an assignment based on a case study

Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Assignments

• Annotated Bibliography
• Analyzing a Scholarly Journal Article
• Group Presentations
• Dealing with Nervousness
• Using Visual Aids
• Grading Someone Else's Paper
• Types of Structured Group Activities
• Group Project Survival Skills
• Leading a Class Discussion
• Multiple Book Review Essay
• Reviewing Collected Works
• Writing a Case Analysis Paper
• Writing a Case Study
• About Informed Consent
• Writing Field Notes
• Writing a Policy Memo
• Writing a Reflective Paper
• Writing a Research Proposal
• Generative AI and Writing
• Acknowledgments

A case study research paper examines a person, place, event, condition, phenomenon, or other type of subject of analysis in order to extrapolate  key themes and results that help predict future trends, illuminate previously hidden issues that can be applied to practice, and/or provide a means for understanding an important research problem with greater clarity. A case study research paper usually examines a single subject of analysis, but case study papers can also be designed as a comparative investigation that shows relationships between two or more subjects. The methods used to study a case can rest within a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method investigative paradigm.

Case Studies. Writing@CSU. Colorado State University; Mills, Albert J. , Gabrielle Durepos, and Eiden Wiebe, editors. Encyclopedia of Case Study Research . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010 ; “What is a Case Study?” In Swanborn, Peter G. Case Study Research: What, Why and How? London: SAGE, 2010.

How to Approach Writing a Case Study Research Paper

General information about how to choose a topic to investigate can be found under the " Choosing a Research Problem " tab in the Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper writing guide. Review this page because it may help you identify a subject of analysis that can be investigated using a case study design.

However, identifying a case to investigate involves more than choosing the research problem . A case study encompasses a problem contextualized around the application of in-depth analysis, interpretation, and discussion, often resulting in specific recommendations for action or for improving existing conditions. As Seawright and Gerring note, practical considerations such as time and access to information can influence case selection, but these issues should not be the sole factors used in describing the methodological justification for identifying a particular case to study. Given this, selecting a case includes considering the following:

• The case represents an unusual or atypical example of a research problem that requires more in-depth analysis? Cases often represent a topic that rests on the fringes of prior investigations because the case may provide new ways of understanding the research problem. For example, if the research problem is to identify strategies to improve policies that support girl's access to secondary education in predominantly Muslim nations, you could consider using Azerbaijan as a case study rather than selecting a more obvious nation in the Middle East. Doing so may reveal important new insights into recommending how governments in other predominantly Muslim nations can formulate policies that support improved access to education for girls.
• The case provides important insight or illuminate a previously hidden problem? In-depth analysis of a case can be based on the hypothesis that the case study will reveal trends or issues that have not been exposed in prior research or will reveal new and important implications for practice. For example, anecdotal evidence may suggest drug use among homeless veterans is related to their patterns of travel throughout the day. Assuming prior studies have not looked at individual travel choices as a way to study access to illicit drug use, a case study that observes a homeless veteran could reveal how issues of personal mobility choices facilitate regular access to illicit drugs. Note that it is important to conduct a thorough literature review to ensure that your assumption about the need to reveal new insights or previously hidden problems is valid and evidence-based.
• The case challenges and offers a counter-point to prevailing assumptions? Over time, research on any given topic can fall into a trap of developing assumptions based on outdated studies that are still applied to new or changing conditions or the idea that something should simply be accepted as "common sense," even though the issue has not been thoroughly tested in current practice. A case study analysis may offer an opportunity to gather evidence that challenges prevailing assumptions about a research problem and provide a new set of recommendations applied to practice that have not been tested previously. For example, perhaps there has been a long practice among scholars to apply a particular theory in explaining the relationship between two subjects of analysis. Your case could challenge this assumption by applying an innovative theoretical framework [perhaps borrowed from another discipline] to explore whether this approach offers new ways of understanding the research problem. Taking a contrarian stance is one of the most important ways that new knowledge and understanding develops from existing literature.
• The case provides an opportunity to pursue action leading to the resolution of a problem? Another way to think about choosing a case to study is to consider how the results from investigating a particular case may result in findings that reveal ways in which to resolve an existing or emerging problem. For example, studying the case of an unforeseen incident, such as a fatal accident at a railroad crossing, can reveal hidden issues that could be applied to preventative measures that contribute to reducing the chance of accidents in the future. In this example, a case study investigating the accident could lead to a better understanding of where to strategically locate additional signals at other railroad crossings so as to better warn drivers of an approaching train, particularly when visibility is hindered by heavy rain, fog, or at night.
• The case offers a new direction in future research? A case study can be used as a tool for an exploratory investigation that highlights the need for further research about the problem. A case can be used when there are few studies that help predict an outcome or that establish a clear understanding about how best to proceed in addressing a problem. For example, after conducting a thorough literature review [very important!], you discover that little research exists showing the ways in which women contribute to promoting water conservation in rural communities of east central Africa. A case study of how women contribute to saving water in a rural village of Uganda can lay the foundation for understanding the need for more thorough research that documents how women in their roles as cooks and family caregivers think about water as a valuable resource within their community. This example of a case study could also point to the need for scholars to build new theoretical frameworks around the topic [e.g., applying feminist theories of work and family to the issue of water conservation].

Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. “Building Theories from Case Study Research.” Academy of Management Review 14 (October 1989): 532-550; Emmel, Nick. Sampling and Choosing Cases in Qualitative Research: A Realist Approach . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2013; Gerring, John. “What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for?” American Political Science Review 98 (May 2004): 341-354; Mills, Albert J. , Gabrielle Durepos, and Eiden Wiebe, editors. Encyclopedia of Case Study Research . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010; Seawright, Jason and John Gerring. "Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research." Political Research Quarterly 61 (June 2008): 294-308.

Structure and Writing Style

The purpose of a paper in the social sciences designed around a case study is to thoroughly investigate a subject of analysis in order to reveal a new understanding about the research problem and, in so doing, contributing new knowledge to what is already known from previous studies. In applied social sciences disciplines [e.g., education, social work, public administration, etc.], case studies may also be used to reveal best practices, highlight key programs, or investigate interesting aspects of professional work.

In general, the structure of a case study research paper is not all that different from a standard college-level research paper. However, there are subtle differences you should be aware of. Here are the key elements to organizing and writing a case study research paper.

I.  Introduction

As with any research paper, your introduction should serve as a roadmap for your readers to ascertain the scope and purpose of your study . The introduction to a case study research paper, however, should not only describe the research problem and its significance, but you should also succinctly describe why the case is being used and how it relates to addressing the problem. The two elements should be linked. With this in mind, a good introduction answers these four questions:

• What is being studied? Describe the research problem and describe the subject of analysis [the case] you have chosen to address the problem. Explain how they are linked and what elements of the case will help to expand knowledge and understanding about the problem.
• Why is this topic important to investigate? Describe the significance of the research problem and state why a case study design and the subject of analysis that the paper is designed around is appropriate in addressing the problem.
• What did we know about this topic before I did this study? Provide background that helps lead the reader into the more in-depth literature review to follow. If applicable, summarize prior case study research applied to the research problem and why it fails to adequately address the problem. Describe why your case will be useful. If no prior case studies have been used to address the research problem, explain why you have selected this subject of analysis.
• How will this study advance new knowledge or new ways of understanding? Explain why your case study will be suitable in helping to expand knowledge and understanding about the research problem.

Each of these questions should be addressed in no more than a few paragraphs. Exceptions to this can be when you are addressing a complex research problem or subject of analysis that requires more in-depth background information.

II.  Literature Review

The literature review for a case study research paper is generally structured the same as it is for any college-level research paper. The difference, however, is that the literature review is focused on providing background information and  enabling historical interpretation of the subject of analysis in relation to the research problem the case is intended to address . This includes synthesizing studies that help to:

• Place relevant works in the context of their contribution to understanding the case study being investigated . This would involve summarizing studies that have used a similar subject of analysis to investigate the research problem. If there is literature using the same or a very similar case to study, you need to explain why duplicating past research is important [e.g., conditions have changed; prior studies were conducted long ago, etc.].
• Describe the relationship each work has to the others under consideration that informs the reader why this case is applicable . Your literature review should include a description of any works that support using the case to investigate the research problem and the underlying research questions.
• Identify new ways to interpret prior research using the case study . If applicable, review any research that has examined the research problem using a different research design. Explain how your use of a case study design may reveal new knowledge or a new perspective or that can redirect research in an important new direction.
• Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies . This refers to synthesizing any literature that points to unresolved issues of concern about the research problem and describing how the subject of analysis that forms the case study can help resolve these existing contradictions.
• Point the way in fulfilling a need for additional research . Your review should examine any literature that lays a foundation for understanding why your case study design and the subject of analysis around which you have designed your study may reveal a new way of approaching the research problem or offer a perspective that points to the need for additional research.
• Expose any gaps that exist in the literature that the case study could help to fill . Summarize any literature that not only shows how your subject of analysis contributes to understanding the research problem, but how your case contributes to a new way of understanding the problem that prior research has failed to do.
• Locate your own research within the context of existing literature [very important!] . Collectively, your literature review should always place your case study within the larger domain of prior research about the problem. The overarching purpose of reviewing pertinent literature in a case study paper is to demonstrate that you have thoroughly identified and synthesized prior studies in relation to explaining the relevance of the case in addressing the research problem.

III.  Method

In this section, you explain why you selected a particular case [i.e., subject of analysis] and the strategy you used to identify and ultimately decide that your case was appropriate in addressing the research problem. The way you describe the methods used varies depending on the type of subject of analysis that constitutes your case study.

If your subject of analysis is an incident or event . In the social and behavioral sciences, the event or incident that represents the case to be studied is usually bounded by time and place, with a clear beginning and end and with an identifiable location or position relative to its surroundings. The subject of analysis can be a rare or critical event or it can focus on a typical or regular event. The purpose of studying a rare event is to illuminate new ways of thinking about the broader research problem or to test a hypothesis. Critical incident case studies must describe the method by which you identified the event and explain the process by which you determined the validity of this case to inform broader perspectives about the research problem or to reveal new findings. However, the event does not have to be a rare or uniquely significant to support new thinking about the research problem or to challenge an existing hypothesis. For example, Walo, Bull, and Breen conducted a case study to identify and evaluate the direct and indirect economic benefits and costs of a local sports event in the City of Lismore, New South Wales, Australia. The purpose of their study was to provide new insights from measuring the impact of a typical local sports event that prior studies could not measure well because they focused on large "mega-events." Whether the event is rare or not, the methods section should include an explanation of the following characteristics of the event: a) when did it take place; b) what were the underlying circumstances leading to the event; and, c) what were the consequences of the event in relation to the research problem.

If your subject of analysis is a person. Explain why you selected this particular individual to be studied and describe what experiences they have had that provide an opportunity to advance new understandings about the research problem. Mention any background about this person which might help the reader understand the significance of their experiences that make them worthy of study. This includes describing the relationships this person has had with other people, institutions, and/or events that support using them as the subject for a case study research paper. It is particularly important to differentiate the person as the subject of analysis from others and to succinctly explain how the person relates to examining the research problem [e.g., why is one politician in a particular local election used to show an increase in voter turnout from any other candidate running in the election]. Note that these issues apply to a specific group of people used as a case study unit of analysis [e.g., a classroom of students].

If your subject of analysis is a place. In general, a case study that investigates a place suggests a subject of analysis that is unique or special in some way and that this uniqueness can be used to build new understanding or knowledge about the research problem. A case study of a place must not only describe its various attributes relevant to the research problem [e.g., physical, social, historical, cultural, economic, political], but you must state the method by which you determined that this place will illuminate new understandings about the research problem. It is also important to articulate why a particular place as the case for study is being used if similar places also exist [i.e., if you are studying patterns of homeless encampments of veterans in open spaces, explain why you are studying Echo Park in Los Angeles rather than Griffith Park?]. If applicable, describe what type of human activity involving this place makes it a good choice to study [e.g., prior research suggests Echo Park has more homeless veterans].

If your subject of analysis is a phenomenon. A phenomenon refers to a fact, occurrence, or circumstance that can be studied or observed but with the cause or explanation to be in question. In this sense, a phenomenon that forms your subject of analysis can encompass anything that can be observed or presumed to exist but is not fully understood. In the social and behavioral sciences, the case usually focuses on human interaction within a complex physical, social, economic, cultural, or political system. For example, the phenomenon could be the observation that many vehicles used by ISIS fighters are small trucks with English language advertisements on them. The research problem could be that ISIS fighters are difficult to combat because they are highly mobile. The research questions could be how and by what means are these vehicles used by ISIS being supplied to the militants and how might supply lines to these vehicles be cut off? How might knowing the suppliers of these trucks reveal larger networks of collaborators and financial support? A case study of a phenomenon most often encompasses an in-depth analysis of a cause and effect that is grounded in an interactive relationship between people and their environment in some way.

NOTE:   The choice of the case or set of cases to study cannot appear random. Evidence that supports the method by which you identified and chose your subject of analysis should clearly support investigation of the research problem and linked to key findings from your literature review. Be sure to cite any studies that helped you determine that the case you chose was appropriate for examining the problem.

IV.  Discussion

The main elements of your discussion section are generally the same as any research paper, but centered around interpreting and drawing conclusions about the key findings from your analysis of the case study. Note that a general social sciences research paper may contain a separate section to report findings. However, in a paper designed around a case study, it is common to combine a description of the results with the discussion about their implications. The objectives of your discussion section should include the following:

Reiterate the Research Problem/State the Major Findings Briefly reiterate the research problem you are investigating and explain why the subject of analysis around which you designed the case study were used. You should then describe the findings revealed from your study of the case using direct, declarative, and succinct proclamation of the study results. Highlight any findings that were unexpected or especially profound.

Explain the Meaning of the Findings and Why They are Important Systematically explain the meaning of your case study findings and why you believe they are important. Begin this part of the section by repeating what you consider to be your most important or surprising finding first, then systematically review each finding. Be sure to thoroughly extrapolate what your analysis of the case can tell the reader about situations or conditions beyond the actual case that was studied while, at the same time, being careful not to misconstrue or conflate a finding that undermines the external validity of your conclusions.

Relate the Findings to Similar Studies No study in the social sciences is so novel or possesses such a restricted focus that it has absolutely no relation to previously published research. The discussion section should relate your case study results to those found in other studies, particularly if questions raised from prior studies served as the motivation for choosing your subject of analysis. This is important because comparing and contrasting the findings of other studies helps support the overall importance of your results and it highlights how and in what ways your case study design and the subject of analysis differs from prior research about the topic.

Consider Alternative Explanations of the Findings Remember that the purpose of social science research is to discover and not to prove. When writing the discussion section, you should carefully consider all possible explanations revealed by the case study results, rather than just those that fit your hypothesis or prior assumptions and biases. Be alert to what the in-depth analysis of the case may reveal about the research problem, including offering a contrarian perspective to what scholars have stated in prior research if that is how the findings can be interpreted from your case.

Acknowledge the Study's Limitations You can state the study's limitations in the conclusion section of your paper but describing the limitations of your subject of analysis in the discussion section provides an opportunity to identify the limitations and explain why they are not significant. This part of the discussion section should also note any unanswered questions or issues your case study could not address. More detailed information about how to document any limitations to your research can be found here .

Suggest Areas for Further Research Although your case study may offer important insights about the research problem, there are likely additional questions related to the problem that remain unanswered or findings that unexpectedly revealed themselves as a result of your in-depth analysis of the case. Be sure that the recommendations for further research are linked to the research problem and that you explain why your recommendations are valid in other contexts and based on the original assumptions of your study.

V.  Conclusion

As with any research paper, you should summarize your conclusion in clear, simple language; emphasize how the findings from your case study differs from or supports prior research and why. Do not simply reiterate the discussion section. Provide a synthesis of key findings presented in the paper to show how these converge to address the research problem. If you haven't already done so in the discussion section, be sure to document the limitations of your case study and any need for further research.

The function of your paper's conclusion is to: 1) reiterate the main argument supported by the findings from your case study; 2) state clearly the context, background, and necessity of pursuing the research problem using a case study design in relation to an issue, controversy, or a gap found from reviewing the literature; and, 3) provide a place to persuasively and succinctly restate the significance of your research problem, given that the reader has now been presented with in-depth information about the topic.

Consider the following points to help ensure your conclusion is appropriate:

• If the argument or purpose of your paper is complex, you may need to summarize these points for your reader.
• If prior to your conclusion, you have not yet explained the significance of your findings or if you are proceeding inductively, use the conclusion of your paper to describe your main points and explain their significance.
• Move from a detailed to a general level of consideration of the case study's findings that returns the topic to the context provided by the introduction or within a new context that emerges from your case study findings.

Note that, depending on the discipline you are writing in or the preferences of your professor, the concluding paragraph may contain your final reflections on the evidence presented as it applies to practice or on the essay's central research problem. However, the nature of being introspective about the subject of analysis you have investigated will depend on whether you are explicitly asked to express your observations in this way.

Problems to Avoid

Overgeneralization One of the goals of a case study is to lay a foundation for understanding broader trends and issues applied to similar circumstances. However, be careful when drawing conclusions from your case study. They must be evidence-based and grounded in the results of the study; otherwise, it is merely speculation. Looking at a prior example, it would be incorrect to state that a factor in improving girls access to education in Azerbaijan and the policy implications this may have for improving access in other Muslim nations is due to girls access to social media if there is no documentary evidence from your case study to indicate this. There may be anecdotal evidence that retention rates were better for girls who were engaged with social media, but this observation would only point to the need for further research and would not be a definitive finding if this was not a part of your original research agenda.

Failure to Document Limitations No case is going to reveal all that needs to be understood about a research problem. Therefore, just as you have to clearly state the limitations of a general research study , you must describe the specific limitations inherent in the subject of analysis. For example, the case of studying how women conceptualize the need for water conservation in a village in Uganda could have limited application in other cultural contexts or in areas where fresh water from rivers or lakes is plentiful and, therefore, conservation is understood more in terms of managing access rather than preserving access to a scarce resource.

Failure to Extrapolate All Possible Implications Just as you don't want to over-generalize from your case study findings, you also have to be thorough in the consideration of all possible outcomes or recommendations derived from your findings. If you do not, your reader may question the validity of your analysis, particularly if you failed to document an obvious outcome from your case study research. For example, in the case of studying the accident at the railroad crossing to evaluate where and what types of warning signals should be located, you failed to take into consideration speed limit signage as well as warning signals. When designing your case study, be sure you have thoroughly addressed all aspects of the problem and do not leave gaps in your analysis that leave the reader questioning the results.

Case Studies. Writing@CSU. Colorado State University; Gerring, John. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices . New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007; Merriam, Sharan B. Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education . Rev. ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1998; Miller, Lisa L. “The Use of Case Studies in Law and Social Science Research.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 14 (2018): TBD; Mills, Albert J., Gabrielle Durepos, and Eiden Wiebe, editors. Encyclopedia of Case Study Research . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010; Putney, LeAnn Grogan. "Case Study." In Encyclopedia of Research Design , Neil J. Salkind, editor. (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010), pp. 116-120; Simons, Helen. Case Study Research in Practice . London: SAGE Publications, 2009;  Kratochwill,  Thomas R. and Joel R. Levin, editors. Single-Case Research Design and Analysis: New Development for Psychology and Education .  Hilldsale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992; Swanborn, Peter G. Case Study Research: What, Why and How? London : SAGE, 2010; Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research: Design and Methods . 6th edition. Los Angeles, CA, SAGE Publications, 2014; Walo, Maree, Adrian Bull, and Helen Breen. “Achieving Economic Benefits at Local Events: A Case Study of a Local Sports Event.” Festival Management and Event Tourism 4 (1996): 95-106.

Writing Tip

At Least Five Misconceptions about Case Study Research

Social science case studies are often perceived as limited in their ability to create new knowledge because they are not randomly selected and findings cannot be generalized to larger populations. Flyvbjerg examines five misunderstandings about case study research and systematically "corrects" each one. To quote, these are:

Misunderstanding 1 :  General, theoretical [context-independent] knowledge is more valuable than concrete, practical [context-dependent] knowledge. Misunderstanding 2 :  One cannot generalize on the basis of an individual case; therefore, the case study cannot contribute to scientific development. Misunderstanding 3 :  The case study is most useful for generating hypotheses; that is, in the first stage of a total research process, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building. Misunderstanding 4 :  The case study contains a bias toward verification, that is, a tendency to confirm the researcher’s preconceived notions. Misunderstanding 5 :  It is often difficult to summarize and develop general propositions and theories on the basis of specific case studies [p. 221].

While writing your paper, think introspectively about how you addressed these misconceptions because to do so can help you strengthen the validity and reliability of your research by clarifying issues of case selection, the testing and challenging of existing assumptions, the interpretation of key findings, and the summation of case outcomes. Think of a case study research paper as a complete, in-depth narrative about the specific properties and key characteristics of your subject of analysis applied to the research problem.

Flyvbjerg, Bent. “Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 12 (April 2006): 219-245.

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How to Write a Case Study - All You Wanted to Know

What do you study in your college? If you are a psychology, sociology, or anthropology student, we bet you might be familiar with what a case study is. This research method is used to study a certain person, group, or situation. In this guide from our dissertation writing service , you will learn how to write a case study professionally, from researching to citing sources properly. Also, we will explore different types of case studies and show you examples — so that you won’t have any other questions left.

What Is a Case Study?

A case study is a subcategory of research design which investigates problems and offers solutions. Case studies can range from academic research studies to corporate promotional tools trying to sell an idea—their scope is quite vast.

What Is the Difference Between a Research Paper and a Case Study?

While research papers turn the reader’s attention to a certain problem, case studies go even further. Case study guidelines require students to pay attention to details, examining issues closely and in-depth using different research methods. For example, case studies may be used to examine court cases if you study Law, or a patient's health history if you study Medicine. Case studies are also used in Marketing, which are thorough, empirically supported analysis of a good or service's performance. Well-designed case studies can be valuable for prospective customers as they can identify and solve the potential customers pain point.

Case studies involve a lot of storytelling – they usually examine particular cases for a person or a group of people. This method of research is very helpful, as it is very practical and can give a lot of hands-on information. Most commonly, the length of the case study is about 500-900 words, which is much less than the length of an average research paper.

The structure of a case study is very similar to storytelling. It has a protagonist or main character, which in your case is actually a problem you are trying to solve. You can use the system of 3 Acts to make it a compelling story. It should have an introduction, rising action, a climax where transformation occurs, falling action, and a solution.

Here is a rough formula for you to use in your case study:

Problem (Act I): > Solution (Act II) > Result (Act III) > Conclusion.

Types of Case Studies

The purpose of a case study is to provide detailed reports on an event, an institution, a place, future customers, or pretty much anything. There are a few common types of case study, but the type depends on the topic. The following are the most common domains where case studies are needed:

• Historical case studies are great to learn from. Historical events have a multitude of source info offering different perspectives. There are always modern parallels where these perspectives can be applied, compared, and thoroughly analyzed.
• Problem-oriented case studies are usually used for solving problems. These are often assigned as theoretical situations where you need to immerse yourself in the situation to examine it. Imagine you’re working for a startup and you’ve just noticed a significant flaw in your product’s design. Before taking it to the senior manager, you want to do a comprehensive study on the issue and provide solutions. On a greater scale, problem-oriented case studies are a vital part of relevant socio-economic discussions.
• Cumulative case studies collect information and offer comparisons. In business, case studies are often used to tell people about the value of a product.
• Critical case studies explore the causes and effects of a certain case.
• Illustrative case studies describe certain events, investigating outcomes and lessons learned.

Need a compelling case study? EssayPro has got you covered. Our experts are ready to provide you with detailed, insightful case studies that capture the essence of real-world scenarios. Elevate your academic work with our professional assistance.

Case Study Format

The case study format is typically made up of eight parts:

• Executive Summary. Explain what you will examine in the case study. Write an overview of the field you’re researching. Make a thesis statement and sum up the results of your observation in a maximum of 2 sentences.
• Background. Provide background information and the most relevant facts. Isolate the issues.
• Case Evaluation. Isolate the sections of the study you want to focus on. In it, explain why something is working or is not working.
• Proposed Solutions. Offer realistic ways to solve what isn’t working or how to improve its current condition. Explain why these solutions work by offering testable evidence.
• Conclusion. Summarize the main points from the case evaluations and proposed solutions. 6. Recommendations. Talk about the strategy that you should choose. Explain why this choice is the most appropriate.
• Implementation. Explain how to put the specific strategies into action.
• References. Provide all the citations.

How to Write a Case Study

Let's discover how to write a case study.

Setting Up the Research

When writing a case study, remember that research should always come first. Reading many different sources and analyzing other points of view will help you come up with more creative solutions. You can also conduct an actual interview to thoroughly investigate the customer story that you'll need for your case study. Including all of the necessary research, writing a case study may take some time. The research process involves doing the following:

• Define your objective. Explain the reason why you’re presenting your subject. Figure out where you will feature your case study; whether it is written, on video, shown as an infographic, streamed as a podcast, etc.
• Determine who will be the right candidate for your case study. Get permission, quotes, and other features that will make your case study effective. Get in touch with your candidate to see if they approve of being part of your work. Study that candidate’s situation and note down what caused it.
• Identify which various consequences could result from the situation. Follow these guidelines on how to start a case study: surf the net to find some general information you might find useful.
• Make a list of credible sources and examine them. Seek out important facts and highlight problems. Always write down your ideas and make sure to brainstorm.
• Focus on several key issues – why they exist, and how they impact your research subject. Think of several unique solutions. Draw from class discussions, readings, and personal experience. When writing a case study, focus on the best solution and explore it in depth. After having all your research in place, writing a case study will be easy. You may first want to check the rubric and criteria of your assignment for the correct case study structure.

Read Also: ' WHAT IS A CREDIBLE SOURCES ?'

Although your instructor might be looking at slightly different criteria, every case study rubric essentially has the same standards. Your professor will want you to exhibit 8 different outcomes:

• Correctly identify the concepts, theories, and practices in the discipline.
• Identify the relevant theories and principles associated with the particular study.
• Evaluate legal and ethical principles and apply them to your decision-making.
• Recognize the global importance and contribution of your case.
• Construct a coherent summary and explanation of the study.
• Demonstrate analytical and critical-thinking skills.
• Explain the interrelationships between the environment and nature.
• Integrate theory and practice of the discipline within the analysis.

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Case Study Outline

Let's look at the structure of an outline based on the issue of the alcoholic addiction of 30 people.

Introduction

• Statement of the issue: Alcoholism is a disease rather than a weakness of character.
• Presentation of the problem: Alcoholism is affecting more than 14 million people in the USA, which makes it the third most common mental illness there.
• Explanation of the terms: In the past, alcoholism was commonly referred to as alcohol dependence or alcohol addiction. Alcoholism is now the more severe stage of this addiction in the disorder spectrum.
• Hypotheses: Drinking in excess can lead to the use of other drugs.
• Importance of your story: How the information you present can help people with their addictions.
• Background of the story: Include an explanation of why you chose this topic.
• Presentation of analysis and data: Describe the criteria for choosing 30 candidates, the structure of the interview, and the outcomes.
• Strong argument 1: ex. X% of candidates dealing with anxiety and depression...
• Strong argument 2: ex. X amount of people started drinking by their mid-teens.
• Strong argument 3: ex. X% of respondents’ parents had issues with alcohol.
• Concluding statement: I have researched if alcoholism is a disease and found out that…
• Recommendations: Ways and actions for preventing alcohol use.

Writing a Case Study Draft

After you’ve done your case study research and written the outline, it’s time to focus on the draft. In a draft, you have to develop and write your case study by using: the data which you collected throughout the research, interviews, and the analysis processes that were undertaken. Follow these rules for the draft:

Use Data to Illustrate Key Points in Your Case Study

Even though your case study is a story, it should be based on evidence. Use as much data as possible to illustrate your point. Without the right data, your case study may appear weak and the readers may not be able to relate to your issue as much as they should. Let's see the examples from essay writing service :

‍ With data: Alcoholism is affecting more than 14 million people in the USA, which makes it the third most common mental illness there. Without data: A lot of people suffer from alcoholism in the United States.

Try to include as many credible sources as possible. You may have terms or sources that could be hard for other cultures to understand. If this is the case, you should include them in the appendix or Notes for the Instructor or Professor.

Finalizing the Draft: Checklist

After you finish drafting your case study, polish it up by answering these ‘ask yourself’ questions and think about how to end your case study:

• Check that you follow the correct case study format, also in regards to text formatting.
• Check that your work is consistent with its referencing and citation style.
• Micro-editing — check for grammar and spelling issues.
• Macro-editing — does ‘the big picture’ come across to the reader? Is there enough raw data, such as real-life examples or personal experiences? Have you made your data collection process completely transparent? Does your analysis provide a clear conclusion, allowing for further research and practice?

Problems to avoid:

• Overgeneralization – Do not go into further research that deviates from the main problem.
• Failure to Document Limitations – Just as you have to clearly state the limitations of a general research study, you must describe the specific limitations inherent in the subject of analysis.
• Failure to Extrapolate All Possible Implications – Just as you don't want to over-generalize from your case study findings, you also have to be thorough in the consideration of all possible outcomes or recommendations derived from your findings.

How to Create a Title Page and Cite a Case Study

Let's see how to create an awesome title page.

Your title page depends on the prescribed citation format. The title page should include:

• A title that attracts some attention and describes your study
• The title should have the words “case study” in it
• The title should range between 5-9 words in length
• Your name and contact information
• Your finished paper should be only 500 to 1,500 words in length.With this type of assignment, write effectively and avoid fluff

Here is a template for the APA and MLA format title page:

There are some cases when you need to cite someone else's study in your own one – therefore, you need to master how to cite a case study. A case study is like a research paper when it comes to citations. You can cite it like you cite a book, depending on what style you need.

Citation Example in MLA ‍ Hill, Linda, Tarun Khanna, and Emily A. Stecker. HCL Technologies. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing, 2008. Print.

Citation Example in APA ‍ Hill, L., Khanna, T., & Stecker, E. A. (2008). HCL Technologies. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing.

Citation Example in Chicago Hill, Linda, Tarun Khanna, and Emily A. Stecker. HCL Technologies.

Case Study Examples

To give you an idea of a professional case study example, we gathered and linked some below.

Eastman Kodak Case Study

Case Study Example: Audi Trains Mexican Autoworkers in Germany

To conclude, a case study is one of the best methods of getting an overview of what happened to a person, a group, or a situation in practice. It allows you to have an in-depth glance at the real-life problems that businesses, healthcare industry, criminal justice, etc. may face. This insight helps us look at such situations in a different light. This is because we see scenarios that we otherwise would not, without necessarily being there. If you need custom essays , try our research paper writing services .

Get Help Form Qualified Writers

Crafting a case study is not easy. You might want to write one of high quality, but you don’t have the time or expertise. If you’re having trouble with your case study, help with essay request - we'll help. EssayPro writers have read and written countless case studies and are experts in endless disciplines. Request essay writing, editing, or proofreading assistance from our custom case study writing service , and all of your worries will be gone.

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What Is A Case Study?

How to cite a case study in apa, how to write a case study.

Daniel Parker

is a seasoned educational writer focusing on scholarship guidance, research papers, and various forms of academic essays including reflective and narrative essays. His expertise also extends to detailed case studies. A scholar with a background in English Literature and Education, Daniel’s work on EssayPro blog aims to support students in achieving academic excellence and securing scholarships. His hobbies include reading classic literature and participating in academic forums.

is an expert in nursing and healthcare, with a strong background in history, law, and literature. Holding advanced degrees in nursing and public health, his analytical approach and comprehensive knowledge help students navigate complex topics. On EssayPro blog, Adam provides insightful articles on everything from historical analysis to the intricacies of healthcare policies. In his downtime, he enjoys historical documentaries and volunteering at local clinics.

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How to Write a Case Study Assignment: Writing Tips and Examples

Published 22 Nov 2023

Case studies are a powerful tool for students and professionals. They offer a practical way to explore real-world situations, sharpen analytical skills, and communicate findings effectively. In this article, we’ll provide a concise and informative guide on writing a compelling case study assignment. We’ll delve into the various types of these tasks and present practical examples demonstrating how to write a case study assignment. You’ll learn the step-by-step process of creating well-structured content and get the knowledge and skills needed to excel in crafting effective case studies, whether for academic or professional purposes. 

What is a case study assignment? 

This task type centers on a real-world professional situation that presents workplace challenges. It poses specific questions about the scenario, tasking students or professionals with identifying and scrutinizing the issues and providing appropriate responses, preventive measures, or solutions. This entails a comprehensive examination and analysis of practical situations, with the primary objectives of deepening understanding, applying knowledge, honing analytical and problem-solving skills, cultivating research capabilities, refining communication, acquiring hands-on experience, and contributing to the body of knowledge. It serves as a structured framework for the exploration, analysis, and resolution of issues, proving its worth in both academic and professional settings.

How do research papers differ from case studies?

While research papers address particular issues, a case study assignment takes a more in-depth approach as its guidelines emphasize a meticulous examination of specifics, employing diverse analytical methods. They often delve into individual or group experiences and encompass rich narratives.

Essential types of case study

Case studies represent a versatile and widely employed approach within academic and research contexts, manifesting in various forms tailored to distinct objectives and disciplines. Among the most common types of these assignments are the following:

• Illustrative case study , which involves an in-depth examination of a well-known case to enhance comprehension. This task type is primarily descriptive and is frequently employed in research methodology.
• Exploratory case study , typically initiated as a preliminary investigation preceding more extensive research endeavors. Often utilized within Social Sciences, it centers on real-life situations.
• Cumulative case study , frequently employed in qualitative research, gathers data from diverse sources multiple times. This assignment serves as a means of data analysis, minimizing the need for redundant investigations.
• Critical instance case study , discerning the causes and consequences of specific events. It is employed to scrutinize cases of unique significance, those lacking general interest, or to challenge widely accepted beliefs.

How to write a case study assignment: a step-by-step guide 

Are you ready to craft a compelling assignment? If you’re wondering how to navigate this task effectively, here’s an in-depth guide that breaks down the essential steps to create an outstanding text.

Step 1: Select a topic.

The initial phase of completing this document involves selecting a suitable topic. This decision should align with your interests and course requirements. Brainstorm various topic ideas related to your field of study, ensuring they match your academic goals. For example, if you're pursuing a course in environmental science, your topic might be “Sustainable Urban Planning Strategies.”

This step can be circumvented if your instructor has already provided a specific topic relevant to your course.

Step 2: Define the case study type.

Once you've settled on a topic, determine the appropriate type of assignment that best fits your subject. Case studies can be exploratory, cumulative, illustrative, or critical instances. To ensure alignment with your instructor's expectations, cross-reference your choice with the grading rubric or ask for case study help from our writing service.

Step 3: Create an outline.

To lay the foundation for an outstanding paper, create a well-structured outline. It should encompass crucial elements, such as the problem statement and background information. Start by highlighting essential facts pertinent to your research objectives, and then incorporate the notes you’ve compiled during your investigation. A comprehensive outline typically includes details about the case study problem, objectives, viable solutions, research outcomes, and a call to action.

For instance, if you're exploring “Sustainable Urban Planning Strategies,” your outline might commence with a problem statement, shedding light on the urban planning challenges faced by cities striving for sustainability. Subsequently, you would detail the study's objectives, present potential solutions, elucidate the research findings, and conclude with a call for further exploration in sustainable urban planning.

Step 4: Complete a thesis statement.

Developing a robust thesis statement is pivotal in guiding your case study. To formulate an effective thesis, examine existing papers to identify gaps in the literature. Construct your thesis based on these gaps, ensuring it is well-supported by credible evidence.

In the context of sustainable urban planning, your thesis statement might read: “This case study investigates the challenges faced by urban centers in achieving sustainable development and offers innovative solutions to address these issues.”

Step 5: Write the text.

With a well-defined thesis statement, it’s time to start composing your case study assignment example. Organize your paper into key sections, including the introduction, body, and conclusion. 

Continuing with our example of sustainable urban planning, let’s explore this in more detail. Imagine you are focusing on the city of Greenfield, which faced the daunting task of transforming into a sustainable urban center.

• Introduction: In this section, set the stage by defining the study's purpose and presenting your thesis statement. For instance, your thesis statement could state, “This case study explores the challenges faced by Greenfield as it pursues sustainability.”
• The body: Here, dive into the core of your research. Meticulously dissect the challenges supported by empirical evidence. For example, dissect issues like traffic congestion's impact on air quality, the growth of urban green spaces, the success of a comprehensive public transportation system, and community engagement in sustainable urban planning.
• Conclusion : Summarize the key insights from the body and propose further research or actions. Highlight the positive impact of sustainable urban planning, such as reduced emissions and improved air quality. Suggest avenues for future exploration, like long-term sustainability assessment.

It's essential to ensure proper citation of your sources throughout the assignment, adhering to the citation style specified by your institution. It not only enhances the credibility of your case study but also demonstrates rigorous academic practice.

Step 6: Make editing and proofreading.

After completing the writing process, allocate time for meticulous proofreading and editing. Verify that you’ve addressed all the questions in your assignment, and meticulously scrutinize the content for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Only after you’re confident that your document is error-free should you submit your final copy.

Now, you know how to do a case study assignment. By diligently following these steps, you can navigate the intricacies of crafting top-notch assignments. Remember that while this guide provides a comprehensive overview, it's essential to consider your instructor's specific requirements as you embark on this academic endeavor. 

How to format a case study?

When you have established your outline, you can start the writing process. It's important to note that you can skip the sequence where the sections appear in the final presentation. Starting your case study assignment with the main body, specifically the background, followed by solutions and the primary answer or solution, often proves to be the most effective approach. After that, you can tackle the conclusion with your recommendations and address the introduction. This sequencing can simplify the writing process, as the conclusion offers a summary of the entire assignment, and the introduction provides an overview of the task, both of which become more straightforward to write after completing the main sections.

• Introductory paragraph: Begin by crafting a precise and succinct thesis statement, which shouldn’t exceed one or two sentences. Proceed to elucidate the problem's significance, the rationale behind this case study, and its relevance in mitigating the issue.
• Background: This section entails a comprehensive exploration of pertinent issues and facts, achieved through meticulous research employing trustworthy information sources like research papers, scholarly articles, academic journals, etc.
• Solutions: Present potential solutions to the problem and outline them in detail. Assess the pros and cons of every solution, providing a well-rounded analysis.
• Fundamental answer: Articulate your choice for the most suitable solution and substantiate it with supporting evidence. You may also include insights from lectures, class discussions, relevant texts, and personal viewpoints to fortify your solution.
• Conclusion : Clarify the reasons for advocating the implementation of your proposed solution and elucidate how it will resolve or ameliorate the issue, supported by relevant theories.

It's worth noting that educational institution requirements can vary significantly, and the suggested format provided above serves as a general guideline. You should always pay careful attention to the specific assignment brief provided by your professor.

Final thoughts

Completing a persuasive case study assignment is an invaluable skill that opens doors to in-depth exploration, insightful analysis, and effective communication. If you want to master this skill, remember that the ability to present real-world situations with clarity and precision is a powerful tool, both in academic and professional contexts.

However, should you encounter challenges or wish to ensure the highest quality for your case study assignment, don’t forget that professional assistance is just a click away. Our case study writing service is always ready to help you navigate the complexities of academic papers and deliver top-notch content.

So, as you continue honing your skills, remember that support is readily available, ensuring that your assignments shine with expertise and excellence. Happy writing, and should you need it, professional guidance is just a message away.

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• What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

Published on May 8, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research.

A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods , but quantitative methods are sometimes also used. Case studies are good for describing , comparing, evaluating and understanding different aspects of a research problem .

Table of contents

When to do a case study, step 1: select a case, step 2: build a theoretical framework, step 3: collect your data, step 4: describe and analyze the case, other interesting articles.

A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case.

Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation . They keep your project focused and manageable when you don’t have the time or resources to do large-scale research.

You might use just one complex case study where you explore a single subject in depth, or conduct multiple case studies to compare and illuminate different aspects of your research problem.

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Once you have developed your problem statement and research questions , you should be ready to choose the specific case that you want to focus on. A good case study should have the potential to:

• Provide new or unexpected insights into the subject
• Challenge or complicate existing assumptions and theories
• Propose practical courses of action to resolve a problem
• Open up new directions for future research

TipIf your research is more practical in nature and aims to simultaneously investigate an issue as you solve it, consider conducting action research instead.

Unlike quantitative or experimental research , a strong case study does not require a random or representative sample. In fact, case studies often deliberately focus on unusual, neglected, or outlying cases which may shed new light on the research problem.

Example of an outlying case studyIn the 1960s the town of Roseto, Pennsylvania was discovered to have extremely low rates of heart disease compared to the US average. It became an important case study for understanding previously neglected causes of heart disease.

However, you can also choose a more common or representative case to exemplify a particular category, experience or phenomenon.

Example of a representative case studyIn the 1920s, two sociologists used Muncie, Indiana as a case study of a typical American city that supposedly exemplified the changing culture of the US at the time.

While case studies focus more on concrete details than general theories, they should usually have some connection with theory in the field. This way the case study is not just an isolated description, but is integrated into existing knowledge about the topic. It might aim to:

• Exemplify a theory by showing how it explains the case under investigation
• Expand on a theory by uncovering new concepts and ideas that need to be incorporated
• Challenge a theory by exploring an outlier case that doesn’t fit with established assumptions

To ensure that your analysis of the case has a solid academic grounding, you should conduct a literature review of sources related to the topic and develop a theoretical framework . This means identifying key concepts and theories to guide your analysis and interpretation.

There are many different research methods you can use to collect data on your subject. Case studies tend to focus on qualitative data using methods such as interviews , observations , and analysis of primary and secondary sources (e.g., newspaper articles, photographs, official records). Sometimes a case study will also collect quantitative data.

Example of a mixed methods case studyFor a case study of a wind farm development in a rural area, you could collect quantitative data on employment rates and business revenue, collect qualitative data on local people’s perceptions and experiences, and analyze local and national media coverage of the development.

The aim is to gain as thorough an understanding as possible of the case and its context.

In writing up the case study, you need to bring together all the relevant aspects to give as complete a picture as possible of the subject.

How you report your findings depends on the type of research you are doing. Some case studies are structured like a standard scientific paper or thesis , with separate sections or chapters for the methods , results and discussion .

Others are written in a more narrative style, aiming to explore the case from various angles and analyze its meanings and implications (for example, by using textual analysis or discourse analysis ).

In all cases, though, make sure to give contextual details about the case, connect it back to the literature and theory, and discuss how it fits into wider patterns or debates.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Normal distribution
• Degrees of freedom
• Null hypothesis
• Discourse analysis
• Control groups
• Mixed methods research
• Non-probability sampling
• Quantitative research
• Ecological validity

Research bias

• Rosenthal effect
• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Selection bias
• Negativity bias
• Status quo bias

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“For knowledge you will use in the real world - in business, for example, or in engineering or medicine - the "what" [to think] isn't sufficient. You must know how to apply the knowledge to the real world.” William Ellet, The Case Study Handbook

Case study assignments are common in some disciplines. Their main purpose is to show that you can relate theory to real-life situations. You also need to be able to recommend practical solutions to real-life problems.

This page is dedicated to writing case studies for undergraduate assignments, it does not tackle case studies as a research method/approach.

What is a case study?

A case study is an assignment where you analyse a specific case (organisation, group, person, event, issue) and explain how the elements and complexities of that case relate to theory . You will sometimes have to come up with solutions to problems or recommendations for future action.

You may be asked to write a case study as an essay, as part of a longer assignment or as a report.

Examples of cases

An organisation.  For example a company, a business, a school, a sports club, a health body.

A group. For example a class of pupils, an individual team within an organisation, a project group, a sports club.

An individual.  For example a patient, a client, a specific student/pupil, a manager/leader.

An event.  For example a sporting occasion, a cultural event, a news story, an historical event.

An issue.  For example a dilemma, problem, critical event, change of practice.

Analysing a case

What are you being asked to do.

It is important be sure about the purpose of analysing the case before you begin. Refer back to your assignment brief and make sure you are clear about this. It could be:

• To answer a specific question using examples from the case to support your argument
• To explore what happened and why (no recommendations needed)
• To make recommendations or identify solutions
• To write a plan that takes the issues into consideration

Examining the case

In order to be thoroughly familiar with the case you are going to need to read through* the case several times during the analysis process. Start by simply reading it without asking too many questions in your mind. Get a feel for it as a whole. After that, you will need to read through it several times to identify the following:

• What are the facts? List information you are sure about.
• What happened/is happening? List definite actions that occurred/are occurring.
• Who was/is involved? List people by job role and what their involvement was/is.

You will now need to read additional material to help you analyse. In business, for example, you will perhaps want to read the financial statements for the company you are investigating; in nursing, the background of the treatment for the disorder from which “your” patient is suffering.

* Sometimes cases are presented to you as videos to watch. In which case you are going to have to watch it many times!

Theoretical approaches

You may have to ask yourself which theoretical approaches that you have covered in your course are relevant to the particular case you have before you. In some instances this may be obvious but in others it may be less so. A theoretical approach is useful as it can give you  specific questions to answer ; specific things to look for. For example, in business, this may take the form of a SWOT analysis - Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) or you may look at the Porter's Five Forces model. There are similar models in other disciplines which you may have been introduced to already - or the brief may tell you which to use.

No obvious theoretical approach?

If you have not been provided with a theoretical approach don't worry. You can still ask questions. For example: 

What is this case study about in general? What is the big picture - the main issue that this case study is an example of?

What specific issues are associated with it? What makes this case interesting?

What do I already know about these issues?

How do they link with the theories we have studied? (See below.)

What alternative approaches to dealing with the issues would be appropriate?

If an alternative approach were used, what impact might it have?

Linking to theory

The most crucial element about a case study is your ability to link the real world example to theory. This gives you more insight into both because

• The real life example will mean you can see how theory works in practice .
• Theory can help you see why things happened as they did and help you come up with alternative approaches and find solutions/make recommendations.

Real life is complex and messy. Do not expect it to nicely fit into theories which are by their very nature best guesses (albeit well researched) and generalisations. However, you will have been given the case specifically because it does relate to some theories you have learned or need to be aware of.

So you need to:

• Look back through your lecture notes and reading lists to see if anything seems to fit with the case.
• Search for research that relates to the issues you identified during your analysis. Note these will not necessarily be labelled as 'theories'. Claims made in research papers can all be described as theories. 

Now consider some or all of the questions below:

• Do the facts and issues raised in the case support any theories?
• Do the fact and issues raised in the case invalidate or undermine any theories?
• Can any of the theories explain why issues arose?
• Can any of the theories back up the actions taken?
• Can any of the theories suggest alternative courses of action?
• Do you think any of these alternatives would work best in your case? Why?

Armed with the answers to many of these questions, you are ready to start writing up your case study.

Writing up your case study

The most common ways to write up a case study are as essays or reports . The main differences between the two will be how you structure your work.

Structuring a case study essay

Case study essays usually have to answer a specific question using examples from your case study. They are written in continuous prose (a series of paragraphs with no subheadings). They should be structured much like any other essay with an introduction, main body and conclusion. 

Introduction

This needs to have three things:

• An introduction to your case (you don't need to rewrite it, just summarise it giving the important parts for your essay).
• A position statement (your answer to the overall question).
• An indication of how the rest of the essay is structured.

These do not have to be in that particular order but they do all need to be included.

Generally you will organise this thematically . Each paragraph needs to make a point and then use information from your case to illustrate and back up that point . You will also bring in theory (other reading) to strengthen your argument. It is acceptable to start with the example from your case and then show how this links to theory and the conclusion this leads you to; however, it is best if you first let your reader know the point you are making, as then they are not having to second guess this until the end of the paragraph. 

Each point in your main body should be leading back to the position statement you made in the introduction.

What are the main lessons you learned from the case study? How well did the theory fit with the real world example? Have you been asked to provide solutions or recommendations? If so, give them here.

Reference list

Include all the sources you have cited in your essay.

Structuring a case study report

These can vary between disciplines so check your assignment guidance. A typical case study would include:

Table of contents

See our MS Word pages  or our MS Office Software SkillsGuide for instructions on how to create these automatically.

Executive summary - optional, check if required

Give an overview of your whole report including main approaches, findings and recommendations. This is a bit like the abstract of a journal article.

• Context (Background)
• Purpose - what is the case study trying to achieve? 
• Approach - are you using any particular theoretical tools or research approaches?

Discussion/Analysis

• Identification of issues and problems
• Links to theories that help you explain the case
• Explanation of causes or implications of the issues identified
• Possible solutions (if required, check your instructions)

These depends on what you were asked to do but could include:

• Main lessons learned
• Best solutions and reasons why
• Recommendations (may have their own section)
• Action plan (may have its own section)
• Include all the sources you have cited in the report.

Appendices if required

Recommended books and ebooks from our collection, related books and ebooks from our collection.

Recommended external resources

• Writing a case study From Monash University
• Writing a case study analysis From The University of Arizona
• Case studies From the University of South Australia - includes useful sample case studies
• Writing a case study PDF to download from the University of Bedfordshire
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How to Write a Case Study: Definition, Outline, Steps & Examples

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A case study is a research method that involves an in-depth examination of a particular subject, often a person, group, event, or organization. It's used to explore complex issues in real-world contexts. A case study can provide insights that might not be achieved with other research methods.

Are you struggling with writing a case study and don't know where to begin? You are not alone. Most students involved in the Psychology or Sociology field often find this task challenging. Especially if they are new to this research method. However, with the right structure and preparation, creating a case study paper will be a piece of cake. 

After reading this article, you will be armed with all essential details including:

• Definition 
• Case study types
• Basic structure
• Steps on how to write a case study
• Examples that worked.

Let’s dive right in!

What Is a Case Study: Definition

A case study is a research method that involves examining a specific instance to let researchers learn more about an individual, event, organization or concept. It is like a magnifying glass for studying real-life situations. By looking at a single example, we can learn more about complex issues and understand patterns. 

Case studies are used in the fields like Psychology, Business, Statistics or Nursing. As a rule, students apply this research method when writing a dissertation or thesis . 

Depending on the research question and the data needed to address a problem, case studies can involve various research methods.

Research Methods Applied in Case Studies

Case Study Example

Let's recap the main points. 

What Is the Purpose of a Case Study?

The primary purpose of a case study is to gain insight into the real-world situations through the investigation and analysis of a single instance. This research design is often applied to meet such goals: 

• Develop a better understanding of complex issues or phenomena 
• Identify patterns and relationships
• Test hypotheses and theories in natural settings
• Provide practical solutions
• Illustrate best practices or successful strategies.

Every case study writer can customize their work to fit the needs of a specific discipline, as shown below.

Use of Case Studies 

Looking for expert case study help ? Don't hesitate to contact our academic writers today to get the assistance you need. Our team of experts is ready to provide you with top-notch writings to help you achieve your academic or professional goals

Types of Case Studies

There are different types of case studies that scholars or students can bring into play. Each approach has its own focus and is chosen based on research objectives. 

• Descriptive case studies This approach involves a detailed examination of a particular situation or phenomenon to understand it better. Here, researchers see the context, events, and processes that led to a particular outcome, and get a comprehensive picture of the situation.
• Explanatory case studies Explanatory method allows us to understand the "why" and “how” behind a particular event or phenomenon. As the name suggests, this type of case study seeks to test and explain the causal relationship between independent and dependent variables . 
• Exploratory case studies Imagine being a detective and investigating a mystery or problem in its early stages. This is the main idea of an exploratory investigation. It helps to recognize key questions, potential patterns, and areas for further research. It's like peeling back the layers of an onion, revealing new insights and uncovering possible solutions. 
• Intrinsic case studies  Unlike other case study methods, an intrinsic approach is used to explore a unique instance. Here, researchers focus on a particular scenario in its own right, rather than trying to apply the outcomes to a broader population.  
• Instrumental case studies This type of study examines one instance to shed light on a larger group or phenomenon. Instrumental technique is a good choice if you want to develop theoretical frameworks and obtain generalizable findings.
• Cumulative case studies  While conducting cumulative research, students compile and synthesize information from multiple similar instances. Here, you combine the results of multiple studies to draw more generalized conclusions.
• Collective case reports Think of several individual instances being studied together to provide a broader understanding of a specific phenomenon. These instances are often connected by a common theme. This enables researchers to compare and contrast cases and uncover tendencies. 
• Critical case studies Researchers use this method to explore exceptional instances that are particularly interesting or thought-provoking. Critical approach helps to analyze why a specific situation occurred and what could have been done differently.

Case Study Structure: Main Parts

When investigating any phenomenon, it’s important to organize your sections in a logical manner. A structure of a case study usually includes such components:

• Introduction This section is a place to present a case. Provide a brief overview of your instance, introduce your key research objectives and prepare the readers for further analysis.
• Problem identification By laying out a problem, you will be able to show the scope and significance of your topic. Identify the main issue that will be examined and build a clear statement of the problem.
• Background A properly established context sets the stage for research and lays a foundation for case evaluation. Offer relevant background information on the instance. This can be a historical, geographical or cultural context.
• Methodology Describe your  methodology in research  – approach, data collection methods and analysis techniques used in your investigation.
• Solution  Now is the time to determine potential solutions to address the problem, and evaluate the pros and cons of each resolution. Make sure solutions are realistic.
• Results  Once a case study is conducted, you should share your key findings. Mention any data or evidence that was collected and analyzed.
• Discussion This part of a case study is a perfect opportunity for analysis. Discuss the implications of your outcomes and draw conclusions
• Conclusion Summarize your main points, restate a problem and solutions, and offer final recommendations or next steps.

Case Study Outline

Before you create a case study, it’s a good idea to prepare an outline. It serves as a skeleton of your project. A well-structured outline of a case study helps organize your thoughts in a logical manner.

Below you can see an example of a basic template. Feel free to use it for inspiration. 

General Outline  

• Brief subject introduction
• Research purpose and objectives
• Necessary context
• Problem/issue
• Problem significance
• Subject/idea history
• Setting or environment description
• Key challenges, opportunities, or turning points
• Research methods used to gather information
• Data analysis methods
• Possible strategies
• Assessment of solutions
• Recommended solvents
• Major discoveries from the data analysis
• Implications
• Limitations/challenges
• Summary of key points
• Restatement of the problem and solution
• Final suggestions or next steps

Based on the sample template shown above, arrange your key ideas and highlight critical information. You may change the blocks to meet your assignment’s unique requirements.

Before You Start Writing a Case Study

Preparation  is the key to success. To make your case study flawless, you need to establish your goal and plan. This will lay the foundation of the whole process before you begin writing.

Ensure you follow these 3 crucial steps before moving further. 

1. Carefully Read the Instructions 

Your professor may provide you with special requirements, case study rubric or exemplary works. The instructions may include details on preferred format, structure, word count, writing style or analysis techniques. Read given material attentively and make sure you fully understand the guidelines. 

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2. Conduct Research

Researching is the most time-consuming part of writing a case study. Review relevant studies on the research topic to gain a deeper understanding of your subject. You may want to go through different sources and identify their strengths and limitations. Strive to build a bridge between your case study report and existing gaps. 

Make sure to jot down all your ideas, opinions, notes or questions related to your research. This approach will help you build an outline and write a case study accordingly.  

3. Gather Data

Now you are all set for the data collection process. Identify the most relevant type of information pertinent to your research question.

Consider using primary sources such as interviews, surveys or questionnaires. Secondary resources may include books, articles, case studies and public documents. 

Your data must be accurate and reliable so double-check your research results before integrating them into your project.

How to Write a Case Study in 7 Steps?

Now that you are familiar with the preparation stages, it's time to dive into the writing process. Writing case studies can be challenging. But by following a structured approach, you can produce a clear and engaging work. 

To create a strong project, it's important to carefully plan and execute each step of your flow, from identifying the research question to presenting your conclusions. Below we have prepared detailed guidelines on how to write a case study paper. 

1. Introduce a Case Study

Start your case study introduction by presenting your subject and providing a brief overview of the research objectives. It's important to highlight the significance of your case and explain why it warrants examination. One way to do this is to focus on innovative aspects, such as a novel approach to a problem or a new technology. You can also emphasize the broader implications. 

You should also preview a structure. This will give readers an idea of what to expect. Briefly describe your main points or provide a rough outline. 

Case Study Introduction Example

2. Describe a Problem

Before you get to the problem, provide context that explains the issue at hand. Identify the scope and impact of this problem. One efficient strategy of creating case studies that trigger attention is integrating examples or statistics. This helps to understand how severe this situation is. 

Additionally, you may want to highlight any challenges or obstacles that have prevented a problem from being solved. 

Example of Problem Description in a Case Study

>> Read more: How to Write a Problem Statement

3. Discuss Research Methods 

Research methods you apply will define how to make a case study. There are multiple ways to collect data. So your primary task here is to figure out what kind of information you want to obtain. 

Your research strategy should align with your objectives. For instance, interviews can help capture detailed information from a small sample of people. On the other hand, surveys involve large groups of individuals. If you are using interviews or surveys, provide a list of questions participants were asked. 

You can also do experiments to test out different theories or conduct document analysis to identify trends. 

>> Learn more: What Is Experimental Design  

Example of How to Describe Research Methods 

4. Offer Solutions to the Problem 

The next stage involves coming up with potential solutions. Explain what strategies could be used to address the problem.

For example, if you write a case study on a business-related problem, solutions may involve implementing procedures to improve efficiency. Alternatively, in a healthcare niche, you will offer a new medication or therapy.

Be sure to provide evidence from your research or expert opinions to support your suggestions.

Here’s how to do a case study solutions section. 

Example of Solution

5. Present Your Key Results

Most scholars judge case study reports by research outcomes. You need to show that your solution works. Analyze collected data and share your most significant findings in your results section . This can be an increase in profits or a patient's health improvement. 

When you write your case study outcomes, it is important to organize the information in a clear and concise manner. Use tables, graphs and charts to illustrate your data visually. 

Provide a short summary of your results and their implications. But don’t just tell. You need to back up your research with evidence. If you used interviews, be sure to include any statistical analysis done for those results. 

Example of Case Study Research Results

6. Conclude with Recommendations

A conclusion of a case study is where you wrap everything up and provide recommendations for further research. Sum up your key points and explain how they could be used to solve similar problems. You can also highlight any unexpected findings or insights that emerged during the study. Don’t forget to discuss any ethical considerations or limitations. 

You need to create a lasting impression. For this, end a case study with a thought-provoking statement or call to action. 

Case Study Conclusion Example

7. Proofread Your Case Study

Once you are done with writing a case study, you need to carefully review it. Keep an eye on these things when checking your work: 

• Grammar mistakes Proofread your writing for typos and grammar errors. Feel free to use our  Grammar Checker  to make sure you got everything right.
• Clarity Check whether your work is readable and concise. Avoid long sentences and complex structures.
• Sources accuracy Make sure to check all sources for accuracy. It is also important to ensure that all reported data is up-to-date.
• Citations Ascertain whether all sources are properly cited and the same style is used consistently throughout your paper.

Case Study Format

Besides the content, it is also important to stick to a specific case study paper format. The layout of your paper should follow guidelines of the chosen citation style.

There are different ways to format a case study. Commonly used styles include APA, MLA, Chicago and Harvard. Each format  presents specific requirements for formatting your text and references. 

Check out our detailed guides listed below to learn more about each style. 

>>  How to Write a Paper in APA Format?

>>  How to Do MLA Format?  

>>  How to Write a Chicago Style Paper?

Case Study Examples

Getting actual examples of case studies can be a great way to learn and understand how to write one. To help you out, we have collected several sample case study paper examples for different disciplines. Feel free to use these samples as inspiration when writing your own paper.

Case Study Writing Tips

With the right approach, your effort will reward you with an A+. In this section, we will list some actionable tips on how to write a good case study: 

• Planning your work ahead Planning your work ahead Make sure to create an outline before you start writing and stick to it throughout the entire process.
• Arranging your data logically Break down complex information into chunks and use visual elements (tables, graphs, diagrams) to present it.
• Structuring your writing Use headings and subheadings to organize your content and make key points easy to access.
• Keeping your text simple Write your case study in an easy-to-read language and refrain from complex sentence structures.
• Remaining impartial Be objective in your analysis and avoid personal biases.

Mistakes to Avoid When Writing a Case Study

Even a small mistake can undermine your whole work. Here are some common pitfalls students fail to account for in their case studies:

• Focusing too much on the background Provide enough space for analysis of your problem and solution.
• Stuffing with direct quotes Quotes can be used as evidence in your paper. But relying on them too much will make it sound overly repetitive.
• Not referring to all sources Always cite your sources correctly and use only reliable data in your paper.
• Being vague Avoid general statements and be more specific while discussing your results and solutions.
• Failing to mention possible gaps Always consider ethical considerations or limitations.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Case Study

Using a case study approach as your research method has its own pros and cons. On one hand, it is an effective way to explore a particular issue in detail. On the other, there are certain limitations that come with this approach. Below we will cover both strengths and limitations of case studies.

Benefits of Case Study

A case study is like a seed that can grow into a fruitful tree, providing resolutions to intricate problems. Here are the biggest case study benefits you can use to your advantage:

• In-depth analysis Researchers can gather a lot of information on a specific topic or issue.
• Insights into elaborate issues Allows researchers to examine complex issues in a controlled manner.
• Real-life situations You are able to test theories or hypotheses in real-world settings.
• Comprehensive approach Researchers can collect both quantitative and qualitative data.
• Unique revelations This method can enlight on previously unexplored or understudied areas.

Limitations of Case Study

As with any research method, case studies have their fair share of drawbacks. Let's take a closer look at some of the most prevalent issues that can arise when using this approach.

• Limited generalizability Due to the small sample size and unique nature of each case, it can be difficult to generalize findings to a larger population.
• Observer bias Researchers may bring their own biases and perspectives, which can influence their results and interpretations.
• Time-consuming and expensive This approach requires significant time and resources to conduct, making it less feasible for some research questions.
• Lack of control In contrast to experimental research, case studies lack control over extraneous variables. This can make it difficult to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
• Subjectivity Collected data is often subjective and open to interpretation, which can introduce potential errors.

Case Study Paper Writing Checklist

Before you write a case study assignment, make sure to recap all the information you have learnt today. Refer to this checklist to ensure you are on the right track. 

Bottom Line on How to Write a Case Study

Writing a case study can be an incredibly challenging task for any student. However, with the right approach and tips, you can easily turn this daunting task into a pleasant experience. 

We hope this article helped you understand how to write a case study. Remember to focus on the practical part and avoid overgeneralizing or cherry-picking data.

Our paper writing service is your best choice. We have helped thousands of students with their projects and would be glad to assist you, too. Our team of skilled writers is ready to help you complete your work upon ‘ write my case study ’ request.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. what is a case study in research.

A case study is a research method that involves an in-depth analysis of a particular subject. This approach most often focuses on a single event, person or group. It provides insight into the context of a problem and can be used to explore solutions to intricate issues.

2. What is the difference between a case study and a research paper?

The main difference between a case study and a research paper is in their scope. A case study explores a limited number of subjects, while research papers investigate multiple variables and/or draw conclusions from larger data sets. While both works contain evidence-based information, the focus and approach taken are quite different. Research papers are more general in nature, while case studies focus on narrow problems.

3. How long should a case study be?

The length of a case study varies depending on the type of assignment. Case studies intended for scholarly articles range from 3,000 to 4,0000 words or more. Meanwhile, if it’s a separate chapter in your MA or PhD dissertation, you will need to keep it between 8,000-15,000 words. Follow specific guidelines provided by your professor or institution. 

4. Why is a case study important?

Case studies are an important research tool, as they provide detailed information on a particular issue. By exploring a single instance from multiple angles, researchers can uncover solutions to complicated problems that may not be immediately apparent. Using this method, scientists also test hypotheses and generate new theories.

5. What makes a good case study?

A good case study should be organized, well-researched, and contain evidence. Some characteristics of a case study include:

• Precise subject overview
• Thorough analysis that goes beyond surface-level information
• Examination of a single scenario from various perspectives
• Fact-based arguments
• Validated findings.

6. How to start a case study?

To start a case study, begin by carefully reading requirements and identifying the main problem to be addressed. Don't jump to conclusions or make assumptions – take it one step at a time. Once you have a clear understanding of your goal, gather relevant data. This includes doing research, interviewing people, and analyzing relevant documents.

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• checkbox I thoroughly researched my topic and gathered relevant information.
• checkbox A problem/issue is clearly defined. 
• checkbox My case study structure is well-organized. 
• checkbox I used appropriate research methods to gather data.
• checkbox My findings are well-supported by analysis and evidence. 
• checkbox I discussed possible limitations and ethical considerations. 
• checkbox The work offers recommendations for further research.
• checkbox My paper adheres to formatting guidelines required by my instructor.

A researcher is interested in studying the effects of a newly implemented teaching method on student performance. To find out, they observe a class of 30 students over one semester. The researcher compares the test scores from before and after the method was used, documenting its effectiveness.  The study results showed that academic performance had improved by 11.5% since the new teaching method was implemented. The researcher concluded that this approach works well and can be generalized to a broader population.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition that can arise in individuals who have experienced a traumatic event. In this case study, we examine the experiences of a patient who was diagnosed with PTSD following a car accident. Our analysis focuses on the patient's symptoms, including intrusive thoughts, hyperarousal, and avoidance behaviors. We also explore the treatments employed to manage these symptoms. By analyzing this case, we aim to provide insights into the challenges of treating PTSD and offer recommendations for improving therapeutic interventions for individuals suffering from this condition.

John is a 28-year-old man who was involved in a serious car accident three months ago. Since then, he has been experiencing PTSD symptoms, including recurring nightmares, flashbacks, and feelings of anxiety. These symptoms have affected his work performance and relationships with family and friends. Despite seeking help from his primary care physician and attending therapy sessions, John has not experienced significant improvement. The challenge is to identify effective treatments that can help John manage his PTSD and improve his quality of life.

In this research, both quantitative and qualitative data were utilized. 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants who had experienced PTSD symptoms following a traumatic event. Additionally, data was collected from a survey of 253 individuals who had not been diagnosed with PTSD. We inquired about their experiences with trauma and the types of coping strategies they used to manage stress. Medical records from John's primary care physician were analyzed to track his progress over time. The combination of quantitative and qualitative data allowed for a comprehensive understanding of John's unique experiences with PTSD.

One potential solution for addressing John's PTSD symptoms is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). According to a study by Bisson and colleagues (2013), CBT has been found to be effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD in individuals who have experienced traumatic events. The therapist can work with John to identify and challenge negative thought patterns related to his traumatic experience and teach him coping skills to manage his anxiety and stress.

Our analysis showed that participants who received cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) reported a significant decrease in symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as compared to those who received no therapy. Specifically, the group who received CBT experienced a 35% reduction in symptoms. Meanwhile, the control group experienced no significant change. These findings suggest that CBT may be an effective treatment option for individuals with PTSD.

Our research highlighted the significant impact of PTSD on individuals who have experienced a traumatic event. The results suggested that cognitive-behavioral therapy and reprocessing therapy are effective treatments for PTSD. However, more research is needed to determine the long-term effects of these treatments. Additionally, the stigma surrounding mental health and seeking treatment remains a significant barrier to access to care. It is crucial for healthcare professionals and policymakers to address this issue and increase access to mental health services.

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Writing the Case Study

How should i approach it.

Investigating and writing up a report will require the completion of specific stages. You will need to timetable sufficient time to complete each stage, but also be aware that some stages are revisited while you are analysing the case and writing the report. Thinking and writing becomes a cyclical process.

Stages essential for analysing and writing a case study report may include:

1. Define the task

Your first step is to read the case and all the instructions for the assignment.

Use the checklist as a guide. You can print out this checklist to record your definition of the task. You may find it helpful to compare and discuss your understanding of the task with other students or colleagues. Try to visualise all the elements of the problem by using mind-maps to chart the main issues on a large piece of paper.

Checklist for defining the task

2. Consider which theories and analysis tools may apply to the situation

Your course notes, text books and readings should indicate the appropriate methodology for your case study analysis

Identify the problems

In your initial analysis you should identify the problems (issues/risks etc.) inherent in the case. Read to uncover the organisation's history of success and failure in relation to the case, the communication processes that are occurring, and relevant current strengths and weaknesses of the organisation or its activities that relate to the case.

A useful technique here is to create a mind-map of the situation, the processes and problems or issues. Use the mind-map to separate the problem elements and to note the most important and their relationships.

In your notes, document the causes and consequences of the problems highlighted in the case and also your preliminary ideas for solutions. Be prepared to discover more problems and solutions as you continue your analysis of the case!

Apply analysis tools

There are many tools available for analysis in the management and engineering fields but you need to evaluate which tools would best apply to your assessment of the issues/problems / risks etc. If you are unsure about which tool to use, read the rationale and purpose of each tool and discuss the options with your colleagues and course facilitator.

Document your results and ideas

It is important to create a complete set of notes that will be useful to refer to when writing up the case study report. For this reason record your findings and your own thoughts on the case. Also clearly document any testing, calculations or specifications that relate to your investigation of solutions as well.

3. Make recommendations and form conclusions

Make recommendations.

Recommendations are a clear statement (in text and/or table format) of what action should be taken to minimise, solve or remove the problems being investigated. Recommendations usually require a detailed action plan for implementation of a solution or a range of solutions depending on future events/scenarios.

According to Jarvis (2002), "for each part of your solution ask: 

• Will it work - why - what could possibly go wrong?
• Who will do it, are they capable, who else might be, who might be block?
• When- timing-sequence?
• How and how much –cost it out- where are the pay offs/savings?"

Form conclusions

Conclusions are drawn from your analysis and assessment of the situation. You usually consider must and desirable objectives. Also consider the limitations of your recommendations based on your testing of solutions and original assumptions that had to be made in the case.

4. Write the report

This section provides some advice on the process of writing up your report.

Plan the report 

Before you begin to write the report, it is essential to have a plan of its structure. You can begin to plan the report while you are investigating the case.

Fist, prepare an outline (in list or mind-map format) of the main headings and subheadings you will have in the report. Then add notes and ideas to the outline which remind you of what you want to achieve in each section and subsection. Use the outline to help you consider what information to include, where it should go and in what sequence. Be prepared to change your outline as your ideas develop. Finally, the outline headings and subheadings can be converted into the contents page of your report. 

Schedule your writing time

Prepare a schedule for writing and editing the sections of the report. Allow some extra time just in case you find some sections difficult to write. Begin by writing the sections you feel most confident about. Preliminary sections (executive summary, introduction) and supplementary sections (conclusions, reference list and appendices) are usually prepared last. Some writers like to begin with their conclusions (where the writer's thoughts are at that moment) or the methodology (it's easier to write about your own work). 

Analyse your audience 

In writing a case study report in your course, the report is often intended for an imaginary person so you need to make sure that your language and style suites that person. For example, a report for senior management will be different in content and style and language to a technical report. A report to a community group would also be different again in content, style and language. Audience definition helps you decide what to include in the report based on what readers need to know to perform their jobs better or what the readers need to know to increase their knowledge about your subject. These notes on audience analysis are adapted from Huckin and Olsen (p1991)

*After: Huckin & Olsen ,1991.1.

• Who will read the report? Think about all the uses of the report and where and when it would be read. Reports written within an organisation may be read by different people and different departments; for example, technical and design specialists, supervisors, senior managers, lawyers, marketing and finance specialists.
• What are the readers' needs and goals? Each department or unit in an organisation has its own needs and goals. Understanding the different perspectives can help you decide how to communicate persuasively to these groups. For example while design engineers may prefer to develop new or alternative design to show progress in their field, the marketing specialist may prefer that the organisation imitate a known successful design to save time.
• How do I make communication clear for managers? Communication must be accessible and useful to busy managers as they will primarily seek important generalisations. This has implications for the report's structure, the amount of orientation or background information provided and the level of technical language used. An executive summary, introductions to new sections and concluding summaries for major sections should be included in the report.
• What might be the readers' preferences or objections to the report? You may need to address the significance and benefits/limitations of your recommendations from a number of readers' perspectives in the report. You may also need to consider compromises as a way to acknowledge potential conflicts or criticisms of your recommendations or solutions.

Prepare a draft report 

Writers rarely produce a perfect piece of text in their first attempt so a number of drafts are usually produced. Careful planning and editing will ensure a consistent professional standard in the report. You will need to do the following:

• Revise the task often 

Do this by keeping both the reader's needs and the report's objectives in mind as you gather information, take notes and write sections of the report.

• Be selective 

Do this by taking clear notes, which include the information gathered and your thoughts about the usefulness and the implications of this information. Review your notes to decide what is essential information to include in the report.

• Create a logical structure 

Use your contents page outline to decide where information will go. Within each section, plan the subheadings and then decide on the sequence of information within these.

Check that your writing flows and that your ideas are supported and plausible. If you are not sure what to look for, here are links to advice and activities on report organisation, cohesion and evidence.

Ensure that all your figures and tables communicate a clear message. Show a colleague your visuals to check how they will be interpreted or 'read'.

• Edit, edit, edit

For first drafts, a word processor's spell checker and grammar checker can be useful however, do not rely solely on these tools in your final edit as they are not perfect. Errors will be overlooked or even created by these programs! The best ways to edit are to read a printed copy and where possible get a colleague to read and give feedback.

Here is a report checklist that you can print out: CHECKLIST

5. Prepare the reference list

The reference list is a list of all the sources you refer to in the report. If you do not reference sources of information, your assignment could be failed. As you read and take notes remember to collect the following information so that you can easily and quickly assemble your reference list.

 Further advice on the conventions for formatting reference lists and 'in text' references can be found in the Academic Skills toolkit .

6. Prepare cover/title page

Check your course requirements on the content and layout of the title page. As a general rule include the following:

• Institution the authors are affiliated with: eg UNSW School of Safety Science
• Title of the report

Eg "BHP Billiton Risk Assessment: Strategic Political Risks to BHP's Operations In Angola". 

• Author/s names (+ student numbers)
• Course name and code
• Date document was submitted

7. Final edit

At this stage it is best if you can leave the report for a day or so before conducting a final proof-read. This assists you to approach your report as a 'reader' rather than as the 'writer' so you will more easily see errors. You should expect to spend a couple of hours on this task.

• Reread the assignment guidelines so the task is fresh in your mind. Read the whole report to check that there is a logical structure to the whole report.
• Check each section of the report (including your executive summary, introduction and conclusion) for content and structure. Note changes to make in the sequence of sections.
• Note (highlight) changes you wish to make within sections (delete, simplify, expand, reorganise). In particular look closely at transition sections, figures and tables, sentences, referencing conventions and document formatting.
• Read through the report and make changes as required.

Here are some editing activities for you to try!

How is a case study organised?

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Step-by-step guide how to write a case study assignment.

This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the process of writing a case study assignment, providing essential steps and valuable tips to assist students in creating high-quality and well-researched case studies. Whether you are a novice or an experienced writer, this guide will provide valuable insights into how to meet your instructors’ expectations and showcase your understanding of the subject matter.

Understanding the Concept of a Case Study

A case study is a research method that involves conducting an in-depth examination of a specific subject or phenomenon, such as an individual, group, organization, or event. It is commonly employed in various disciplines, including business, marketing, law, healthcare, and social sciences, among others. The primary purpose of a case study is to analyze and comprehend the subject under study, identify any challenges or issues, and provide practical solutions or recommendations based on the findings.

Case studies typically entail collecting and analyzing data from multiple sources, such as interviews, observations, surveys, and documents. The data is then examined to identify patterns, themes, and trends that can be used to draw conclusions and develop recommendations. Case studies can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory, depending on the research questions and objectives.

In summary, a case study is a research method that involves a thorough investigation of a specific subject or phenomenon, with the aim of understanding it better and offering practical solutions or recommendations. It serves as a valuable tool for researchers and practitioners across various disciplines, providing insights into real-life situations and informing decision-making processes.

Types of Case Studies

Several types of case studies exist, each with unique characteristics and purposes. The following are some of the most common types:

• Exploratory Case Study: This type is used when researchers aim to gain preliminary insights into a new or complex issue. It involves in-depth exploration of a topic, often with limited prior knowledge or existing research.
• Descriptive Case Study: A descriptive case study aims to provide a detailed description of a situation or phenomenon. It involves collecting data on various aspects of the case and presenting a comprehensive overview.
• Explanatory Case Study: An explanatory case study seeks to explain why a particular phenomenon occurred. It typically involves identifying the causes and effects of the issue and developing hypotheses to explain their relationships. Obtaining assistance with your case studies is possible by Pay for online assignment services for a fee.
• Instrumental Case Study: An instrumental case study focuses on a specific problem or issue, aiming to provide practical solutions or recommendations. It is commonly employed in business and management studies.
• Collective Case Study: This type involves analyzing multiple cases that share similar characteristics or themes. It allows researchers to compare and contrast different cases to identify common patterns and trends.
• Intrinsic Case Study: An intrinsic case study is undertaken to gain a deep understanding of a particular case that is unique or unusual in some way. It is often employed in social science and humanities research.
• Developing Analytical and Critical Thinking Skills: Case studies require students to analyze and evaluate complex situations, identify key issues, and develop practical solutions or recommendations. This process helps in the development of analytical and critical thinking skills, which are essential for success in academic and professional settings.
• Enhancing Research Skills: Case studies necessitate thorough research, data collection, and analysis from various sources. This process helps students improve their research skills and learn how to apply research methodologies to real-world situations or how to write a literature review
• Demonstrating Practical Application of Knowledge: Writing a case study assignment allows students to apply theoretical concepts and knowledge to real-life situations. It helps them demonstrate their understanding of the subject matter and its practical application.
• Improving Communication Skills: Engaging in case study writing necessitates students to proficiently convey their findings, analysis, and recommendations. This undertaking assists in honing their skills in written and verbal communication, which hold paramount importance in academic and professional environments.
• Preparing for Future Careers Case studies find extensive usage in various professional fields, including business, healthcare, law, marketing, and more. Engaging in case study assignments equips students with the essential skills and knowledge required for their prospective careers.
• Determining the Length of a Case Study Assignment The length of a case study assignment is subject to the specific requirements and guidelines provided by the instructor or professor. Typically, a standard case study assignment may range from 500 to 1500 words, although the length may vary for different assignments. It is crucial to adhere to the provided guidelines and instructions to ensure that the assignment meets the expected standards and requirements.
• Steps and Format for Writing a Case Study Assignment Outlined below is an overview of the steps and format to follow when writing a case study assignment:
• Understand the Assignment Requirements Before commencing the case study assignment It is vital to thoroughly comprehend the assignment requirements, including the format, length, and specific instructions provided by the instructor or professor. This understanding will assist in maintaining focus and ensuring that the assignment aligns with the expected standards.
• Select a Relevant Case Study Choose a case study that pertains to the subject matter of your assignment. Option for a case study that is engaging, informative, and exemplifies the key concepts or issues you intend to explore in your assignment.

The choice of case study type depends on the research question, the study’s purpose, and the characteristics of the case being examined.

Importance of Writing a Case Study Assignment Writing a case study assignment offers several benefits for students, including:

Conducting Research

Thoroughly conduct research to gather relevant information and data pertaining to the case study. This process may involve examining academic journals, books, and other credible sources of information. Take meticulous notes and organize your research material to facilitate easy reference while writing your assignment.

Analyzing the Case Study

Engage in a detailed analysis of the case study, identifying key issues, challenges, and opportunities. Consider the contextual factors surrounding the case study, the stakeholders involved, and the potential outcomes and implications of various decisions and actions.

Developing a Thesis Statement Based on your analysis of the case study

Craft a clear and concise thesis statement that distinctly outlines the main argument or focus of your assignment. Ensure that your thesis statement centers around the key issues and concepts you intend to explore.

Writing the Introduction

Compose an introduction that furnishes background information on the case study and establishes the context for your analysis. Provide a brief summary of the case study, present the primary research question or thesis statement, and provide an overview of the key issues and concepts that will be addressed in your assignment. If needed, Professional Assignment Help can assist you in crafting a perfect introduction.

Writing the Body Structure

The body of your assignment into sections that concentrate on different aspects of the case study. Each section should commence with a clear topic sentence that outlines the main point or argument it addresses. Utilize evidence and data derived from your research to substantiate your analysis and arguments.

Write the Conclusion

Compose a conclusion that succinctly summarizes the key findings and arguments presented in your assignment. Restate your thesis statement to reinforce its significance. Additionally, provide recommendations or suggestions for future research or action based on the insights gained from the case study.

Edit and Proofread

Thoroughly review and revise your assignment, paying close attention to spelling and grammar errors, ensuring consistency in formatting and style, and enhancing overall clarity and coherence.

Format A typical case study assignment should follow the following format:

• Title page: Include the assignment’s title, your name, course name and number, and the date.
• Abstract: Offer a concise summary of the case study, highlighting the main findings and conclusions.
• Introduction: Provide background information on the case study and establish the context for your analysis.
• Literature Review: Present an overview of pertinent literature and previous research relevant to the case study.
• Methodology: Explain the research methods and techniques employed in your analysis.
• Results: Conduct a detailed analysis of the case study, delving into key issues, challenges, and opportunities.
• Discussion: Engage in a comprehensive discussion of the primary findings and conclusions, emphasizing their implications.
• Conclusion: Summarize the key findings and arguments, restate the thesis statement, and offer recommendations for future research or action.
• References: Include a list of all sources cited in your assignment, appropriately formatted according to the designated citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
• Appendices (if necessary): Supplement your analysis with additional materials or data, such as charts, graphs, or tables.

By adhering to these steps and following the prescribed format, you can develop a well-structured and informative case study assignment that meets the expectations and requirements set by your instructor or professor.

In conclusion, writing a case study assignment can be a challenging yet rewarding undertaking for students. It affords them an opportunity to apply theoretical concepts to real-life scenarios and cultivate analytical and problem-solving skills. To produce an effective case study assignment, it is crucial to adopt a structured approach, encompassing the identification of the research question, research conduct, data analysis, and the presentation of findings in a clear and concise manner. By following the steps and adhering to the format outlined in this guide, students can create high-quality case study assignments that showcase their comprehension of the subject matter and ability to apply theoretical concepts to practical situations.

Case Study Assignment Help from AcademicExpert.uk 

Case study assignment Help are an integral part of academic coursework across various disciplines. These assignments require students to analyze real-life scenarios, apply theoretical concepts, and provide practical solutions or recommendations based on their findings. However, tackling a case study assignment Help can be a challenging task for many students due to its complexity and the need for in-depth research and critical thinking.

To alleviate the difficulties faced by students, case study assignment help services have emerged as a valuable resource. These services provide professional assistance to students who seek guidance and support in completing their case study assignment Help . By opting for case study assignment help , students can benefit in several ways.

Firstly, expert writers with subject-specific knowledge and expertise in conducting case study research are assigned to assist students. These writers possess a deep understanding of the subject matter and are skilled in analyzing complex scenarios.

Secondly, case study assignment help services offer customized solutions tailored to meet the specific requirements and guidelines provided by the students’ instructors or professors. This ensures that the assignments are well-aligned with the expected standards and expectations.

Additionally, these services save students’ time and effort by conducting thorough research, analyzing data, and structuring the assignment in a coherent and logical manner. This allows students to focus on other important academic commitments or engage in extracurricular activities.

Furthermore, case study assignment help services often provide timely delivery of assignments, enabling students to meet their submission deadlines without compromising on quality.

In conclusion, case study assignment help services play a crucial role in supporting students with their academic workload. By availing these services, students can receive expert guidance, improve their understanding of the subject matter, and submit high-quality assignments that demonstrate their analytical and problem-solving skills.

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Blog Business How to Present a Case Study like a Pro (With Examples)

How to Present a Case Study like a Pro (With Examples)

Written by: Danesh Ramuthi Sep 07, 2023

Okay, let’s get real: case studies can be kinda snooze-worthy. But guess what? They don’t have to be!

In this article, I will cover every element that transforms a mere report into a compelling case study, from selecting the right metrics to using persuasive narrative techniques.

And if you’re feeling a little lost, don’t worry! There are cool tools like Venngage’s Case Study Creator to help you whip up something awesome, even if you’re short on time. Plus, the pre-designed case study templates are like instant polish because let’s be honest, everyone loves a shortcut.

Click to jump ahead: 

What is a case study presentation?

What is the purpose of presenting a case study, how to structure a case study presentation, how long should a case study presentation be, 5 case study presentation examples with templates, 6 tips for delivering an effective case study presentation, 5 common mistakes to avoid in a case study presentation, how to present a case study faqs.

A case study presentation involves a comprehensive examination of a specific subject, which could range from an individual, group, location, event, organization or phenomenon.

They’re like puzzles you get to solve with the audience, all while making you think outside the box.

Unlike a basic report or whitepaper, the purpose of a case study presentation is to stimulate critical thinking among the viewers. 

The primary objective of a case study is to provide an extensive and profound comprehension of the chosen topic. You don’t just throw numbers at your audience. You use examples and real-life cases to make you think and see things from different angles.

The primary purpose of presenting a case study is to offer a comprehensive, evidence-based argument that informs, persuades and engages your audience.

Here’s the juicy part: presenting that case study can be your secret weapon. Whether you’re pitching a groundbreaking idea to a room full of suits or trying to impress your professor with your A-game, a well-crafted case study can be the magic dust that sprinkles brilliance over your words.

Think of it like digging into a puzzle you can’t quite crack . A case study lets you explore every piece, turn it over and see how it fits together. This close-up look helps you understand the whole picture, not just a blurry snapshot.

It’s also your chance to showcase how you analyze things, step by step, until you reach a conclusion. It’s all about being open and honest about how you got there.

Besides, presenting a case study gives you an opportunity to connect data and real-world scenarios in a compelling narrative. It helps to make your argument more relatable and accessible, increasing its impact on your audience.

One of the contexts where case studies can be very helpful is during the job interview. In some job interviews, you as candidates may be asked to present a case study as part of the selection process.

Having a case study presentation prepared allows the candidate to demonstrate their ability to understand complex issues, formulate strategies and communicate their ideas effectively.

The way you present a case study can make all the difference in how it’s received. A well-structured presentation not only holds the attention of your audience but also ensures that your key points are communicated clearly and effectively.

In this section, let’s go through the key steps that’ll help you structure your case study presentation for maximum impact.

Let’s get into it. 

Open with an introductory overview 

Start by introducing the subject of your case study and its relevance. Explain why this case study is important and who would benefit from the insights gained. This is your opportunity to grab your audience’s attention.

Explain the problem in question

Dive into the problem or challenge that the case study focuses on. Provide enough background information for the audience to understand the issue. If possible, quantify the problem using data or metrics to show the magnitude or severity.

Detail the solutions to solve the problem

After outlining the problem, describe the steps taken to find a solution. This could include the methodology, any experiments or tests performed and the options that were considered. Make sure to elaborate on why the final solution was chosen over the others.

Key stakeholders Involved

Talk about the individuals, groups or organizations that were directly impacted by or involved in the problem and its solution. 

Stakeholders may experience a range of outcomes—some may benefit, while others could face setbacks.

For example, in a business transformation case study, employees could face job relocations or changes in work culture, while shareholders might be looking at potential gains or losses.

Discuss the key results & outcomes

Discuss the results of implementing the solution. Use data and metrics to back up your statements. Did the solution meet its objectives? What impact did it have on the stakeholders? Be honest about any setbacks or areas for improvement as well.

Include visuals to support your analysis

Visual aids can be incredibly effective in helping your audience grasp complex issues. Utilize charts, graphs, images or video clips to supplement your points. Make sure to explain each visual and how it contributes to your overall argument.

Pie charts illustrate the proportion of different components within a whole, useful for visualizing market share, budget allocation or user demographics.

This is particularly useful especially if you’re displaying survey results in your case study presentation.

Stacked charts on the other hand are perfect for visualizing composition and trends. This is great for analyzing things like customer demographics, product breakdowns or budget allocation in your case study.

Consider this example of a stacked bar chart template. It provides a straightforward summary of the top-selling cake flavors across various locations, offering a quick and comprehensive view of the data.

Not the chart you’re looking for? Browse Venngage’s gallery of chart templates to find the perfect one that’ll captivate your audience and level up your data storytelling.

Recommendations and next steps

Wrap up by providing recommendations based on the case study findings. Outline the next steps that stakeholders should take to either expand on the success of the project or address any remaining challenges.

Acknowledgments and references

Thank the people who contributed to the case study and helped in the problem-solving process. Cite any external resources, reports or data sets that contributed to your analysis.

Feedback & Q&A session

Open the floor for questions and feedback from your audience. This allows for further discussion and can provide additional insights that may not have been considered previously.

Closing remarks

Conclude the presentation by summarizing the key points and emphasizing the takeaways. Thank your audience for their time and participation and express your willingness to engage in further discussions or collaborations on the subject.

Well, the length of a case study presentation can vary depending on the complexity of the topic and the needs of your audience. However, a typical business or academic presentation often lasts between 15 to 30 minutes. 

This time frame usually allows for a thorough explanation of the case while maintaining audience engagement. However, always consider leaving a few minutes at the end for a Q&A session to address any questions or clarify points made during the presentation.

When it comes to presenting a compelling case study, having a well-structured template can be a game-changer. 

It helps you organize your thoughts, data and findings in a coherent and visually pleasing manner. 

Not all case studies are created equal and different scenarios require distinct approaches for maximum impact. 

To save you time and effort, I have curated a list of 5 versatile case study presentation templates, each designed for specific needs and audiences. 

Here are some best case study presentation examples that showcase effective strategies for engaging your audience and conveying complex information clearly.

1 . Lab report case study template

Ever feel like your research gets lost in a world of endless numbers and jargon? Lab case studies are your way out!

Think of it as building a bridge between your cool experiment and everyone else. It’s more than just reporting results – it’s explaining the “why” and “how” in a way that grabs attention and makes sense.

This lap report template acts as a blueprint for your report, guiding you through each essential section (introduction, methods, results, etc.) in a logical order.

Want to present your research like a pro? Browse our research presentation template gallery for creative inspiration!

2. Product case study template

It’s time you ditch those boring slideshows and bullet points because I’ve got a better way to win over clients: product case study templates.

Instead of just listing features and benefits, you get to create a clear and concise story that shows potential clients exactly what your product can do for them. It’s like painting a picture they can easily visualize, helping them understand the value your product brings to the table.

Grab the template below, fill in the details, and watch as your product’s impact comes to life!

3. Content marketing case study template

In digital marketing, showcasing your accomplishments is as vital as achieving them. 

A well-crafted case study not only acts as a testament to your successes but can also serve as an instructional tool for others. 

With this coral content marketing case study template—a perfect blend of vibrant design and structured documentation, you can narrate your marketing triumphs effectively.

4. Case study psychology template

Understanding how people tick is one of psychology’s biggest quests and case studies are like magnifying glasses for the mind. They offer in-depth looks at real-life behaviors, emotions and thought processes, revealing fascinating insights into what makes us human.

Writing a top-notch case study, though, can be a challenge. It requires careful organization, clear presentation and meticulous attention to detail. That’s where a good case study psychology template comes in handy.

Think of it as a helpful guide, taking care of formatting and structure while you focus on the juicy content. No more wrestling with layouts or margins – just pour your research magic into crafting a compelling narrative.

5. Lead generation case study template

Lead generation can be a real head-scratcher. But here’s a little help: a lead generation case study.

Think of it like a friendly handshake and a confident resume all rolled into one. It’s your chance to showcase your expertise, share real-world successes and offer valuable insights. Potential clients get to see your track record, understand your approach and decide if you’re the right fit.

No need to start from scratch, though. This lead generation case study template guides you step-by-step through crafting a clear, compelling narrative that highlights your wins and offers actionable tips for others. Fill in the gaps with your specific data and strategies, and voilà! You’ve got a powerful tool to attract new customers.

Related: 15+ Professional Case Study Examples [Design Tips + Templates]

So, you’ve spent hours crafting the perfect case study and are now tasked with presenting it. Crafting the case study is only half the battle; delivering it effectively is equally important. 

Whether you’re facing a room of executives, academics or potential clients, how you present your findings can make a significant difference in how your work is received. 

Forget boring reports and snooze-inducing presentations! Let’s make your case study sing. Here are some key pointers to turn information into an engaging and persuasive performance:

• Know your audience : Tailor your presentation to the knowledge level and interests of your audience. Remember to use language and examples that resonate with them.
• Rehearse : Rehearsing your case study presentation is the key to a smooth delivery and for ensuring that you stay within the allotted time. Practice helps you fine-tune your pacing, hone your speaking skills with good word pronunciations and become comfortable with the material, leading to a more confident, conversational and effective presentation.
• Start strong : Open with a compelling introduction that grabs your audience’s attention. You might want to use an interesting statistic, a provocative question or a brief story that sets the stage for your case study.
• Be clear and concise : Avoid jargon and overly complex sentences. Get to the point quickly and stay focused on your objectives.
• Use visual aids : Incorporate slides with graphics, charts or videos to supplement your verbal presentation. Make sure they are easy to read and understand.
• Tell a story : Use storytelling techniques to make the case study more engaging. A well-told narrative can help you make complex data more relatable and easier to digest.

Ditching the dry reports and slide decks? Venngage’s case study templates let you wow customers with your solutions and gain insights to improve your business plan. Pre-built templates, visual magic and customer captivation – all just a click away. Go tell your story and watch them say “wow!”

Nailed your case study, but want to make your presentation even stronger? Avoid these common mistakes to ensure your audience gets the most out of it:

Overloading with information

A case study is not an encyclopedia. Overloading your presentation with excessive data, text or jargon can make it cumbersome and difficult for the audience to digest the key points. Stick to what’s essential and impactful. Need help making your data clear and impactful? Our data presentation templates can help! Find clear and engaging visuals to showcase your findings.

Lack of structure

Jumping haphazardly between points or topics can confuse your audience. A well-structured presentation, with a logical flow from introduction to conclusion, is crucial for effective communication.

Ignoring the audience

Different audiences have different needs and levels of understanding. Failing to adapt your presentation to your audience can result in a disconnect and a less impactful presentation.

Poor visual elements

While content is king, poor design or lack of visual elements can make your case study dull or hard to follow. Make sure you use high-quality images, graphs and other visual aids to support your narrative.

Not focusing on results

A case study aims to showcase a problem and its solution, but what most people care about are the results. Failing to highlight or adequately explain the outcomes can make your presentation fall flat.

How to start a case study presentation?

Starting a case study presentation effectively involves a few key steps:

• Grab attention : Open with a hook—an intriguing statistic, a provocative question or a compelling visual—to engage your audience from the get-go.
• Set the stage : Briefly introduce the subject, context and relevance of the case study to give your audience an idea of what to expect.
• Outline objectives : Clearly state what the case study aims to achieve. Are you solving a problem, proving a point or showcasing a success?
• Agenda : Give a quick outline of the key sections or topics you’ll cover to help the audience follow along.
• Set expectations : Let your audience know what you want them to take away from the presentation, whether it’s knowledge, inspiration or a call to action.

How to present a case study on PowerPoint and on Google Slides?

Presenting a case study on PowerPoint and Google Slides involves a structured approach for clarity and impact using presentation slides :

• Title slide : Start with a title slide that includes the name of the case study, your name and any relevant institutional affiliations.
• Introduction : Follow with a slide that outlines the problem or situation your case study addresses. Include a hook to engage the audience.
• Objectives : Clearly state the goals of the case study in a dedicated slide.
• Findings : Use charts, graphs and bullet points to present your findings succinctly.
• Analysis : Discuss what the findings mean, drawing on supporting data or secondary research as necessary.
• Conclusion : Summarize key takeaways and results.
• Q&A : End with a slide inviting questions from the audience.

What’s the role of analysis in a case study presentation?

The role of analysis in a case study presentation is to interpret the data and findings, providing context and meaning to them. 

It helps your audience understand the implications of the case study, connects the dots between the problem and the solution and may offer recommendations for future action.

Is it important to include real data and results in the presentation?

Yes, including real data and results in a case study presentation is crucial to show experience,  credibility and impact. Authentic data lends weight to your findings and conclusions, enabling the audience to trust your analysis and take your recommendations more seriously

How do I conclude a case study presentation effectively?

To conclude a case study presentation effectively, summarize the key findings, insights and recommendations in a clear and concise manner. 

End with a strong call-to-action or a thought-provoking question to leave a lasting impression on your audience.

What’s the best way to showcase data in a case study presentation ?

The best way to showcase data in a case study presentation is through visual aids like charts, graphs and infographics which make complex information easily digestible, engaging and creative. 

Don’t just report results, visualize them! This template for example lets you transform your social media case study into a captivating infographic that sparks conversation.

Choose the type of visual that best represents the data you’re showing; for example, use bar charts for comparisons or pie charts for parts of a whole. 

Ensure that the visuals are high-quality and clearly labeled, so the audience can quickly grasp the key points. 

Keep the design consistent and simple, avoiding clutter or overly complex visuals that could distract from the message.

Choose a template that perfectly suits your case study where you can utilize different visual aids for maximum impact. 

Need more inspiration on how to turn numbers into impact with the help of infographics? Our ready-to-use infographic templates take the guesswork out of creating visual impact for your case studies with just a few clicks.

Related: 10+ Case Study Infographic Templates That Convert

Congrats on mastering the art of compelling case study presentations! This guide has equipped you with all the essentials, from structure and nuances to avoiding common pitfalls. You’re ready to impress any audience, whether in the boardroom, the classroom or beyond.

And remember, you’re not alone in this journey. Venngage’s Case Study Creator is your trusty companion, ready to elevate your presentations from ordinary to extraordinary. So, let your confidence shine, leverage your newly acquired skills and prepare to deliver presentations that truly resonate.

Go forth and make a lasting impact!

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How to Write a Case Study Assignment?

How to write a case study assignment was a major question when I was a student. Writing a case study assignment can be a crucial and difficult task for students, but it is an essential skill to develop. Case studies are a common method used in many fields to analyze and solve problems. It requires students to apply critical thinking skills, research, and analysis to real-world scenarios. 

To write a case study assignment, students need to identify the problem, gather relevant information, analyze the data, and propose a solution. It is important to present the information in a clear and concise manner, using appropriate language and avoiding passive voice. By mastering the art of writing case studies, students can enhance their problem-solving skills, develop and improve their research abilities, and improve their communication skills. In this article, we will discuss how to write a case study assignment for any problem, providing tips and strategies to help students succeed.

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Benefits Of Case Study Assignments

Case study assignments work as a test of checking the student’s level of understanding. These assignments offer a lot of practical benefits that help you learn by diving right into real-life situations. Here are some of the benefits of case study assignments:

• Develop Critical Thinking Skills

Case study assignments require students to analyze and solve real-world problems, which enables them to develop critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. Students learn to identify the cause of a problem, evaluate various solutions, and make informed decisions.

• Enhance Research And Information Analysis Skills

Students need to gather relevant information, data, and resources to support their case study analysis. This process helps them learn how to conduct thorough research, evaluate the credibility of sources, and analyze complex data.

• Improve Communication And Presentation Skills

Case study assignments often require students to present their findings and propose solutions to their peers or instructors. This helps them develop effective communication and presentation skills, which are important for both academic and professional settings.

• Understand Real-World Challenges

Case studies provide students with an opportunity to engage with real-world problems and understand the problems faced by personnels in various fields. This exposure helps them develop an in depth understanding of the practical applications of their theoretical knowledge and prepares them for the challenges they will face in their future careers.

• Stimulate Creativity And Innovation

As students work on case study assignments, they are encouraged to think creatively and innovatively to find the best solutions to the problems at hand. This increases a culture of creativity and innovation, which is essential for driving progress in any field.

How To Write A Case Study Assignment?

Case studies are a treasure of learningNow it is the time when we will be discussing how to write a case study assignment. In this section we will be listing 10 steps for writing a good and effective case study assignment. They are as:

Step 1: Choosing A Compelling Topic

By picking a topic that captivates your interest, aligns with your field, is specific yet impactful, and has accessible information, you set the stage for an engaging and enriching case study. Selecting an interesting topic is key when starting a case study. Here’s how to pick a compelling one:

1. Explore Your Interests : Think about what excites you or what problems intrigue you. Choose a topic that genuinely captures your curiosity.

2. Relevance Matters : Look for topics that are relevant to your field of study or something happening in the world around you. It makes your case study more meaningful.

3. Narrow it Down : Don’t aim too broadly. Focus on a particular aspect or issue within your chosen topic. This makes your study more manageable and detailed.

4. Real-life Impact : Consider topics that have real-world implications or can offer practical solutions. It adds depth and significance to your study.

5. Availability of Information : Ensure there’s enough information available on your chosen topic. You’ll need data and resources to support your case study.

Step 2: Research Thoroughly

Thorough research lays the foundation for a strong case study. It helps you understand the topic inside out and gives your study the depth and credibility it needs. Researching thoroughly is super important when starting a case study. Here’s how to do it:

1. Dive into Resources : Hit the books, search online, and check out credible sources. Look for articles, books, and data that relate to your case study.

2. Talk to People : Interviews can be gold. Reach out to experts, professionals, or anyone connected to your topic. Their insights can add depth to your study.

3. Take Detailed Notes : Write down everything. Facts, quotes, stats it all helps. Organize your notes so you can easily find what you need later.

4. Verify Sources : Make sure the info you gather is reliable. Double-check sources and cross-reference information from different places.

5. Keep an Open Mind : Stay open to new ideas or perspectives. Sometimes, unexpected info can make your case study even more interesting.

Step 3: Introduce The Case

Remember, your introduction sets the stage for your case study. Make it engaging, clear, and intriguing to motivate your readers to dive deeper into your findings. Introducing your case study is like saying “Hello” to your readers. Here’s how to do it:

1. Set the Scene : Start by giving a sneak peek into what your case study is about. Briefly explain the situation or issue you’re tackling.

2. Grab Attention : Hook your readers from the get-go. Use an interesting fact, a thought-provoking question, or a compelling story related to your case.

3. Define the Problem : Clearly state the problem or challenge your case study addresses. Make it crystal clear right from the start.

4. Keep it Concise : Your introduction shouldn’t spill all the details. Keep it brief, giving enough info to pique curiosity but leaving room for exploration.

5. Preview What’s Ahead : Give a glimpse of how your case study will unfold. Mention what readers can expect in the upcoming sections.

Step 4: Detail the Background

By providing a detailed background, you paint a clear picture for your audience, helping them grasp the context and significance of the case study. Detailing the background of your case study is like setting the stage for your story. Here’s how to do it:

1. Context Introduction : Start by introducing the situation or scenario. Explain what’s happening and why it’s important.

2. Key Players : Introduce the main characters or entities involved in the case. Describe who they are and their roles in the scenario.

3. Historical Context : Share any relevant history or events that led up to the current situation. This helps readers understand how things got to this point.

4. Relevant Details : Highlight any crucial information that impacts the case. It could be data, statistics, or specific facts that add depth to your study.

5. Problem Identification : Clearly state the problem or issue that your case study will address. Make it crystal clear why this problem matters and needs attention.

Step 5: Present Findings

By organizing your findings clearly, presenting factual information, using examples, incorporating visuals, and staying focused, you make your case study a compelling and informative read. Presenting your findings is where the detective work shines through. Here’s how to do it:

1. Organize Information : Lay out your findings in a clear and organized manner. Use headings, bullet points, or charts to make it easy to follow.

2. Stick to Facts : Share the data, facts, and evidence you’ve gathered. Be specific and precise, avoiding vague statements.

3. Use Examples : Illustrate your findings with examples or real-life situations. This helps in better understanding and adds depth to your study.

4. Be Visual : Consider using visuals like graphs, tables, or images if they can enhance understanding. Visual aids can make complex data more digestible.

5. Stay Focused : Stick to the main points. Don’t overwhelm your readers with excessive details. Highlight what’s most relevant to your case.

Step 6: Analyze The Data

Analyzing data is about digging into the details, finding connections, and interpreting what it all means for your case study. It’s like putting together a jigsaw puzzle to reveal the bigger picture. Analyzing data in a case study is like solving a puzzle. Here’s how to do it:

1. Sort and Organize : Arrange all the facts, interviews, and info you’ve gathered. Group them based on similarities or relevance to understand them better.

2. Look for Patterns : Spot similarities, trends, or recurring themes among your data. This helps in understanding the core issues or connections.

3. Connect the Dots : Link the data to the problem you’re exploring. Explain how each piece of information relates to your case.

4. Consider Different Angles : Look at your data from various viewpoints. This widens your perspective and helps in drawing comprehensive conclusions.

5. Be Critical : Question the data. Verify its reliability and relevance. Don’t take things at face value; delve deeper to understand the underlying meanings.

Step 7: Propose Solutions

By suggesting practical solutions backed by your analysis, you’re not just identifying problems but paving the way for potential fixes in your case study. This section is where your creativity and critical thinking shine. Proposing solutions in your case study is like offering keys to solve a puzzle. Here’s how to do it:

1. Analyze Findings : Based on your research and analysis, identify potential solutions to address the problem you’ve highlighted.

2. Be Practical : Offer solutions that are realistic and feasible. They should align with the information you’ve gathered.

3. Explain the ‘Why’ : Clearly state why these solutions are suitable. Support your suggestions with evidence or reasoning from your case study.

4. Present Alternatives : If possible, provide multiple solutions or approaches. Show the pros and cons of each option.

5. Consider Implications : Discuss the potential outcomes of implementing these solutions. Highlight the positive impact they might have.

Step 8: Summarize With Conclusion

In your conclusion, emphasis on the main points, emphasize the solutions, and leave your audience with a clear understanding of the problem and the potential ways to address it. Keep it concise yet impactful. Concluding your case study is like wrapping up a story. Here’s how to do it:

1. Recap the Key Points : Summarize the main findings and crucial details discussed in your case study.

2. Restate the Problem : Remind readers about the core problem or issue you investigated.

3. Address Solutions : Highlight the solutions or recommendations you proposed earlier in the case study.

4. Emphasize Impact : Discuss the significance of your findings and how they relate to solving the problem.

5. End on a Strong Note : Finish with an effective statement that leaves a lasting impression. Reinforce the importance of your study or suggest further steps.

Step 9: Edit And Proofread

Remember, editing and proofreading tighten up your case study, making it more professional and polished. It’s the final touch that makes your hard work shine. Editing and proofreading are like giving your case study a final polish before presenting it. Here’s how to do it:

1. Check for Clarity : Read through your case study and ensure your ideas are clear and easy to follow. Make sure everything makes sense.

2. Look for Errors : Hunt down typos, spelling mistakes, and grammar errors. They can sneak in, but they’re easy to fix. To quickly and accurately get the proofreading job done, utilize a grammar checker . It will not only highlight mistakes in your assignment but will also provide appropriate suggestions to correct them.

3. Structure Check : Ensure your case study flows smoothly from one point to another. Check if your paragraphs connect well.

4. Fact-Check Time : Double-check all the facts and figures. Make sure they’re accurate and properly cited if needed.

5. Fresh Eyes Help : Ask a friend or family member to read it too. They might catch things you missed.

6. Read Aloud : Yup, reading aloud helps catch awkward sentences or places where the flow feels off.

Step 10: Format And Citations

Formatting and citing properly not only make your case study look organized but also show that you’ve done thorough research and credited the sources you’ve used. It’s like giving credit where credit is due. Formatting and citing your sources are like giving your case study a polished look. Here’s what to do:

1. Follow Guidelines : Check your assignment guidelines or ask your instructor about formatting requirements. This includes font, spacing, margins, etc.

2. Structure Matters : Ensure your case study has a clear structure with headings for different sections like introduction, findings, analysis, etc.

3. Cite Your Sources : Whenever you mention facts, quotes, or data from other sources, give credit by citing them. 

4. Be Consistent : Stick to one citation style throughout your case study. This keeps it neat and professional.

5. Double-check : Before submitting, review your formatting and citations to make sure they align with the guidelines and are error-free.

And that’s a wrap, case study champions! You’ve seen how to write a case study assignment. Remember, your case study is your canvas to showcase your extraordinary observation skills.

By now, you’ve made your way through the problem, gathered clues, and presented a story that’s as interesting as a bestseller. Appreciate yourself on the back for your thorough investigation and compelling storytelling.

But hey, the journey doesn’t end here. Keep exploring, keep asking questions, and keep sharpening those problem-solving skills. Whether it’s about a business, a scientific mystery, or a social issue, the case study approach is your secret weapon.

So, go ahead, share your insights, and inspire others with your detective skills. Keep practicing, stay curious, and keep cracking those cases wide open. You’re on your way to becoming a true case study superstar! Cheers to your success.

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Writing A Case Study

Case Study Examples

Brilliant Case Study Examples and Templates For Your Help

15 min read

People also read

A Complete Case Study Writing Guide With Examples

Simple Case Study Format for Students to Follow

Understand the Types of Case Study Here

It’s no surprise that writing a case study is one of the most challenging academic tasks for students. You’re definitely not alone here!

Most people don't realize that there are specific guidelines to follow when writing a case study. If you don't know where to start, it's easy to get overwhelmed and give up before you even begin.

Don't worry! Let us help you out!

We've collected over 25 free case study examples with solutions just for you. These samples with solutions will help you win over your panel and score high marks on your case studies.

So, what are you waiting for? Let's dive in and learn the secrets to writing a successful case study.

• 1. An Overview of Case Studies
• 2. Case Study Examples for Students
• 3. Business Case Study Examples
• 4. Medical Case Study Examples
• 5. Psychology Case Study Examples 
• 6. Sales Case Study Examples
• 7. Interview Case Study Examples
• 8. Marketing Case Study Examples
• 9. Tips to Write a Good Case Study

An Overview of Case Studies

A case study is a research method used to study a particular individual, group, or situation in depth. It involves analyzing and interpreting data from a variety of sources to gain insight into the subject being studied. 

Case studies are often used in psychology, business, and education to explore complicated problems and find solutions. They usually have detailed descriptions of the subject, background info, and an analysis of the main issues.

The goal of a case study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Typically, case studies can be divided into three parts, challenges, solutions, and results. 

Here is a case study sample PDF so you can have a clearer understanding of what a case study actually is:

Case Study Sample PDF

How to Write a Case Study Examples

Learn how to write a case study with the help of our comprehensive case study guide.

Case Study Examples for Students

Quite often, students are asked to present case studies in their academic journeys. The reason instructors assign case studies is for students to sharpen their critical analysis skills, understand how companies make profits, etc.

Below are some case study examples in research, suitable for students:

Case Study Example in Software Engineering

Qualitative Research Case Study Sample

Software Quality Assurance Case Study

Social Work Case Study Example

Ethical Case Study

Case Study Example PDF

These examples can guide you on how to structure and format your own case studies.

Struggling with formatting your case study? Check this case study format guide and perfect your document’s structure today.

Business Case Study Examples

A business case study examines a business’s specific challenge or goal and how it should be solved. Business case studies usually focus on several details related to the initial challenge and proposed solution. 

To help you out, here are some samples so you can create case studies that are related to businesses: 

Here are some more business case study examples:

Business Case Studies PDF

Business Case Studies Example

Typically, a business case study discovers one of your customer's stories and how you solved a problem for them. It allows your prospects to see how your solutions address their needs. 

Medical Case Study Examples

Medical case studies are an essential part of medical education. They help students to understand how to diagnose and treat patients. 

Here are some medical case study examples to help you.

Medical Case Study Example

Nursing Case Study Example

Want to understand the various types of case studies? Check out our types of case study blog to select the perfect type.

Psychology Case Study Examples 

Case studies are a great way of investigating individuals with psychological abnormalities. This is why it is a very common assignment in psychology courses. 

By examining all the aspects of your subject’s life, you discover the possible causes of exhibiting such behavior. 

For your help, here are some interesting psychology case study examples:

Psychology Case Study Example

Mental Health Case Study Example

Sales Case Study Examples

Case studies are important tools for sales teams’ performance improvement. By examining sales successes, teams can gain insights into effective strategies and create action plans to employ similar tactics.

By researching case studies of successful sales campaigns, sales teams can more accurately identify challenges and develop solutions.

Sales Case Study Example

Interview Case Study Examples

Interview case studies provide businesses with invaluable information. This data allows them to make informed decisions related to certain markets or subjects.

Interview Case Study Example

Marketing Case Study Examples

Marketing case studies are real-life stories that showcase how a business solves a problem. They typically discuss how a business achieves a goal using a specific marketing strategy or tactic.

They typically describe a challenge faced by a business, the solution implemented, and the results achieved.

This is a short sample marketing case study for you to get an idea of what an actual marketing case study looks like.

 Here are some more popular marketing studies that show how companies use case studies as a means of marketing and promotion:

“Chevrolet Discover the Unexpected” by Carol H. Williams

This case study explores Chevrolet's “ DTU Journalism Fellows ” program. The case study uses the initials “DTU” to generate interest and encourage readers to learn more. 

Multiple types of media, such as images and videos, are used to explain the challenges faced. The case study concludes with an overview of the achievements that were met.

Key points from the case study include:

• Using a well-known brand name in the title can create interest.
• Combining different media types, such as headings, images, and videos, can help engage readers and make the content more memorable.
• Providing a summary of the key achievements at the end of the case study can help readers better understand the project's impact.

“The Met” by Fantasy

“ The Met ” by Fantasy is a fictional redesign of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, created by the design studio Fantasy. The case study clearly and simply showcases the museum's website redesign.

The Met emphasizes the website’s features and interface by showcasing each section of the interface individually, allowing the readers to concentrate on the significant elements.

For those who prefer text, each feature includes an objective description. The case study also includes a “Contact Us” call-to-action at the bottom of the page, inviting visitors to contact the company.

Key points from this “The Met” include:

• Keeping the case study simple and clean can help readers focus on the most important aspects.
• Presenting the features and solutions with a visual showcase can be more effective than writing a lot of text.
• Including a clear call-to-action at the end of the case study can encourage visitors to contact the company for more information.

“Better Experiences for All” by Herman Miller

Herman Miller's minimalist approach to furniture design translates to their case study, “ Better Experiences for All ”, for a Dubai hospital. The page features a captivating video with closed-captioning and expandable text for accessibility.

The case study presents a wealth of information in a concise format, enabling users to grasp the complexities of the strategy with ease. It concludes with a client testimonial and a list of furniture items purchased from the brand.

Key points from the “Better Experiences” include:

• Make sure your case study is user-friendly by including accessibility features like closed captioning and expandable text.
• Include a list of products that were used in the project to guide potential customers.

“NetApp” by Evisort 

Evisort's case study on “ NetApp ” stands out for its informative and compelling approach. The study begins with a client-centric overview of NetApp, strategically directing attention to the client rather than the company or team involved.

The case study incorporates client quotes and explores NetApp’s challenges during COVID-19. Evisort showcases its value as a client partner by showing how its services supported NetApp through difficult times. 

• Provide an overview of the company in the client’s words, and put focus on the customer. 
• Highlight how your services can help clients during challenging times.
• Make your case study accessible by providing it in various formats.

“Red Sox Season Campaign,” by CTP Boston

The “ Red Sox Season Campaign ” showcases a perfect blend of different media, such as video, text, and images. Upon visiting the page, the video plays automatically, there are videos of Red Sox players, their images, and print ads that can be enlarged with a click.

The page features an intuitive design and invites viewers to appreciate CTP's well-rounded campaign for Boston's beloved baseball team. There’s also a CTA that prompts viewers to learn how CTP can create a similar campaign for their brand.

Some key points to take away from the “Red Sox Season Campaign”: 

• Including a variety of media such as video, images, and text can make your case study more engaging and compelling.
• Include a call-to-action at the end of your study that encourages viewers to take the next step towards becoming a customer or prospect.

“Airbnb + Zendesk” by Zendesk

The case study by Zendesk, titled “ Airbnb + Zendesk : Building a powerful solution together,” showcases a true partnership between Airbnb and Zendesk. 

The article begins with an intriguing opening statement, “Halfway around the globe is a place to stay with your name on it. At least for a weekend,” and uses stunning images of beautiful Airbnb locations to captivate readers.

Instead of solely highlighting Zendesk's product, the case study is crafted to tell a good story and highlight Airbnb's service in detail. This strategy makes the case study more authentic and relatable.

Some key points to take away from this case study are:

• Use client's offerings' images rather than just screenshots of your own product or service.
• To begin the case study, it is recommended to include a distinct CTA. For instance, Zendesk presents two alternatives, namely to initiate a trial or seek a solution.

“Influencer Marketing” by Trend and WarbyParker

The case study "Influencer Marketing" by Trend and Warby Parker highlights the potential of influencer content marketing, even when working with a limited budget. 

The “Wearing Warby” campaign involved influencers wearing Warby Parker glasses during their daily activities, providing a glimpse of the brand's products in use. 

This strategy enhanced the brand's relatability with influencers' followers. While not detailing specific tactics, the case study effectively illustrates the impact of third-person case studies in showcasing campaign results.

Key points to take away from this case study are:

• Influencer marketing can be effective even with a limited budget.
• Showcasing products being used in everyday life can make a brand more approachable and relatable.
• Third-person case studies can be useful in highlighting the success of a campaign.

Marketing Case Study Template

Marketing Case Study Example

Now that you have read multiple case study examples, hop on to our tips.

Tips to Write a Good Case Study

Here are some note-worthy tips to craft a winning case study 

• Define the purpose of the case study This will help you to focus on the most important aspects of the case. The case study objective helps to ensure that your finished product is concise and to the point.
• Choose a real-life example. One of the best ways to write a successful case study is to choose a real-life example. This will give your readers a chance to see how the concepts apply in a real-world setting.
• Keep it brief. This means that you should only include information that is directly relevant to your topic and avoid adding unnecessary details.
• Use strong evidence. To make your case study convincing, you will need to use strong evidence. This can include statistics, data from research studies, or quotes from experts in the field.
• Edit and proofread your work. Before you submit your case study, be sure to edit and proofread your work carefully. This will help to ensure that there are no errors and that your paper is clear and concise.

There you go!

We’re sure that now you have secrets to writing a great case study at your fingertips! This blog teaches the key guidelines of various case studies with samples. So grab your pen and start crafting a winning case study right away!

Having said that, we do understand that some of you might be having a hard time writing compelling case studies.

But worry not! Our expert case study writing service is here to take all your case-writing blues away! 

With 100% thorough research guaranteed, our online essay service can craft an amazing case study within 24 hours! 

So why delay? Let us help you shine in the eyes of your instructor!

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Dr. Barbara is a highly experienced writer and author who holds a Ph.D. degree in public health from an Ivy League school. She has worked in the medical field for many years, conducting extensive research on various health topics. Her writing has been featured in several top-tier publications.

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How to write a case study response

• Starting well
• How to write an annotated bibliography
• How to write a critique
• How to write an empirical article
• How to write an essay
• How to write a literature review
• How to write a reflective task
• How to write a report
• Finishing well

Before you start writing, you need to carefully read the case study and make a note of the main issues and problems involved as well as the main stakeholders (persons or groups of persons who have an interest in the case).

Case study elements

A case study response would include the following elements:

Introduction

Introduce the main purpose of the case study and briefly outline the overall problem to be solved.

Description

Write a brief description of the case under discussion giving an outline of the main issues involved. Always assume that your reader knows nothing of the assignment task and provide enough information to give a context for your discussion of the issues.

Discuss the issues raised one by one, using information gained from your research of the academic literature.

Your discussion may include:

• an outline of the issue and its implications for or relationship to different stakeholders
• how that issue links to theories or research in the academic literature
• suggested solutions or ideas
• evaluation of the solutions or ideas for this particular case.

Conclusion / Recommendations

Finally, sum up the conclusions that you have come to and give recommendations to resolve the case. Give reasons for your recommendations.

• Carefully read the case and noted the main issues and stakeholders in the case?
• Written a brief description of the case to give your readers a context for the main issues?
• Discussed each issue with reference to the academic literature?
• Evaluated the solutions or ideas for each issue to find the ones most suitable?
• Made final recommendations of how to resolve the case?
• Used a well structured introduction, body and conclusion?
• Cited and referenced all of the work by other people?
• Used correct grammar, spelling and punctuation, clear presentation and appropriate reference style?

Further information

• Monash University: Writing a case study
• University of New South Wales: Writing a Case Study Report in Engineering

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How to Write a Case Study: A Step-by-Step Guide (+ Examples)

by Todd Brehe

on Jan 3, 2024

If you want to learn how to write a case study that engages prospective clients, demonstrates that you can solve real business problems, and showcases the results you deliver, this guide will help.

We’ll give you a proven template to follow, show you how to conduct an engaging interview, and give you several examples and tips for best practices.

Let’s start with the basics.

What is a Case Study?

A business case study is simply a story about how you successfully delivered a solution to your client.

Case studies start with background information about the customer, describe problems they were facing, present the solutions you developed, and explain how those solutions positively impacted the customer’s business.

Do Marketing Case Studies Really Work?

Absolutely. A well-written case study puts prospective clients into the shoes of your paying clients, encouraging them to engage with you. Plus, they:

• Get shared “behind the lines” with decision makers you may not know;
• Leverage the power of “social proof” to encourage a prospective client to take a chance with your company;
• Build trust and foster likeability;
• Lessen the perceived risk of doing business with you and offer proof that your business can deliver results;
• Help prospects become aware of unrecognized problems;
• Show prospects experiencing similar problems that possible solutions are available (and you can provide said solutions);
• Make it easier for your target audience to find you when using Google and other search engines.

Case studies serve your clients too. For example, they can generate positive publicity and highlight the accomplishments of line staff to the management team. Your company might even throw in a new product/service discount, or a gift as an added bonus.

But don’t just take my word for it. Let’s look at a few statistics and success stories:

5 Winning Case Study Examples to Model

Before we get into the nuts and bolts of how to write a case study, let’s go over a few examples of what an excellent one looks like.

The five case studies listed below are well-written, well-designed, and incorporate a time-tested structure.

1. Lane Terralever and Pinnacle at Promontory

This case study example  from Lane Terralever  incorporates images to support the content and effectively uses subheadings to make the piece scannable.

2. WalkMe Mobile and Hulyo

This case study  from WalkMe Mobile  leads with an engaging headline and the three most important results the client was able to generate.

In the first paragraph, the writer expands the list of accomplishments encouraging readers to learn more.

3. CurationSuite Listening Engine

This is an example of a well-designed printable case study . The client, specific problem, and solution are called out in the left column and summarized succinctly.

4. Brain Traffic and ASAE

This long format case study (6 pages) from Brain Traffic  summarizes the challenges, solutions, and results prominently in the left column. It uses testimonials and headshots of the case study participants very effectively.

5. Adobe and Home Depot

This case study  from Adobe and Home Depot  is a great example of combining video, attention-getting graphics, and long form writing. It also uses testimonials and headshots well.

Now that we’ve gone over the basics and showed a few great case study examples you can use as inspiration, let’s roll up our sleeves and get to work.

A Case Study Structure That Pros Use

Let’s break down the structure of a compelling case study:

Choose Your Case Study Format

In this guide, we focus on written case studies. They’re affordable to create, and they have a proven track record. However, written case studies are just one of four case study formats to consider:

• Infographic

If you have the resources, video (like the Adobe and Home Depot example above) and podcast case studies can be very compelling. Hearing a client discuss in his or her own words how your company helped is an effective content marketing strategy

Infographic case studies are usually one-page images that summarize the challenge, proposed solution, and results. They tend to work well on social media.

Follow a Tried-and-True Case Study Template

The success story structure we’re using incorporates a “narrative” or “story arc” designed to suck readers in and captivate their interest.

Note:  I recommend creating a blog post or landing page on your website that includes the text from your case study, along with a downloadable PDF. Doing so helps people find your content when they perform Google and other web searches.

There are a few simple SEO strategies that you can apply to your blog post that will optimize your chances of being found. I’ll include those tips below.

Craft a Compelling Headline

The headline should capture your audience’s attention quickly. Include the most important result you achieved, the client’s name, and your company’s name. Create several examples, mull them over a bit, then pick the best one. And, yes, this means writing the headline is done at the very end.

SEO  Tip:  Let’s say your firm provided “video editing services” and you want to target this primary keyword. Include it, your company name, and your client’s name in the case study title.

Write the Executive Summary

This is a mini-narrative using an abbreviated version of the Challenge + Solution + Results model (3-4 short paragraphs). Write this after you complete the case study.

SEO  Tip:  Include your primary keyword in the first paragraph of the Executive Summary.

Provide the Client’s Background

Introduce your client to the reader and create context for the story.

List the Customer’s Challenges and Problems

Vividly describe the situation and problems the customer was dealing with, before working with you.

SEO  Tip:  To rank on page one of Google for our target keyword, review the questions listed in the “People also ask” section at the top of Google’s search results. If you can include some of these questions and their answers into your case study, do so. Just make sure they fit with the flow of your narrative.

Detail Your Solutions

Explain the product or service your company provided, and spell out how it alleviated the client’s problems. Recap how the solution was delivered and implemented. Describe any training needed and the customer’s work effort.

Show Your Results

Detail what you accomplished for the customer and the impact your product/service made. Objective, measurable results that resonate with your target audience are best.

List Future Plans

Share how your client might work with your company in the future.

Give a Call-to-Action

Clearly detail what you want the reader to do at the end of your case study.

Talk About You

Include a “press release-like” description of your client’s organization, with a link to their website. For your printable document, add an “About” section with your contact information.

And that’s it. That’s the basic structure of any good case study.

Now, let’s go over how to get the information you’ll use in your case study.

How to Conduct an Engaging Case Study Interview

One of the best parts of creating a case study is talking with your client about the experience. This is a fun and productive way to learn what your company did well, and what it can improve on, directly from your customer’s perspective.

Here are some suggestions for conducting great case study interviews:

When Choosing a Case Study Subject, Pick a Raving Fan

Your sales and marketing team should know which clients are vocal advocates willing to talk about their experiences. Your customer service and technical support teams should be able to contribute suggestions.

Clients who are experts with your product/service make solid case study candidates. If you sponsor an online community, look for product champions who post consistently and help others.

When selecting a candidate, think about customer stories that would appeal to your target audience. For example, let’s say your sales team is consistently bumping into prospects who are excited about your solution, but are slow to pull the trigger and do business with you.

In this instance, finding a client who felt the same way, but overcame their reluctance and contracted with you anyway, would be a compelling story to capture and share.

Prepping for the Interview

If you’ve ever seen an Oprah interview, you’ve seen a master who can get almost anyone to open up and talk. Part of the reason is that she and her team are disciplined about planning.

Before conducting a case study interview, talk to your own team about the following:

• What’s unique about the client (location, size, industry, etc.) that will resonate with our prospects?
• Why did the customer select us?
• How did we help the client?
• What’s unique about this customer’s experience?
• What problems did we solve?
• Were any measurable, objective results generated?
• What do we want readers to do after reading this case study analysis?

Pro Tip:  Tee up your client. Send them the questions in advance.

Providing questions to clients before the interview helps them prepare, gather input from other colleagues if needed, and feel more comfortable because they know what to expect.

In a moment, I’ll give you an exhaustive list of interview questions. But don’t send them all. Instead, pare the list down to one or two questions in each section and personalize them for your customer.

Nailing the Client Interview

Decide how you’ll conduct the interview. Will you call the client, use Skype or Facetime, or meet in person? Whatever mode you choose, plan the process in advance.

Make sure you record the conversation. It’s tough to lead an interview, listen to your contact’s responses, keep the conversation flowing, write notes, and capture all that the person is saying.

A recording will make it easier to write the client’s story later. It’s also useful for other departments in your company (management, sales, development, etc.) to hear real customer feedback.

Use open-ended questions that spur your contact to talk and share. Here are some real-life examples:

Introduction

• Recap the purpose of the call. Confirm how much time your contact has to talk (30-45 minutes is preferable).
• Confirm the company’s location, number of employees, years in business, industry, etc.
• What’s the contact’s background, title, time with the company, primary responsibilities, and so on?

Initial Challenges

• Describe the situation at your company before engaging with us?
• What were the initial problems you wanted to solve?
• What was the impact of those problems?
• When did you realize you had to take some action?
• What solutions did you try?
• What solutions did you implement?
• What process did you go through to make a purchase?
• How did the implementation go?
• How would you describe the work effort required of your team?
• If training was involved, how did that go?

Results, Improvements, Progress

• When did you start seeing improvements?
• What were the most valuable results?
• What did your team like best about working with us?
• Would you recommend our solution/company? Why?

Future Plans

• How do you see our companies working together in the future?

Honest Feedback

• Our company is very focused on continual improvement. What could we have done differently to make this an even better experience?
• What would you like us to add or change in our product/service?

During the interview, use your contact’s responses to guide the conversation.

Once the interview is complete, it’s time to write your case study.

How to Write a Case Study… Effortlessly

Case study writing is not nearly as difficult as many people make it out to be. And you don’t have to be Stephen King to do professional work. Here are a few tips:

• Use the case study structure that we outlined earlier, but write these sections first: company background, challenges, solutions, and results.
• Write the headline, executive summary, future plans, and call-to-action (CTA) last.
• In each section, include as much content from your interview as you can. Don’t worry about editing at this point
• Tell the story by discussing their trials and tribulations.
• Stay focused on the client and the results they achieved.
• Make their organization and employees shine.
• When including information about your company, frame your efforts in a supporting role.

Also, make sure to do the following:

Add Testimonials, Quotes, and Visuals

The more you can use your contact’s words to describe the engagement, the better. Weave direct quotes throughout your narrative.

Strive to be conversational when you’re writing case studies, as if you’re talking to a peer.

Include images in your case study that visually represent the content and break up the text. Photos of the company, your contact, and other employees are ideal.

If you need to incorporate stock photos, here are three resources:

• Deposit p hotos

And if you need more, check out Smart Blogger’s excellent resource: 17 Sites with High-Quality, Royalty-Free Stock Photos .

Proofread and Tighten Your Writing

Make sure there are no grammar, spelling, or punctuation errors. If you need help, consider using a grammar checker tool like Grammarly .

My high school English teacher’s mantra was “tighten your writing.” She taught that impactful writing is concise and free of weak, unnecessary words . This takes effort and discipline, but will make your writing stronger.

Also, keep in mind that we live in an attention-diverted society. Before your audience will dive in and read each paragraph, they’ll first scan your work.  Use subheadings  to summarize information, convey meaning quickly, and pull the reader in.

Be Sure to Use Best Practices

Consider applying the following best practices to your case study:

• Stay laser-focused on your client and the results they were able to achieve.
• Even if your audience is technical, minimize the use of industry jargon . If you use acronyms, explain them.
• Leave out the selling and advertising.
• Don’t write like a Shakespearean wannabe. Write how people speak. Write to be understood.
• Clear and concise writing is not only more understandable, it inspires trust. Don’t ramble.
• Weave your paragraphs together so that each sentence is dependent on the one before and after it.
• Include a specific case study call-to-action (CTA).
• A recommended case study length is 2-4 pages.
• Commit to building a library of case studies.

Get Client Approval

After you have a final draft, send it to the client for review and approval. Incorporate any edits they suggest.

Use or modify the following “Consent to Publish” form to get the client’s written sign-off:

Consent to Publish

Case Study  Title:

I hereby confirm that I have reviewed the case study listed above and on behalf of the [Company Name], I provide full permission for the work to be published, in whole or in part, for the life of the work, in all languages and all formats by [Company publishing the case study].

By signing this form, I affirm that I am authorized to grant full permission.

Company Name:

E-mail Address:

Common Case Study Questions (& Answers)

We’ll wrap things up with a quick Q&A. If you have a question I didn’t answer, be sure to leave it in a blog comment below.

Should I worry about print versions of my case studies?

Absolutely.

As we saw in the CurationSuite  and Brain Traffic  examples earlier, case studies get downloaded, printed, and shared. Prospects can and will judge your book by its cover.

So, make sure your printed case study is eye-catching and professionally designed. Hire a designer  if necessary.

Why are good case studies so effective?

Case studies work because people trust them.

They’re not ads, they’re not press releases, and they’re not about how stellar your company is.

Plus, everyone likes spellbinding stories with a hero [your client], a conflict [challenges], and a riveting resolution [best solution and results].

How do I promote my case study?

After you’ve written your case study and received the client’s approval to use it, you’ll want to get it in front of as many eyes as possible.

Try the following:

• Make sure your case studies can be easily found on your company’s homepage.
• Tweet and share the case study on your various social media accounts.
• Have your sales team use the case study as a reason to call on potential customers. For example: “Hi [prospect], we just published a case study on Company A. They were facing some of the same challenges I believe your firm is dealing with. I’m going to e-mail you a copy. Let me know what you think.”
• Distribute printed copies at trade shows, seminars, or during sales presentations.
• If you’re bidding on a job and have to submit a quote or a Request for Proposal (RFP), include relevant case studies as supporting documents.

Ready to Write a Case Study That Converts?

If you want to stand out and you want to win business, case studies should be an integral part of your sales and marketing efforts.

Hopefully, this guide answered some of your questions and laid out a path that will make it faster and easier for your team to create professional, sales-generating content.

Now it’s time to take action and get started. Gather your staff, select a client, and ask a contact to participate. Plan your interview and lead an engaging conversation. Write up your client’s story, make them shine, and then share it.

Get better at the case study process by doing it more frequently. Challenge yourself to write at least one case study every two months.

As you do, you’ll be building a valuable repository of meaningful, powerful content. These success stories will serve your business in countless ways, and for years to come.

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Written by Todd Brehe

6 thoughts on “how to write a case study: a step-by-step guide (+ examples)”.

Just the guide I needed for case studies! Great job with this one!

Hey Todd, great post here. I liked that you listed some prompting questions. Really demonstrates you know what you’re talking about. There are a bunch of Ultimate Guides out there who list the theories such as interview your customer, talk about results, etc. but really don’t help you much.

Thanks, Todd. I’ve planned a case study and this will really come in handy. Bookmarked.

Very good read. Thanks, Todd. Are there any differences between a case study and a use case, by the way?

Hi Todd, Very well-written article. This is the ultimate guide I have read till date. It has actionable points rather than some high-level gyan. Creating a new case study always works better when (1) you know the structure to follow and (2) you work in a group of 3-4 members rather than individually. Thanks for sharing this guide.

Hi Todd. Very useful guide. I learn step by step. Looking forward to continually learning from you and your team. Thanks

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How to Write a Case Study Assignment: New Student Guide

Table of Contents

❓ What is a case study assignment and how to write one?

👉 types of case study, 👣 how to start case study paper, 📝 how to format a case study assignment properly.

• Where Can I Find Case Study Assignment Examples?

💁‍♀️ To Sum It All Up

Unsure of how to do a case study assignment ? Read on, to help you get started! A case study assignment is based on a professional scenario that raises workplace issues or problems. Case study assignments ask specific questions about the situation to help the student or professional identify and analyse the problems or issues in the given scenario and provide appropriate responses, preventative measures or solutions to the issues or problems. The student or professional should also incorporate knowledge of theories and professional policies to solve the given issue.

The most common types of case study assignments are:

• Illustrative case studies where a familiar case is examined to help others to understand. This type of case study is mainly descriptive and is commonly used in research methodology .
• Exploratory case studies are primary projects carried out before a large investigation. Exploratory case studies are often used in social sciences and often focus on real-life cases.
• Cumulative case studies are common in qualitative research to collect information from various sources at various times. These case studies are a form of data analysis to avoid unnecessary new investigations.
• Critical instance case studies help determine causes and consequences of events. They are used to investigate sources with unique interest, no general interest, or to question a universal belief.

Assignment writing can prove difficult when you don’t know where to start but when writing a case study analysis, follow the four simple steps below to get you started!

• Identify the Problem: Jot down briefly in your own words what the case study problem or problems are. For example, a business assignment case study assignment problem may be about how a business can appeal to eastern markets, or a nursing case study assignment may relate to the problem of child obesity.
• Ponder the Root Source: What are the main causes of the problem? E.g., child obesity is mainly caused by inactivity and poor diet.
• Create an Outline: Decide upon 3-4 relevant main points that you want to make e.g., child obesity is increasing globally (point one), child inactivity is increasing due to technological advancements and the recent pandemic (point two) children favour junk food over home cooked meals and fruit and vegetables (point three). Each of these points will be developed into a paragraph or two when the case study assignment is written in full with supporting evidence (facts, statistics, quotes).
• increased physical education lessons in schools, in residential children’s homes, and on children’s wards
• free physical activities for children in communities
• free community healthy eating programmes for parents and children
• fruit and vegetable subsidies
• menu changes in schools, children’s hospital wards, and children’s residential homes.

Thousands of assignments completed. Yours is next!

With every assignment you get:

• 100% original paper
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Once you have identified your outline (as described above), you can begin writing. Remember, you do not have to write the sections in the order they will be presented. It is often best to begin with the main body (first the background, then the solutions followed by the main answer/solution), then write the recommendations/conclusion and finally write the introduction. The order you write your case study assignment in can make it easier as the conclusion provides a summary of the assignment and the introduction maps out the assignment, they are both easier to write after the main sections are complete.

• Introduction: Write a clear and precise thesis statement in only 1 or 2 sentences, then explain the significance of the problem, why this case is being written and how the assignment relates to alleviating the problem.
• Background: Describe relevant issues and facts through extensive problem research using reliable sources of information e.g., academic journals, scholarly articles, research papers, etc.
• Solutions: Provide solutions to the problem by outlining feasible solutions. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each solution.
• Main Answer: Explain which you believe to be the best solution and justify this choice with supporting evidence. You can also incorporate ideas from class discussions, lectures, texts, and perhaps your own opinions to back your proposed solution.
• Recommendations/conclusion: Explain why your proposed solution should be applied and how it will solve or relieve the issue or problem with supporting theories.

Bear in mind, educational establishment requirements can vary immensely, and the recommended format above is a general guide. Always play close attention to the case study assignment brief from your instructor.

Where Can I Find Case Study Assignment Examples? Looking at an example of a case study assignment can sometimes be more beneficial than simply reading about how to write them. Fortunately, the internet is abundant with case study assignment examples for every subject area, and you can also ask your educational instructor for examples from their past students.

A case study assignment is usually one of four types: illustrative; exploratory; cumulative; or critical. Be sure you know which type you have been requested to write before you begin, as requirements can vary. Getting started is often the most difficult part so focus on the main problem or issues and possible solutions. Then, you can begin writing the main body before tackling the recommendations/conclusion and introduction. Remember to include theory and supporting reliable sources of evidence and you’re done! Hopefully, you now know how to write a case study assignment!

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How To Write Case Study Assignment – 7 Easy Steps

Students want to know, “how to write case study assignment easily. One of the most important qualities you’ll need in college is the ability to write a case study analysis. When you are given the task of writing a case study report, you may feel overwhelmed because it necessitates critical thinking skills.

You must analyze a business dilemma, explore possible solutions, and suggest the most appropriate approach using supporting data in a case study report. Writing a case study assignment is similar to writing a thesis paper .

When you have to write a case report, there are a few things you can keep in mind. You’re supposed to solve a dilemma that may not be easy.

A case study is a situation in a specific professional sense that students must analyze and react to.

Influenced by basic questions raised about the situation In certain situations, the situation or case study includes a variety of concerns or problems that must be addressed in the workplace.

You can also get Case study assignment help online from our professional experts. They will provide you A+ quality assignment solution at an affordable price.

What is a case study?

Table of Contents

A case study is a detailed examination of a particular individual, group, organization, or event. It is a research method that involves analyzing a specific example in depth and detail to understand its unique characteristics and to draw conclusions about broader phenomena.

Case studies can be qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods in nature, and they can involve a variety of data collection techniques, such as interviews, surveys, observations, and document analysis.

Case studies are commonly used in academic research, business, and other fields to gain insights into complex phenomena that cannot be fully understood through statistical analyses or experiments. They are often used to illustrate a particular theory or concept, to provide a detailed description of a particular situation or event, or to identify best practices in a particular field or industry.

What are the different types of case studies?

The aim of a case study is to provide comprehensive reports on an incident, an organization, a location, an individual, or much more.

Certain kinds of case studies are typical, but the type of case depends on the subject. The most popular fields for case studies are as follows.

• Analysis of the illustrative case
• Case studies from the past
• Case studies that address a specific issue
• Case Study for Investigative Purposes
• Case Study in Context
• Case Study of a Critical Situation

What is the difference between a research paper And A case study?

Although research papers address a certain issue to the reader, case studies go even deeper. Guidelines on case studies recommend that students pay attention to specifics and examine topics in detail, using various analysis techniques. Case studies often investigate specific events for an individual or a group of individuals and include many narrations.

There are a variety of case study subjects to choose from

The first challenge when writing a case study is deciding on the right case study subjects.

In most cases, students are given the option of choosing their subject.

Instructors allow students to express their understanding of the subject as well as the whole course in this way. If you’re having trouble coming up with case study solutions, start with this list of classic topics:

• An individual
• A group of people
• It’s an occasion
• Organization

Some Other Case Study Subject

• What are some of the ways that people are abusing drugs at work?
• In difficult times, how can workers stay engaged?
• Images vs. real humans
• What is the best way to manage your promotional budget?
• How can social media advertising assist in attracting customers?
• Is it necessary for a small company to have a website?
• How should small consumers be considered for higher profits?
• The lost experience of retirement workers.
• Social media’s effect on today’s market.

Best Ways To Writing An Answer Of A Case Study Assignment

Before giving steps to answer a case study assignment, check below, quick guidance may seem too simplistic, but most students seem to disregard it, which is a huge mistake.

• Be realistic about the case study’s objectives
• Choose an engaging angle for your case study
• Make Your Case Study Relevant to ALL Potential Clients
• In your case study, stick to the traditional narrative arc
• In your case study, use data to illustrate key points
• portray your company as a supporting character
• Allow your customers to tell their own stories

How To Write Case Study Assignment – Easy Ways

Let’s know How To Write Case Study Assignment with a step-by-step guide.

Step 1:- Take the time to read through the Case Study and the Questions

• Read the situation and the issues that go with it carefully.
• Highlight the case’s key points and any problems you can recognize.
• Describe the case study’s intent.
• Define your study area.
• Without going through specifics, summarise the case study’s problems and results.
• Read the questions carefully and consider what they require of you.
• Reread the case, this time connecting the details that are important to some of the questions you’ve been asking.

Step 2:- Determine the Case Study’s Problems

Case studies identify a condition in a specific particular area. They also entail a large group of people in a difficult situation.

They will also characterize a scenario that is difficult to contend with, either because of how it is handled or because of its difficulty.

Analyzing the situation and identifying the challenges described in the case that may be troublesome is a vital part of the response.

Step 3:- Connect the dots between theory and application

To sum up the key difficulties. Identify alternatives to the big challenges. Briefly identify and assess the benefits and drawbacks of any possible option.

Determine what was done correctly and what was not using the knowledge of current codes of conduct, hypotheses, and other technical documentation and behaviors.

Step 4:- Make a strategy for responding.

At the end of the day, the score is all that counts. Determine the case study format that is necessary and follow it diligently. It’s a good idea to use the questions you’ve been given as headings and answer each part in turn, so you don’t miss any of the set questions.

Step 5:- Begin composing your answer to the case study

1. write an introduction for a case study assignment.

Your intro must always make it clear to your viewer what subject and method you would use to address it in your assignment.

You must provide the context when writing a case study introduction. Begin by posing a question or using a quote from someone you spoke with.

Not only should you describe the research issue and its importance in your presentation, but you should also explain why it is important.

However, you can also talk about why this case is being written and how it applies to the issue.

2. Paragraphs of the Body

This is where you start talking about the case study. Provide one viable approach to the problem, clarify the rationale for the suggested solution, back it up with evidence, and provide important theoretical principles in addition to the research findings.

You must determine the number of paragraphs needed for each question based on how many you have been given and how much debate is involved in addressing each one.

3. Final Remarks

To summarise, a case study is one of the better ways to understand what happened to an individual, a community, or a circumstance in reality.

It gives you an in-depth look at real-world issues that corporations, healthcare, and criminal justice can face.

This perspective allows one to see those circumstances in a new way.

This is due to the fact that we see scenarios that we would not normally see if we were not there.

Step 6:- Proofread and edit

When you’ve completed writing your case report, you’ll need to proofread and edit it.

Check that you’ve answered all of the questions and that your answers are supported by applicable literature.

Correct some grammatical or spelling errors, as well as punctuation errors.

Keep a close watch on how the thoughts flow and transition.

Step 7:- Submit your work

Can you’re paper show why you would do so if you were an expert in this situation?

Be sure that all of the sources are properly referenced.

Examine the proof and see if it is valid, useful, and trustworthy. Recheck the formatting. If that’s the case, it’s good to go.

case study example

This is a great example of a case study.

How to cite a case study?

Citing a case study can depend on the citation style you are using. In general, the following information should be included:

• Author(s) of the case study
• Title of the case study
• Title of the book or journal the case study is published in
• Date of publication
• Page numbers (if applicable)
• URL (if the case study is available online)

Here are some examples of how to cite a case study in different citation styles:

Author(s) Last name, First initial. (Year). Title of case study. In Editor(s) First initial. Last name (Ed.), Title of book (pp. page numbers). Publisher.

Smith, J. D. (2015). A case study of marketing strategies for a new product. In K. Jones (Ed.), Marketing in the 21st Century (pp. 50-60). ABC Publishing.

Author(s) Last name, First name. “Title of Case Study.” Title of Book or Journal, edited by Editor(s) First name Last name, Publisher, Year, pp. page numbers.

Jones, Mary. “The Impact of Social Media on Small Business: A Case Study.” Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 30, no. 2, Wiley-Blackwell, 2017, pp. 34-45.

Case study assignment writing service

Many students feel stuck while writing their case study assignments. A case study seems to be very complicated as it includes the study of a particular scenario that holds various perceptions.

Hence, it is tough for them to figure out “how to write a case study assignment.” Well, the answer to that question lies in this article. Still, many students struggle to do the work. In that case, they seek case study assignment help. But many organizations provide case study assignment writing services to needy students.

You need to analyze and examine all the service providers. Students can get help from the best case study assignment writers and get good grades.

Click to Ask Expert 

Writing a case study necessitates a thorough investigation and enough time for analysis. If you’re having trouble writing a good case report, you can next contact an online writing service.

Calltutors.com’s Cheap Assignment Help expert writers will assist you in finishing your case study project on time and according to your specifications.

What are the 3 methods of the case study?

There are three main types of case studies. These methods are such as; intrinsic, instrumental and collective.

How many pages should a case study be?

The length of a case study typically depends on the purpose of the study and the guidelines provided by the organization or instructor requesting the study. However, a typical case study can range from 2-5 pages for shorter assignments to 10-20 pages for more comprehensive case studies.

Are case studies hard to write?

The difficulty of writing a case study can vary depending on the complexity of the subject matter, the amount of research required, and the skill level of the writer.

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L4: Living Lab Learning Library

A virtual resource exchange of teaching practices

NUR 1130 Clinical Assignment case study

Kalliopi Parginos

Nursing/New York City Tech College

Activity Description: Provide a brief description of the activity

Interactive Case study on Type 1 Diabetes with short answers

Learning Goals: What do you aim to achieve with this activity?

Top 5 Ways Nurses Can Improve Critical Thinking Skills Case based approach Practice self-reflection Developing a questioning mind Practice self-awareness in the moment Use a process

Timing: At what point in the lesson or semester do you use this activity? How much classroom time do you devote to it? How much out-of-class time is expected?

The Importance of Enhancing Critical Thinking Behavior Independence of thought Impartiality Perspicacity into Personal and Social Factors Humble Cerebration and Deferral Crisis

Logistics: What preparation is needed for this activity? What instructions do you give students? Is the activity low-stakes, high-stakes, or something else?

review the case study answer the 4 questions Choose the correct answer for two multiple choice questions

Assessment: How do you assess this activity? What assessment measures do you use? Do you use a VALUE rubric? If not, how did you develop your rubric? Is your course part of the college-wide general education assessment initiative?

Grade the questions Plan to include it future clinical sessions either on the pre or post conference with the students

Reflection: How well did this activity work in your classroom? Would you repeat it? Why or why not? What challenges did you encounter, and how did you address them? What, if anything, would you change? What did students seem to enjoy about the activity?

6/6 students completed the questionnaire The case study will be repeated on the fall semester 2024 Plan to incorporate it different interactive case studies Students work as a team

Additional Information: Please share any additional comments and further documentation of the activity – e.g. assignment instructions, rubrics, examples of student work, etc. These can be links to pages or posts on the OpenLab.

Rubric: Critical Thinking Value Rubric was utilized

Please share a helpful link to a pages or post on the OpenLab

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Due: Wed Jul 3 11:59 pm Late submissions accepted until Fri Jul 5 11:59 pm

Assignment by Julie Zelenski, with modifications by Nick Troccoli, Chris Gregg, Katie Creel and Brynne Hurst

Along with this assignment, we've posted a page of extra bits practice problems with solutions. There is also an online practice site . These are very helpful to confirm your understanding of bit operators, binary, and more as you get started with this assignment!

Learning Goals

This assignment covers topics from the first few lectures and the first lab. You will be building your skills with:

• editing, compiling, testing, and debugging C programs under Unix
• writing code that manipulates bits and integers using the C bitwise and arithmetic operators
• working within/around the limits of integer representation
• understanding the ramifications of integer representations in real-world software

You shouldn't need material related to strings/pointers for this assignment - in other words, this assignment focuses just on the material related to bits and bytes.

This assignment asks you to complete three programs and one case study. Each program explores a particular aspect of bitwise or numeric manipulation:

• Automata has you model an evolving cell colony using a bitvector.
• UTF8 has you create unicode characters by constructing bit patterns.
• Saturated Arithmetic has you detect overflow in addition operations.
• The Ariane-5 Case Study has you examine the consequences of a real-world overflow bug.

The code you will write is short, but these small passages are mighty!

• The working on assignments page contains info about the assignment process.
• The collaboration policy page outlines permitted assignment collaboration, emphasizing that you are to do your own independent thinking, design, coding, and debugging. If you are having trouble completing the assignment on your own, please reach out to the course staff; we are here to help!

To get started on the assignment, clone the starter project using the command

The starter project contains the following:

• readme.txt : a text file where you will answer questions for the assignment
• sat.c . automata.c , utf8.c and Makefile : three partially-written programs that you will modify, and their Makefile for compiling
• custom_tests : the file where you will add custom tests for your programs
• SANITY.ini , sanity.py and prototypes.h : files to configure and run Sanity Check. You can ignore these.
• automata_soln , sat_soln and utf8_soln : executable solutions for the programs you will modify.
• tools : contains symbolic links to the sanitycheck and submit programs for testing and submitting your work. It also contains a new codecheck tool for checking for style and other common code issues.

Assignment Support: Through TA helper hours and the discussion forum, our focus will be on supporting you so that you can track down your own bugs. Please ask us how to best use tools (like the brand-new GDB!), what strategies to consider, and advice about how to improve your debugging process or track down your bug. We're happy to help you with these in order to help you drive your own debugging. For this reason, if you have debugging questions during helper hours, please make sure to gather information and explore the issue on your own first, and fill out the QueueStatus questions with this information. For instance, if your program is failing in certain cases, try to find a small replicable test case where the program fails; then, try using GDB to narrow down to what function/code block/etc. you think is causing the issue; then, further investigate just that area to try and find the bug. As another example, if your program is crashing, take a similar approach, but try using GDB and the backtrace command (check it out in lab!) to narrow in on the source of the crash. This information is important for the course staff to effectively help you with debugging. Starting with a future assignment, we will require this information when signing up for helper hours for debugging help , so please make sure to provide as much information as possible.

Tools and Testing

We have added a new tool, codecheck , that can check your code for common style and other issues that are detectable at compile-time. This check is NOT exhaustive; it is only meant to identify common style and other code issues. Check the course style guide and assignment spec for more code guidelines. You can run Codecheck like the sanitycheck and submit tools, from the tools folder, by running tools/codecheck , which runs it on all .c files in the current directory. You can also run it on individual files, like this:

Note that Codecheck does check for magic numbers , but for assign1 it may not align exactly with the best approach, as it considers anything above a certain numeric value automatically a "magic number". For this assignment, it's not necessarily stylistically bad if Codecheck shows any issue messages about magic numbers. But, you should still be vigilant and evaluate each suggestion from Codecheck to decide how you can make your code as clean as possible.

This assignment heavily emphasizes testing. For each program you write below, you should also add at least 3 to 5 additional tests of your own per program (total of at least 10) in the custom_tests file that show thoughtful effort to develop comprehensive test coverage. When you add a test, also document your work by including comments (on their own line, starting with # ) in the custom_tests file that remind you why you included each test and how the tests relate to one another. The tests supplied with the default SanityCheck are a start that you should build on, with the goal of finding and fixing any bugs before submitting, just like how a professional developer is responsible for vetting any code through comprehensive testing before adding it to a team repository.

The best way to approach testing on this assignment is, once you understand the expected program behavior but BEFORE you write any code, write some tests that cover various cases you can think of. This is because once you start writing code, you may start to think in terms of how your code works rather than how the code should work, meaning if you omit handling a case in your code, you may also omit covering that case in your testing. Thus, a good strategy is to write some tests before implementing anything, and then as you implement, you can add further tests. Use the tests as a way to gauge your progress and uncover bugs! We provide some testing recommendations in each problem section below.

How do you brainstorm what additional tests to consider? First review the cases supplied with default sanitycheck to see what is already covered. Then consider the full range of inputs/possibilities beyond those simple cases. If the variety of inputs is sufficiently small, you may be able to enumerate a test case for each possibility. In other situations, exhaustive coverage is not feasible, so you instead identify representative samples to validate the operation on specific cases. You should target ordinary cases as well as edge conditions and unusual inputs. For more advice, check out our guide to testing , from the assignments dropdown.

Review and Comment

When you inherit code to build on, you should first carefully review it to understand its behavior and plan how your code will fit into the existing program. You are given about 25 lines for each program and will add about a dozen lines of your own per program, so there is more starter code to review than new code to add.

Here, our provided code for each program processes the command-line arguments, handles user error in how the program is invoked, and has a few important details, particularly in converting string arguments to numbers. The triangle program from assign0 used the atoi function, which is simpler to use but has no capability to detect malformed inputs. For these programs, we are using the more robust, but complex, strtol . Read the function documentation at man strtol and review how the function is used in convert_arg .

Some questions you might consider as a self-test:

• How do the sample programs respond if invoked with missing arguments? excess arguments?
• When converting the user's string argument to a number, what base is passed to strtol ? In which bases does this allow the argument to be specified? How does the user's argument indicate which base to use?
• What does strtol do if it encounters an invalid character in the string to convert?
• How is the second argument to strtol used for error-detection? Why is it ok that the end variable is dereferenced when it is initialized to NULL ? If you did not want that error-detection, what do you pass as the second argument instead?
• What does strtol do if asked to convert a string whose value would be too large to be represented in a long ?
• Do you see anything unexpected or erroneous? We intend for our code to be bug-free; if you find otherwise, please let us know!

After reviewing the code, try experimenting with it! Build and run the programs, invoking them with different arguments to see how each is treated. Run the program under the debugger (check out our Debugger Guide under "Handouts") and step through code, printing intermediate values as you go. Observing the code in action is an excellent way to better understand it. Confirm your answers to the self-test questions above to verify your understanding.

We intentionally left off all the comments on the starter code, so you should add in documentation. Add an appropriate overview comment for the entire program, document each of the functions, and add inline comments where necessary to highlight any particularly tricky details.

1. Cellular Automata

here that gives an excellent overview of the cellular automata described in this problem. Feel free to watch it.--> A cellular automaton models the life cycle of a cell colony, which you can think of as a 1D array of cells, each of which can be either live or empty . Starting with an initial pattern, the automaton simulates the birth and death of future generations of cells using a set of simple rules. In this part of the assignment, you will implement a cellular automaton using a bitvector so that it uses memory as efficiently as possible.

We represent a 1D cell colony as a 64-bit unsigned long , with one bit for each cell. A 1 indicates the cell is live, and 0 indicates the cell is empty. Your program will advance the cells forward 1 generation, print out what the colony looks like, and then repeat, thereby printing out the cells' lifecycle.

For a given cell, the way we know whether it is live or empty in the next generation is by looking at its neighbors , the cells to its immediate left and right. The ruleset , which is a number specified by the user when they run the program, tells us, based on the state (live or empty) of a cell and its neighbors in the current generation, whether that cell is live or empty in the next generation. Using this bit vector representation, reading and updating a single cell is implemented with bitwise operations.

The automata program prints a number of iterations of the cell colony, but stops early if the cell colony does not change further. In the output, each line represents one generation, going from the first generation at the top to the last generation at the bottom. Below shows a sample run of the program for ruleset 77 - take a moment to run the sample solution (in the samples folder) and try out the automata program for yourself!

Pretty cool, huh? Since a ruleset is an 8-bit number, this means there are 256 different possible rulesets to dictate how cell generations evolve. There are some really cool outcomes you get depending on the ruleset. We'll let you explore these!

You are to implement these 2 functions for the automata program, both of which are called by the starter code.

Testing recommendations: look carefully at where you have special cases in advancing the generation, and set up test cases that explicitly poke at those issues.

Step 1: draw_generation

The draw_generation function takes a cell colony gen and outputs it as text. Specifically, it should output a row of 64 characters, one for each cell. A live cell is shown as an inverted box (a provided constant), and an empty cell is shown as a blank space. The generation is ordered such that the cell corresponding to the most significant bit is in the leftmost column and the least significant bit is in the rightmost column. You will need to iterate through the binary representation of gen and print out each cell individually. The key idea is that gen is an unsigned long , but we can use bit operators to access and manipulate its underlying binary representation. Remember to print a new line character once you have fully printed the generation! Once you complete this task, if you then run the program with any ruleset, it should print out one line for the first generation, another blank line for a generation of 0 (since that is what the advance function below initially returns), and then it will stop because the generation does not change:

Step 2: advance

The advance function takes a cell colony gen and returns a new cell colony bitvector which is gen advanced forward one generation. For each cell, it examines its neighborhood and uses the specified ruleset to determine the cell's state in the next generation. Here's how the process works and what you need to implement. Diagrams are taken from Daniel Shiffman's neat book The Nature of Code, Sections 7.1 and 7.2 .

A cell and its two neighbors form a "neighborhood":

A neighborhood is effectively a 3-bit number, a value from 0 to 7. For instance, the highlighted neighborhood here is 110 , which is the 3-bit number 6. The ruleset is an 8-bit number that dictates, for each of the 8 possible neighborhood values, whether that cell will be live or empty in the next generation. Specifically, bit 0 in the ruleset (the least significant bit) specifies whether cells with neighborhood 0 will be live or empty. Bit 1 in the ruleset (the second-least significant bit) specifies whether cells with neighborhood 1 will be live and empty. And so on. Here are the steps to determine whether a cell is alive or empty in the next generation:

• for a given cell, get its 3-bit neighborhood N
• look at bit N in the ruleset (note: bit 0 here is the least significant bit, and bit 7 the most significant)
• if that bit is 1, the cell is alive in the next generation. If that bit is 0, it is empty in the next generation.

A cool observation here is that a ruleset is ultimately an 8 bit number - in this diagram, it is the 01011010 which is 90. This diagram shows the possible neighborhood values along the top, and along the bottom it shows the bit in the ruleset at that index. The user specifies a ruleset number when they run the program, and this is passed in to advance , and you will use its underlying binary representation. Remember that even though ruleset is an unsigned char , it is really represented in binary, and you can access that binary representation using bitwise operators.

Another key idea is that we can alternate between treating a value as a binary representation and as a regular integer number. For example, we get a 3-bit neighborhood for a cell, but then treat it as a number to know which bit in the ruleset to look at.

Here are some final notes and tips:

• The leftmost and rightmost cells in a generation are special cases since they don't have 2 neighbors. You should pretend their non-existent neighbor is an empty cell. In other words, in the first diagram above, the rightmost cell would have neighborhood 010 .
• You will need to iterate through the passed-in generation and calculate each cell's updated state, adding those to a new generation you build up.
• Consider how you can use bit operations to do things like: isolating a given cell's 3-bit neighborhood as a number from 0 to 7, and looking at a specific bit in the ruleset.
• Keep in mind that cell generations are 64 bit unsigned longs , and number literals are by default 32 bit signed integers!
• Use sanity check and custom tests to compare your output to the sample solution
• If a generation doesn't match the solution, run GDB and put a breakpoint on advance (using continue to skip calls if necessary) and step through the call that returns the incorrect generation.

A C char is a one-byte data type, capable of storing 2 8 different bit patterns. The ASCII encoding standard ( man ascii ) establishes a mapping for those patterns to various letters, digits and punctuation, but is limited to 256 options, so only a subset are included. Unicode is ASCII's more cosmopolitan cousin, defining a universal character set that supports glyphs from a wide variety of world languages, both modern and ancient ( Egyptian hieroglyphics, the original emoji? ). This large number of characters requires a different system than just a single char , however. For this part of the assignment, you will implement the most popular Unicode encoding, UTF-8, which according to recent measurements , is used by over 93% of all websites (with known character encodings)!

Unicode maps each character to a code point, which is a hexadecimal number. There are over 1 million different code points in the Unicode standard! A character's code point is commonly written in the format U+NNNN , which signifies the hexadecimal value 0xNNNN .

However, the Unicode standard does not specify how to best encode these code points in binary. There are a variety of different possible Unicode encodings which specify, given a code point, how to actually store it. Why multiple encodings? Each may have a different priority, whether it is compatibility with other non-Unicode encodings, the locale it is intended for, space efficiency, etc. Some questions that may have different answers depending on the encoding are: should smaller code points take up the same amount of space as larger code points? If not, how can we tell how long the encoding is? And is it possible to preserve compatibility with other encodings, such as ASCII?

One of the most popular Unicode encodings is UTF-8. UTF-8 is popular partially because it preserves backwards compatibility with ASCII - in fact, it was designed such that ASCII is a subset of UTF-8, meaning that the characters represented in the ASCII encoding have the same encoding in ASCII and UTF-8. The UTF-8 encoding represents a code point using 1-4 bytes, depending on the size of the code point. If it falls in the range U+0000 to U+007F , its UTF-8 encoding is 1 byte long. If it falls in the range U+0080 to U+07FF , its UTF-8 encoding is two bytes long. And if it falls in the range U+0800 to U+FFFF , its UTF-8 encoding is 3 bytes long (there is a 4 byte range, but we'll be ignoring that for this assignment). The way UTF-8 works is it splits up the binary representation of the code point across these UTF-8 encoded byte(s) .

The utf8 program accepts code points as command line arguments and prints out their UTF-8 encoding and the actual character that encoding represents.

( Note: if your Unicode characters are not printing or appear garbled, but the encoded hex bytes are correct, you may need to set your terminal to expect UTF-8. Changing the configuration is OS/terminal-specific, but within 5 minutes of Googling we found utf8 advice for Putty , MobaXterm and Xterm . The default Mac OS X Terminal.app works by default. Note that sanity check should still pass even if your terminal is showing the wrong character.)

Your task is to implement the to_utf8 function that takes a single Unicode code point and constructs its sequence of UTF-8 encoded bytes. This function is called once for every argument specified by the user.

The to_utf8 function has two parameters; an unsigned short code_point and a byte array utf8_bytes . The function constructs the UTF-8 representation for the given code point and writes the sequence of encoded bytes into the array utf8_bytes . The first byte (e.g. leading byte) should go at index 0, and the remaining bytes (if any) should follow at index 1, etc. The utf8_bytes array is provided by the client and is guaranteed to be large enough to hold a full 3 bytes, although only 1 or 2 may be needed. While we will talk about C arrays in more depth later, it turns out that if you pass an array as a parameter, modifying the elements of that array parameter will modify the elements of the original array passed in, so the function above can pass back the byte(s) it creates. The function returns the number of bytes written to the array (either 1, 2, or 3). As an example, if code_point were 0xfc , utf8_bytes would be updated to store 0xc3 at index 0, and 0xbc at index 1, and to_utf8 would return 2.

Your to_utf8 function will need to be written to handle each of the 3 code point ranges and construct the corresponding UTF-8 encoding . You are allowed to use comparison operators to distinguish this. Your code will need to use bitmasks and bitwise operators to manually construct each byte for the UTF-8 encodings.

Testing recommendations: there are some 65,000 possible code points you could feed to utf8 , but given that they all flow through just a few distinct paths, having a test case targeted to hit each of those paths, with a little extra attention at the boundaries, should be sufficient to give you confidence about the rest.

1 Byte Encodings

If a code point is in the range U+0000 to U+007F , inclusive, its UTF-8 encoding is 1 byte. A code point in this range can be represented using at most 7 bits - called its significant bits . The significant bits are the bits that could actually store something meaningful for the code point. It's 7 here because, for a code point from 0 to 0x7f , it would need at most 7 bits to store a value in that range, which are the 7 least significant, so those are all that we care about. The UTF-8 encoding is one byte with its most significant bit 0 , and its remaining 7 bits as the seven significant bits from the code point.

Example: for code point 0x001f (which is 0001 1111 ), its UTF-8 encoding would be 0001 1111 ( 0x001f ) and to_utf8 would return 1.

2 Byte Encodings

If a code point is in the range U+0080 to U+07FF , inclusive, its UTF-8 encoding is 2 bytes. A code point in this range can be represented using at most 11 significant bits. The UTF-8 encoding is:

• The first byte has a leading 110 , followed by the 5 most significant bits in the code point
• The second byte has a leading 10 , followed by the remaining 6 significant bits in the code point

Example: for code point 0x00fc (which is 1111 1100 ), the first byte would be 1100 0011 ( 0xc3 ), the second byte would be 1011 1100 ( 0xbc ) and to_utf8 would return 2.

3 Byte Encodings

If a code point is in the range U+0800 to U+FFFF , inclusive, its UTF-8 encoding is 3 bytes. A code point in this range can be represented using at most 16 significant bits. The UTF-8 encoding is:

• The first byte has a leading 1110 , followed by the 4 most significant bits in the code point
• The second byte has a leading 10 , followed by the 6 next most significant bits in the code point
• The third byte has a leading 10 , followed by the final 6 significant bits in the code point

Example: for code point 0x4751 (which is 0100 0111 0101 0001 ), the first byte would be 1110 0100 ( 0xe4 ), the second byte would be 1001 1101 ( 0x9d ), the third byte would be 1001 0001 ( 0x91 ) and to_utf8 would return 3.

Here is a table containing the design described above. The xxx bits store the binary representation of the code point.

In a single-byte sequence, the high-order bit is always 0 , and the other 7 bits are the value of the code point itself. This is so the first 128 Unicode code points use the same single byte representation as the corresponding ASCII character!

For the multi-byte sequences, the first byte is called the leading byte , and the subsequent byte(s) are continuation bytes. The high-order bits of the leading byte indicate the number of total bytes in the sequence through the number of 1 s (for instance, the leading byte of an encoding for a code point from U+0080 to U+07FF starts with 110 , indicating the entire encoding is 2 bytes long, since there are two 1 s). The high-order bits of a continuation byte are always 10 . The bit representation of the code point is then divided across the low-order bits of the leading and continuation bytes.

Walkthrough Example: (paraphrased from Wikipedia UTF-8 page )

Consider encoding the Euro sign, €.

• The Unicode code point for € is U+20AC .
• The code point is within the range U+0800 to U+FFFF and will require a three-byte sequence. There are 14 significant bits in the binary representation of 0x20AC.
• Hex code point 20AC is binary 00100000 10101100 . Two leading zero bits of padding are used to fill to 16 bits. These 16 bits will be divided across the three-byte sequence.
• Let's calculate the leading byte. High-order bits are fixed: three 1s followed by a 0 indicate the three-byte sequence. The low-order bits store the 4 highest bits of the code point. This byte is 1110 0010 . The code point has 12 bits remaining to be encoded.
• Next, let's calculate the first continuation byte. High-order bits are fixed 10 , low-order bits store the next 6 bits of the code point. This byte is 10 000010 . The code point has 6 bits remaining to be encoded.
• Finally, let's calculate the last continuation byte. High-order bits are fixed 10 , low-order bits store the last 6 bits of the code point. This byte is 10 101100 .
• The three-byte sequence this results in is 1110 0010 10 000010 10 101100 , which can be more concisely written in hexadecimal, as e2 82 ac . The underscores indicate where the bits of the code point were distributed across the encoded bytes.

3. Saturating Arithmetic

The sat program performs a synthetic saturating addition operation. Saturating addition clamps the result into the representable range. Instead of overflowing with wraparound as ordinary two's-complement addition does, a saturating addition returns the type's maximum value when there would be positive overflow, and minimum when there would be negative overflow. Saturating arithmetic is a common feature in 3D graphics and digital signal processing applications.

The sat program accepts different numbers of arguments. With just one argument, it prints the representable range of numbers with that bitwidth:

Any additional specified arguments are added together using saturated arithmetic - for instance, if we add 126 and 5, the result overflows and sticks to the maximum value of 127.

You are to implement these 3 functions for the sat program. You are encouraged to call any of these functions from any of the others as needed to share logic!

For these 3 functions, you may not use the following in your implementations:

• No relational operators or math.h functions . You are prohibited from making any use of the relational operators. This means no use of < > <= >= . You may use != == and all other operators (arithmetic, logical, bitwise, ...). You also should not call any function from the floating point math.h library (e.g no pow , no exp2 ). These restrictions are intended to guide you to implement the operation via bitwise manipulation.
• No special cases based on bitwidth. Whether the value of bitwidth is 4, 64, or something in between, your functions must use one unified code path to handle any/all values of bitwidth without special-case handling. You should not use if switch ?: to divide the code into different cases based on the value of bitwidth. This doesn't mean that you can't use conditional logic (such as to separately handle overflow or non-overflow cases), but conditionals that dispatch based on the value of bitwidth or make a special case out of one or more bitwidths are disallowed.
• No loops or recursion. No loops or recursion at all. (In particular, no loop increment by one and stop at max.)

A solution that violates any of these restrictions will receive zero credit , so please verify your approach is in compliance!

Testing recommendations : your custom tests should cover a variety of different bitwidths, including extreme values, and on sums within range as well as those that overflow.

Step 1: signed_min

signed_min returns the smallest value representable in bitwidth bits. bitwidth is a number between 4 and 64, inclusive. Note, however, that the function returns a long ; your function needs to return the minimum value, but correctly represented in 64 bits, not just bitwidth bits. As an example, with a bitwidth of 4, the min is binary 1000 , which represents the value -8. We want to return the value -8 but represented using 64 bits, which would be 11111...1000 . As a hint, try writing out what the signed min values are for different bitwidths, and see if you notice a pattern in how to go from a given bitwidth to its signed min binary representation. Your goal is to determine an expression based on bitwidth that evaluates to the correct long value. Once you implement this function, you should be able to run sat with just the bitwidth argument and see the correct value outputted for the min.

Step 2: signed_max

signed_max returns the largest value representable in bitwidth bits. It works the same as signed_min , but for the largest value instead of the smallest. Like signed_min , the function returns a long ; your function needs to return the maximum value, but correctly represented in 64 bits, not just bitwidth bits. As an example, with a bitwidth of 4, the max is binary 0111 , which represents the value 7. We want to return the value 7 but represented using 64 bits, which would be 000....0111 . As a hint, try writing out what the signed max values are for different bitwidths, and see if you notice a pattern in how to go from a given bitwidth to its signed max binary representation. You may also notice similarities with your signed_min implementation. Once you implement this function, you should be able to run sat with just the bitwidth argument and see the correct value outputted for the max.

Step 3: sat_add

sat_add returns the saturated addition of the two operands which are guaranteed to fit in bitwidth bits. This means:

• If the sum of the operands does not overflow, we just return the sum
• If the sum of the operands overflows past the max, return the max
• If the sum of the operands overflows past the min, return the min

Remember that you may not use relational operators such as < or > .

The key idea is to try and develop a way to examine a value's binary representation to know whether it has overflowed its bitwidth. As a hint, try picking a bitwidth such as 4, and write out some addition operations that do and don't overflow. Then ask yourself - by looking at the operands and the sum, did this addition overflow? How did I know that? When is it possible for overflow to occur?

4. Case Study: Ariane-5

Once you have implemented your sat program, you will have a taste of functions that work around overflow (completing sat is not required to complete this part, but provides context). Overflow errors can cause many problems, which we saw some examples of in Lectures 3 and 4. These errors are not very common, but they can be disastrous when they occur. Read through this article explaining an issue experienced by the European Space Agency, and answer the following questions in the readme.txt file.

View Ariane-5 Article

1) What was the cause of the Ariane 5 rocket failure, and why was it not detected before the rocket was launched? Write your answer in 3-5 sentences.

2) Imagine that you are developing software for Ariane 6. You notice that Ariane 6 takes the average of two different sensors' measurements of horizontal velocity (which are stored as int s) by adding them together and dividing by 2, as in the following code:

What issues might arise from this calculation? How would you test for other potential overflow issues that could arise before the launch date? Write your answer in 3-5 sentences. Note: There are many possible answers to this question. Your answer should rely on critical reflection about appropriate testing strategies.

Submitting and Grading

Once you are finished working and have saved all your changes, check out the guide to working on assignments for how to submit your work. We recommend you do a trial submit in advance of the deadline to familiarize yourself with the process and allow time to work through any snags. You may submit as many times as you would like; we will grade the latest submission. Submitting a stable but unpolished/unfinished is like an insurance policy. If the unexpected happens and you miss the deadline to submit your final version, this previous submit will earn points. Without a submission, we cannot grade your work.

When you submit, you may optionally indicate that you do not plan to make a submission after the on-time deadline. This allows the staff to start grading some submissions as soon as the on-time deadline passes, rather than waiting until after the late period to start grading.

• When in doubt, it's fine to indicate that you may make a late submission, even if you end up submitting on time
• If you do indicate you won't submit late, this means once the on-time deadline passes, you cannot submit again. You can resubmit any time before the on-time deadline, however.
• If you want to change your decision, you can do so any time before the on-time deadline by resubmitting and changing your answer.
• If you know that you will not make a late submission, we would appreciate you indicating this so that we can grade assignments more quickly!

You should only need to modify the following files for this assignment: readme.txt , sat.c , automata.c , utf8.c , custom_tests

We would also appreciate if you filled out this homework survey to tell us what you think once you submit. We appreciate your feedback!

Below is the tentative grading rubric. We use a combination of automated tests and human review to evaluate your submission. More details are given in our page linked to from the Assignments dropdown explaining How assignments are graded .

Readme Answers (10 points)

Code Functionality (80 points)

• Sanity cases . (30 points) The default sanity check tests are used for sanity grading.
• Comprehensive cases . (45 points) We will thoroughly test on a variety of an additional inputs ranging from simple to complex, including edge conditions where appropriate.
• Custom sanitycheck tests (5 points) Your custom_tests file should include at least 10 tests of your own, 3-5 per program, that show thoughtful effort to develop comprehensive testing coverage. Please include comments that explain your choices. We will run your custom tests against your submission as well as review the cases to assess the strength of your testing efforts.
• Clean compile . (2 points) We expect your code to compile cleanly without warnings.

Code Quality (buckets weighted to contribute ~10 points)

The grader's code review is scored into buckets to emphasize the qualitative features of the review over the quantitative. The styleguide is a great overall resource for good program style. Here are some highlights for this assignment:

• Bitwise manipulation . We expect you to show proficiency in bitwise manipulation through clean construction and use of masks and proper application of the bitwise operations.
• Algorithms. Your chosen approach should demonstrate that you understand how to leverage bit patterns and numeric representation to directly and efficiently accomplish the task. Avoid unnecessary divergence and special-case code; unify into one general-purpose path wherever possible.
• Style and readability. We expect your code to be clean and readable. We will look for descriptive names, defined constants (not magic numbers!), and consistent layout. Be sure to use the most clear and direct C syntax and constructs available to you.
• Documentation. You should document both the code you wrote and what we provided. We expect program overview and per-function comments that explain the overall design along with sparing use of inline comments to draw attention to noteworthy details or shed light on a dense or obscure passage. The audience for the comments is your C-savvy peer.

Post-Assignment Check-in

How did the assignment go for you? We encourage you to take a moment to reflect on how far you've come and what new knowledge and skills you have to take forward. Once you finish this assignment, you will have completed your first C programs manipulating bits, and understood more about the limitations of integer representations! This assignment may definitely have a bit of a learning curve getting used to the write/compile/debug process in C and the command line. Celebrate this important milestone; the skills you develop now will pay off throughout the quarter!

To help you gauge your progress, for each assignment/lab, we identify some of its takeaways and offer a few thought questions you can use as a self-check on your post-task understanding. If you find the responses don't come easily, it may be a sign a little extra review is warranted. These questions are not to be handed in or graded. You're encouraged to freely discuss these with your peers and course staff to solidify any gaps in you understanding before moving on from a task. They could also be useful as review before exams.

• Consider all negative int s whose absolute value is an exact power of two (-8, -32 and so on). What do their bit patterns have in common?
• How can you determine if an integer bit pattern has a pair of consecutive 'on' bits? (Straightforward to do using a loop, but there is also a clever single expression...)
• How can integer limitations manifest themselves in real-world software?
• A treasure trove of bit wizardry curated by Sean Anderson, Stanford CS PhD.

To help approach this assignment, we've compiled some tips that may help with the various problems, as well as bit manipulation in general.

Don't use 0b -prefixed literals. There is no official support in C for numbers written in binary with 0b . We used this form in lecture to explicitly write out binary numbers, but it's not something you can use in standard C programs. Instead, you should... (see the next part)

Embrace hexadecimal. The base-16 system very conveniently translates to and from binary -- each byte is expressed in two hex digits, one hex digit for the 4 high-order bits, the other for the 4 low bits. Masks in hex or expressed via their construction are more evocative of the binary representation and help you avoid mistakes. For example, a mask to extract the sign bit from a 32-bit value can be cleanly expressed as 1 << 31 or 0x80000000 and both are quite readable. The mask also happens to be decimal 2147483648U , but who can tell? Would you notice if you had accidentally mistyped 2147486348U ? Say no to decimal, hex is your pal!

Learn your bitwise operators. It is wasteful to invoke the (expensive, floating-point) pow function to compute integer powers of two: 1 << 10 does a perfect job of computing pow(2, 10) and requires way fewer compute cycles. The bitwise operations are also the right tools to rearrange/isolate/change bits as opposed to the more indirect use of integer multiply/divide/mod with powers of two.

Aim for directness. There may be more direct ways to write certain bit manipulations. Here are a few:

No left-shift right-shift . In the code below, the first version right-shifts then immediately left-shifts back. This seems to just cycle the bits back to where they were originally, but in fact the right-shift will discard the lsb and the left-shift will then zero-fill. This is roundabout way to wipe the lsb, but the better approach is to just directly mask it off as in second version:

No redundant/unnecessary ops . Imagine your goal is to extract the 4 high-order bits of a byte and shift them down to the lower half-byte. You could do it with two steps (mask and shift), but in fact, the shift will already discard the low-order bits, so there's no need to mask them off first!

Know your identities/relationships . When putting together a bitwise construction, stop and consider whether there is a more direct way to accomplish the same thing, e.g.

At first you may find yourself using a longer expression than needed, but reviewing in a later pass, you can spot these issues and make them more concise. The goal is eventually to go straight to the most direct expressions from the beginning.

Frequently Asked Questions

I'm getting the error warning: left shift count >= width of type . what does this mean.

Code such as this will produce that warning:

An integer constant defaults to type int , so shifting a 32-bit int by 32 positions would effectively shift off all the bits, and thus the compiler warns about it. Assigning the result to a variable of type long (64 bits) doesn't help; you have to start with a 64-bit value if you intend to compute a 64-bit result. Read the next question!

What bitwidth and signedness does a numeric integer constant have?

An integer literal is a signed int by default. Suffixes can be added to the constant to dictate its type. A suffix of L indicates the type is long and U (either by itself or with L ) indicates it is unsigned. E.g. 1UL means a literal 1 that is an unsigned long.

What are the rules for integer promotion in C?

When assigning from narrower bitwidth (e.g. char, short) to a wider one, the source bytes are copied to the low-order bytes of the destination, and the upper bytes are assigned based on the promotion rules. If the source type was unsigned, the upper bytes of destination are zero-filled. If the source type was signed, its sign bit (the msb) is replicated across the upper bytes of destination (this is called sign extension). It may help to trace through this and confirm for yourself how/why this is value-preserving. If an operation is performed on two operands of mixed type, integer promotion is implicitly applied to the narrower first. It also the case (and a bit surprising, too) that integer promotion is also applied to types narrower than int when an operation is performed on them, even if no other wider type is involved. For example, the bitshift and invert operations promote the operand to an int, so bit-shifting a char will promote to an int before shifting, bit-inverting of a char similarly promotes, and the default result type of these expressions will be int. If the bitwidth of the operand was larger than int, the bitwidth will be unchanged by these promotion rules.

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What extra information can be provided by multi-component seismic data: a case study of 2d3c prospecting of a copper–molybdenum mine in inner mongolia, china.

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Li, Y.; Gu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Yu, G.; Xu, M. What Extra Information Can Be Provided by Multi-Component Seismic Data: A Case Study of 2D3C Prospecting of a Copper–Molybdenum Mine in Inner Mongolia, China. Minerals 2024 , 14 , 689. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070689

Li Y, Gu Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yu G, Xu M. What Extra Information Can Be Provided by Multi-Component Seismic Data: A Case Study of 2D3C Prospecting of a Copper–Molybdenum Mine in Inner Mongolia, China. Minerals . 2024; 14(7):689. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070689

Li, Yingda, Yutian Gu, Yi Zhang, Yun Wang, Guangming Yu, and Mingcai Xu. 2024. "What Extra Information Can Be Provided by Multi-Component Seismic Data: A Case Study of 2D3C Prospecting of a Copper–Molybdenum Mine in Inner Mongolia, China" Minerals 14, no. 7: 689. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070689

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