to New Delhi, India]. Retrieved August 21, 2021, from https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Chennai,+Tamil+Nadu/New+Delhi,+Delhi/@20.6384587,69.8777929,5z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3a5265ea4f7d3361:0x6e61a70b6863d433!2m2!1d80.2707184!2d13.0826802!1m5!1m1!1s0x390cfd5b347eb62d:0x52c2b7494e204dce!2m2!1d77.2090212!2d28.6139391

Note that the “retrieved” date should only be included if the source is likely to change or become unavailable. Since the Google map cited in the example entry may be slightly different depending on the day (due to traffic conditions, road closures, etc.), the “retrieved” date is included.

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Industry & Market Research Citations

A number of databases offer industry and market research reports. The most frequently used at Villanova include: IBISWorld, Mintel, Euromonitor, D&B Hoovers, MarketResearch.com, Emerging Market Information Source and Business Source Premier (EBSCO) and ABI Inform (Proquest).

Finding the bibliographic information needed to create a citation is usually easiest by downloading the PDF.

The model used to make these citations is found in section 10.4 of the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the APA.

APA rule 9.30 advises against including the name of most academic databases, but recommends using them when needed to retrieve the source from that exact database. Not many academic databases have overlapping industry and market research reports, therefore it is adviseable to include the database name or URL.

APA rule 9.36 allows for the use of URL shorteners. Test them to make sure they work.

Mintel report PDFs do not list individual authors. The publisher is the author, so the publisher/database name is omitted from the source part of the citation.

Mintel. (2019, May). Ice creams and frozen novelties: US. https://reports-mintel-com.ezp1.villanova.edu/display/919506/?fromSearch=%3Ffreetext%3Dice%2520cream

Parenthetical citation: (Mintel, 2019)

Narrative citation: Mintel (2019)

Multiple sources with same author and date. To avoid ambiguity add lower case "a" and "b" to the respective sources dates.

Mintel. (2019a, May). Ice creams and frozen novelties: US. https://reports-mintel-com.ezp1.villanova.edu/display/919506/?fromSearch=%3Ffreetext%3Dice%2520cream

Mintel. (2019b, September) Beauty and personal care accessories: US. https://reports-mintel-com.ezp1.villanova.edu/display/919242/?fromSearch=%3Ffreetext%3Daccessories

Parenthetical citation: (Mintel, 2019a) or (Mintel, 2019b)

Narrative: Mintel (2019a) or Mintel (2019b)

IBISWorld reports do have named authors and also have report numbers which are considered part of the title. Notice the shortened UR L example.

Madigan, J. (2019, December). Ice cream production in the U.S. (Report 31152). IBISWorld. https://my-ibisworld-com.ezp1.villanova.edu/us/en/industry/31152/about

or with shortened URL

Madigan, J. (2019, December). Ice cream production in the U.S. (Report 31152). IBISWorld. https://bit.ly/2EED2wr

Parenthetical citation: (Madigan, 2019)

Narrative citation: Madigan (2019)

Euromonitor reports don't have named individual authors.

Euromonitor International. (2019, September). Ice cream and frozen desserts in the U.S. https://www-portal-euromonitor-com.ezp1.villanova.edu/portal/analysis/tab

Parenthetical citation: (Euromonitor International, 2019)

Narrative citation: Euromonitor International (2019)

Report from ABI Inform (Proquest) database

C. Barnes & Co. (2019) Ice cream and frozen desserts manufacturing (NAICS 31152). ABI Inform . https://search-proquest-com.ezp1.villanova.edu/docview/2238657351?accountid=14853

Parenthetical citation: (C. Barnes & Co., 2019)

Narrative citation: C. Barnes & Co. (2019)

URL Shorteners
Multiple sources same author & date
IBIS World Example
Euromonitor Example
ABI Inform Example
Mintel Example

Collections
Research Help
Teaching & Learning
Library Home

APA 7th Edition Citation Style Guide

Basics & Help
Journal Articles
Web Sources
Magazine & News Articles
Audiovisual Media

Technical & Research Reports

Tests, scales, & inventories.

Legal Documents
Dissertations & Theses
References Page
In-text Citations
Author Variations (more than 1, or group)
Citing Business Resources

General Rule:

Author. (Year). Title of report (Report No. if given). Publisher. DOI or URL

If the author and the publishing agency are the same omit the publisher from the citation.

Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics. (2013). America’s children: key national indicators of well-being. http://childstats.gov/americaschildren/index2.asp.

Author or name of group. (Year). Title of data set [description of form]. Publisher Name or Source of

unpublished data. Retrieved month day, year, from DOI or URL

Include a retrieval date only if the data set is designed to change over time.
If a version number and/or database number is available include it with the data set title.
No need to include a publisher name if it is the same as the author.
If the data is unpublished provide the source (e.g. university) if known.
If the dataset is untitled, give a description of the data and publication status in square brackets.

Pew Internet & American Life Project. (2012). November 2012- library services [Data file and code book]. http://www.pewinternet.org/Shared-Content/Data-Sets/2012/November-2012--Library-Services.aspx

Jeffri, J., Schriel, A., & Throsby, D. (2003) The aDvANCE Project: A study of career transition for professional dancers (ICPSR 35598; Version V1) [Data set]. IPCSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR35598.v1

Whenever possible, give a citation for the measurements' supporting literature (e.g. manual, book, or journal article ). If the supporting literature is unavailable, cite the the test itself or database record using the following rule.

Author name. (year). Title of the test. URL

Author name. (year). Title of the test database record [Database record] . Test Database Name. URL

Hofstede , G & Hofstede , G. J. (2013). Values Survey Module 2013 . https://geerthofstede.com/research-and-vsm/vsm-2013/

Castellanos, I., Kronenberger, W.G., & Pisoni, D.B. ( 2018 ). Learning, Executive, and Attention Function Scale

(LEAF) [Database record]. PsycTESTS. https://doi.org/10.1037/t66008-000

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Citing Guide for Business Majors (APA 7th ed.)

Get Started
Annual Report/Form 10-K
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Business Databases
Company & Industry Profiles
Corporate & Trade Websites
Government Information
Graphics/charts/tables
Lecture Notes
Open Access Textbooks
Personal Communication
Presentations (citing in)
Shopping Websites (ex: Amazon)
Social Media
Sample APA References Page
In-Text Citing
Citing in Presentations
Citing/Writing Helpers
Annotated Bibliography
Contact Librarian

General Tips

Most company and industry profiles do not have a personal author (ex: John Smith). When you do not have a personal author for a market research report or profile, you can use one of the following options:

Corporate name or trade organization name (ex: Starbucks Corporation or National Sporting Goods Association)
Name of market research firm that provided the report (ex: Euromonitor International, Marketline)
When you cannot identify any of the above, use the name of the database (ex: First Research or Hoovers).

Citing a Company Profile

Example for a company profile found in the Mergent Intellect database. Mergent (a market research company) is the author. Typically the Mergent Intellect profiles are not dated, so use (n.d.) as the date.

Mergent. (n.d.). Starbucks Corporation company profile . Mergent Intellect. https://www.mergentintellect.com

Citing an Industry Profile

Example for an industry profile found in the First Research database:

First Research. (2020, August 3). Coffee shops industry profile . First Research. https://www.mergent.firstresearch-learn.com

Example for an industry profile found in the IBISWorld database. Note: IBISWorld reports typically have a personal author.

Hyland, R. (2020, April). Fast food restaurants in the US . IBISWorld. https://www.ibisworld.com

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How To Cite Using APA Style (Videos)

Citing journal/magazine articles, citing web pages, citing books.

Citing Business Databases

Citing Newspaper Articles

Associations

American Psychological Association, or APA, style is commonly used in the social and behavioral sciences. Check out the resources and example citations on this page.

Basics of APA Style Tutorial
Citing References: APA Style [PDF]
Purdue OWL - APA 7th ed. Formatting and Style Guide

This video playlist walks you through why to use APA (below), and how to cite books , articles , webpages , and business resources . Watch whichever ones you need!

Plagiarism involves taking credit for work that is not one's own. Below are some resources that can help you avoid plagiarism.

Avoiding Academic Misconduct (UWW Dean of Students) [Word Doc]
Plagiarism: Cut & Paste Doesn't Cut It [Interactive Tutorial]

With DOI Assigned:

Wenneker comma C period P period J period comma Wigboldus comma D period H period J period comma & Spears comma R period parenthesis 2005 parenthesis period Biased language use in stereotype maintenance colon The role of encoding and goals period Journal of Personality and Social Psychology comma 89 parenthesis 4 parenthesis comma 504-516 period <a href= “https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.504 ” </a>

Without a DOI Assigned:

Example:

Aparicio comma F period R period parenthesis 1999 parenthesis period Reading the “Latino” in Latino studies colon Toward re-imagining our academic location period Discourse comma 21 parenthesis 3 parenthesis comma 3-18 period

See other article citation examples here: http://libguides.uww.edu/apa/articles

Basic webpage: .

Pietrangelo comma A period parenthesis 2017 comma January 9 parenthesis period Everything you need to know about epilepsy period Healthline period <a href= “http://www.healthline.com/health/epilepsy” </a>

Corporate author:

Office of Dietary Supplements period parenthesis 2020 comma April 7 parenthesis period Dietary supplements colon What you need to know parenthesis Publication No period 20-OD-8115 parenthesis period U period S period Department of Health and Human Services comma National Institutes of Health period <a href= “https://ods.od.nih.gov/HealthInformation/DS_WhatYouNeedToKnow.aspx ” </a>

See other website citation examples here: http://libguides.uww.edu/apa/web

Flanagan comma O period J period parenthesis 2007 parenthesis period The really hard problem colon Meaning in a material world period The MIT Press period

See other book citation examples here: http://libguides.uww.edu/apa/books

For help citing all the unusual business databases, visit this page: http://libguides.uww.edu/apa/business, free online: .

Hu comma W period parenthesis 2009 comma September 11 parenthesis period Foreign languages fall as schools look for cuts period The New York Times period <a href= “https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/13/education/13language.html” </a>

Note: If there is no author listed, the title of the article comes first, followed by the date.

Print, or from a database with no DOI:

Hickman comma H period parenthesis 2009 comma September 10 parenthesis period Forum gives insight to candidates’ views period Knoxville News Sentinel comma A1 comma A11 period

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APA citation Style

Marketing Planning and Strategies: APA citation Style

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Introduction

This guide has been updated to reflect the 7th Edition of the APA Manual. The 7th Edition was published in October 2019. A handout with the major changes in the new editions is linked below. At the bottom of this page is a section on the 6th Edition for those who have not transferred to the 7th.

APA is the style and citation guide for Nursing , Psychology , Criminal Justice , Business , Human Resources , Education and other social sciences.

Major changes in the 7th Edition of APA

Online Help

Overview of APA This is a PDF of the slides the Trexler Librarians use when giving an introduction to APA lesson.
Common Reference Examples This PDF guide contains examples of common APA style References.
APA Style Guide Website This APA Style website has been revamped with the 7th edition and provides a wide range of resources on citation and writing, including sample papers, handouts, and the APA Style Blog.
In-Text Citations This guide on the author-date citation style explains the formatting of APA in-text citations.
Paper Format This page from the APA website covers the essentials of paper formatting, such as order of pages, font, headers, headings, and title page.
Sample Papers This page provides both student and professional sample papers, with and without annotations.
Citing a Federal Statute This handout demonstrates how to cite a federal statute (enacted law).

Citing Social Media and Current Events

TikToc Video Citation

Present the name of the individual or group author the same as you would for any other reference. Then provide the TikTok handle (beginning with the @ sign) in square brackets, followed by a period.
Provide the specific date of the post.
Provide the first 20 words of the caption as the title. Count a URL or other link, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words. Do not italicize emojis.
Include the description “[Video]” in square brackets after the title.
Credit TikTok as the site name in the source element and then provide the URL of the video.

Source: American Psychological Association. (2020). TikTok references. http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/tiktok-references

Instagram Photo Citation

Present the name of the individual or group author the same as you would for any other reference. Then provide the Instagram handle (beginning with the @ sign) in square brackets, followed by a period.
Provide the first 20 words of the post as the title. Count a URL, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words. Do not italicize emojis.
Include a description of the post (e.g., “[Photo],” “[Video]”) in square brackets after the title.
Credit Instagram as the site name in the source element and then provide the URL of the photo.

American Psychological Association. (2021). Instagram references. http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/instagram-references

Facebook Post Citation

Use the name associated with the account as the name in the reference.
Provide the first 20 words of the post as the title. Count a URL or other link, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words. Do not italicize emojis.
If a post includes images, videos, thumbnail links to outside sources, or content from another post (such as when sharing a link), indicate that in square brackets.
Describe the post type (e.g., “[Status update],” “[Video]”) in square brackets after any description of attached content.
Credit Facebook as the site name in the source element and then provide the URL of the post.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Facebook references. http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/facebook-references

Tweet Citation

Present the name of the individual or group author the same as you would for any other reference. Then provide the Twitter handle (beginning with the @ sign) in square brackets, followed by a period.
In the case of a group identified by an abbreviation (as with the CDC example), use the group name as shown on the work, to aid in retrieval.
Provide the first 20 words of the tweet as the title, in italics. Count a URL, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words. Do not italicize emojis.
If the tweet includes an image, a video, a poll, or a thumbnail image with a link, indicate that in brackets after the title: [Image attached], [Video attached], [Thumbnail with link attached].
Include the description “[Tweet]” in square brackets after the title.
Credit Twitter as the site name in the source element and then provide the URL of the tweet.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Twitter references. http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/twitter-references

Podcast Episode Citation

List the host(s) of the podcast episode as the author. Alternatively, provide the executive producers, if known. In either case, include their role in parentheses.
Provide the specific date on which the podcast episode first aired.
Provide the episode number after the episode title in parentheses. If the podcast does not number episodes (as with the Webster & Abumrad example), omit the episode number from the reference. Do not italicize the episode title or the episode number.
Specify the type of podcast episode in square brackets, for example: [Audio podcast episode], [Video podcast episode].
Write the word "In" and then the title of the podcast in italics.
In general, end the reference with the URL of the episode. If the URL of the podcast episode is unknown (e.g., if accessed via an app), omit the URL from the reference.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Reference examples. http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples

Online Forum Post Citation

When the real name of the author is known, provide it first, in inverted format, followed by the screen name in brackets, as in the example.
When the real name of the author is not known, provide only the screen name without brackets.
Provide the title of the post in the title position, up to the first 20 words.
End with the site name (e.g., Reddit) and the URL of the post.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Online forum references. http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/online-forum-references

YouTube Video Citation

Use the name of the account that uploaded the video as the author.
If the account did not actually create the work, explain this in the text if it is important for readers to know. However, if that would mean citing a source that appears unauthoritative, you might also look for the author’s YouTube channel, official website, or other social media to see whether the same video is available elsewhere.
To cite the words of individuals featured in a video, name or describe the individual(s) in your sentence in the text and then provide a parenthetical citation for the video. For example, the Asian Boss video is an interview with the director general of the International Vaccine Institute; you should provide details about who spoke and what they said in the text of the sentence and then cite the video using the parenthetical citation shown.
Provide the specific date on which the video was uploaded.
Italicize the title of the video.
Provide the site name (YouTube) and URL of the video.

American Psychological Association. (2020). YouTube references. http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/youtube-references

Film or Movie Citation

Provide the director in the author element of the reference, followed by the notation “(Director).”
Provide the production company or companies in the source element of the reference. Separate multiple production companies with a semicolon.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Film and television references. http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/film-television-references

Episode of a TV Show

Include the writers and directors for the episode. Include the contributor’s role in parentheses after each name.
If one person performed multiple roles, combine the descriptions with an ampersand.
Provide the season number and episode number after the title in parentheses.

TED Talk from the TED website

When the TED Talk comes from TED’s website, use the name of the speaker as the author.
Provide as specific a date as possible; in the example, only the year and month are available.
Include the description “[Video]” in square brackets after the title of the talk.
Credit TED Conferences as the publisher of the TED Talk and then provide the URL.

American Psychological Association. (2020). TED talk references. http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/ted-talk-references

Webpage on a News Website Citation

Use this format for articles from news websites. Common examples are BBC News, BET News, Bloomberg, CNN, HuffPost, MSNBC, Reuters, Salon, and Vox. These sites do not have associated daily or weekly newspapers.
Use the newspaper article category for articles from newspaper websites such as The New York Times or The Washington Post .
Provide the writer as the author.
Provide the specific date the story was published.
Provide the title of the news story in italic sentence case.
List the name of the news website in the source element of the reference.
End the reference with the URL.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Webpage on a website references. http://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/webpage-website-references

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Citing Online Business Resources using APA Style (7th Edition)

Using APA Style
Note About These Examples

Annual Report / Form 10-K

Article with a doi, article without a doi, from an academic database or print version, article without a doi but with a non-database ("free") url, books, ebooks and book chapters, claritas 360, d&b hoovers, demographicsnow, dictionary, encyclopedia, or handbook entry, dissertations and theses, emarketer (now called insider intelligence), euromonitor passport, europa world yearbook online, fasb codification, focus groups (research participants), forrester research, gale business insights - market share reporter, swot report, & company profile, google maps, government report *, ihs connect, insider intelligence (formerly emarketer), marketline report retrieved from business source complete, mergent archives, mergent intellect, mergent online, mintel reports, mri-simmons, nexis uni - company dossiers & create company lists, personal communications, plunkett research online, powerpoint slides or lecture notes, press release, reports & whitepapers *, richard k. miller & associates (rkma), s&p capital iq netadvantage, social media, sports market analytics (sbrnet), statistical abstract of the united states (proquest), u. s. census, video & streaming film, world development indicators (wdi).

APA In-text Citation Examples
APA Figure Examples
If you retrieved an annual report or 10-K from the company's website, cite it as you would cite a website. For an example, go to the website examples box and look at the Facebook example.
If you retrieved an annual report or 10-K from a database, cite it as information retrieved from that database. For examples, go to the applicable database box below (e.g. D&B Hoovers, FactSet, Mergent, etc.)

Holland, C. P. (1995). Cooperative supply chain management: The impact of interorganizational information systems. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 4 (2), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-8687(95)80020-Q

See more Journal Article References examples on the APA Style website

If the article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database , end the reference after the page range. In this case the reference is the same as for a print article.

Journal Article

Arruda-Filho, E., Cabusas, J., & Dholakia, N. (2010). Social behavior and brand devotion among iPhone innovators. International Journal of Information Management, 30 (6), 475-480.

Magazine Article

Twenge, J. M. (2017, September). Has the smartphone destroyed a generation? Atlantic , 320 (2), 58–65.

See more Magazine Article References examples on the APA Style website

Newspaper Article

Burkitt, L. (2010, December 16). McDonald's joins the line looking to expand in China. Wall Street Journal [Eastern edition], B8.

See more Newspaper Article References examples on the APA Style website

If the article does not have a DOI but does have a URL that will resolve for readers (e.g., it is from an online journal, magazine or newspaper that is not part of a database), include the URL of the article at the end of the reference.

Huerta, D., Perez-Liston, D., & Jackson, D. (2011). The impact of TARP bailouts on stock market volatility and investor fear. Banking and Finance Review, 3 (1), 45-54. http://www.bankingandfinancereview.com/bfr/index.php/bfr/article/view/183

Stoddart, T. (2020, July 1). Content marketing: A modern guide. Copyblogger . https://copyblogger.com/content-marketing/

see more Blog Post and Blog Comment examples on the APA Style website

Use the same format for both print books and ebooks.

Provide the author, year of publication, title, and publisher of the book. Include any edition information in parentheses after the title, without italics.
If the book includes a DOI or URL include it in the reference after the publisher name.
If the book is an ebook from an academic research database and does not have a DOI, end the book reference after the publisher name. Do not include database information in the reference. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book..
If the author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher from the source element.

Lewis, R., & Dart, M. (2010). The new rules of retail: Competing in the world's toughest marketplace . Palgrave Macmillan.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Edited Book

Jameson, J. (Ed.). (2020). International perspectives on leadership in higher education: Critical thinking for global challenges . Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315122410

Nakayama, T. K., & Halualani, R. T. (Eds.). (2011). The handbook of critical intercultural communication . Wiley.

Book Chapter

Smith, A. C. T. (2017). Sport marketing. In R. Hoye & M. M. Parent (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of sport management (pp. 138-159). Sage.

see more Book References examples on the APA Style website
see more Chapter in an Edited Book/Ebook References examples on the APA Style website
see How to Cite ChatGPT in the APA Style Blog

Note about retrieval dates: Include a retrieval date in the reference if the work is unarchived and designed to change over time.

Claritas. (2017). Pop facts demographics report: Middlesex County [Data]. Retrieved September January 29, 2019, from https://claritas360.claritas.com/

Claritas. (2019). Market potential report: Alcohol in analysis area Boston, et al MA-NH Nielsen Designated Market Area (DMA) [Data]. Retrieved January 29, 2019, from https://claritas360.claritas.com/

Claritas. (2020). Profile worksheet: Quick service restaurants used past 30 days Five Guys (A) [Data]. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://claritas360.claritas.com/

Harris, K. M., & Udry, J. R. (2018, August 6). National longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health (Add Health), 1994-2008 (Public Use) [Data Set]. ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR21600.v21

Pew Research Center. (2020). Congress on social media, 2015-2020 [Data set]. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/dataset/congress-on-social-media-2015-2020/

see more Data Set References examples on the APA Style website

MKT 342: Marketing Research

Research Questions
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APA Citation

APA Style Handbook

APA Citation Overview

American Psychological Association (APA) Style is an editorial style, or rules that a publisher uses to ensure consistent presentation of written material. Citing your sources in APA style gives credit to the works of others and helps your readers go back and find the information you present.

Basic APA components: Author. (Year of publication). Title . Publisher.
APA is typically used for social or behavioral sciences writing.
The key attribute of APA is the date of publication is closer to the beginning of the citation, since researchers often publish their work year after year, and there are often several articles attributed to the same author over period of time.

For more in-depth information about APA Style, you can check out the following resources:

Purdue OWL APA Style Guide
APA Manual of Publication (7th Edition) on reserve at the Spalding Library Information Desk
Citing Sources tab on the Writing Center's homepage

See below for an interactive tutorial on APA citation and a sample paper formatted in APA style.

APA Style Guide This document provides information and examples for citing sources in APA format.
Getting Started with APA citation [tutorial] This tutorial serves as an introduction to citation according to APA formatting and style guidelines. It covers the basic components of creating references and in-text citations for a variety of source types.

Citation Generators

Some databases and websites will auto-generate citations for you. This is a great starting place for a citation, but they are not always accurate . Check an auto-generated citation with a stylebook or guide before submitting a paper.

Some databases, like Academic Search Complete , include a "cite" feature that will auto-generate APA, MLA, Chicago and other citations.

If there isn't an auto-generated citation within a database, try one of these free citation generator cites. You can also ask a librarian or the writing center !

Generating a Citation (1:10)

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Citing Sources in APA Style

The purpose of citing is (1) to give credit to the original author, and (2) enable the reader to find the source. The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is widely used in business school courses. You may find general guidelines in:

APA Style Guide: OWL at Excelsior

The APA Style Manual doesn't address directly how to cite business-type sources from library databases, such as analyst reports, market research reports, industry profiles, etc. These sources may not have the same citation elements as books, journal articles, or open access websites:

Reports often don't list a named individual author. In this case, the name of the publisher or organization that produced information will serve as a corporate author.
URLs from the address bar for the content in library databases may be too long, inaccessible to readers because of a firewall, or expire after a session. If the URL is not accessible, use the name of a database.
The APA Style Manual no longer requires the date the information is retrieved.

Suggested Format for Citing Reports in APA style:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document . Publisher [optional]. Retrieved from [database name].

NOTE: Use Publisher / Contributor / Organization Name:

Only if this name is different from the database name and there is a named personal author
As a corporate author at the beginning of the citation, if no personal author is listed

How to Build an APA Citation for a Report

You may easily create your own APA citation once you identify appropriate elements of a document for citing.

EXAMPLE 1: A report with a named author, produced by S&P Capital IQ McGraw Hill Financial and retrieved from the S&P Capital IQ NetAdvantage database

CITATION: Holt, D. (2016, March). Industry surveys: Electronic equipment & instruments . Retrieved from S&P Capital IQ NetAdvantage.

EXAMPLE 2: A report without a named author, produced by Euromonitor International, and retrieved from the Passport database. The name of the publisher is used as a corporate author.

CITATION: Euromonitor International. (2016, September). Wearable electronics in the US . Retrieved from Passport database.

cover page of industry report from the Passport database

NOTE: Always check with your professor for specific citation guidelines.

Several libraries created examples for citing business sources in APA style:

Citing Online Business Resources in APA Style: Bentley Library Guide
Citing Business Databases in APA: University of North Carolina Greensboro
Citing Business Resources APA Style: California State University Chico
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APA Referencing guide: Citing Business material in APA

RefQuest game
Book APA 6th edition and 7th edition
Journal article
Thesis or Dissertation
Conference/Symposium
Government publication / report / circular
Webpage/Internet resource
Images and Figures
Personal communication
Citing Business material in APA
To find out more

Business Sources disclaimer

While the APA provides instructions for citing standard publication types, some business resources have unique elements that require some adaptation. For example, although the general rule is not to include database information for some business material it is a useful requirement for Marketing Research databases.

Citing from databases

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APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

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This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

In-Text Citations

Resources on using in-text citations in APA style

Reference List

Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats

Other APA Resources

BUSA: Business & Marketing: Citing Sources in APA Format

Reserve & Reference Books
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Citing Sources in APA Format

Citing Sources in MLA Format
Citing Sources in Chicago Style
Citing AI-Generated Content
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The NCC Librarians and Learning Center staff have collaborated to bring you a concise guide to using APA format, which contains examples based on the databases you will find at the NCC Libraries. To view this guide as a PDF file or to print it, click the link below .

NCC Library APA Handout Our APA handout summarizes the most essential rules and guidelines for in-text citations, Reference List entries, and formatting your paper.

Need more help with citations?

1) The APA's Publication Manual has its own website , which includes video tutorials, samples of formatted pages, guidelines for APA-style punctuation and grammar, and a user's blog.

2) Purdue University's Online Writing Lab (OWL) has lots of helpful information about using APA style, including sample citations, video tutorials, and a tool that will automatically convert publication information into the correct format.

3) This YouTube video by the library at the University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh explains how to cite an article from a n online scholarly journal using APA format.

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Reporting Statistics in APA Style | Guidelines & Examples

Reporting Statistics in APA Style | Guidelines & Examples

Published on April 1, 2021 by Pritha Bhandari . Revised on January 17, 2024.

The APA Publication Manual is commonly used for reporting research results in the social and natural sciences. This article walks you through APA Style standards for reporting statistics in academic writing.

Statistical analysis involves gathering and testing quantitative data to make inferences about the world. A statistic is any number that describes a sample : it can be a proportion, a range , or a measurement, among other things.

When reporting statistics, use these formatting rules and suggestions from APA where relevant.

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Numbers and measurements, decimal places and leading zeros, formatting mathematical formulas, formatting statistical terms, reporting means and standard deviations, reporting chi-square tests, reporting z tests and t tests, reporting analysis of variance (anovas), reporting correlations, reporting regressions, reporting confidence intervals, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about apa style statistics.

In general, APA advises using words for numbers under 10 and numerals for 10 and greater . However, always spell out a number that appears at the start of a sentence (or rephrase).

You should always use numerals for:

Exact numbers before units of measurement or time
Mathematical equations
Percentages and percentiles
Ratios, decimals, and uncommon fractions
Scores and points on scales (e.g., 7-point scale)
Exact amounts of money

Units of measurement and time

Report exact measurements using numerals, and use symbols or abbreviations for common units of measurement when they accompany exact measurements. Include a space between the number and the abbreviation.

When stating approximate figures, use words to express numbers under 10, and spell out the names of units of measurement.

The ball weighed 7 kg.
The ball weighed approximately seven kilograms.

Measurements should be reported in metric units. If you recorded measurements in non-metric units, include metric equivalents in your report as well as the original units.

Percentages

Use numerals for percentages along with the percent symbol (%). Don’t insert a space between the number and the symbol.

Words for “percent” or “percentage” should only be used in text when numbers aren’t used, or when a percentage appears at the start of a sentence.

Of these respondents, 15% agreed with the statement.
Fifteen percent of respondents agreed with the statement.
The percentage was higher in 2020.

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The number of decimal places to report depends on what you’re reporting. Generally, you should aim to round numbers while retaining precision. It’s best to present fewer decimal digits to aid easy understanding.

The following guidelines are usually applicable.

Use two or three decimal places and report exact values for all p values greater than .001. For p values smaller than .001, report them as p < .001.

Leading zeros

A leading zero is zero before the decimal point for numbers less than one. In APA Style, it’s only used in some cases.

Use a leading zero only when the statistic you’re describing can be greater than one. If it can never exceed one, omit the leading zero.

Consumers reported high satisfaction with the services ( M = 4.1, SD = 0.8).
The correlation was medium-sized ( r = .35).
Although significant results were obtained, the effect was relatively small ( p = .015, d = 0.11).

Provide formulas only when you use new or uncommon equations. For short equations, present them within one line in the main text whenever possible.

Make the order of operations as clear as possible by using parentheses (round brackets) for the first step, brackets [square brackets] for the second step, and braces {curly brackets} for the third step, where necessary.

More complex equations, or equations that take more than one line, should be displayed on their own lines. Equations should be displayed and numbered if you will reference them later on, regardless of their complexity. Number equations by placing the numbers in parentheses near the right edge of the page.

$\begin{equation*}\sqrt[3]{x}-3ac\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,(1)\end{equation*}$

When reporting statistical results , present information in easily understandable ways. You can use a mix of text, tables, and figures to present data effectively when you have a lot of numbers to report.

In your main text, use helpful words like “respectively” or “in order” to aid understanding when listing several statistics in a sequence.

The APA manual provides guidelines for dealing with statistical terms, symbols and abbreviations.

Symbols and abbreviations

Population parameters are often represented with Greek letters, while sample statistics are often represented with italicized Latin letters.

Use the population symbol ( N ) for the total number of elements in a sample, and use the sample symbol ( n ) for the number of elements in each subgroup of the full sample.

In general, abbreviations should be defined on first use, but this isn’t always the case for common statistical abbreviations.

Capitalization, italicization and hyphenation

Statistical terms such as t test, z test, and p value always begin with a lowercase, italicized letter. Never begin a sentence with lowercase statistical abbreviations.

These statistical terms should only be hyphenated when they modify a subsequent word (e.g., “ z -test results” versus results of “ z tests”).

You can form plurals of statistical symbols (e.g., M or p ) by adding a non-italicized “s” to the end with no apostrophe (e.g., M s or p s).

In general, the following guidelines apply.

Parentheses vs. brackets

Always aim to avoid nested parentheses and brackets when reporting statistics. Instead, you should use commas to separate related statistics.

Scores improved between the pretest and posttest ( p < .001).
Significant differences in test scores were recorded, F (1, 30) = 4.67, p = .003.
(A previous meta-analysis highlighted low effect sizes [ d = 0.1] in the field).

Report descriptive statistics to summarize your data. Quantitative data is often reported using means and standard deviations, while categorical data (e.g., demographic variables) is reported using proportions.

Means and standard deviations can be presented in the main text and/or in parentheses. You don’t need to repeat the units of measurement (e.g., centimeters) for statistics relating to the same data.

Average sample height was 136.4 cm ( SD = 15.1).
The height of the initial sample was relatively low ( M = 125.9 cm, SD = 16.6).
Height significantly varied between children aged 5–7, 8–10, and 11–13. The means were 115.3, 133.5, and 149.1 cm, respectively.

To report the results of a chi-square test , include the following:

the degrees of freedom ( df ) in parentheses
the chi-square (Χ 2 ) value (also referred to as the chi-square test statistic)
the p value
A chi-square test of independence revealed a significant association between gender and product preference, Χ 2 (8) = 19.7, p = .012.
Based on a chi-square test of goodness of fit , Χ 2 (4) = 11.34, p = .023, the sample’s distribution of religious affiliations matched that of the population’s.

For z tests

To report the results of a z test, include the following:

the z value (also referred to as the z statistic or z score)
The participants’ scores were higher than the population average, z = 2.48, p = .013.
Higher scores were obtained on the new 20-item scale compared to the previous 40-item scale, z = 2.67, p = .007.

For t tests

To report the results of a t test , include the following:

the t value (also referred to as the t statistic)
Older adults experienced significantly more loneliness than younger adults, t (32) = 2.94, p = .006.
Reaction times were significantly faster for mice in the experimental condition, t (53) = 5.94, p < .001.

To report the results of an ANOVA , include the following:

the degrees of freedom (between groups, within groups) in parentheses
the F value (also referred to as the F statistic)
A one-way ANOVA demonstrated that the effect of leadership style was significant for employee engagement, F (2, 78) = 4.58, p = .013.
We found a statistically significant main effect of age group on social media use, F (3, 117) = 3.19, p = .026.

To report the results of a correlation, include the following:

the degrees of freedom in parentheses
the r value (the correlation coefficient)
We found a strong correlation between average temperature and new daily cases of COVID-19, r (357) = .42, p < .001.

Results of regression analyses are often displayed in a table because the output includes many numbers.

To report the results of a regression analysis in the text, include the following:

the R 2 value (the coefficient of determination)

The format is usually:

SAT scores predicted college GPA, R 2 = .34, F (1, 416) = 6.71, p = .009.

You should report confidence intervals of effect sizes (e.g., Cohen’s d ) or point estimates where relevant.

To report a confidence interval, state the confidence level and use brackets to enclose the lower and upper limits of the confidence interval, separated by a comma.

Older adults experienced significantly more loneliness than younger adults, t (32) = 2.94, p = .006, d = 0.81, 95% CI [0.6, 1.02].
On average, the treatment resulted in a 30% reduction in migraine frequency, 99% CI [26.5, 33.5].

When presenting multiple confidence intervals with the same confidence levels in a sequence, don’t repeat the confidence level or the word “CI.”

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Chi square test of independence
Statistical power
Descriptive statistics
Degrees of freedom
Pearson correlation
Null hypothesis

Methodology

Double-blind study
Case-control study
Research ethics
Data collection
Hypothesis testing
Structured interviews

Research bias

Hawthorne effect
Unconscious bias
Recall bias
Halo effect
Self-serving bias
Information bias

According to the APA guidelines, you should report enough detail on inferential statistics so that your readers understand your analyses.

Report the following for each hypothesis test:

the test statistic value
the degrees of freedom
the exact p value (unless it is less than 0.001)
the magnitude and direction of the effect

You should also present confidence intervals and estimates of effect sizes where relevant.

Use one decimal place for:

Standard deviations
Descriptive statistics based on discrete data

Use two decimal places for:

Correlation coefficients
Proportions
Inferential test statistics such as t values, F values, and chi-squares.

In APA style, statistics can be presented in the main text or as tables or figures . To decide how to present numbers, you can follow APA guidelines:

To present three or fewer numbers, try a sentence,
To present between 4 and 20 numbers, try a table,
To present more than 20 numbers, try a figure.

Since these are general guidelines, use your own judgment and feedback from others for effective presentation of numbers.

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