limitations of exploratory research

Exploratory Research: Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Approach

Exploratory Research is a method of research that allows quick and easy insights into data, looking for patterns or anomalies. It’s fast, efficient, and can provide answers very quickly.

However, this fast-paced style of research often leads to incomplete research that cannot be verified.

The article will explore the advantages and disadvantages of exploratory research.

Introduction

Advantages of exploratory research, challenges of exploratory research.

The exploratory research approach is a method of gathering information that is used in many different fields. It can be used to gather data about a specific topic or it can be used to explore an unknown topic.

Exploratory research is a type of research that is used to gain a better understanding of a problem or issue. It can be categorized into two types: exploratory descriptive research and exploratory experimental research.

The researcher must be able to define the problem clearly and then set out to gather as much information as possible about the problem. It can also be used as a tool for planning, developing, brainstorming, or working with others.

However, the researcher must be careful when conducting an exploratory research project, as there are several pitfalls that might lead to faulty data collection or invalid conclusions.

A good way of avoiding these pitfalls would be to consult a supervisor who has experience with this type of research before beginning any analysis of results. If a mistake is made during data collection or analysis, it may not be possible to fix it without doing another round of the research.

In light of the ever-changing world we live in, it is essential to constantly explore new possibilities and options. Exploratory research is a great way to do just that. There are many advantages to this approach, including the fact that it allows for creativity and innovation.

Here are seven of the most important advantages:

• It Allows for New Ideas To Emerge: With exploratory research, you can be open to new ideas and possibilities. This allows you to come up with more innovative solutions to problems.
• It Encourages Problem Solving: When you explore new ideas, you are more likely to find solutions to problems. This makes it easier for you to solve complex problems.
• It Increases the Flexibility of Your Research: The main advantages of using exploratory research are that it is flexible and allows for multiple hypotheses to be tested. This means that you can experiment with different approaches and see which ones work best.
• It Can Lead to Better Research Results: When you use exploratory research methods, you are more likely to come up with research results that are reliable and valid. This makes it easier for you to draw valid conclusions from your data.
• It Helps You to Learn: The more you use exploratory research method, the better you become in your research. For example, you can learn how to recognize good and bad questions or how to ask them in a way that gets useful information.
• It Can Help You Make Good Decisions: When you use exploratory research methods, it is easier for you to make decisions that are based on more data than what you had previously known about the subject. This makes it easier for you to come up with solutions that are effective and save money in the long term.
• It Helps You to Report the Truth: When you use exploratory research methods, it will be easier for you to report on your data honestly and accurately. This is because using these methods helps you to avoid certain biases that can come from reporting on previous assumptions and prior data.

There are some basic advantages of the exploratory research approach include the ability to learn more about a topic and to find new information. This approach allows for creativity and flexibility when investigating a topic. Additionally, the exploratory research approach can help individuals develop their thinking skills.

Exploratory research can be a powerful tool for gaining new knowledge and understanding, but it has its own challenges. Here are just a few of them:

• Exploratory research is often exploratory in nature, which means that it’s not always clear what the researcher’s goal is. The researcher may not know exactly what questions to ask or what data to collect. This can lead to frustration and confusion for the researcher, as well as for those who participate in the research.
• Exploratory research can be time-consuming and difficult. It can require a lot of effort to determine which questions to ask, how to collect data, and how to analyze it. This can make it difficult for researchers to complete their projects on time or budget constraints.
• Although exploratory research can be useful, it cannot always produce reliable or valid results. This is because exploratory research is often based on hypotheses rather than facts. If the hypothesis is incorrect or unsupported, the results of the research may be misleading or invalid.
• Finally, exploratory research cannot always reveal all of the information that’s relevant to an issue or problem. This is because exploratory research often relies on open-ended questions, which are not well suited to revealing all the information that is critical to solving a problem or issue.

When it comes to research, there are a few things we need to keep in mind. First and foremost, we need to be clear about what our goal is: do we want to learn more about a certain topic so that we can make informed decisions or do we just want information without having any preconceptions?

Once we have clarified our purpose, the next thing to consider is how best to go about acquiring the information we need.

Exploratory involves undertaking investigations with no predetermined goals in mind; this type of research is often described as “open-ended” because the researcher doesn’t know what they will find when they start digging into the data.

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Home » Exploratory Research – Types, Methods and Examples

Exploratory Research – Types, Methods and Examples

Table of Contents

Exploratory Research

Definition:

Exploratory research is a type of research design that is used to investigate a research question when the researcher has limited knowledge or understanding of the topic or phenomenon under study.

The primary objective of exploratory research is to gain insights and gather preliminary information that can help the researcher better define the research problem and develop hypotheses or research questions for further investigation.

Exploratory Research Methods

There are several types of exploratory research, including:

Literature Review

This involves conducting a comprehensive review of existing published research, scholarly articles, and other relevant literature on the research topic or problem. It helps to identify the gaps in the existing knowledge and to develop new research questions or hypotheses.

Pilot Study

A pilot study is a small-scale preliminary study that helps the researcher to test research procedures, instruments, and data collection methods. This type of research can be useful in identifying any potential problems or issues with the research design and refining the research procedures for a larger-scale study.

This involves an in-depth analysis of a particular case or situation to gain insights into the underlying causes, processes, and dynamics of the issue under investigation. It can be used to develop a more comprehensive understanding of a complex problem, and to identify potential research questions or hypotheses.

Focus Groups

Focus groups involve a group discussion that is conducted to gather opinions, attitudes, and perceptions from a small group of individuals about a particular topic. This type of research can be useful in exploring the range of opinions and attitudes towards a topic, identifying common themes or patterns, and generating ideas for further research.

Expert Opinion

This involves consulting with experts or professionals in the field to gain their insights, expertise, and opinions on the research topic. This type of research can be useful in identifying the key issues and concerns related to the topic, and in generating ideas for further research.

Observational Research

Observational research involves gathering data by observing people, events, or phenomena in their natural settings to gain insights into behavior and interactions. This type of research can be useful in identifying patterns of behavior and interactions, and in generating hypotheses or research questions for further investigation.

Open-ended Surveys

Open-ended surveys allow respondents to provide detailed and unrestricted responses to questions, providing valuable insights into their attitudes, opinions, and perceptions. This type of research can be useful in identifying common themes or patterns, and in generating ideas for further research.

Data Analysis Methods

Exploratory Research Data Analysis Methods are as follows:

Content Analysis

This method involves analyzing text or other forms of data to identify common themes, patterns, and trends. It can be useful in identifying patterns in the data and developing hypotheses or research questions. For example, if the researcher is analyzing social media posts related to a particular topic, content analysis can help identify the most frequently used words, hashtags, and topics.

Thematic Analysis

This method involves identifying and analyzing patterns or themes in qualitative data such as interviews or focus groups. The researcher identifies recurring themes or patterns in the data and then categorizes them into different themes. This can be helpful in identifying common patterns or themes in the data and developing hypotheses or research questions. For example, a thematic analysis of interviews with healthcare professionals about patient care may identify themes related to communication, patient satisfaction, and quality of care.

Cluster Analysis

This method involves grouping data points into clusters based on their similarities or differences. It can be useful in identifying patterns in large datasets and grouping similar data points together. For example, if the researcher is analyzing customer data to identify different customer segments, cluster analysis can be used to group similar customers together based on their demographic, purchasing behavior, or preferences.

Network Analysis

This method involves analyzing the relationships and connections between data points. It can be useful in identifying patterns in complex datasets with many interrelated variables. For example, if the researcher is analyzing social network data, network analysis can help identify the most influential users and their connections to other users.

Grounded Theory

This method involves developing a theory or explanation based on the data collected during the exploratory research process. The researcher develops a theory or explanation that is grounded in the data, rather than relying on pre-existing theories or assumptions. This can be helpful in developing new theories or explanations that are supported by the data.

Applications of Exploratory Research

Exploratory research has many practical applications across various fields. Here are a few examples:

• Marketing Research : In marketing research, exploratory research can be used to identify consumer needs, preferences, and behavior. It can also help businesses understand market trends and identify new market opportunities.
• Product Development: In product development, exploratory research can be used to identify customer needs and preferences, as well as potential design flaws or issues. This can help companies improve their product offerings and develop new products that better meet customer needs.
• Social Science Research: In social science research, exploratory research can be used to identify new areas of study, as well as develop new theories and hypotheses. It can also be used to identify potential research methods and approaches.
• Healthcare Research : In healthcare research, exploratory research can be used to identify new treatments, therapies, and interventions. It can also be used to identify potential risk factors or causes of health problems.
• Education Research: In education research, exploratory research can be used to identify new teaching methods and approaches, as well as identify potential areas of study for further research. It can also be used to identify potential barriers to learning or achievement.

Examples of Exploratory Research

Here are some more examples of exploratory research from different fields:

• Social Science : A researcher wants to study the experience of being a refugee, but there is limited existing research on this topic. The researcher conducts exploratory research by conducting in-depth interviews with refugees to better understand their experiences, challenges, and needs.
• Healthcare : A medical researcher wants to identify potential risk factors for a rare disease but there is limited information available. The researcher conducts exploratory research by reviewing medical records and interviewing patients and their families to identify potential risk factors.
• Education : A teacher wants to develop a new teaching method to improve student engagement, but there is limited information on effective teaching methods. The teacher conducts exploratory research by reviewing existing literature and interviewing other teachers to identify potential approaches.
• Technology : A software developer wants to develop a new app, but is unsure about the features that users would find most useful. The developer conducts exploratory research by conducting surveys and focus groups to identify user preferences and needs.
• Environmental Science : An environmental scientist wants to study the impact of a new industrial plant on the surrounding environment, but there is limited existing research. The scientist conducts exploratory research by collecting and analyzing soil and water samples, and conducting interviews with residents to better understand the impact of the plant on the environment and the community.

How to Conduct Exploratory Research

Here are the general steps to conduct exploratory research:

• Define the research problem: Identify the research problem or question that you want to explore. Be clear about the objective and scope of the research.
• Review existing literature: Conduct a review of existing literature and research on the topic to identify what is already known and where gaps in knowledge exist.
• Determine the research design : Decide on the appropriate research design, which will depend on the nature of the research problem and the available resources. Common exploratory research designs include case studies, focus groups, interviews, and surveys.
• Collect data: Collect data using the chosen research design. This may involve conducting interviews, surveys, or observations, or collecting data from existing sources such as archives or databases.
• Analyze data: Analyze the data collected using appropriate qualitative or quantitative techniques. This may include coding and categorizing qualitative data, or running descriptive statistics on quantitative data.
• I nterpret and report findings: Interpret the findings of the analysis and report them in a way that is clear and understandable. The report should summarize the findings, discuss their implications, and make recommendations for further research or action.
• Iterate : If necessary, refine the research question and repeat the process of data collection and analysis to further explore the topic.

When to use Exploratory Research

Exploratory research is appropriate in situations where there is limited existing knowledge or understanding of a topic, and where the goal is to generate insights and ideas that can guide further research. Here are some specific situations where exploratory research may be particularly useful:

• New product development: When developing a new product, exploratory research can be used to identify consumer needs and preferences, as well as potential design flaws or issues.
• Emerging technologies: When exploring emerging technologies, exploratory research can be used to identify potential uses and applications, as well as potential challenges or limitations.
• Developing research hypotheses: When developing research hypotheses, exploratory research can be used to identify potential relationships or patterns that can be further explored through more rigorous research methods.
• Understanding complex phenomena: When trying to understand complex phenomena, such as human behavior or societal trends, exploratory research can be used to identify underlying patterns or factors that may be influencing the phenomenon.
• Developing research methods : When developing new research methods, exploratory research can be used to identify potential issues or limitations with existing methods, and to develop new methods that better capture the phenomena of interest.

Purpose of Exploratory Research

The purpose of exploratory research is to gain insights and understanding of a research problem or question where there is limited existing knowledge or understanding. The objective is to explore and generate ideas that can guide further research, rather than to test specific hypotheses or make definitive conclusions.

Exploratory research can be used to:

• Identify new research questions: Exploratory research can help to identify new research questions and areas of inquiry, by providing initial insights and understanding of a topic.
• Develop hypotheses: Exploratory research can help to develop hypotheses and testable propositions that can be further explored through more rigorous research methods.
• Identify patterns and trends : Exploratory research can help to identify patterns and trends in data, which can be used to guide further research or decision-making.
• Understand complex phenomena: Exploratory research can help to provide a deeper understanding of complex phenomena, such as human behavior or societal trends, by identifying underlying patterns or factors that may be influencing the phenomena.
• Generate ideas: Exploratory research can help to generate new ideas and insights that can be used to guide further research, innovation, or decision-making.

Characteristics of Exploratory Research

The following are the main characteristics of exploratory research:

• Flexible and open-ended : Exploratory research is characterized by its flexible and open-ended nature, which allows researchers to explore a wide range of ideas and perspectives without being constrained by specific research questions or hypotheses.
• Qualitative in nature : Exploratory research typically relies on qualitative methods, such as in-depth interviews, focus groups, or observation, to gather rich and detailed data on the research problem.
• Limited scope: Exploratory research is generally limited in scope, focusing on a specific research problem or question, rather than attempting to provide a comprehensive analysis of a broader phenomenon.
• Preliminary in nature : Exploratory research is preliminary in nature, providing initial insights and understanding of a research problem, rather than testing specific hypotheses or making definitive conclusions.
• I terative process : Exploratory research is often an iterative process, where the research design and methods may be refined and adjusted as new insights and understanding are gained.
• I nductive approach : Exploratory research typically takes an inductive approach to data analysis, seeking to identify patterns and relationships in the data that can guide further research or hypothesis development.

Advantages of Exploratory Research

The following are some advantages of exploratory research:

• Provides initial insights: Exploratory research is useful for providing initial insights and understanding of a research problem or question where there is limited existing knowledge or understanding. It can help to identify patterns, relationships, and potential hypotheses that can guide further research.
• Flexible and adaptable : Exploratory research is flexible and adaptable, allowing researchers to adjust their methods and approach as they gain new insights and understanding of the research problem.
• Qualitative methods : Exploratory research typically relies on qualitative methods, such as in-depth interviews, focus groups, and observation, which can provide rich and detailed data that is useful for gaining insights into complex phenomena.
• Cost-effective : Exploratory research is often less costly than other research methods, such as large-scale surveys or experiments. It is typically conducted on a smaller scale, using fewer resources and participants.
• Useful for hypothesis generation : Exploratory research can be useful for generating hypotheses and testable propositions that can be further explored through more rigorous research methods.
• Provides a foundation for further research: Exploratory research can provide a foundation for further research by identifying potential research questions and areas of inquiry, as well as providing initial insights and understanding of the research problem.

Limitations of Exploratory Research

The following are some limitations of exploratory research:

• Limited generalizability: Exploratory research is typically conducted on a small scale and uses non-random sampling techniques, which limits the generalizability of the findings to a broader population.
• Subjective nature: Exploratory research relies on qualitative methods and is therefore subject to researcher bias and interpretation. The findings may be influenced by the researcher’s own perceptions, beliefs, and assumptions.
• Lack of rigor: Exploratory research is often less rigorous than other research methods, such as experimental research, which can limit the validity and reliability of the findings.
• Limited ability to test hypotheses: Exploratory research is not designed to test specific hypotheses, but rather to generate initial insights and understanding of a research problem. It may not be suitable for testing well-defined research questions or hypotheses.
• Time-consuming : Exploratory research can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, particularly if the researcher needs to gather data from multiple sources or conduct multiple rounds of data collection.
• Difficulty in interpretation: The open-ended nature of exploratory research can make it difficult to interpret the findings, particularly if the researcher is unable to identify clear patterns or relationships in the data.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance

Britt hallingberg.

1 Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales UK

Ruth Turley

4 Specialist Unit for Review Evidence, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales UK

Jeremy Segrott

2 Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales UK

Daniel Wight

3 MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

Peter Craig

Laurence moore, simon murphy, michael robling, sharon anne simpson, graham moore, associated data.

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to copyright infringement.

Evaluations of complex interventions in public health are frequently undermined by problems that can be identified before the effectiveness study stage. Exploratory studies, often termed pilot and feasibility studies, are a key step in assessing the feasibility and value of progressing to an effectiveness study. Such studies can provide vital information to support more robust evaluations, thereby reducing costs and minimising potential harms of the intervention. This systematic review forms the first phase of a wider project to address the need for stand-alone guidance for public health researchers on designing and conducting exploratory studies. The review objectives were to identify and examine existing recommendations concerning when such studies should be undertaken, questions they should answer, suitable methods, criteria for deciding whether to progress to an effectiveness study and appropriate reporting.

We searched for published and unpublished guidance reported between January 2000 and November 2016 via bibliographic databases, websites, citation tracking and expert recommendations. Included papers were thematically synthesized.

The search retrieved 4095 unique records. Thirty papers were included, representing 25 unique sources of guidance/recommendations. Eight themes were identified: pre-requisites for conducting an exploratory study, nomenclature, guidance for intervention assessment, guidance surrounding any future evaluation study design, flexible versus fixed design, progression criteria to a future evaluation study, stakeholder involvement and reporting of exploratory studies. Exploratory studies were described as being concerned with the intervention content, the future evaluation design or both. However, the nomenclature and endorsed methods underpinning these aims were inconsistent across papers. There was little guidance on what should precede or follow an exploratory study and decision-making surrounding this.

Conclusions

Existing recommendations are inconsistent concerning the aims, designs and conduct of exploratory studies, and guidance is lacking on the evidence needed to inform when to proceed to an effectiveness study.

Trial registration

PROSPERO 2016, CRD42016047843

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s40814-018-0290-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Improving public health and disrupting complex problems such as smoking, obesity and mental health requires complex, often multilevel, interventions. Such interventions are often costly and may cause unanticipated harms and therefore require evaluation using the most robust methods available. However, pressure to identify effective interventions can lead to premature commissioning of large effectiveness studies of poorly developed interventions, wasting finite research resources [ 1 – 3 ]. In the development of pharmaceutical drugs over 80% fail to reach ‘Phase III’ effectiveness trials, even after considerable investment [ 4 ]. With public health interventions, the historical tendency to rush to full evaluation has in some cases led to evaluation failures due to issues which could have been identified at an earlier stage, such as difficulties recruiting sufficient participants [ 5 ]. There is growing consensus that improving the effectiveness of public health interventions relies on attention to their design and feasibility [ 3 , 6 ]. However, what constitutes good practice when deciding when a full evaluation is warranted, what uncertainties should be addressed to inform this decision and how, is unclear. This systematic review aims to synthesize existing sources of guidance for ‘exploratory studies’ which we broadly define as studies intended to generate evidence needed to decide whether and how to proceed with a full-scale effectiveness study. They do this by optimising or assessing the feasibility of the intervention and/or evaluation design that the effectiveness study would use. Hence, our definition includes studies variously referred to throughout the literature as ‘pilot studies’, ‘feasibility studies’ or ‘exploratory trials’. Our definition is consistent with previous work conducted by Eldridge et al. [ 7 , 8 ], who define feasibility as an overarching concept [ 8 ] which assesses; ‘… whether the future trial can be done, should be done, and, if so, how’ (p. 2) [ 7 ]. However, our definition also includes exploratory studies to inform non-randomised evaluations, rather than a sole focus on trials.

The importance of thoroughly establishing the feasibility of intervention and evaluation plans prior to embarking on an expensive, fully powered evaluation was indicated in the Medical Research Council’s (MRC) framework for the development and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health [ 9 , 10 ]. This has triggered shifts in the practice of researchers and funders toward seeking and granting funding for an ever growing number of studies to address feasibility issues. Such studies are however in themselves often expensive [ 11 , 12 ]. While there is a compelling case for such studies, the extent to which this substantial investment in exploratory studies has to date improved the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of evidence production remains to be firmly established. Where exploratory studies are conducted poorly, this investment may simply lead to expenditure of large amounts of additional public money, and several years’ delay in getting evidence into the hands of decision-makers, without necessarily increasing the likelihood that a future evaluation will provide useful evidence.

The 2000 MRC guidance used the term ‘exploratory trial’ for work conducted prior to a ‘definitive trial’, indicating that it should primarily address issues concerning the optimisation, acceptability and delivery of the intervention [ 13 ]. This included adaptation of the intervention, consideration of variants of the intervention, testing and refinement of delivery method or content, assessment of learning curves and implementation strategies and determining the counterfactual. Other possible purposes of exploratory trials included preliminary assessment of effect size in order to calculate the sample size for the main trial and other trial design parameters, including methods of recruitment, randomisation and follow-up. Updated MRC guidance in 2008 moved away from the sole focus on RCTs (randomised controlled trials) of its predecessor reflecting recognition that not all interventions can be tested using an RCT and that the next most robust methods may sometimes be the best available option [ 10 , 14 ]. Guidance for exploratory studies prior to a full evaluation have, however, often been framed as relevant only where the main evaluation is to be an RCT [ 13 , 15 ].

However, the goals of exploratory studies advocated by research funders have to date varied substantially. For instance, the National Institute for Health Research Evaluation Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre (NETSCC) definitions of feasibility and pilot studies do not include examination of intervention design, delivery or acceptability and do not suggest that modifications to the intervention prior to full-scale evaluation will arise from these phases. However, the NIHR (National Institute of Health Research) portfolio of funded studies indicates various uses of terms such as ‘feasibility trial’, ‘pilot trial’ and ‘exploratory trial’ to describe studies with similar aims, while it is rare for such studies not to include a focus on intervention parameters [ 16 – 18 ]. Within the research literature, there is considerable divergence over what exploratory studies should be called, what they should achieve, what they should entail, whether and how they should determine progression to future studies and how they should be reported [ 7 , 8 , 19 – 21 ].

This paper presents a systematic review of the existing recommendations and guidance on exploratory studies relevant to public health, conducted as the first stage of a project to develop new MRC guidance on exploratory studies. This review aims to produce a synthesis of current guidance/recommendations in relation to the definition, purpose and content of exploratory studies, and what is seen as ‘good’ and ‘bad’ practice as presented by the authors. It will provide an overview of key gaps and areas in which there is inconsistency within and between documents. The rationale for guidance and recommendations are presented, as well as the theoretical perspectives informing them. In particular, we examine how far the existing recommendations answer the following questions:

• When is it appropriate to conduct an exploratory study?
• What questions should such studies address?
• What are the key methodological considerations in answering these questions?
• What criteria should inform a decision on whether to progress to an effectiveness study?
• How should exploratory studies be reported?

This review is reported in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement [ 22 ] as evidenced in the PRISMA checklist (see Additional file  1 : Table S1). The review protocol is registered on PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42016047843; www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero ).

Literature search

A comprehensive search (see Additional file  2 : Appendix) was designed and completed during August to November 2016 to identify published and grey literature reported between January 2000 and November 2016 that contained guidance and recommendations on exploratory studies that could have potential relevance to public health. Bibliographic databases were CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, MEDLINE-In-process, PsycINFO, Web of Science and PubMed. Supplementary searches included key websites (see Additional file  2 : Appendix) and forward and backward citation tracking of included papers, as well as contacting experts in the field. The first MRC guidance on developing and evaluating complex interventions in health was published in 2000; we therefore excluded guidance published before this year.

Selection of included papers

Search results were exported into reference management software Endnote and clearly irrelevant or duplicate records removed by an information specialist. Eligibility criteria were applied to abstracts and potentially relevant full-text papers by two reviewers working independently in duplicate (BH, JS). Discrepancies were agreed by consensus or by a third reviewer if necessary. Full criteria are shown in Table  1 . During screening of eligible studies, it became evident that determining whether or not guidance was applicable to public health was not always clear. The criteria in Table  1 were agreed by the team after a list of potentially eligible publications were identified.

Eligibility criteria for selecting papers

Quality assessment of included papers

Given the nature of publications included (expert guidance or methodological discussion papers) quality assessment was not applicable.

Data extraction and thematic synthesis

A thematic synthesis of guidance within included documents was performed [ 23 ]. This involved the use of an a priori coding framework (based on the projects aims and objectives), developed by RT, JS and DW ([ 24 ], see Additional file  2 : Appendix). Data were extracted using this schema in qualitative analytic software NVivo by one reviewer (BH). A 10% sample of coded papers was checked by a second reviewer (JS). Data were then conceptualised into final themes by agreement (BH, JS, DW, RT).

Review statistics

Four thousand ninety-five unique records were identified of which 93 were reviewed in full text (see Fig.  1 ). In total, 30 documents were included in the systematic review representing 25 unique sets of guidance. Most sources of guidance did not explicitly identify an intended audience and guidance varied in its relevance to public health. Table  2 presents an overview of all sources of guidance included in the review with sources of guidance more or less relevant to public health identified as well as those which specifically applied to exploratory studies with a randomised design.

Flow diagram

Summary of included guidance

a Guidance with greater relevance to public health included those where public health audiences was clearly among intended users of the guidance (authors are from Public Health departments, cites literature from public health journals, provides public health examples or uses the term ‘public health’ or variants of this, e.g. ‘prevention science’, ‘health improvement’). Guidance with less relevance was not specific about the intended audience but was of plausible relevance to public health (might, for example, include either an author from a public health research department or a citation to a public health journal).

b Authors make distinctions between the terms “pilot study” and “feasibility study”. c Aims of exploratory studies presented in the table map onto aims presented in themes 3 ( Guidance for intervention assessment ) and 4 ( Guidance surrounding the future evaluation design )

Findings from guidance

The included guidance reported a wide range of recommendations on the process of conducting and reporting exploratory studies. We categorised these into eight themes that capture: pre-requisites for conducting an exploratory study, nomenclature, guidance for intervention assessment, guidance surrounding the future evaluation study design, adaptive vs rigid designs, progression criteria for exploratory studies, stakeholder involvement and reporting.

Narrative description of themes

Theme 1: pre-requisites for conducting an exploratory study.

Where mentioned, pre-requisite activities included determining the evidence base, establishing the theoretical basis for the intervention, identifying the intervention components as well as modelling of the intervention in order to understand how intervention components interact and impact on final outcomes [ 9 , 25 – 27 ]. These were often discussed within the context of the MRC’s intervention development-evaluation cycle [ 6 , 9 , 10 , 13 , 25 – 28 ]. Understanding how intervention components interact with various contextual settings [ 6 , 27 , 29 ] and identifying unintended harms [ 6 , 29 ] as well as potential implementation issues [ 6 , 9 , 10 , 30 ] were also highlighted. There was an absence of detail in judging when these above conditions were met sufficiently for moving onto an exploratory study.

Theme 2: nomenclature

A wide range of terms were used, sometimes interchangeably, to describe exploratory studies with the most common being pilot trial/study. Table  3 shows the frequency of the terms used in guidance including other terms endorsed.

Frequency of nomenclature used

Note: terms are not mutually exclusive

Different terminology did not appear to be consistently associated with specific study purposes (see theme 3), as illustrated in Table  2 . ‘Pilot’ and ‘feasibility’ studies were sometimes used interchangeably [ 10 , 20 , 25 – 28 , 31 ] while others made distinctions between the two according to design features or particular aims [ 7 , 8 , 19 , 29 , 32 – 34 ]. For example, some described pilot studies as a smaller version of a future RCT to run in miniature [ 7 , 8 , 19 , 29 , 32 – 34 ] and was sometimes associated with a randomised design [ 32 , 34 ], but not always [ 7 , 8 ]. In contrast, feasibility studies were used as an umbrella term by Eldridge et al. with pilot studies representing a subset of feasibility studies [ 7 , 8 ]: ‘We suggest that researchers view feasibility as an overarching concept, with all studies done in preparation for a main study open to being called feasibility studies, and with pilot studies as a subset of feasibility studies.’ (p. 18) [ 8 ].

Feasibility studies could focus on particular intervention and trial design elements [ 29 , 32 ] which may not include randomisation [ 32 , 34 ]. Internal pilot studies were primarily viewed as part of the full trial [ 8 , 32 , 35 – 38 ] and are therefore not depicted under nomenclature in Table  3 .

While no sources explicitly stated that an exploratory study should focus on one area and not the other, aims and associated methods of exploratory studies diverged into two separate themes. They pertained to either examining the intervention itself or the future evaluation design, and are detailed below in themes 3 and 4.

Theme 3: guidance for intervention assessment

Sources of guidance endorsed exploratory studies having formative purposes (i.e. refining the intervention and addressing uncertainties related to intervention implementation [ 13 , 15 , 29 , 31 , 39 ]) as well as summative goals (i.e. assessing the potential impact of an intervention or its promise [ 6 , 13 , 39 ]).

Refining the intervention and underlying theory

Some guidance suggested that changes could be made within exploratory studies to refine the intervention and underlying theory [ 15 , 29 , 31 ] and adapt intervention content to a new setting [ 39 ]. However, guidance was not clear on what constituted minor vs. major changes and implications for progression criteria (see theme 6). When making changes to the intervention or underlying theory, some guidance recommended this take place during the course of the exploratory study (see theme 5). Others highlighted the role of using a multi-arm design to select the contents of the intervention before a full evaluation [ 13 ] and to assess potential mechanisms of multiple different interventions or intervention components [ 29 ]. Several sources highlighted the role of qualitative research in optimising or refining an intervention, particularly for understanding the components of the logic model [ 29 ] and surfacing hidden aspects of the intervention important for delivering outcomes [ 15 ].

Intervention implementation

There was agreement across a wide range of guidance that exploratory studies could explore key uncertainties related to intervention implementation, such as acceptability, feasibility or practicality. Notably these terms were often ill-defined and used interchangeably. Acceptability was considered in terms of recipients’ reactions [ 7 , 8 , 29 , 32 , 39 ] while others were also attentive to feasibility from the perspective of intervention providers, deliverers and health professionals [ 6 , 9 , 29 , 30 , 34 , 39 ]. Implementation, feasibility, fidelity and ‘practicality’ explored the likelihood of being able to deliver in practice what was intended [ 25 – 27 , 30 , 39 ]. These were sometimes referred to as aims within an embedded process evaluation that took place alongside an exploratory study, although the term process evaluation was never defined [ 7 , 10 , 15 , 29 , 40 ].

Qualitative research was encouraged for assessment of intervention acceptability [ 21 ] or for implementation (e.g. via non-participant observation [ 15 ]). Caution was recommended with regards to focus groups where there is a risk of masking divergent views [ 15 ]. Others recommended quantitative surveys to examine retention rates and reasons for dropout [ 7 , 30 ]. Furthermore, several sources emphasised the importance of testing implementation in a range of contexts [ 15 , 29 , 39 , 41 ]—especially in less socioeconomically advantaged groups, to examine the risk of widening health inequalities [ 29 , 39 ].

One source of guidance considered whether randomisation was required for assessing intervention acceptability, believing this to be unnecessary but also suggesting it could ‘potentially depend on preference among interventions offered in the main trial’ ([ 21 ]; p. 9). Thus, issues of intervention acceptability, particularly within multi-arm trials, may relate to clinical equipoise and acceptability of randomisation procedures among participants [ 30 ].

Appropriateness of assessing intervention impact

Several sources of guidance discussed the need to understand the impact of the intervention, including harms, benefits or unintended consequences [ 6 , 7 , 15 , 29 , 39 ]. Much of the guidance focused on statistical tests of effectiveness with disagreement on the soundness of this aim, although qualitative methods were also recommended [ 15 , 42 ]. Some condemned statistically testing for effectiveness [ 7 , 20 , 29 , 32 , 41 ], as such studies are often underpowered, hence leading to imprecise and potentially misleading estimates of effect sizes [ 7 , 20 ]. Others argued that an estimate of likely effect size could evidence the intervention was working as intended and not having serious unintended harms [ 6 ] and thus be used to calculate the power for the full trial [ 13 ]. Later guidance from the MRC is more ambiguous than earlier guidance, stating that estimates should be interpreted with caution, while simultaneously stating ‘safe’ assumptions of effect sizes as a pre-requisite before continuing to a full evaluation [ 10 ]. NIHR guidance, which distinguished between pilot and feasibility studies, supported the assessment of a primary outcome in pilot studies, although it is unclear whether this is suggesting that a pilot should involve an initial test of changes in the primary outcome, or simply that the primary outcome should be measured in the same way as it would be in a full evaluation. By contrast, for ‘feasibility studies’, it indicated that an aim may include designing an outcome measure to be used in a full evaluation.

Others made the case for identifying evidence of potential effectiveness, including use of interim or surrogate endpoints [ 7 , 41 ], defined as ‘…variables on the causal pathway of what might eventually be the primary outcome in the future definitive RCT, or outcomes at early time points, in order to assess the potential for the intervention to affect likely outcomes in the future definitive RCT…’ [ 7 ] (p. 14).

Randomisation was implied as a design feature of exploratory studies when estimating an effect size estimate of the intervention as it maximised the likelihood that observed differences are due to intervention [ 9 , 39 ], with guidance mostly written from a starting assumption that full evaluation will take the form of an RCT and guidance focused less on exploratory studies for quasi-experimental or other designs. For studies that aim to assess potential effectiveness using a surrogate or interim outcome, using a standard sample size calculation was recommended to ensure adequate power, although it was noted that this aim is rare in exploratory studies [ 7 ].

Theme 4: guidance surrounding the future evaluation design

Sources consistently advocated assessing the feasibility of study procedures or estimating parameters of the future evaluation. Recommendations are detailed below.

Assessing feasibility of the future evaluation design

Assessing feasibility of future evaluation procedures was commonly recommended [ 6 , 7 , 10 , 15 , 30 , 32 – 34 , 37 , 41 ] to avert problems that could undermine the conduct or acceptability of future evaluation [ 6 , 15 , 30 ]. A wide range of procedures were suggested as requiring assessments of feasibility including data collection [ 20 , 30 , 34 , 36 , 41 ], participant retention strategies [ 13 ], randomisation [ 7 , 13 , 20 , 30 , 34 , 36 , 38 , 41 ], recruitment methods [ 13 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 38 , 41 ], running the full trial protocol [ 20 , 30 , 36 ], the willingness of participants to be randomised [ 30 , 32 ] and issues of contamination [ 30 ]. There was disagreement concerning the appropriateness of assessing blinding in exploratory studies [ 7 , 30 , 34 ], with one source noting double blinding is difficult when participants are assisted in changing their behaviour; although assessing single blinding may be possible [ 30 ].

Qualitative [ 15 , 30 , 34 ], quantitative [ 34 ] and mixed methods [ 7 ] were endorsed for assessing these processes. Reflecting the tendency for guidance of exploratory studies to be limited to studies in preparation for RCTs, discussion of the role of randomisation at the exploratory study stage featured heavily in guidance. Randomisation within an exploratory study was considered necessary for examining feasibility of recruitment, consent to randomisation, retention, contamination or maintenance of blinding in the control and intervention groups, randomisation procedures and whether all the components of a protocol can work together, although randomisation was not deemed necessary to assess outcome burden and participant eligibility [ 21 , 30 , 34 ]. While there was consensus about what issues could be assessed through randomisation, sources disagreed on whether randomisation should always precede a future evaluation study, even if that future study is to be an RCT. Contention seemed to be linked to variation in nomenclature and associated aims. For example, some defined pilot study as a study run in miniature to test how all its components work together, thereby dictating a randomised design [ 32 , 34 ]. Yet for feasibility studies, randomisation was only necessary if it reduced the uncertainties in estimating parameters for the future evaluation [ 32 , 34 ]. Similarly, other guidance highlighted an exploratory study (irrespective of nomenclature) should address the main uncertainties, and thus may not depend on randomisation [ 8 , 15 ].

Estimating parameters of the future evaluation design

A number of sources recommended exploratory studies should inform the parameters of the future evaluation design. Areas for investigation included estimating sample sizes required for the future evaluation (e.g. measuring outcomes [ 32 , 35 ]; power calculations [ 13 ]; derive effect size estimates [ 6 , 7 , 39 ]; estimating target differences [ 35 , 43 ]; deciding what outcomes to measure and how [ 9 , 20 , 30 , 36 ]; assessing quality of measures (e.g. for reliability/ validity/ feasibility/ sensitivity [ 7 , 20 , 30 ]; identification of control group [ 9 , 13 ]; recruitment, consent and retention rates [ 10 , 13 , 20 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 36 ]; and information on the cost of the future evaluation design [ 9 , 30 , 36 ].

While qualitative methods were deemed useful for selecting outcomes and their suitable measures [ 15 ], most guidance concentrated on quantitative methods for estimating future evaluation sample sizes. This was contentious due to the potential to over- or under-estimate sample sizes required in a future evaluation due to the lack of precision of estimates from a small pilot [ 20 , 30 , 41 ]. Estimating sample sizes from effect size estimates in an exploratory study was nevertheless argued by some to be useful if there was scant literature and the exploratory study used the same design and outcome as the future evaluation [ 30 , 39 ]. Cluster RCTs, which are common in public health interventions, were specifically earmarked as unsuitable for estimating parameters for sample size calculations (e.g. intra-cluster correlation coefficients) as well as recruitment and follow-up rates without additional information from other resources, because a large number of clusters and individual participants would be required [ 41 ]. Others referred to ‘rules of thumb’ when determining sample sizes in an exploratory study with numbers varying between 10 and 75 participants per trial arm in individually randomised studies [ 7 , 30 , 36 ]. Several also recommended the need to consider a desired meaningful difference in the health outcomes from a future evaluation and the appropriate sample size needed to detect this, rather than conducting sample size calculations using estimates of likely effect size from pilot data [ 30 , 35 , 38 , 43 ].

A randomised design was deemed unnecessary for estimating costs or selecting outcomes, although was valued for estimating recruitment and retention rates for intervention and control groups [ 21 , 34 ]. Where guidance indicated the estimation of an effect size appropriate to inform the sample size for a future evaluation, a randomised design was deemed necessary [ 9 , 39 ].

Theme 5: flexible vs. fixed design

Sources stated that exploratory studies could employ a rigid or flexible design. With the latter, the design can change during the course of the study, which is useful for making changes to the intervention, as well as the future evaluation design [ 6 , 13 , 15 , 31 ]. Here, qualitative data can be analysed as it is collected, shaping the exploratory study process, for instance sampling of subsequent data collection points [ 15 ], and clarifying implications for intervention effectiveness [ 31 ].

In contrast, fixed exploratory studies were encouraged when primarily investigating the future evaluation parameters and processes [ 13 ]. It may be that the nomenclature used in some guidance (e.g. pilot studies that are described as miniature versions of the evaluation) is suggesting a distinction between more flexible vs. more stringent designs. In some guidance, it was not mentioned whether changes should be made during the course of an exploratory study or afterwards, in order to get the best possible design for the future evaluation [ 6 , 7 , 21 ].

Theme 6: progression criteria to a future evaluation study

Little guidance was provided on what should be considered when formulating progression criteria for continuing onto a future evaluation study. Some focussed on the relevant uncertainties of feasibility [ 32 , 39 ], while others highlight specific items concerning cost-effectiveness [ 10 ], refining causal hypotheses to be tested in a future evaluation [ 29 ] and meeting recruitment targets [ 20 , 34 ]. As discussed in themes 3 and 4, statistically testing for effectiveness and using effect sizes for power calculations was cautioned by some, and so criteria based on effect sizes were not specified [ 38 ].

Greater discussion was devoted to how to weight evidence from an exploratory study that addressed multiple aims and used different methods. Some explicitly stated progression criteria should not be judged as strict thresholds but as guidelines using, for example, a traffic lights system with varying levels of acceptability [ 7 , 41 ]. Others highlighted a realist approach, moving away from binary indicators to focusing on ‘what is feasible and acceptable for whom and under what circumstances’ [ 29 ]. In light of the difficulties surrounding interpretation of effect estimates, several sources recommended qualitative findings from exploratory studies should be more influential than quantitative findings [ 15 , 38 ].

Interestingly, there was ambiguity regarding progression when exploratory findings indicated substantial changes to the intervention or evaluation design. Sources considering this issue suggested that if ‘extensive changes’ or ‘major modifications’ are made to either (note they did not specify what qualified as such), researchers should return to the exploratory [ 21 , 30 ] or intervention development phases [ 15 ].

‘Alternatively, at the feasibility phase, researchers may identify fundamental problems with the intervention or trial conduct and return to the development phase rather than proceed to a full trial.’ (p. 1) [ 15 ].

As described previously, however, the threshold at which changes are determined to be ‘major’ remained ambiguous. While updated MRC guidance [ 10 ] moved to a more iterative model, accepting that movement back between feasibility/piloting and intervention development may sometimes be needed, there was no guidance on under what conditions movement between these two stages should take place.

Theme 7: stakeholder involvement

Several sources recommended a range of stakeholders (e.g. intervention providers, intervention recipients, public representatives as well as practitioners who might use the evidence produced by the full trial) be involved in the planning and running of the exploratory study to ensure exploratory studies reflect the realities of intervention setting [ 15 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 39 , 40 ]. In particular, community-based participatory approaches were recommended [ 15 , 39 ]. While many highlighted the value of stakeholders on Trial Steering Committees and other similar study groups [ 15 , 28 , 40 ], some warned about equipoise between researchers and stakeholders [ 15 , 40 ] and also cautioned against researchers conflating stakeholder involvement with qualitative research [ 15 ].

‘Although patient and public representatives on research teams can provide helpful feedback on the intervention, this does not constitute qualitative research and may not result in sufficiently robust data to inform the appropriate development of the intervention.’ (p. 8) [ 15 ].

Theme 8: reporting of exploratory studies

Detailed recommendations for reporting exploratory studies were recently provided in new Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidance by Eldridge et al. [ 7 ]. In addition to this, recurrent points were brought up by other sources of guidance. Most notably, it was recommended exploratory studies be published in peer-reviewed journals as this can provide useful information to other researchers on what has been done, what did not work and what might be most appropriate [ 15 , 30 ]. An exploratory study may also result in multiple publications, but should provide reference to other work carried out in the same exploratory study [ 7 , 15 ]. Several sources of guidance also highlight that exploratory studies should be appropriately labelled in the title/abstract to enable easy identification; however, the nomenclature suggested varied depending on guidance [ 7 , 8 , 15 ].

While exploratory studies—carried out to inform decisions about whether and how to proceed with an effectiveness study [ 7 , 8 ]—are increasingly recognised as important in the efficient evaluation of complex public health interventions, our findings suggest that this area remains in need of consistent standards to inform practice. At present, there are multiple definitions of exploratory studies, a lack of consensus on a number of key issues, and a paucity of detailed guidance on how to approach the main uncertainties such studies aim to address prior to proceeding to a full evaluation.

Existing guidance commonly focuses almost exclusively on testing methodological parameters [ 33 ], such as recruitment and retention, although in practice, it is unusual for such studies not to also focus on the feasibility of the intervention itself. Where intervention feasibility is discussed, there is limited guidance on when an intervention is ‘ready’ for an exploratory study and a lack of demarcation between intervention development and pre-evaluation work to understand feasibility. Some guidance recognised that an intervention continues to develop throughout an exploratory study, with distinctions made between ‘optimisation/refinement’ (i.e. minor refinements to the intervention) vs. ‘major changes’. However, the point at which changes become so substantial that movement back toward intervention development rather than forward to a full evaluation remains ambiguous. Consistent with past reviews which adopted a narrower focus on studies with randomised designs [ 21 ] or in preparation for a randomised trial [ 8 , 36 ] and limited searches of guidance in medical journals [ 19 , 36 ], terms to describe exploratory studies were inconsistent, with a distinction sometimes made between pilot and feasibility studies, though with others using these terms interchangeably.

The review identifies a number of key areas of disagreement or limited guidance in regards to the critical aims of exploratory studies and addressing uncertainties which might undermine a future evaluation, and how these aims should be achieved. There was much disagreement for example on whether exploratory studies should include a preliminary assessment of intervention effects to inform decisions on progression to a full evaluation, and the appropriateness of using estimates of effect from underpowered data (from non-representative samples and a study based on a not fully optimised version of the intervention) to power a future evaluation study. Most guidance focused purely on studies in preparation for RCTs; nevertheless, guidance varied on whether randomisation was a necessary feature of the exploratory study, even where a future evaluation study was an RCT. Guidance was often difficult to assess regarding its applicability to public health research, with many sources focusing on literature and practice primarily from clinical research, and limited consideration of the transferability of these problems and proposed solutions to complex social interventions, such as those in public health. Progression criteria were highlighted as important by some as a means of preventing biased post hoc cases for continuation. However, there was a lack of guidance on how to devise progression criteria and processes for assessing whether these had been sufficiently met. Where they had not been met, there was a lack of guidance on how to decide whether the exploratory study had generated sufficient insight about uncertainties that the expense of a further feasibility study would not be justified prior to large-scale evaluation.

Although our review included a broad focus on guidance of exploratory studies from published and grey literature and moved beyond a focus on studies conducted in preparation for an RCT specifically, a number of limitations should be noted. Guidance from other areas of social intervention research where challenges may be similar to those in public health (e.g. education, social work and business) may not have been captured by our search strategy. We found few worked examples of exploratory studies in public health that provided substantial information from learned experience and practice. Hence, the review drew largely on recommendations from funding organisations, or relatively abstract guidance from teams of researchers, with fewer clear examples of how these recommendations are grounded in experience from the conduct of such studies. As such, it should be acknowledged that these documents represent one element within a complex system of research production and may not necessarily fully reflect what is taking place in the conduct of exploratory studies. Finally, treating sources of guidance as independent from each other does not reflect how some recommendations developed over time (see for example [ 7 , 8 , 20 , 36 , 41 ]).

There is inconsistent guidance, and for some key issues a lack of guidance, for exploratory studies of complex public health interventions. As this lack of guidance for researchers in public health continues, the implications and consequences could be far reaching. It is unclear how researchers use existing guidance to shape decision-making in the conduct of exploratory studies, and in doing so, how they adjudicate between various conflicting perspectives. This systematic review has aimed largely to identify areas of agreement and disagreement as a starting point in bringing order to this somewhat chaotic field of work. Following this systematic review, our next step is to conduct an audit of published public health exploratory studies in peer-reviewed journals, to assess current practice and how this reflects the reviewed guidance. As part of a wider study, funded by the MRC/NIHR Methodology Research Programme to develop GUidance for Exploratory STudies of complex public health interventions (GUEST; Moore L, et al. Exploratory studies to inform full scale evaluations of complex public health interventions: the need for guidance, submitted), the review has informed a Delphi survey of researchers, funders and publishers of public health research. In turn, this will contribute to a consensus meeting which aims to reach greater unanimity on the aims of exploratory studies, and how these can most efficiently address uncertainties which may undermine a full-scale evaluation.

Additional files

Table S1. PRISMA checklist. (DOC 62 kb)

Appendix 1. Search strategies and websites. Appendix 2. Coding framework. (DOCX 28 kb)

Acknowledgements

We thank the Specialist Unit for Review Evidence (SURE) at Cardiff University, including Mala Mann, Helen Morgan, Alison Weightman and Lydia Searchfield, for their assistance with developing and conducting the literature search.

This study is supported by funding from the Methodology Research Panel (MR/N015843/1). LM, SS and DW are supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/14) and the Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU14). PC is supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/15) and the Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU15). The work was also undertaken with the support of The Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), a UKCRC Public Health Research Centre of Excellence. Joint funding (MR/KO232331/1) from the British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, the Welsh Government and the Wellcome Trust, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged.

Availability of data and materials

Abbreviations, authors’ contributions.

LM, GM, PC, MR, JS, RT and SS were involved in the development of the study. RT, JS, DW and BH were responsible for the data collection, overseen by LM and GM. Data analysis was undertaken by BH guided by RT, JS, DW and GM. The manuscript was prepared by BH, RT, DW, JS and GM. All authors contributed to the final version of the manuscript. LM is the principal investigator with overall responsibility for the project. GM is Cardiff lead for the project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Contributor Information

Britt Hallingberg, Phone: +44 (0)29 2087 9164, Email: ku.ca.fc@EBgrebgnillaH .

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Exploring the Pros and Cons of Exploratory Research

• October 13, 2021

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Exploratory research is conducted to improve the understanding of a problem or phenomenon which is not rigidly defined. In this blog, we will focus on the pros & cons of Exploratory Research

What are the Characteristics of Exploratory Research?

Exploratory research helps you to gain more understanding of a topic. It helps you to gather information about your analysis without any preconceived assumptions. 

• The beginning phase of the study.
• Trial and error approach.
• Study of an undefined phenomenon.
• Uses small samples.
• Unstructured and flexible.
• Tentative results.
• Guide for future research.
• Qualitative and unrestricted. 

With an understanding of the characteristics, let’s dig into the pros & cons of exploratory research .

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Pros of Exploratory Research

The following set of pros of exploratory research advocate for its use as: 

• Exploratory research offers a great amount of researcher discretion. The lack of structure enables the researcher to direct the progression of the research processes and in that sense, it offers a greater degree of flexibility and freedom.
• Another pro of exploratory research is the economical way in which the process can be conducted. Exploratory research uses a relatively smaller group of people for defining and understanding the research issue.
• Exploratory research when done properly can lay a strong foundation for any study that is carried around the same issue in the future. Exploratory research that is properly carried out helps in determining research design, sampling methodology, and data collection. This also comes with a sense of responsibility for the researcher to try and inspect the issue in-depth and concentrate on authentic reporting of results.
• Analyzing the feasibility and viability of the research issue is another pro of exploratory research. No organization wants to invest time, effort, and resources in an area that is incapable of making value addition to the overall functioning. By carrying out an early study, exploratory research gauges the future importance that the research topic holds and accordingly directs organizational attitude.
• Exploratory research formulates a greater understanding of a previously unresearched topic and satisfies the researcher uncovers facts and brings new issues to light. In doing so, it helps refine the future research questions. It also helps decide the best approach to reach the objective.

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Cons of exploratory research

Exploratory research comes with its own set of cons that can act as roadblocks that impede a seamless data collection experience which lays the groundwork for future probes as well:

• Exploratory research brings up tentative results and so is inconclusive. The focus of such research is to grasp and formulate a better understanding of the issue at hand. These research insights cannot be relied upon for effective decision-making.
•  Another con of exploratory research is its qualitative data and subsequent analysis. It is difficult to derive accurate insights that can be summarized in an objective manner. The variability in qualitative data itself makes the evaluation of data collected, a difficult and cumbersome process.
• The small sample used for exploratory research increases the risk of the sample responses being non-representative of the target audience. Smaller groups of people as samples, however useful for a quick study, can hinder a cohesive understanding which not only deteriorates the current quality of research but also adversely impacts the future research carried out along similar lines.
• Data, when gathered through secondary resources, can supply obsolete information which may not generate any significant contribution to the understanding of an issue in the current scenario. Outdated information is neither actionable nor supportive in offering any sort of clarity under dynamic market conditions.

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Conclusion;

In this article, we have discussed the pros and cons of exploratory research to make it easier for understanding. You can conduct exploratory research via the primary or secondary method of data collection. Weighing the pros and cons of exploratory research as mentioned above you can choose the best way to proceed with your research. 

Dynamic : Researchers decide the directional flow of the research based on changing circumstances

Pocket Friendly : The resource investment is minimal and so does not act as a financial plough

Foundational : Lays the groundwork for future researcher

Feasibility of future assessment : Exploratory research studies the scope of the issue and determines the need for a future investigation

Nature : Exploratory research sheds light upon previously undiscovered

Inconclusive : Exploratory research offers inconclusive results

Difficult to interpret : Exploratory research offers a qualitative approach to data collection which is highly subjective and complex.

Sampling problem : Exploratory research makes use of a small number of respondents which opens up the risk of sampling bias and the consequent reduction in reliability and validity.

Incorrect sourcing : The collection of secondary data from sources that provide outdated information deteriorate the research quality.

Exploratory research design is a mechanism that explores issues that have not been clearly defined by adopting a qualitative method of data collection.

Exploratory research comes with disadvantages that include offering inconclusive results, lack of standardized analysis, small sample population and outdated information that can adversely affect the authenticity of information. Lack of preventive measure to minimise the effect of such hindrances can result in a bad understanding of the topic under consideration.

Exploratory research is carried out with the purpose of formulating an initial understanding of issues that haven’t been clearly defined yet.

Yes, due to a lack of previous knowledge about the research problem, researchers establish a suitable hypothesis that fuel the initial investigation.

A retail study that focuses on the impact of individual product sales vs packaged hamper sales on overall demand can provide a layout about how the customer looks at the two concepts differently and the variation in buying behaviour observed therein.

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Exploratory Research

Exploratory research, as the name implies, intends merely to explore the research questions and does not intend to offer final and conclusive solutions to existing problems. This type of research is usually conducted to study a problem that has not been clearly defined yet. Conducted in order to determine the nature of the problem, exploratory research is not intended to provide conclusive evidence, but helps us to have a better understanding of the problem.

When conducting exploratory research, the researcher ought to be willing to change his/her direction as a result of revelation of new data and new insights. [1] Accordingly, exploratory studies are often conducted using interpretive research methods and they answer to questions such as what, why and how.

Exploratory research design does not aim to provide the final and conclusive answers to the research questions, but merely explores the research topic with varying levels of depth. It has been noted that “exploratory research is the initial research, which forms the basis of more conclusive research. It can even help in determining the research design, sampling methodology and data collection method” [2] . Exploratory research “tends to tackle new problems on which little or no previous research has been done” [3] .

Unstructured interviews are the most popular primary data collection method with exploratory studies. Additionally, surveys , focus groups and observation methods can be used to collect primary data for this type of studies.

Examples of Exploratory Research Design

The following are some examples for studies with exploratory research design in business studies:

• A study into the role of social networking sites as an effective marketing communication channel
• An investigation into the ways of improvement of quality of customer services within hospitality sector in London
• An assessment of the role of corporate social responsibility on consumer behaviour in pharmaceutical industry in the USA

Differences between Exploratory and Conclusive Research

The difference between exploratory and conclusive research is drawn by Sandhursen (2000) [4] in a way that exploratory studies result in a range of causes and alternative options for a solution of a specific problem, whereas, conclusive studies identify the final information that is the only solution to an existing research problem.

In other words, exploratory research design simply explores the research questions, leaving room for further researches, whereas conclusive research design is aimed to provide final findings for the research.

Moreover, it has been stated that “an exploratory study may not have as rigorous as methodology as it is used in conclusive studies, and sample sizes may be smaller. But it helps to do the exploratory study as methodically as possible, if it is going to be used for major decisions about the way we are going to conduct our next study” [5] (Nargundkar, 2003, p.41).

Exploratory studies usually create scope for future research and the future research may have a conclusive design. For example, ‘a study into the implications of COVID-19 pandemic into the global economy’ is an exploratory research. COVID-19 pandemic is a recent phenomenon and the study can generate an initial knowledge about economic implications of the phenomenon.

A follow-up study, building on the findings of this research ‘a study into the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on tourism revenues in Morocco’ is a causal conclusive research. The second research can produce research findings that can be of a practical use for decision making.

Advantages of Exploratory Research

• Lower costs of conducting the study
• Flexibility and adaptability to change
• Exploratory research is effective in laying the groundwork that will lead to future studies.
• Exploratory studies can potentially save time by determining at the earlier stages the types of research that are worth pursuing

Disadvantages of Exploratory Research

• Inclusive nature of research findings
• Exploratory studies generate qualitative information and interpretation of such type of information is subject to bias
• These types of studies usually make use of a modest number of samples that may not adequately represent the target population. Accordingly, findings of exploratory research cannot be generalized to a wider population.
• Findings of such type of studies are not usually useful in decision making in a practical level.

My e-book,  The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: a step by step assistance  contains discussions of theory and application of research designs. The e-book also explains all stages of the  research process  starting from the  selection of the research area  to writing personal reflection. Important elements of dissertations such as  research philosophy ,  research approach ,  methods of data collection ,  data analysis  and  sampling  are explained in this e-book in simple words.

John Dudovskiy

[1] Source: Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2012) “Research Methods for Business Students” 6 th  edition, Pearson Education Limited

[2] Singh, K. (2007) “Quantitative Social Research Methods” SAGE Publications, p.64

[3] Brown, R.B. (2006) “Doing Your Dissertation in Business and Management: The Reality of Research and Writing” Sage Publications, p.43

[4] Sandhusen, R.L. (2000) “Marketing” Barrons

[5] Nargundkar, R. (2008) “Marketing Research: Text and Cases” 3 rd edition, p.38

Exploratory Research Design: A Guide for Students

Exploratory Research refers to the research methodology used when researchers have a limited understanding of the topic at hand and want to gain a broader perspective or more insights into the subject.

This type of research is conducted in the initial stages of a study when there is a lack of clarity about the problem. It may lead to subsequent studies that attempt to generate greater clarity on the findings generated in the initial, exploratory, phase, or to test hypotheses that the exploratory phase generated.

Definition of Exploratory Research

If you’re writing a research proposal, methodology, or essay in which you need to discuss exploratory research design , I recommend providing a scholarly definition of the topic.

Here are three solid scholarly definitions you could use:

• “… research used to investigate an issue that is new, a problem which is not clearly defined, a topic on which there is little data” (Gozdziak & Chantavanich, 2022)
• “… initial research conducted to clarify and define the nature of the problem. It is done to help diagnose the situation, allow for screening of alternatives, and discover new ideas.” (Hutchison, Allen & Macy, 2012)
• “… the initial research into a hypothetical or theoretical idea. This is where the researcher has an idea and wishes to research a topic seeking to understand it more deeply. An exploratory research study is an attempt to lay the groundwork that could of will lead to future studies.” (Blecher, 2018)

Objectives of Exploratory Research

Exploratory research is generally conducted in order to generate initial data on a relatively unknown topic (Hammond & Wellington, 2013).

We could divide this up into a range of more specific objectives that you could state for your research project, including:

• Descriptive Data : Exploratory research often aims to provide a better understanding of a relatively unknown problem, phenomenon, or behavior by generating descriptive data (Cargan, 2007). This helps in establishing a clearer understanding of a topic and, consequently, gives subsequent projects the chance to dig deeper now that they have some baseline data.
• Generation of New Ideas : Through exploratory research, new ideas and perspectives can emerge that were not initially considered (Swedberg, 2020). An exploratory study often begins with an open mind, ready to reveal surprising, remarkable, and unexpected new ideas and insights. For example, researchers may conclude the study with a hypothesis for future research to examine.
• Determining the Most Appropriate Research Method : After getting a clearer idea of the topic, researchers can determine which research methods (e.g., qualitative, quantitative) would be most suitable for a subsequent, more detailed, conclusive research study.
• Clarifying Concepts : In generating descriptive datasets, an exploratory study can help in defining and refining ambiguous or unclear concepts, which can help to start to build foundational definitions and conceptual frameworks for the emerging body of literature on a novel topic (Tan, 2022).
• Establishing Importance: An exploratory study could also serve the purpose of demonstrating that a topic is worthy of larger-scale studies. So, researchers might conduct their exploratory study, and use its results to approach funding bodies. With the exploratory study complete, they will be armed with more data about the topic and informed evidence about the best way to approach it.
• Establishing Priorities for Future Research : By identifying key issues and questions, researchers can prioritize areas that need deeper investigation. Conclusions of exploratory studies usually provide recommendations for future studies, including by proposing hypotheses and prioritizing future projects.

Common Methods for Exploratory Research Designs

There is no one clear set of methods that must be used in exploratory design. A researcher should select the methodologies that would be most effective in meeting your research questions.

However, commonly, exploratory studies are shaped as small-scale qualitative designs. Qualitative research allows researchers to delve deep into a topic to generate high-quality, contextualized, and nuanced descriptive data. Qualitative data generally cannot create generalizable results, but it does help to create hypotheses that can be looked at with larger-scale quantitative studies.

Examples of exploratory research designs can include:

• Expert Interviews : When exploring a relatively new phenomenon, researchers can speak to professionals or experts in the field to gain their perspectives. This perspective-taking, often taking the form of a delphi method focus group , can help researchers to better understand the key factors within a topic that will inform subsequent study designs (Raley et al., 2016).
• Case Studies : Oftentimes, exploratory research looks at novel and rare phenomena. To begin to understand them, researchers need to look at them in depth. To do this, they may employ a case study design, which allows researchers to take a very in-depth examination of one instance (Lee & Saunders, 2017). This will, in turn, inform future studies that may look at a wider corpus that can create statistically relevant results.
• Observational Studies : This involves observing and noting the behavior or situation of interest. There are multiple types of observational research , ranging from non-intrusive ‘fly on the wall’ observations to participant observations such as ethnographic studies .
• Cross-Sectional Research : This is an example of a qualitative exploratory research design. Imagine researchers want to study an emerging health condition among a population. As it’s emergent, there’s no data yet, but researchers need to know how big a problem this is. To do so, they may conduct an initial cross-sectional study , which gathers statistically relevant descriptive data about how prevalent the condition is. This exploratory study won’t be able to determine cause-and-effect between variables, but it could from the basis and justification for subsequent studies.

A Hypothetical Example

Study Title: The relationship between urban green spaces and mental well-being

Explanation: In an exploratory study examining the relationship between urban green spaces and mental well-being, researchers could survey residents from various neighborhoods about their frequency of visiting local parks and their perceived stress levels.

Design: Since, hypothetically, little prior research exists on this specific topic, the team could employ open-ended interviews, allowing participants to share detailed experiences and insights. Preliminary data might indicate a potential positive correlation between regular park visits and lower stress levels. To gain a deeper understanding, focus groups could be conducted next, where participants discuss the therapeutic effects of nature, setting the stage for more structured, quantitative studies in the future.

Recommendations: Exploratory research usually provides recommendations for more focused subsequent studies. The researchers in this study might recommend exploring the supposed positive correlation between park visits and lower stress through a statistical analysis.

See More Exploratory Research Examples

Benefits and Limitations of Exploratory Research Design

Exploratory research design is very useful for providing initial insights into a topic, describing phenomena in detail, and exploring a topic without the predetermined constraints of mere hypothesis testing.

But it’s not the best research design in all situations. For example, it might not be ideal if you were seeking to achieve clarity on well-worn topics, generate generalizable results that add to existing literature, or contribute to a specific set of existing scholarly discourse on a topic.

Below are some strengths and weaknesses of this research design:

Blecher, M. (2018). Israeli Settlements: Land Politics Beyond the Geneva Convention . Hamilton Books.

Cargan, L. (2007). Doing Social Research . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Gozdziak, E. M., & Chantavanich, S. (2022). Africans in Thailand. In Gozdziak, E. M., & Chantavanich, S. (Eds.). African Migration to Thailand: Race, Mobility, and Integration. Taylor & Francis.

Hammond, M., & Wellington, J. J. (2013).  Research Methods: The Key Concepts . Routledge.

Hutchison, T., Allen, P., & Macy, A. (2012).  Record Label Marketing . Taylor & Francis.

Lee, B., & Saunders, M. N. K. (2017).  Conducting Case Study Research for Business and Management Students.  SAGE Publications.

Morrison, A. M. (2022).  Tourism Marketing: In the Age of the Consumer . Taylor & Francis.

Raley, M. E., Ragona, M., Sijtsema, S. J., Fischer, A. R., & Frewer, L. J. (2016). Barriers to using consumer science information in food technology innovations: An exploratory study using Delphi methodology.  International Journal of Food Studies ,  5 (1). ( Source )

Swedberg, R. (2020). Exploratory Research. In Elman C, Gerring J, & Mahoney J. (Eds.)  The Production of Knowledge: Enhancing Progress in Social Science.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tan, W. C. K. (2022).  Research Methods: A Practical Guide For Students And Researchers  (Second Edition). World Scientific Publishing Company.

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Exploratory Research: Overview, Application, Advantages and Disadvantages 

• Author Kultar Singh
• Published November 4, 2022

Research is usually described into three broad categories, i.e., exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory. Research that explores issues at an early stage of development is considered exploratory research. Exploratory research is conducted when the topic or issue is novel, and data collection is challenging. It is adaptable and may handle any research issue. In most cases, this method is used to formulate formal hypotheses.

Simply put, exploratory research is any study on questions without clear answers. It often happens before we have enough information to make meaningful distinctions or to establish a causal relationship. In addition, it facilitates the identification of the best research approach, data collection method, and subject selection. In many cases, the underlying nature of a reported problem turns out non-existent after exploratory analysis.

Table of Contents

When is the appropriate time to use it?

When an exploratory study aims to formulate a more precise problem or generate hypotheses, it helps better understand a phenomenon. Developing a hypothesis is impossible if the theory is too large or too specific. 

Therefore, exploratory research is required to obtain experience that will aid in formulating suitable hypotheses for further exploration. While exploratory research is not sufficient for decision-making, it can provide valuable insight into specific situations. The results of qualitative research can give a glimpse into “why,” “how,” and “when” events occur. Still, it cannot tell us “how often” or “how many.”

Methods used for exploratory research

In exploratory research, many methodologies are employed. Researchers can choose between primary and secondary methods or a hybrid approach.

Primary research consists of firsthand data from a specially assembled group of individuals. Organizations acquire preliminary data through interviews, focus groups, consumer surveys, or any other method that allows for feedback collection. For example, social media and blogs are excellent channels for business owners to get client feedback. 

Secondary research is the examination and synthesis of primary research conducted in the past. Any relevant data source can be used, including marketing research, periodicals, outdated publications, etc.

Often, exploratory research involves secondary research methods, such as reviewing relevant literature. Qualitative techniques, such as informal conversations with customers, employees, management, or competitors, and quantitative approaches, such as in-depth interviews, focus groups, projective methods, case studies, and pilot studies, can all be used in primary research.

Further, while conducting a case study, the case may include a single person or several people. A survey or exchange of insights can also help one gain experience. Researchers may also conduct an informal investigation of the problems. One may also conduct a pilot study or create a focus group design.

Primary research encompasses a wide variety of methodologies, both qualitative and quantitative, including but not limited to: 

• casual talks with consumers
• staff, management, or competitors
• in-depth interviews
• focus groups
• projective methods
• case studies
• pilot studies

Merits of using Exploratory research

Investigating new alternatives and possibilities is crucial in light of our constantly evolving environment. In order to accomplish this, exploratory research is a fantastic tool. This strategy has numerous benefits, including creativity and innovation.

• You can be receptive to new concepts and opportunities by conducting exploratory research. This may lead to more creative solutions to problems.
• It promotes problem-solving, i.e., when you investigate novel concepts, you are likely to come up with answers to issues using exploratory research. Therefore, you can tackle challenging challenges more effectively.
• The major benefits of doing exploratory research are that it is adaptable and enables the testing of several hypotheses, which increases the flexibility of your study. It implies that you may test out several strategies to find the most effective.
• Using exploratory research techniques will increase the likelihood that you will produce reliable, valid research findings. Using this data, you can make more reliable inferences.
• The more you conduct research using the exploratory research approach, the more proficient you become. For example, you can learn to distinguish between excellent and terrible questions or ask them effectively.
• Using exploratory research techniques can make it simpler to make judgments based on more information than what you already know about the issue. 
• When you employ exploratory research techniques, it will be simpler to present your facts accurately and truthfully. Adopting these techniques makes eliminating biases that might result from reporting on prior hypotheses and facts easier.

Demerits of using Exploratory research

Exploratory research has its challenges but has the potential to be a very effective technique for learning new things. Just a handful of them are as follows:

• Exploratory research frequently has unclear objectives since it is exploratory. There is a possibility that the researcher won’t have all the information needed to do the study. Ultimately, the researcher and participants may experience dissatisfaction and misunderstanding.
• Exploratory research can be challenging and time-consuming. Determining which questions to ask, how to gather data, and how to evaluate it might take a lot of work. Therefore, it can be challenging for researchers to finish their work within the allotted time or budget.
• Exploratory research has many uses but doesn’t always yield accurate or valid conclusions. Rather than using actual data, exploratory study frequently relies on theories. The research’s findings might be deceptive or invalid if the hypothesis is unreliable or unsubstantiated.
• A problem or issue may not always be discovered via exploratory investigations. The reason is that open-ended questions, frequently used in exploratory research, cannot elicit all the necessary data to resolve a problem.

Want to take the hassle out of your research analysis?  

Explore our solutions that help researchers collect accurate insights, boost ROI, and retain respondents using pre-built templates that don’t require coding.

Kultar Singh  –  Chief Executive Officer, Sambodhi

Kultar Singh

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• Exploratory Research: What are its Method & Examples?

Research is a continuous process that needs improvement as time goes by, and as such is non-exhaustive. Although, a lot of researchers working on novel projects, most researchers work on existing theories or formulations and build on them.

Researchers may decide to work on a problem that has not been studied very clearly to establish priorities, develop operational definitions and improving the final research design. This type of research is what is called exploratory research. 

What is Exploratory Research

Exploratory research is the process of investigating a problem that has not been studied or thoroughly investigated in the past . Exploratory type of research is usually conducted to have a better understanding of the existing problem, but usually doesn’t lead to a conclusive result. 

Researchers use exploratory research when trying to gain familiarity with an existing phenomenon and acquire new insight into it to form a more precise problem. It begins based on a general idea and the outcomes of the research are used to find out related issues with the topic of the research.

In exploratory research, the process of the research varies according to the finding of new data or insight. Also referred to as interpretative research or grounded theory approach, the outcomes of this research provide answers to questions like what, how and why. 

Characteristics of Exploratory Research 

• Exploratory research is inexpensive, highly interactive and open-ended in nature.
• There is usually no prior relevant information available from past researchers.
• It has no predefined structure.
• It answers questions like how and why aiding the researcher to acquire more information about the research.
• The absence of relevant information from past research means the researcher will spend a lot of time studying materials in detail. Therefore, spending so much time conducting exploratory research.
• Since there is no standard for carrying out exploratory research, it is usually flexible and scattered.
• There must a few theories which can verify your outcome.
• Researchers cannot form a conclusion based on exploratory research.
• The research problem must be important and valuable
• Exploratory research mostly deals with qualitative data.

Exploratory Research Methods

There are several exploratory research methods available for data gathering and research. However, exploratory research has been classified into two main methods, namely the primary and secondary research methods . The process of conducting research tends to be more difficult when dealing with a problem that hasn’t been deeply investigated before.

Primary Research Methods

In primary research methods , data is collected directly from the subject of investigation. The subject, in this case, maybe a group of people or an individual. 

It doesn’t matter whether the data is collected by the researcher himself or through a third party, the main purpose of the research should be fulfilled. The purpose of conducting this research is to collect information about the problem which requires in-depth analysis.

Some of the primary research methods used in exploratory research include:

• Observations

In this primary research method, the researcher does not come in close contact with the subject. Rather, the subject is being watched from afar. Subject observation can be done in two ways.

The first is that the subject is aware that he/she is being observed while the second way is that the subject is not aware of it. The latter method is said to gather fairer data because the subject may behave differently when he/she is aware that (s)he is being watched. 

Surveys are used to collect data from a predefined subject(s). It can be used collected to study trends, opinions, and behaviour of a group of people.

Online form builders like Formplus have made it easier to conduct surveys online and reach diverse demography of participants from all over the world. Although, rarely in use these days, researchers can also conduct offline surveys. 

Although more stressful and time-consuming than others, the interview technique is the best in terms of collecting detailed and correct data. Interviews can be conducted in person, via phone call or video call.

Interviews can also be recorded by the researcher in case he/she needs to go back to it and confirm specific information. 

• Focus Groups

Focus group is often used by researchers when trying to collect data from a group of people with similar characteristics. The research can be done using any of the three methods explained above.

For example, a focus group of fresh graduates may be investigated on how they spend their time. 

Secondary Research Methods 

Secondary research method uses existing resources on the subject under study. Existing sources like newspapers, magazines, articles, papers, etc. are what researchers conduct for exploratory research. 

All the resources used must be cited in publications. Some of the secondary research methods used in exploratory research include:

Literature research is the process of conducting old resources like publications, textbooks, articles, magazines, etc. All this information can be gathered in both sift copy and hard copy documents.

For example, an undergraduate student conducting his/her final project research will need to conduct textbooks, publications, papers, articles, etc. 

• Online Sources

With the advent of technology, this research has gained much popularity among millennials. Online research sources are the cheapest and easiest method of research.

With access to the internet and a personal computer or mobile phone, a researcher can browse through as many resources as possible. They can also be downloaded for further use in the future. 

The setback of this method is the difficulty of combing through the many online resources to find genuine information. Researchers face the possibility of ending up with incorrect data because false information may be difficult to identify. 

A researcher might find relevant information on the problem under study by studying existing cases. For example, a mathematician trying to formulate a model to solve the queuing problem in an airport may conduct existing research in similar areas.

A case study could be research that solved the queuing problem in a shopping mall. This research will be studied and modified to suit that of the airport queuing problem. 

A researcher may decide to get more creative by using informal sources like email newsletter subscription, RSS feeds, google alerts, google trends or even design a bot that combs through the large repository of data online.

How To Conduct Exploratory Research

Step 1 – identify the problem.

This is a common starting point for all types of research. Here, the researcher identifies the purpose of the research by answering the “what question”.For example, when investigating a crime scene, the FBI needs to first identify what happened. Was it theft, murder or a case of child abuse? 

Step 2 – Create the hypothesis

After identifying the problem, the researcher goes ahead to check whether there have been prior investigations regarding the subject matter. But when the researcher realizes that there are no previous investigations, he/she arrives at a hypothesis based on the questions obtained while identifying the problem.

If you are investigating a crime scene, an autopsy will be performed on the dead body to answer how he/she was killed. Questions like, Was he in a gang?, Fighting over a business deal? or very rich? will answer the question of why he was killed. 

With this information, the investigator can arrive at a hypothesis. 

Step 3 – Conduct further research 

To conduct further research, the researcher needs to first obtain relevant data that will assist in the research process. Some of the methods of collecting data include interviews, surveys, online sources, etc. 

Once the data has been collected, the researcher will continue the investigation through descriptive methods. This process uses qualitative data. 

Examples of Exploratory Research 

In this section, we shall be considering three examples of exploratory research and will be going through the research process as explained above. 

Exploratory Research Example on Murder Investigation

A fresh or inconclusive murder case will be investigated using exploratory research because it has not been investigated clearly in the past. To gain a better understanding of how exploratory research is used to conduct a murder investigation, let us review this popular crime movie titled Murder on the Orient Express .  

Adapted from Agatha Christie’s novel , we see in this movie that the first thing detective Hercule Poirot did was to identify the problem which is the murder of Ratchett. After that was the question of how he was killed. 

The how consists of the murder weapon, how it was used, the time he was murdered, etc. The last piece of information the detective needed to nail the culprit was the why. 

By discovering why Ratchett was murdered, the detective can easily arrive at a hypothesis on who the murderer is. In the search for why the detective used a primary research approach to collect relevant data that will aid the investigation. 

When an avalanche stops the Orient Express dead in its tracks, the world’s greatest detective–Hercule Poirot–arrives to interrogate all passengers and search for clues before the killer can strike again. After a series of interviews, the detective was able to arrive at a hypothesis on who the killer was. 

The results of any criminal investigation will remain a hypothesis until tried under a court which will either confirm or nullify the hypothesis. The evidence acquired during the investigation is what will assist the court in making a decision. 

Exploratory Research Example on Product Research

Organizations conduct two major research when working on a new product or service. The first one is conducted before developing the product while the second one is conducted after product development. 

Our focus will be on the exploratory research conducted after product development. For tech products, it is called the beta testing stage of product development. 

If a new feature is added to an existing app, for example, product researchers will want to investigate whether the feature will be well received among the users. If the feature added to the app is something that is already in existence, then the research is not exploratory. 

For example, if telegram adds a status feature to its app, the beta research stage of the app is not exploratory. This is because this feature is something that is already in existence, and they can easily get enough information from WhatsApp.

However, if it is a new feature like the Snapchat filters when they just came out, the research is explanatory. In this case, exploratory research is carried out using a focus group of beta testers. 

Trend Analysis

A good example of trend analysis research is studying the relationship between an increased rate of charity and crime rate in a community. Will giving food, clothes, etc. to the people in a community help decrease the rate at which people steal?

This exploratory research may be conducted through observations. A sample crime laden community will be given charity for a certain period, while the crime rate during this period will be observed. 

This kind of research is better carried out when the subject is not aware they are under observation. An alternative to this approach is using the case study method. 

Although this research may not have been done in this specific community, something similar may have been done in the past. If that is the case, the research can be easily carried out by investigating the case study to get relevant information. 

This will make the research process easier and a hypothesis easier to come by. 

How to use Formplus for Exploratory Surveys 

Start creating exploratory surveys with Formplus in three easy steps.

Step 1: Register or Sign up

• Visit www.formpl.us on your desktop or mobile device.
• Sign up through your Email, Google or Facebook in less than 30 seconds.

Step 2: Create Your Exploratory Survey

We will be creating a product research exploratory survey in this guide. Consider a software company that just added some new features to their app. The app is currently in the beta testing stage and they are taking an exploratory survey to get feedback from the beta testers.

Radio Choice Multiple Choice Question

• Click on the Choice Options section of the form builder menu.
• Create Radio multiple choice questions by clicking on the radio tab.
• Edit the question with your preferred stem and choice options.

Open-Ended Question

• Click on the Inputs section of the form builder menu.
• Create a short text open-ended question by clicking on the Short Text tab.

• Edit the label and placeholder text as preferred.

Checkbox Multiple Choice Question

• Create a checkbox multiple choice question by clicking on the radio tab.

Matrix Rating Multiple Choice Question

• Click on the Ratings section of the form builder menu.
• Create a matrix rating by clicking on the Matrix tab.
• Edit the table as preferred.

• Save your exploratory survey.

You can also add more questions as preferred. 

Step 3: Customise and Share

This is the final stage where you customise your form and start sharing with respondents.

Feel free to customise your forms as you please. You can also add logic in the settings before sharing.

• Copy the link or click on the “Preview Form” button to see how your form looks like.

Advantages of Exploratory Research

• Exploratory research is inexpensive to perform, especially when using the second method for research.
• Exploratory does not have a standard process and as such is very flexible.
• Information gathered from exploratory research is very useful as it helps lay the foundation for future research.
• It gives researchers more insight into the problem under study.
• Researchers don’t have to waste time conducting irrelevant research when using an exploratory approach. It helps the researcher if the topic is worth investigating at an early stage.

Disadvantages of Exploratory Research

• It produces an inconclusive result.
• Exploratory research provides qualitative data, which may be difficult to interpret. The interpretation of qualitative data may be bias and/or judgemental.
• Many of the data collected through secondary sources may be old and outdated.
• If collected through online sources, the researcher may be prone to collecting false information.
• Exploratory research mostly involves a smaller sample whose results may be incorrect for a larger population.

Conclusion  

Research is built on the incredible inquisitive and resourceful minds of researchers and the urge to solve problems. This stems from the child-like tendency to frequently ask questions like what, why, and how—a trademark of exploratory research. 

Exploratory research is one of the three main objectives of market research, with the other two being descriptive research and causal research. It is commonly used for various applied research projects. 

Applied research is often exploratory because there is a need for flexibility in approaching the problem. Also, there are often data limitations and a need to decide within a short period. 

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Disadvantages of Exploratory Research

Exploratory work could be very informal, depending on secondary research such as researching accessible literature and/or data, or qualitative  techniques like informal discussions with consumers, employees, management or competitors.

Main Disadvantages of Exploratory Research Design

Exploratory research won’t be able to replace conclusive, quantitative research. Having said that, companies frequently use what should be exploratory studies as final, conclusive research projects. This may lead to wrong decisions. What is important to keep in mind about exploratory research methods is that they have limitations . The majority of of them supply qualitative information, and interpretation of the findings usually is judgmental. For instance, the results from projective methods can be bizarre. Projective techniques and depth interviews were commonly used decades ago by professionals who classified themselves as motivational researchers. They generated some intriguing and occasionally bizarre hypotheses about what was in the buyer’s head, such as:

• A lady is extremely serious when she bakes a cake since unconsciously she is going through the symbolic act of giving birth.
• A guy purchases a convertible as an alternative mistress.
• Guys who put on suspenders are responding to an conflicting castration complex.

Findings determined by qualitative research could be susceptible to significant interpreter bias. Conclusions from focus group interviews could be unclear. How should a face expression or nod of the head be interpreted? Have subjects completely understood the idea or concept behind a nonexistent item? Have participants overstated their curiosity since they have a tendency to like all new items? Due to these kinds of issues in interpretation, exploratory findings should be regarded as preliminary.

One other issue with exploratory methods relates to the capability to make forecasts from the results. The majority of exploratory methods make use of modest samples, that might not be representative since they have not been chosen on a probability basis. Case studies, for instance, could have been selected simply because they represent extremely good or very bad examples of a scenario as opposed to the average situation.

Before you take a decision you need to carry out a quantitative study having an adequate sample to make sure that measurement will be precise. The biggest drawback of exploratory research is that a good idea with promise could be declined due to conclusions at the exploratory stage. On the contrary, when everything appears good in the exploratory stage, the temptation is to market the product without additional research. Instead, after completing exploratory work, management must decide whether the advantages of the additional information would be worth the cost of further study. Generally when a major commitment of resources is at risk, performing the quantitative study is definitely worth the effort. Sometimes good marketing research only documents the obvious. However, the objective of company is to generate a profit, and decision makers want to be certain that they have made the right choice.

In the above text, we have discussed what are the disadvantages of exploratory research design?  This is not to state that exploratory work does not have worth; it merely implies that such research won’t be able to provide what it doesn’t promise. The main advantage of exploratory designs is that it produces insights and describes the marketing problems for hypothesis testing in future research. Thus, exploratory research is very useful, however it needs to be used with caution. Related:  Advantages of Exploratory Research

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• USC Libraries
• Research Guides

Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper

• Limitations of the Study
• Purpose of Guide
• Design Flaws to Avoid
• Independent and Dependent Variables
• Glossary of Research Terms
• Reading Research Effectively
• Narrowing a Topic Idea
• Broadening a Topic Idea
• Extending the Timeliness of a Topic Idea
• Academic Writing Style
• Choosing a Title
• Making an Outline
• Paragraph Development
• Research Process Video Series
• Executive Summary
• The C.A.R.S. Model
• Background Information
• The Research Problem/Question
• Theoretical Framework
• Citation Tracking
• Content Alert Services
• Evaluating Sources
• Primary Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Tiertiary Sources
• Scholarly vs. Popular Publications
• Qualitative Methods
• Quantitative Methods
• Insiderness
• Using Non-Textual Elements
• Common Grammar Mistakes
• Writing Concisely
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Footnotes or Endnotes?
• Further Readings
• Generative AI and Writing
• USC Libraries Tutorials and Other Guides
• Bibliography

The limitations of the study are those characteristics of design or methodology that impacted or influenced the interpretation of the findings from your research. Study limitations are the constraints placed on the ability to generalize from the results, to further describe applications to practice, and/or related to the utility of findings that are the result of the ways in which you initially chose to design the study or the method used to establish internal and external validity or the result of unanticipated challenges that emerged during the study.

Price, James H. and Judy Murnan. “Research Limitations and the Necessity of Reporting Them.” American Journal of Health Education 35 (2004): 66-67; Theofanidis, Dimitrios and Antigoni Fountouki. "Limitations and Delimitations in the Research Process." Perioperative Nursing 7 (September-December 2018): 155-163. .

Importance of...

Always acknowledge a study's limitations. It is far better that you identify and acknowledge your study’s limitations than to have them pointed out by your professor and have your grade lowered because you appeared to have ignored them or didn't realize they existed.

Keep in mind that acknowledgment of a study's limitations is an opportunity to make suggestions for further research. If you do connect your study's limitations to suggestions for further research, be sure to explain the ways in which these unanswered questions may become more focused because of your study.

Acknowledgment of a study's limitations also provides you with opportunities to demonstrate that you have thought critically about the research problem, understood the relevant literature published about it, and correctly assessed the methods chosen for studying the problem. A key objective of the research process is not only discovering new knowledge but also to confront assumptions and explore what we don't know.

Claiming limitations is a subjective process because you must evaluate the impact of those limitations . Don't just list key weaknesses and the magnitude of a study's limitations. To do so diminishes the validity of your research because it leaves the reader wondering whether, or in what ways, limitation(s) in your study may have impacted the results and conclusions. Limitations require a critical, overall appraisal and interpretation of their impact. You should answer the question: do these problems with errors, methods, validity, etc. eventually matter and, if so, to what extent?

Price, James H. and Judy Murnan. “Research Limitations and the Necessity of Reporting Them.” American Journal of Health Education 35 (2004): 66-67; Structure: How to Structure the Research Limitations Section of Your Dissertation. Dissertations and Theses: An Online Textbook. Laerd.com.

Descriptions of Possible Limitations

All studies have limitations . However, it is important that you restrict your discussion to limitations related to the research problem under investigation. For example, if a meta-analysis of existing literature is not a stated purpose of your research, it should not be discussed as a limitation. Do not apologize for not addressing issues that you did not promise to investigate in the introduction of your paper.

Here are examples of limitations related to methodology and the research process you may need to describe and discuss how they possibly impacted your results. Note that descriptions of limitations should be stated in the past tense because they were discovered after you completed your research.

Possible Methodological Limitations

• Sample size -- the number of the units of analysis you use in your study is dictated by the type of research problem you are investigating. Note that, if your sample size is too small, it will be difficult to find significant relationships from the data, as statistical tests normally require a larger sample size to ensure a representative distribution of the population and to be considered representative of groups of people to whom results will be generalized or transferred. Note that sample size is generally less relevant in qualitative research if explained in the context of the research problem.
• Lack of available and/or reliable data -- a lack of data or of reliable data will likely require you to limit the scope of your analysis, the size of your sample, or it can be a significant obstacle in finding a trend and a meaningful relationship. You need to not only describe these limitations but provide cogent reasons why you believe data is missing or is unreliable. However, don’t just throw up your hands in frustration; use this as an opportunity to describe a need for future research based on designing a different method for gathering data.
• Lack of prior research studies on the topic -- citing prior research studies forms the basis of your literature review and helps lay a foundation for understanding the research problem you are investigating. Depending on the currency or scope of your research topic, there may be little, if any, prior research on your topic. Before assuming this to be true, though, consult with a librarian! In cases when a librarian has confirmed that there is little or no prior research, you may be required to develop an entirely new research typology [for example, using an exploratory rather than an explanatory research design ]. Note again that discovering a limitation can serve as an important opportunity to identify new gaps in the literature and to describe the need for further research.
• Measure used to collect the data -- sometimes it is the case that, after completing your interpretation of the findings, you discover that the way in which you gathered data inhibited your ability to conduct a thorough analysis of the results. For example, you regret not including a specific question in a survey that, in retrospect, could have helped address a particular issue that emerged later in the study. Acknowledge the deficiency by stating a need for future researchers to revise the specific method for gathering data.
• Self-reported data -- whether you are relying on pre-existing data or you are conducting a qualitative research study and gathering the data yourself, self-reported data is limited by the fact that it rarely can be independently verified. In other words, you have to the accuracy of what people say, whether in interviews, focus groups, or on questionnaires, at face value. However, self-reported data can contain several potential sources of bias that you should be alert to and note as limitations. These biases become apparent if they are incongruent with data from other sources. These are: (1) selective memory [remembering or not remembering experiences or events that occurred at some point in the past]; (2) telescoping [recalling events that occurred at one time as if they occurred at another time]; (3) attribution [the act of attributing positive events and outcomes to one's own agency, but attributing negative events and outcomes to external forces]; and, (4) exaggeration [the act of representing outcomes or embellishing events as more significant than is actually suggested from other data].

Possible Limitations of the Researcher

• Access -- if your study depends on having access to people, organizations, data, or documents and, for whatever reason, access is denied or limited in some way, the reasons for this needs to be described. Also, include an explanation why being denied or limited access did not prevent you from following through on your study.
• Longitudinal effects -- unlike your professor, who can literally devote years [even a lifetime] to studying a single topic, the time available to investigate a research problem and to measure change or stability over time is constrained by the due date of your assignment. Be sure to choose a research problem that does not require an excessive amount of time to complete the literature review, apply the methodology, and gather and interpret the results. If you're unsure whether you can complete your research within the confines of the assignment's due date, talk to your professor.
• Cultural and other type of bias -- we all have biases, whether we are conscience of them or not. Bias is when a person, place, event, or thing is viewed or shown in a consistently inaccurate way. Bias is usually negative, though one can have a positive bias as well, especially if that bias reflects your reliance on research that only support your hypothesis. When proof-reading your paper, be especially critical in reviewing how you have stated a problem, selected the data to be studied, what may have been omitted, the manner in which you have ordered events, people, or places, how you have chosen to represent a person, place, or thing, to name a phenomenon, or to use possible words with a positive or negative connotation. NOTE :   If you detect bias in prior research, it must be acknowledged and you should explain what measures were taken to avoid perpetuating that bias. For example, if a previous study only used boys to examine how music education supports effective math skills, describe how your research expands the study to include girls.
• Fluency in a language -- if your research focuses , for example, on measuring the perceived value of after-school tutoring among Mexican-American ESL [English as a Second Language] students and you are not fluent in Spanish, you are limited in being able to read and interpret Spanish language research studies on the topic or to speak with these students in their primary language. This deficiency should be acknowledged.

Aguinis, Hermam and Jeffrey R. Edwards. “Methodological Wishes for the Next Decade and How to Make Wishes Come True.” Journal of Management Studies 51 (January 2014): 143-174; Brutus, Stéphane et al. "Self-Reported Limitations and Future Directions in Scholarly Reports: Analysis and Recommendations." Journal of Management 39 (January 2013): 48-75; Senunyeme, Emmanuel K. Business Research Methods. Powerpoint Presentation. Regent University of Science and Technology; ter Riet, Gerben et al. “All That Glitters Isn't Gold: A Survey on Acknowledgment of Limitations in Biomedical Studies.” PLOS One 8 (November 2013): 1-6.

Structure and Writing Style

Information about the limitations of your study are generally placed either at the beginning of the discussion section of your paper so the reader knows and understands the limitations before reading the rest of your analysis of the findings, or, the limitations are outlined at the conclusion of the discussion section as an acknowledgement of the need for further study. Statements about a study's limitations should not be buried in the body [middle] of the discussion section unless a limitation is specific to something covered in that part of the paper. If this is the case, though, the limitation should be reiterated at the conclusion of the section.

If you determine that your study is seriously flawed due to important limitations , such as, an inability to acquire critical data, consider reframing it as an exploratory study intended to lay the groundwork for a more complete research study in the future. Be sure, though, to specifically explain the ways that these flaws can be successfully overcome in a new study.

But, do not use this as an excuse for not developing a thorough research paper! Review the tab in this guide for developing a research topic . If serious limitations exist, it generally indicates a likelihood that your research problem is too narrowly defined or that the issue or event under study is too recent and, thus, very little research has been written about it. If serious limitations do emerge, consult with your professor about possible ways to overcome them or how to revise your study.

When discussing the limitations of your research, be sure to:

• Describe each limitation in detailed but concise terms;
• Explain why each limitation exists;
• Provide the reasons why each limitation could not be overcome using the method(s) chosen to acquire or gather the data [cite to other studies that had similar problems when possible];
• Assess the impact of each limitation in relation to the overall findings and conclusions of your study; and,
• If appropriate, describe how these limitations could point to the need for further research.

Remember that the method you chose may be the source of a significant limitation that has emerged during your interpretation of the results [for example, you didn't interview a group of people that you later wish you had]. If this is the case, don't panic. Acknowledge it, and explain how applying a different or more robust methodology might address the research problem more effectively in a future study. A underlying goal of scholarly research is not only to show what works, but to demonstrate what doesn't work or what needs further clarification.

Aguinis, Hermam and Jeffrey R. Edwards. “Methodological Wishes for the Next Decade and How to Make Wishes Come True.” Journal of Management Studies 51 (January 2014): 143-174; Brutus, Stéphane et al. "Self-Reported Limitations and Future Directions in Scholarly Reports: Analysis and Recommendations." Journal of Management 39 (January 2013): 48-75; Ioannidis, John P.A. "Limitations are not Properly Acknowledged in the Scientific Literature." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 60 (2007): 324-329; Pasek, Josh. Writing the Empirical Social Science Research Paper: A Guide for the Perplexed. January 24, 2012. Academia.edu; Structure: How to Structure the Research Limitations Section of Your Dissertation. Dissertations and Theses: An Online Textbook. Laerd.com; What Is an Academic Paper? Institute for Writing Rhetoric. Dartmouth College; Writing the Experimental Report: Methods, Results, and Discussion. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University.

Writing Tip

Don't Inflate the Importance of Your Findings!

After all the hard work and long hours devoted to writing your research paper, it is easy to get carried away with attributing unwarranted importance to what you’ve done. We all want our academic work to be viewed as excellent and worthy of a good grade, but it is important that you understand and openly acknowledge the limitations of your study. Inflating the importance of your study's findings could be perceived by your readers as an attempt hide its flaws or encourage a biased interpretation of the results. A small measure of humility goes a long way!

Another Writing Tip

Negative Results are Not a Limitation!

Negative evidence refers to findings that unexpectedly challenge rather than support your hypothesis. If you didn't get the results you anticipated, it may mean your hypothesis was incorrect and needs to be reformulated. Or, perhaps you have stumbled onto something unexpected that warrants further study. Moreover, the absence of an effect may be very telling in many situations, particularly in experimental research designs. In any case, your results may very well be of importance to others even though they did not support your hypothesis. Do not fall into the trap of thinking that results contrary to what you expected is a limitation to your study. If you carried out the research well, they are simply your results and only require additional interpretation.

Lewis, George H. and Jonathan F. Lewis. “The Dog in the Night-Time: Negative Evidence in Social Research.” The British Journal of Sociology 31 (December 1980): 544-558.

Yet Another Writing Tip

Sample Size Limitations in Qualitative Research

Sample sizes are typically smaller in qualitative research because, as the study goes on, acquiring more data does not necessarily lead to more information. This is because one occurrence of a piece of data, or a code, is all that is necessary to ensure that it becomes part of the analysis framework. However, it remains true that sample sizes that are too small cannot adequately support claims of having achieved valid conclusions and sample sizes that are too large do not permit the deep, naturalistic, and inductive analysis that defines qualitative inquiry. Determining adequate sample size in qualitative research is ultimately a matter of judgment and experience in evaluating the quality of the information collected against the uses to which it will be applied and the particular research method and purposeful sampling strategy employed. If the sample size is found to be a limitation, it may reflect your judgment about the methodological technique chosen [e.g., single life history study versus focus group interviews] rather than the number of respondents used.

Boddy, Clive Roland. "Sample Size for Qualitative Research." Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 19 (2016): 426-432; Huberman, A. Michael and Matthew B. Miles. "Data Management and Analysis Methods." In Handbook of Qualitative Research . Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, eds. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994), pp. 428-444; Blaikie, Norman. "Confounding Issues Related to Determining Sample Size in Qualitative Research." International Journal of Social Research Methodology 21 (2018): 635-641; Oppong, Steward Harrison. "The Problem of Sampling in qualitative Research." Asian Journal of Management Sciences and Education 2 (2013): 202-210.

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The Roxanne Perspective

What is Exploratory Research and how to use it?

Welcome to the world of exploratory research, a method designed to shine a light on the unknown and guide you through the unexplored. As a UX Researcher , I absolutely LOVE doing discovery research. I’ve used it to find product market fit at a startup where we were looking for our first 100 users! I’ve even used it for existing products in the market to research our competitors to find out what features we were lacking. 

In this article, I will go over what exactly is exploratory research (discovery research) and how you can conduct it and specifically which research methods you can use to do it.

What is exploratory research?

Instead of aiming for clear answers, exploratory research helps you gather hints and ideas that can later be used to dig deeper. It’s about asking open-ended questions, the kind that lets people speak their minds freely. An example of a puzzling and unclear problem could look something like this: ‘Who are our primary users and what are their goals?”.

When can you use exploratory research?

First, when you’re facing a problem that’s new and you’re not sure where to start . For instance, say you’ve just come up with a groundbreaking idea for a product that nobody has seen before. You can use exploratory research to peek into people’s minds and understand what they think about your idea, and even get a sense of how much they might be willing to pay for it. It’s like getting a glimpse into the future before you take the big leap.

Second, when you’re dealing with something totally new, like a brand-new product . For example, consider a situation where you’ve invented a smart gadget that can translate your pet’s sounds into understandable words. Since this kind of product has never been on the market before, exploratory research comes to the rescue. You can use it to explore how pet owners feel about this idea, what concerns they might have, and whether they find it valuable enough to invest in.

Lastly, if you’re not sure what to test , exploratory research is like a map that guides you to form predictions and guesses. For example, let’s say you’re working for a fitness company and you want to launch a new workout program. Instead of jumping straight into designing the program and hoping it resonates with your audience. You might conduct interviews or surveys to learn about people’s current fitness routines, their preferences, and their pain points.

6 Reasons Why You Need to Know How To Do Exploratory Research

Here are some compelling reasons why mastering the art of exploratory research is essential:

1. Unraveling the Unseen: 

Sometimes, problems are like hidden treasures waiting to be discovered. Exploratory research helps you unearth these gems by allowing you to venture into uncharted territories, uncovering dimensions you might never have imagined.

2. Minimizing Costs, Maximizing Interaction: 

Exploratory research doesn’t require a hefty budget or elaborate setups. It’s the art of simplicity – interactive interviews, open-ended questions, and candid discussions. You engage directly with participants, creating a valuable dialogue that enriches your understanding.

3. The Puzzle of “What”: 

While explanatory research focuses on the “why,” exploratory research delves into the “what.” It helps you identify what the problem is, outline its contours, and set the stage for future investigations.

4. It can be both Qualitative and Quantitative: 

While exploratory research leans towards qualitative methods, it’s flexible enough to incorporate quantitative data when needed. It’s a versatile tool that adapts to your research needs, ensuring you gather insights from all angles .

5. The Starting Line of Knowledge: 

Exploratory research is done usually where no other UX research has been done. It is the first step in the research process and precedes explanatory research. Since you start with no research, you will have to come up with a few hypotheses to test.

6. Open-Ended Exploration: 

There are no rulebooks in exploratory research. It’s a blank canvas where you choose the colors, techniques, and brushes that best suit your research landscape. Flexibility and an open mind are your guiding principles.

In the realm of exploratory research, you’re not just a researcher – you’re an adventurer, an investigator, and a visionary. It’s the foundation upon which you build your understanding, the initial strokes that give shape to your masterpiece of knowledge.

Exploratory Research: Types and Methodologies

In this section we will discuss two types of exploratory research as well as the types of research methods you can use to conduct exploratory research:

Primary Research

Primary research is the firsthand explosion of discovery. It’s the thrilling journey where you gather fresh data straight from the source, whether through surveys, interviews, or experiments. It is usually carried out by a UX researcher, start up founder or really anyone looking to dig deeper into the unknown. If you are the one carrying out the research read my article on the 15 best user testing tools & usability testing tools of 2023 .

Focus groups

A focus group is where people have been specifically chosen based on a set criteria, for example a focus group could consist of people who bought a specific brand of laptops in the last 6 months, to take part in group discussions consisting of 5 to 10 people led by a person moderating the group.

Surveys are a quantitative research method used in the exploratory research stage to gather data quickly and cheaply. You are not going to be able to go in depth into ‘why’ the problem is happening but you will surely be able to understand ‘what’ is happening within your problem space. For example, you could use a survey to understand people’s opinions about the different brands of mobile phones they purchase.

Secondary Research

Also known as desk research, secondary research is like diving into a treasure trove of existing information. It’s all about mining data from sources like books, articles, reports, and studies that others have already conducted. It helps you grasp the landscape before you set out on your own journey. You scour through existing data to uncover patterns, trends, and insights. This groundwork informs your direction and primes you for deeper investigations.

Desk research

Doing research online is always my go-to whenever I start exploratory research. There is so much information that has already been researched. Through online research, you dive into a world of articles, databases, and reports, extracting valuable insights that others have uncovered.

Literature Review

Literature research is an intellectual expedition through written works to uncover insights, trends, and established knowledge on a specific topic. It involves scouring books, academic articles, reports, and scholarly journals. To conduct effective literature research, analyze and synthesize the gathered information to identify patterns, gaps, and prevailing viewpoints. This method equips you with a solid foundation before embarking on your own research journey. It’s like drawing from the collective wisdom of predecessors to enrich your understanding and insights.

How To Conduct Exploratory Research?

Here are the 12 steps I take to conduct exploratory research:

Step 1: Define Your Objective

Clearly outline the goal of your exploratory research. What do you aim to explore or understand better? It could be a new problem, a potential opportunity, or an emerging trend.

Step 2: Formulate Research Questions

Craft open-ended questions that align with your objective. These questions should guide your exploration and help you gather relevant insights. For instance, if you’re researching consumer preferences for a new product, your questions could revolve around their needs, preferences, and pain points.

Step 3: Choose Data Collection Methods

Select appropriate methods to gather data. Common methods include interviews, focus groups, surveys, and observation. Depending on your objective, choose methods that allow you to gather qualitative and diverse perspectives .

Step 4: Identify Participants

These individuals should possess insights relevant to your research objective. Whether it’s customers, experts, or stakeholders, ensure they represent a variety of viewpoints.

Step 5: Conduct Data Collection

If you’re conducting interviews or focus groups, guide conversations based on your research questions. If surveys are your approach, design them to gather the required insights.

Step 6: Record and Document

Thoroughly document your data. Record interviews, transcribe discussions, or collate survey responses. This ensures you don’t miss any valuable insights during analysis.

Step 7: Analyze the Data

Look for patterns, trends, and recurring themes. This process might involve coding qualitative data, quantifying survey responses, or categorizing information.

Step 8: Refine Your Hypotheses

Based on the insights gained from your data analysis, refine or adjust your hypotheses. Remember, exploratory research allows for flexibility in hypothesis formulation.

Step 9: Synthesize Findings

Organize insights, observations, and patterns in a way that addresses your research questions and supports your refined hypotheses.

Step 10: Draw Conclusions

What insights have you gained? How do they shed light on your research objective? Keep in mind that exploratory research might not provide definitive answers, but it should offer valuable insights.

Step 11: Determine Next Steps

Reflect on your exploratory research’s outcomes. Do your findings warrant further investigation? Are there specific areas that require more focused research? Decide if additional research steps are necessary.

Step 12: Communicate Your Findings

Share your exploratory research findings with relevant stakeholders. This could be through presentations, reports, or discussions. Highlight the insights you’ve gained and the potential implications for future actions or decisions.

By following this step-by-step approach, you’ll be able to carry out exploratory research like a professional.

What Are The Advantages and disadvantages of exploratory research?

Advantages of exploratory research.

• It uncovers new and surprising insights, revealing things you didn’t know before.
• You can adjust your research as you go, adapting to changing circumstances or new discoveries.
• It captures a wide range of perspectives and experiences, giving you a fuller understanding of the topic.
• It helps you generate ideas for future research and guides you towards more focused studies.
• You get quick initial insights, even when you have limited time or resources.

Disadvantages of Exploratory Research

• The findings might be influenced by personal opinions or biases, making it less objective.
• It’s hard to apply the findings to a larger group or different situation since it often involves a small sample.
• You won’t get lots of numbers and statistics, as it focuses more on understanding experiences and opinions.
• It can take more time and effort due to continuous adjustments and refinements.
• With so much information, it can be tough to sort out the most important findings.

While the advantages of exploratory research, such as generating fresh insights and adapting to evolving scenarios, are undeniable, it’s crucial to be mindful of potential drawbacks, like subjectivity and limited generalization.

In conclusion, the process of exploratory research empowers you to adeptly define objectives, craft hypotheses, embrace flexible methodologies, and decipher insightful data, leading you on a transformative journey of discovery that unveils new dimensions and perspectives. 

Whether you’re a seasoned researcher seeking innovative approaches or a curious newcomer eager to delve into the realm of exploratory research, this guide furnishes you with the knowledge to deftly navigate the intricacies of this approach.

What is exploratory research design?

Exploratory research design is an investigative approach used to delve into new and unfamiliar topics, aiming to uncover insights, patterns, and relationships. It involves flexible methods like interviews, focus groups, and observations to gather qualitative data.

What is the purpose of exploratory research?

The purpose of exploratory research is to explore and understand a subject when little prior information is available. It aids in identifying potential problems, generating hypotheses, and refining research questions for more focused studies. Exploratory research sets the stage for deeper investigations, helping researchers grasp nuances and complexities.

Is exploratory research qualitative or quantitative?

Exploratory research is primarily qualitative in nature. It focuses on gathering subjective insights, opinions, and experiences. Through methods like interviews and discussions, it uncovers diverse perspectives and in-depth understanding, emphasizing quality over quantity.

When exploratory research is used?

Exploratory research is used in various scenarios:

• When a problem is new and poorly understood.
• To generate initial hypotheses and research questions.
• Before conducting larger-scale quantitative studies.
• To explore emerging trends or phenomena.
• When there’s a need for a diverse range of perspectives.
• In situations where little or no existing data exists.

UX Consultant

UX Consultant | UX Design Mentor

Roxanne Rosewood, is an accomplished UX designer and researcher with five years of experience. Drawing from her professional expertise in the field, she shares her valuable insights on UX design, UX research, UX writing, and UI design on her blog TheRoxannePerspective.com where she provides a wealth of knowledge and expertise in these areas.

Roxanne’s dedication extends beyond UX design and research, as she also serves as a mentor, guiding and supporting aspiring UX professionals.

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How to present limitations in research

Last updated

30 January 2024

Reviewed by

Limitations don’t invalidate or diminish your results, but it’s best to acknowledge them. This will enable you to address any questions your study failed to answer because of them.

In this guide, learn how to recognize, present, and overcome limitations in research.

• What is a research limitation?

Research limitations are weaknesses in your research design or execution that may have impacted outcomes and conclusions. Uncovering limitations doesn’t necessarily indicate poor research design—it just means you encountered challenges you couldn’t have anticipated that limited your research efforts.

Does basic research have limitations?

Basic research aims to provide more information about your research topic. It requires the same standard research methodology and data collection efforts as any other research type, and it can also have limitations.

• Common research limitations

Researchers encounter common limitations when embarking on a study. Limitations can occur in relation to the methods you apply or the research process you design. They could also be connected to you as the researcher.

Methodology limitations

Not having access to data or reliable information can impact the methods used to facilitate your research. A lack of data or reliability may limit the parameters of your study area and the extent of your exploration.

Your sample size may also be affected because you won’t have any direction on how big or small it should be and who or what you should include. Having too few participants won’t adequately represent the population or groups of people needed to draw meaningful conclusions.

Research process limitations

The study’s design can impose constraints on the process. For example, as you’re conducting the research, issues may arise that don’t conform to the data collection methodology you developed. You may not realize until well into the process that you should have incorporated more specific questions or comprehensive experiments to generate the data you need to have confidence in your results.

Constraints on resources can also have an impact. Being limited on participants or participation incentives may limit your sample sizes. Insufficient tools, equipment, and materials to conduct a thorough study may also be a factor.

Common researcher limitations

Here are some of the common researcher limitations you may encounter:

Time: some research areas require multi-year longitudinal approaches, but you might not be able to dedicate that much time. Imagine you want to measure how much memory a person loses as they age. This may involve conducting multiple tests on a sample of participants over 20–30 years, which may be impossible.

Bias: researchers can consciously or unconsciously apply bias to their research. Biases can contribute to relying on research sources and methodologies that will only support your beliefs about the research you’re embarking on. You might also omit relevant issues or participants from the scope of your study because of your biases.

Limited access to data : you may need to pay to access specific databases or journals that would be helpful to your research process. You might also need to gain information from certain people or organizations but have limited access to them. These cases require readjusting your process and explaining why your findings are still reliable.

• Why is it important to identify limitations?

Identifying limitations adds credibility to research and provides a deeper understanding of how you arrived at your conclusions.

Constraints may have prevented you from collecting specific data or information you hoped would prove or disprove your hypothesis or provide a more comprehensive understanding of your research topic.

However, identifying the limitations contributing to your conclusions can inspire further research efforts that help gather more substantial information and data.

• Where to put limitations in a research paper

A research paper is broken up into different sections that appear in the following order:

Introduction

Methodology

The discussion portion of your paper explores your findings and puts them in the context of the overall research. Either place research limitations at the beginning of the discussion section before the analysis of your findings or at the end of the section to indicate that further research needs to be pursued.

What not to include in the limitations section

Evidence that doesn’t support your hypothesis is not a limitation, so you shouldn’t include it in the limitation section. Don’t just list limitations and their degree of severity without further explanation.

• How to present limitations

You’ll want to present the limitations of your study in a way that doesn’t diminish the validity of your research and leave the reader wondering if your results and conclusions have been compromised.

Include only the limitations that directly relate to and impact how you addressed your research questions. Following a specific format enables the reader to develop an understanding of the weaknesses within the context of your findings without doubting the quality and integrity of your research.

Identify the limitations specific to your study

You don’t have to identify every possible limitation that might have occurred during your research process. Only identify those that may have influenced the quality of your findings and your ability to answer your research question.

Explain study limitations in detail

This explanation should be the most significant portion of your limitation section.

Link each limitation with an interpretation and appraisal of their impact on the study. You’ll have to evaluate and explain whether the error, method, or validity issues influenced the study’s outcome and how.

Propose a direction for future studies and present alternatives

In this section, suggest how researchers can avoid the pitfalls you experienced during your research process.

If an issue with methodology was a limitation, propose alternate methods that may help with a smoother and more conclusive research project. Discuss the pros and cons of your alternate recommendation.

Describe steps taken to minimize each limitation

You probably took steps to try to address or mitigate limitations when you noticed them throughout the course of your research project. Describe these steps in the limitation section.

• Limitation example

“Approaches like stem cell transplantation and vaccination in AD [Alzheimer’s disease] work on a cellular or molecular level in the laboratory. However, translation into clinical settings will remain a challenge for the next decade.”

The authors are saying that even though these methods showed promise in helping people with memory loss when conducted in the lab (in other words, using animal studies), more studies are needed. These may be controlled clinical trials, for example. 

However, the short life span of stem cells outside the lab and the vaccination’s severe inflammatory side effects are limitations. Researchers won’t be able to conduct clinical trials until these issues are overcome.

• How to overcome limitations in research

You’ve already started on the road to overcoming limitations in research by acknowledging that they exist. However, you need to ensure readers don’t mistake weaknesses for errors within your research design.

To do this, you’ll need to justify and explain your rationale for the methods, research design, and analysis tools you chose and how you noticed they may have presented limitations.

Your readers need to know that even when limitations presented themselves, you followed best practices and the ethical standards of your field. You didn’t violate any rules and regulations during your research process.

You’ll also want to reinforce the validity of your conclusions and results with multiple sources, methods, and perspectives. This prevents readers from assuming your findings were derived from a single or biased source.

• Learning and improving starts with limitations in research

Dealing with limitations with transparency and integrity helps identify areas for future improvements and developments. It’s a learning process, providing valuable insights into how you can improve methodologies, expand sample sizes, or explore alternate approaches to further support the validity of your findings.

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Exploratory Research: Unveiling Insights, Methods, Advantages, and Limitations

Hello everyone, in the previous topic we will learn about the Meaning of Business Research: Scope, Purpose, Process , and Types . Now, today in this topic we will look at the  Meaning of Exploratory Research , Its Purpose and Objective , Methods and Techniques of Exploratory Research , and Its Advantages and Limitations of Exploratory Research . So let’s start with the meaning of Exploratory Research.

Introduction to Exploratory Research

In the dynamic aspect of research, there exists a captivating approach that dares to venture into an unexplored area of knowledge known as exploratory research. Imagine embarking on a journey of intellectual curiosity, where the destination is not predetermined, and the path unfolds with each step. Exploratory research is this journey, a process that ignites the spark of discovery, delves into the unfamiliar, and lays the foundation for deeper exploration.

Unlike traditional research models that seek to confirm hypotheses or establish causality, exploratory research thrives on curiosity and the pursuit of new insights. It beckons researchers to set aside predetermined notions and immerse themselves in the subject matter, to uncover hidden patterns, unexpected connections, and unexplored dimensions.

This journey often involves diverse methods, such as qualitative interviews, focus groups, and literature reviews, each serving as a flashlight guiding researchers through the complex of the unknown.

The allure of exploratory research lies in its ability to identify gaps in existing knowledge, inspire the formulation of fresh questions, and spark the emergence of original ideas.

It is a journey of intellectual discovery, a quest for understanding that embraces ambiguity and thrives on innovation. Exploratory research serves as the genesis of hypotheses, the birthplace of concepts, and the catalyst for further inquiry.

In this exploration-driven approach, researchers navigate the boundaries of the known, driven not by rigid structures but by a genuine desire to unravel the mysteries that lie beneath the surface.

With each question asked, and each insight uncovered, exploratory research adds brushstrokes to the ever-evolving canvas of human knowledge. So, embark with us on this journey into the uncharted, where the destination is not yet known, but the path promises enlightenment and the thrill of discovery.

Author’s Definitions of Exploratory Research

In the words of Smith , “Exploratory research is a preliminary investigation aimed at delving into unfamiliar subjects or underexplored areas. It involves a flexible and open-ended approach to gather insights, generate hypotheses, and identify potential research questions.”

In the words of Johnson and Brown , “Exploratory research is a methodical inquiry employed when the researcher seeks to gain a deeper comprehension of a subject without imposing preconceived notions. It often involves techniques such as literature review, focus groups, and in-depth interviews.”

In the words of Davis and Wang , “Exploratory research acts as a compass in the research journey, helping researchers navigate uncharted territories and providing a foundation for more structured investigations. It aids in uncovering novel ideas and refining research objectives.”

In essence, exploratory research serves as a versatile compass guiding researchers through the uncharted realms of knowledge. It embraces flexibility and open-mindedness, enabling the discovery of novel insights and the formulation of hypotheses.

Delving into unfamiliar subjects or underexplored areas, it lays the groundwork for more focused inquiries. This methodical approach, free from preconceived notions, employs techniques like literature reviews, focus groups, and in-depth interviews to deepen comprehension.

In conclusion, In the realm of research, where answers are sought and knowledge expanded, exploratory research stands as a beacon of intellectual curiosity. This dynamic approach moves us into the unexplored areas of understanding, where questions are born, insights emerge, and new perspectives are open. As we delve into the realms of the unknown, we uncover hidden patterns, spark innovative ideas, and cultivate a foundation for further exploration.

Exploratory research isn’t bound by the constraints of predefined hypotheses or established frameworks. Instead, it holds the unpredictable and celebrates the unexpected. It empowers us to identify gaps in existing knowledge, to formulate fresh inquiries, and to ignite the flame of discovery.

Through qualitative methods, literature reviews, and open-ended conversations, we navigate the seas of uncertainty, guided by the pursuit of insights that lie beyond the surface.

In this journey, we transcend the known to unravel the enigmatic, to uncover hidden dimensions that traditional methods might overlook. Exploratory research empowers us to embrace ambiguity, to nurture creativity, and to foster a culture of inquiry. It provides a starting point, a springboard, from which hypotheses are born and ideas take flight.

As we conclude this exploration-driven endeavor, we recognize that the path of exploratory research is not one of finality but of inspiration. It challenges us to venture beyond our comfort zones, to ask the questions that have yet to be asked, and to unravel the threads of knowledge that remain entwined.

With each step, exploratory research propels us forward, reminding us that the pursuit of understanding is an ever-evolving journey, where discovery is the destination, and curiosity is the compass.

Exploratory Research: Purpose and Objective

Exploratory research serves as a captivating journey into the unknown, a process that involves examining, questioning, and discovering to shed light on new perspectives and untapped insights.

This type of research sets out to explore unexplored areas, offering a foundation for understanding complex phenomena and generating ideas for further investigation. Its purpose is to delve into subjects that lack sufficient prior information, with objectives that range from problem identification to hypothesis formulation.

Purpose of Exploratory Research:

The primary purpose of exploratory research is to venture beyond the confines of established knowledge and venture into the realm of the unfamiliar. It acts as a compass for researchers, guiding them toward unexplored areas where traditional methods and theories might not apply. Instead of aiming to provide definitive answers, exploratory research seeks to spark curiosity and unveil new lines of inquiry.

a. Cultivating Curiosity:

Exploratory research thrives on the spirit of curiosity. It delves into subjects where information is scarce or fragmented, driven by a desire to uncover hidden patterns, relationships, or opportunities. Researchers embark on this journey with an open mind, ready to encounter the unexpected and embrace the surprises that await.

b . Unveiling Hidden Insights:

The purpose of exploratory research is not to provide definitive answers, but to unravel mysteries and unveil hidden insights. It’s like peeling back layers to reveal a deeper understanding of a phenomenon. By probing beneath the surface, researchers often stumble upon intriguing nuances that shed light on the complexity of the subject.

c. Filling Knowledge Gaps:

In fields where little is known or documented, exploratory research serves as a bridge between ignorance and enlightenment. It identifies gaps in knowledge and acts as a catalyst for further exploration. This purpose is particularly crucial in emerging fields or when dealing with unique contexts that defy existing theories.

d. Seedbed for Further Investigation:

Exploratory research is the fertile ground from which more focused and rigorous studies can sprout. It cultivates ideas, sparks hypotheses, and lays the foundation for subsequent research phases. Insights gained during exploration shape the direction and scope of future investigations.

e. Flexibility and Adaptability:

Another purpose of exploratory research is to embrace flexibility. Researchers don’t start with rigid expectations or predefined outcomes. Instead, they let the journey guide them, adapting their approach as they uncover new information. This adaptability allows for organic exploration, often leading to unexpected discoveries.

f. Guiding Decision-Making:

Even though exploratory research doesn’t necessarily produce concrete answers, it contributes valuable insights that can guide decision-making. These insights may point decision-makers in certain directions or help them identify potential pitfalls that might have otherwise been overlooked.

In essence, the purpose of exploratory research is to venture into the realm of the unknown, driven by the curiosity to uncover insights that have been concealed by the shadows of uncertainty. It paves the way for future discoveries, ignites the spark of inquiry, and fosters a deeper appreciation for the intricate tapestry of knowledge waiting to be unveiled.

Objectives of Exploratory Research:

a. Uncover New Ideas and Concepts:

Exploratory research is often conducted when there’s limited existing knowledge about a subject. Its objective is to unearth novel ideas and concepts that can lead to fresh insights. By immersing themselves in the subject matter, researchers can identify patterns, anomalies, and trends that may have gone unnoticed.

b. Identify Research Questions:

Through exploratory research, researchers formulate preliminary questions that drive the investigation forward. These questions might not be fully formed or refined, but they serve as the foundation for further research. As the exploratory phase progresses, these questions evolve and become more focused.

c. Formulate Hypotheses for Further Investigation:

As researchers explore the subject, they might develop initial hypotheses that can be tested in subsequent research phases. These hypotheses are often exploratory in nature, suggesting potential relationships or explanations that require more rigorous testing to confirm or refuse.

d. Understand Complex Phenomena:

Complex topics often require a deep dive into exploratory research to unravel their intricacies. This type of research enables researchers to understand multifaceted phenomena, identify key variables, and determine which aspects warrant further investigation.

e. Develop Research Designs:

Exploratory research lays the groundwork for designing more comprehensive studies. It helps researchers identify appropriate methodologies, data collection techniques, and analytical approaches that are best suited to the unique characteristics of the subject.

f. Guide Subsequent Research Phases:

The insights gained from exploratory research guide the direction of subsequent research phases. By identifying gaps in knowledge and potential avenues for exploration, this initial phase helps researchers refine their focus and plan their approach.

In essence, exploratory research is an intellectual adventure that fosters a sense of curiosity and inquiry. It allows researchers to venture beyond the confines of what is known, enabling them to contribute to the expansion of knowledge and the development of new theories. By embracing uncertainty and embracing the unexpected, exploratory research lays the foundation for further discovery and innovation.

Methods and Techniques of Exploratory Research:

Exploratory research, aiming to uncover novel insights, employs a diverse array of methods and techniques that mirror the adventurous spirit of the endeavor. These approaches embrace flexibility, open-mindedness, and a willingness to explore unexpected avenues, allowing researchers to navigate uncharted areas of knowledge with skills and creativity.

a. Literature Review:

The literature review stands as an initial stepping stone in exploratory research. It involves scouring existing academic works, articles, and publications to understand the current state of knowledge on the subject. By identifying gaps, controversies, and emerging trends, researchers can pinpoint areas ripe for exploration.

b. Focus Groups:

Focus groups bring participants together to engage in discussions facilitated by a researcher. These interactive sessions offer a platform for participants to express their thoughts, feelings, and opinions, often leading to the emergence of new ideas, perspectives, and insights. Focus groups are particularly effective for uncovering underlying motivations and unexplored dimensions of a topic.

c. In-depth Interviews:

In-depth interviews provide researchers with the opportunity to delve deeply into the thoughts and experiences of individual participants. These one-on-one conversations yield rich qualitative data, allowing researchers to gain a nuanced understanding of the subject. The open-ended nature of interviews enables unexpected revelations to surface.

d. Observations:

Observational methods involve researchers immersing themselves in the natural context of the subject being studied. Through careful observation, researchers can identify behaviors, patterns, and interactions that might not be apparent through other means. Observations are especially useful when exploring contexts where verbal communication might not reveal the complete picture.

e. Case Studies:

Case studies offer an in-depth exploration of a particular instance, entity, or phenomenon. Researchers dive deep into a single case, analyzing various facets, variables, and interactions. This method is particularly valuable for understanding complex scenarios, as it allows researchers to uncover multifaceted layers of information.

f. Exploratory Surveys:

While surveys are often associated with quantitative research, they can also serve as exploratory tools. Open-ended questions in surveys enable participants to provide unfiltered responses, shedding light on their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. These qualitative insights can then be used to shape further investigation.

g. Creative and Arts-based Methods:

Innovative approaches like arts-based methods encourage participants to express themselves through creative mediums such as art, music, or storytelling. These methods tap into participants’ subconscious emotions, potentially unveiling insights that might remain hidden through traditional approaches.

h. Expert Interviews:

Interviewing experts in a field can provide valuable insights into intricate subjects. Their knowledge and experience can guide researchers toward unexplored angles and facets, helping them to navigate the complexities of the topic.

In essence, the methods and techniques of exploratory research embody a spirit of curiosity and adaptability. By embracing diverse approaches that encourage discovery and reflection, researchers can venture beyond the boundaries of what is known, uncovering new layers of understanding and paving the way for further exploration.

Advantages of Exploratory Research:

Exploratory research, with its focus on revealing new insights and sparking curiosity, offers a range of advantages that make it a valuable tool in the realm of inquiry. These advantages stem from its open-ended nature and its ability to lay the groundwork for more focused and rigorous investigations. Let’s delve into some of the key benefits that exploratory research brings to the table.

1. Problem Identification:

One of the primary advantages of exploratory research is its ability to identify problems or gaps in existing knowledge. By immersing researchers in the subject matter, this approach highlights areas that have been overlooked or not yet thoroughly understood. This initial phase sets the stage for addressing pressing questions and challenges.

2. Generation of New Ideas:

Exploratory research is a fertile ground for nurturing creativity and generating novel ideas. By adopting an open-minded approach, researchers can stumble upon unexpected connections and perspectives. These fresh insights can lead to innovative solutions and perspectives that might not have been apparent through other methods.

3. Adaptability and Flexibility:

The inherent flexibility of exploratory research allows researchers to adapt their methods as they progress. This adaptability is particularly advantageous when dealing with complex or evolving subjects. Researchers can pivot their approach based on emerging findings, ensuring that their exploration remains relevant and insightful.

4. Hypothesis Formulation:

As researchers explore the subject matter, they often develop preliminary hypotheses. While these hypotheses might not be fully formed or tested, they provide a starting point for more structured research. This initial hypothesis formulation accelerates the transition from exploration to hypothesis-driven inquiry.

5. Rich Qualitative Data:

Exploratory research often involves qualitative methods, such as in-depth interviews and focus groups. These methods yield rich and nuanced data, offering insights into participants’ thoughts, emotions, and experiences. This depth of understanding can provide valuable context for interpreting research findings.

6. Discovery of Unexpected Patterns:

The open-ended nature of exploratory research means researchers are attuned to unexpected patterns and anomalies. These outliers might lead to breakthroughs or insights that challenge existing assumptions. This willingness to explore the unexpected contributes to a broader understanding of the subject.

7. Catalyst for Further Research:

Exploratory research acts as a springboard for more in-depth investigations. The insights and ideas generated during the exploratory phase guide researchers toward focused and targeted research questions. This seamless transition ensures that subsequent research is well-informed and rooted in initial exploration.

8. Nurturing Curiosity and Learning:

The process of exploratory research fosters a culture of curiosity and learning. Researchers are encouraged to ask questions, challenge assumptions, and engage deeply with the subject matter. This mindset of intellectual exploration extends beyond research, contributing to personal and professional growth.

In summary, the advantages of exploratory research lie in its ability to uncover hidden insights, fuel creativity, and pave the way for more structured investigations. By embracing ambiguity and opening doors to new ideas, researchers harness the power of exploration to illuminate the unseen and contribute to the expanding tapestry of knowledge.

Limitations of Exploratory Research:

While exploratory research holds the promise of unrevealing new insights, it also comes with its share of limitations that researchers must navigate. These limitations stem from its exploratory nature, which prioritizes discovery over certainty.

Understanding these constraints is crucial for researchers to make informed decisions about the scope and applicability of their findings. Here, we explore some key limitations of exploratory research.

1. Lack of Generalizability:

One significant limitation of exploratory research is its limited generalizability. Since exploratory research often involves small sample sizes and qualitative methods, the findings may not be representative of broader populations. The insights gained might be specific to the context of the study, making it challenging to apply them universally.

2. Subjectivity in Data Interpretation:

Qualitative methods, such as interviews and focus groups, are common in exploratory research. However, these methods introduce an element of subjectivity in data interpretation. Different researchers might interpret the same data differently, potentially leading to inconsistencies in findings.

3. Potential for Bias:

Researchers’ own biases and preconceptions can inadvertently influence exploratory research. These biases might impact the formulation of questions, the selection of participants, and the interpretation of results. It’s crucial for researchers to remain aware of their own biases and take steps to mitigate their effects.

4. Lack of Control:

Exploratory research often lacks the controlled experimental conditions found in other research designs. This lack of control can make it difficult to establish cause-and-effect relationships definitively. Variables that might influence the outcomes might remain unaccounted for, leading to ambiguity in findings.

5. Time and Resource Constraints:

Exploratory research can be time-intensive and resource-demanding. Immersing in qualitative data collection, conducting interviews, and analyzing findings can be time-consuming. Moreover, the open-ended nature of exploratory research can sometimes lead to an uncertain timeline for completion.

6. Limited Depth of Understanding:

While exploratory research provides initial insights, it might not delve deep enough to fully comprehend complex phenomena. The broad and surface-level approach might not uncover underlying mechanisms or provide a comprehensive understanding of intricate relationships.

7. Challenges in Replication:

Due to its open-ended and qualitative nature, replicating exploratory research can be challenging. Replication is essential for validating research findings and ensuring their reliability. The lack of standardized procedures can hinder the replication process.

8. Ambiguity in Findings:

The exploratory nature of the research can lead to ambiguous findings. Researchers might uncover unexpected patterns or contradictions that are difficult to explain. While these findings can spark further curiosity, they might not offer clear-cut conclusions.

In essence, the limitations of exploratory research highlight the trade-offs between flexibility and rigor. Researchers need to balance the potential for new discoveries with the awareness of these limitations.

By acknowledging and addressing these constraints, researchers can approach exploratory research with a clear understanding of its scope and implications, maximizing its value while navigating its uncertainties

So, that is all for today guys see you in our next blog. If you like our article please don’t forget to share it with others & follow our  Instagram page  for your daily dose of Motivation, and If you want jobs & internship updates or more articles like this you can follow our LinkedIn page  too.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Exploratory Research

Q1: what is exploratory research.

Exploratory research is an approach that involves delving into uncharted areas of knowledge with an open mind and curiosity-driven perspective. Unlike traditional research that aims to confirm hypotheses, exploratory research seeks to uncover new insights, hidden patterns, and unexpected connections in subjects where information is limited or fragmented

Q2: What makes exploratory research different from traditional research?

Exploratory research focuses on discovery and curiosity rather than confirming hypotheses. It embraces uncertainty and aims to identify gaps in existing knowledge. Traditional research often aims to establish causality or confirm hypotheses using structured methodologies and predefined expectations.

Q3: What methods are commonly used in exploratory research?

Various methods are employed in exploratory research, such as literature reviews, focus groups, in-depth interviews, observations, case studies, creative approaches, and expert interviews. These methods help researchers gather qualitative insights, explore new ideas, and gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

Q4: How does exploratory research contribute to knowledge?

Exploratory research lays the foundation for further investigation by identifying gaps in knowledge, generating hypotheses, and inspiring fresh questions. It serves as a catalyst for more focused and rigorous studies, contributing to the expansion of human knowledge.

Q5: What are the advantages of exploratory research?

Some advantages of exploratory research include problem identification, generation of new ideas, flexibility, formulation of initial hypotheses, discovery of unexpected patterns, and serving as a starting point for more structured research.

Q6: What are the limitations of exploratory research?

Exploratory research has limitations such as lack of generalizability due to small sample sizes, subjectivity in data interpretation, potential for bias, lack of experimental control, time and resource constraints, limited depth of understanding, and challenges in replication.

Q7: How does exploratory research spark creativity?

Exploratory research encourages researchers to think beyond established boundaries and consider unconventional perspectives. By embracing ambiguity and being open to unexpected findings, researchers can nurture their creativity and uncover novel insights.

Q8: How does exploratory research contribute to hypothesis formulation?

Through the process of exploring the subject matter and uncovering new patterns, researchers often develop preliminary hypotheses. These hypotheses act as starting points for more focused investigations, helping researchers transition from exploratory research to hypothesis-driven inquiry.

Q9: Can exploratory research be applied to different fields?

Yes, exploratory research can be applied to various fields, ranging from social sciences and humanities to natural sciences and technology. Its adaptable and open-ended nature makes it a versatile approach that can be tailored to suit the unique characteristics of different subjects.

Q10: How can researchers mitigate biases in exploratory research?

Researchers can mitigate biases in exploratory research by being aware of their own preconceptions, engaging in reflexivity, and using multiple researchers to analyze data independently. Transparent documentation of the research process and decisions also helps in minimizing biases.

Q11: How does exploratory research lay the groundwork for subsequent studies?

The insights and ideas generated during exploratory research guide the direction of future investigations. They help researchers refine research questions, select appropriate methodologies, and develop a deeper understanding of the subject, providing a solid foundation for subsequent studies.

Q12: Is exploratory research a one-size-fits-all approach?

No, exploratory research is not a one-size-fits-all approach. It requires researchers to adapt their methods and techniques to the specific context and nature of the subject being explored. Flexibility is a key characteristic of exploratory research.

Q13: Can exploratory research be used in combination with other research methods?

Yes, exploratory research can be combined with other research methods. Researchers often use exploratory research to generate insights that inform the design and focus of subsequent studies, which might involve more structured methodologies for hypothesis testing or causal relationships.

Q14: How does exploratory research contribute to intellectual growth?

Exploratory research fosters a mindset of curiosity, critical thinking, and intellectual growth. Researchers engage deeply with subjects, challenge assumptions, and develop a broader perspective, contributing to their personal and professional development.

Q 15: What role do exploratory research play in guiding decision-making?

While exploratory research might not offer concrete answers, its insights can guide decision-making by providing context, identifying potential challenges, and suggesting directions for further investigation. Decision-makers can use these insights to make informed choices.

Q16: What distinguishes exploratory research from hypothesis-generating research?

Exploratory research is often synonymous with hypothesis-generating research, as both aim to generate ideas and insights. However, exploratory research emphasizes the discovery of new perspectives and patterns, while hypothesis-generating research focuses on formulating initial hypotheses to be tested in subsequent studies.

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