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THE HISTORY OF AVIATION

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Aviation History - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Aviation History

Aviation history mike bush aviation history why study history to establish a baseline or benchmark to identify trends this brief survey will attempt to relate to the ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Why study history?
• To establish a baseline or benchmark
• To identify trends
• This brief survey will attempt to relate to the history of air traffic control
• The Wright brothers first flew on December 17, 1903, ( think about the accomplishments in less than one hundred years
• 1908-during a demonstration flight for the army, Orville Wright crashed killing lt. Thomas Selfridge-the first aviation fatality of the so called modern age
• Age of the birdman lasted from 1909 until World War I
• During this time period, there was very little use for the airplane as they had unreliable engines and small payload capacities
• However, there was a fascination with the airplane and air shows were quite popular
• Perceptions of aviation safety during the period
• Airplanes were obviously unsafe
• Only a brave idiot would go up in an airplane
• Elements of danger was emphasized by aviators trying to draw crowds to shows
• a lot of accidents during this period reinforced that perception
• Perceptions (continued)
• In 1910, 37 pilots were killed, a ratio of 1 in seven then flying
• Accidents were generally regarded as the inevitable outcome of flying activities
• World War I was a turning point in the development of aircraft. The military value was quickly recognized and production increased significantly to meet demand for planes from various governments
• An important development was the introduction of more powerful engines which enabled airplanes to reach speeds of up to 130 miles per hour
• Airmail-By 1917, the U.S. Government felt that aircraft development had progressed enough to warrant transport of mail by air. Congress appropriated 100,000 for an experimental, jointly operated (Army Post Office), route between Washington D.C. and New York. The first flight was May 14, 1918.
• Due to a large surplus of military aircraft, the P.O. began developing transcontinental air service. The first segment was between Chicago and Cleveland (May 15, 1919). The route was completed on Sept 8, 1920. As airplanes could not fly at night, the mail was loaded onto trains at the end of the day. A 22 hour time savings was realized coast to coast.
• Commercial Aviation
• 15May18, P.O. started airmail service in U.S
• Used aircraft and pilots from Army
• In Aug. P.O. took over operation completely
• hired own pilots
• bought own aircraft
• First route between D.C. and NY
• 1919 service added to Chicago via Cleveland and in 1920 from Chicago to San Francisco
• Pilots were true pioneers
• flew open cockpit in all weather
• no radios with primitive instruments
• uncharted routes
• Early years, routes marked by bonfires
• 1923, first electric beacon installed along airways
• Rotating beacons atop 50 foot towers about 15 miles apart
• Emergency fields were build at intervals between towers
• Many opposed development of Airmail Svc
• Railroads view govt. subsidized mail service as unfair competition
• P.O. justified airmail service as experimental in nature, therefore requiring federal funds
• By 1925 airmail service had developed to the point that it was no longer considered experimental
• P.O.. ready to turn it over to private enterprise
• Kelly Bill of 1925
• Made possible the private carrying of mail
• Authorized the P.O. to contract for airmail service
• Allowed the contractor to be paid 80 of the airmail revenue for carrying it
• Incentive needed to get big business into the aviation field
• Marked beginning of Commercial Aviation in U.S
• Shot in the arm for aviation industries
• New mail contract created demand for newer and larger aircraft
• Commercial passenger were beginning to be flown on mail routes
• More profitable to carry mail than pax
• Most mail planes were small only two/three pax
• The Contract Air Mail Act of 1925 (Kelly Act)
• The five initial contracts were National Air Transport (Curtiss Aeroplane Co.) Varney Air Lines, Western Air Express, Colonial Air Transport and Robertson Aircraft Corp
• National and Varney became United (originally a joint venture of Boeing and Pratt and Whitney)
• Western and Transcontinental Air Transport would merge to form TWA
• Robertson merged with Colonial to form the nucleus of American Airways
• Juan Trippe of Colonial would form Pan Am
• The Morrow Board-in 1925, Coolidge appointed a board to recommend a national aviation policy. Dwight Morrow (Anns father) was chairman. The key recommendation was that the government should set the standards for civil aviation and that the standards should be set outside of the military.
• Air Commerce Act of 1926
• Authorized to license all planes and pilots
• Establish and enforce air traffic rules
• investigate accidents
• promote aviation safety through assistance and guidance to civil aviation
• Many accomplishments in flight following WWI were made because of prizes offered
• Accomplishments included most of the long range flights
• Flights over the poles
• Many flights leading to speed and altitude records
• One prize remained unclaimed, 25000 to the first aviator to cross the Atlantic nonstop from NY to Paris, offered by Raymond Ortieg
• Commercial Aviation Matures
• Walter Folger Brown
• Postmaster General under Herbert Hoover
• Fostered legislation that gave him the power to build Americas domestic airline system
• He used the power ruthlessly
• McNary-Waters Act
• Amendment to Kelly Bill
• Approved 29Apr30
• Important provisions of the law
• Operators were to be paid for flying the mail according to space available for mail in their airplanes, which could be as much as 1.25 per mile for a Ford or Fokker Tri-motor
• Provisions of the new bill
• The postmaster general could extend or consolidate routes when in his judgment the public interest will be promoted thereby
• Routes would be awarded to the lowest responsible bidder who had owned an airline operated on a daily schedule of at least 250 miles over a period of six months
• The Waters Act and the Spoils Conference
• In 1930 Postmaster Gen. Walter Brown pushed for legislation that became known as the Waters Act. It authorized the P.O. to enter into long term contracts for airmail
• After the act was approved, Brown held a little publicized series of meetings that became know as the Spoils Conference
• Spoils Conference
• Brown called a series of meetings in DC to divvy up the new mail contracts
• Democrats later called them Spoils Conference because Brown had the last say so in who was invited
• He wanted three transcontinental routes and they must be under single management
• Only the big carriers could meet his stipulations
• Brown designated 3 trans-con mail routes and made it clear he only wanted one carrier operating each route. United, American and TWA were awarded the routes but this brought about political trouble.
• Brown did not like the little guys of the airline business
• He wanted all large carriers to get the spoils
• Air Mail Act of 1934 - After the election of 1932, smaller carriers began to complain about treatment from the P.O. Hugo Black held hearings and by 1934, the scandal reached such proportions, FDR was prompted to cancel all mail contracts and turn mail deliveries over to the army.
• Black Committee
• Senator Hugo L. Black, Democrat from Alabama
• Was formed to answer complaints of airlines left out of Spoils Conference
• Testimony before the Black committee made it clear that the airline operators, big and small, had simply followed the rules set down by Brown
• Brown denied nothing. He wanted to give the American public the best air carrier network in the world
• Committee established that Brown had been a dictator
• No formal charges were brought against him because he had apparently acted within the law
• However, President Roosevelt, acting on the advice of the Attorney General, announced on 9Feb34 that all airmail contracts would be cancelled on the 19th
• Roosevelt told reporters that the airways system had been mapped out in a series of Spoils Conferences attended by W.F. Brown and a handful of his favored airlines operators, that small operators were denied the chance to bid on airmail routes, and that some airlines had been grossly overpaid for carrying the mail
• The Army Flies the Mail
• On 19 Feb 34 the U.S. Army took over the task of flying the airmail
• Postmaster James Farley agreed that only 9000 miles of the 27000 mile system would be served
• With only 10 days preparation, airplanes with few instruments (some without compasses) and non instrument rated pilots, in the worst weather of the year, started flying the mail
• At the end of the first week, five pilots had died and six critically injured
• By the second week in March, the mounting toll of accidents appalled the nation and had Roosevelt looking for a way out
• On 10 march, he announced that the air mail would be returned to the airlines as soon as possible
• A total of 12 army fliers died before the mail could be handed back to the airlines
• The army pilots were unfamiliar with the routes and the winter weather took its toll. After a number of accidents and public outcry, FDR was forced to change plans after only 1 month.
• The Air Mail Act of 1934 once again gave the mail contracts to the private sector.
• The Rascals are punished
• Postmaster Farley managed that by decreeing that no airline which had been represented at the 1933 spoils conference would be given a mail contract and that the major airmail routes would be awarded only to bidders possessing multi-engine aircraft. That is why American Airways suddenly become American Airlines, Northwest made a similar change and TWA added Inc. to their name
• Bidding was restructured and former contract holders were not allowed to bid. However, the older companies changed their names and appointed new executives.
• The act also forced the dismantling of the vertical holding companies sending aircraft manufacturers and airline operators their separate ways.
• 1938 Civil Aeronautics Act-One of the most important aviation bills ever enacted by Congress. Until this time, numerous government agencies and departments had a hand in aviation policy. Carriers had been steadily losing money since the 1934 reorganization and called for greater government regulation through an independent agency.
• This act created the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) and gave the agency power to regulate airline tariffs, airmail rates, interline agreements, mergers and routes. Its mission was to preserve order in the industry, maintain stable rates, and nurture the financially shaky industry.
• Congress also created a separate agency, the Air Safety Board, to regulate carriers on matters of safety. In 1940, FDR convinced congress to transfer the safety regulatory function to the CAA which was named the Civil Aeronautics Board(CAB). These regulatory moves coupled with technological advances put the industry on the road to success.
• The Federal Aviation Act of 1958-Following World War II, air travel soared, but so did problems. In 1956, two aircraft collided over the Grand Canyon and 128 people killed. The existing systems of ATC was outdated and Congress responded with the Federal Aviation Act of 1958.
• The legislation created a new safety regulatory agency, the Federal Aviation Agency(changed to Administration in 67). The agency was charged with establishing and running a broad ATC system to maintain safe separation of aircraft.
• Legislation (Cont.)
• It also assumed jurisdiction over all other aviation safety matters. The CAB retained jurisdiction solely over economic matters
• The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978-Pressure had been mounting for years, particularly from economist who showed unregulated intrastate fares were lower than for regulated interstate flights of comparable distances.
• Another factor was the development of wide-body aircraft which boosted capacity.
• One other determining factor of deregulation was the Arab oil embargo of 1973 which led to higher fuel prices and inflation. Coupled with the economic downturn, this put a strain on airlines.
• The CAB responded by allowing higher rates and no increase in capacity.
• Consumers were unhappy with the decision and political pressure was on to deregulate.
• Even the CAB was forced to report that their services were no longer necessary.
• The act deregulated government control over rates and routes. Government regulation of safety was not affected by the act.

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The history of flying & the first aeroplane flight PowerPoint lessons and worksheets

Subject: History

Age range: 5-7

Resource type: Unit of work

Last updated

22 February 2023

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A set of PowerPoint presentations plus a medium term plan looking at the history of flight. The PowerPoints are:

The history of flight: Describes the development of flight from the first kites made by the Chinese around 200 BC to the modern types of aircraft today. Includes kites, wings, ornithopter, hot air balloon, hydrogen balloon, airships, helicopters, autogyro, biplanes and monoplanes, flying boat, the jet engine, space shuttles and Concorde. Also looks briefly at the work of: the Montgolfier brothers, George Cayley, Otto Lilienthall, Samuel Pierpont Langley, the Wright brothers and Frank Whittle.

The first balloon flight ~ The Montgolfier brothers: A story of their lives, and how they designed the Montgolfier balloon.

The first aeroplane flight ~ The Wright brothers: A story of their lives and how they designed the first heavier than air powered aircraft.

How to make a paper plane (x2): Step by step instructions on how to make a paper plane, with illustrations.

Printable resources Maps of the world / Europe/ UK/ North and South America/ South Asia/ Australia/ China/ Russian Federation / Mexico/ Africa Worksheets(15): Topic cover 9x sheets with images of different types of inventions for flying The Montgolfier brothers writing sheets The Wright brothers writing sheets Design a hot air balloon x 3 Airship picture

Pictures of the Wright brothers and their planes

3 x A4 titles The history of flight / The Wright brothers / The Montgolfier brothers A-Z lettering Large ‘Flight’ letters Planning document

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AVIATION HISTORY

Aug 09, 2014

320 likes | 672 Views

AVIATION HISTORY. Lecture 3c: Helicopters. By Zuliana. Introduction. Helicopters truly are amazing aircraft, and how helicopters fly is what makes them such versatile machines, being perfectly suited to roles ranging from military use to fire fighting and search and rescue.

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AVIATION HISTORY Lecture 3c: Helicopters By Zuliana

Introduction • Helicopters truly are amazing aircraft, and how helicopters fly is what makes them such versatile machines, being perfectly suited to roles ranging from military use to fire fighting and search and rescue. • Helicopters have been around for centuries - well, the principle anyway - but it was Russian aircraft pioneer Igor Sikorsky who designed, built and in 1939 flew the first fully controllable single rotor / tail rotor helicopter - the fundamental concept that would shape all future helicopters.

Introduction Helicopter is an aircraft than can take-off and land vertically. Nowadays, they became one of the most versatile and vital vehicles in the world. Early helicopters First flown in 1936

Rotor Blades Tail Rotor Cockpit Landing Skids

Basic Helicopter Rotor Blades Long, flat blades that spin & give a helicopter lift & thrust. It determine the helicopter direction. Tail Rotor A small rotor at the back. Generate balance force (horizontal force) to help helicopter fly stably. It also used to change the helicopter’s direction.

Basic Helicopter Engines Used to power the helicopter. Cockpit The area where the pilot sits and control the helicopter. Cabin The area where passengers or other things are carried. Landing Skids Long metal feet for helicopters stand on when they are on the ground.

How helicopter fly vertically?

How helicopter fly vertically? • A helicopter doesn’t require a runway to take-off into the air, so the rotation of its rotor blades generates lift force. • When the lift force is greater than the helicopter’s weight, it will fly up vertically.

How helicopter fly vertically? The helicopter engines will provide the power to turn the main rotor blades. The rotor blades have an airfoil shape, so as the rotors turn, air velocity over the tops of the blades is higher than the below. Thus, the pressure of the slower moving air flowing under the blade is greater than the above. This difference in pressure pushes the blades up and gives the helicopter the lift it needs to fly. When Lift force is greater than helicopter’s weight, it will fly up vertically. However, when the rotor blades turns, it also make the helicopter’s body tend to spin also. So, the tail rotor at the back is used to give balance force in order to prevent the helicopter’s body to spin.

For helicopter fly vertically, the pilot has to push/pull the ‘collective’ control stick. • While, to move forward, backward, or to the side, the pilot uses the "cyclic" which is usually mounted between the legs.

How helicopter move forward More Lift Force • Direction of lift force can be changed by moves the ‘cyclic’ in the required direction. • To move forward, pilot has to move the ‘cyclic’ control stick to the front. • It will make the rotor blades tilted to the front, which lead to the differences of lift force generated. • As a result, it will create a forward force (thrust), which moves the helicopter forward. Thrust

How helicopter move backward More Lift Force • To move backward, pilot has to move the ‘cyclic’ control stick to the back. • It will make the rotor blades tilted to the back, which lead to the differences of lift force generated. • As a result, it will create a backward force (thrust), which moves the helicopter backward. Thrust

Helicopter move side to side More Lift Force • To move right, pilot has to move the ‘cyclic’ control stick to the right. • It will make the rotor blades tilted to the right, which lead to the differences of lift force generated. • As a result, it will create a sideways force, which moves the helicopter to the right. Sideways force

Helicopter move side to side More Lift Force • To move left, pilot has to move the ‘cyclic’ control stick to the left. • It will make the rotor blades tilted to the left, which lead to the differences of lift force generated. • As a result, it will create a sideways force, which moves the helicopter to the left. Sideways force

Commercial Construction Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane lifting a mock-up house The Uses of Helicopter Firefighting Search & Rescue Military Bell 205 dropping water on fire WAH-64 Apache attack helicopter

The Uses of Helicopter Commercial Helicopters Mainly used for transport. Construction Helicopters Helicopter that are used in construction to carry loads are called skycranes. The heavy loads carried by skycranes are connected to long cables. Are also used to place heavy equipment on the tops of tall buildings.

The Uses of Helicopter Search and Rescue Helicopters Used for emergency medical assistance when an ambulance cannot easily or quickly reach the scene. Firefighting Helicopters Used to combat fires. These helicopters are often called Helitacks. Helitacks carry water to perform water bombing onto the fire.

The Uses of Helicopter Military Helicopters Are used mainly for attack and for transport. Attack helicopters are equipped with missile or miniguns which are used to attack ground targets. Transport helicopters are used to carry troops and supplies when transport via typical military cargo is not possible.

What are the advantages of the helicopter compare to airplane

Bell UH-1 Iroquois (Huey)- The most famous helicopter in the world with several unique characteristics Serve as medical evacuation , instrument trainer and general utility aircraft

Advantages of Helicopter • A normal airplane can fly forward, up, down, left and right. • A helicopter can do all this plus has the ability to fly backwards, rotate 360 degrees on the spot and hover (can remain still) • Helicopters may be limited in their speed, but the incredible maneuverability mentioned above is what makes them so useful in so many situations.

Summary of helicopter advantages Canfly backwards (reverse) Can rotate in the air (360 degrees) Can hover (can remain in one place in the air) The capability to efficiently hover for extended periods of time, reverse and rotate allows a helicopter to accomplish tasks that airplane cannot perform.

Advantages of Helicopter

Advantages of Helicopter Flexible (doesn’t require runway) As helicopter do not need runway for take-off and landing, it can fly almost anywhere. Can deliver huge loads to areas that no other vehicle can reach. For example crowd areas, isolated areas and deep jungle. Versatile (able to perform many functions) Helicopter functions include transportation, construction, fight fires, search and rescue, military uses and also can rescue people trapped in burning buildings.

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AVIATION HISTORY. Lecture 10 : Airliners. Airliners. An AIRLINER is a large fixed-wing aircraft for transporting passengers and cargo . They are owned by AIRLINES company. The major AIRLINERS MANUFATCURERS in the world are Airbus and Boeing. Cargo.

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AVIATION HISTORY. Lecture 5: Flight Instruments. Flight Instruments. Modern Flight Instruments. Airbus A320 Glass Cockpit. Introduction. History The very first aircraft had little or no flight instruments Flying during bad weather was risky

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AVIATION HISTORY. Lecture 2: Early Aviation. By : Zuliana Ismail. Aviation Timeline. Contents. 1903-1914: Before WW 1(11yrs) 1914-1918 (4yrs): World War 1 1919-1938 (19yrs):Golden Age 1939-1945 (6yrs): World War 2 1945-1950 (5yrs): Cold War. Aviation Pioneer. Fathers of Aviation

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AVIATION HISTORY Lecture 9: Military Aviation

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AVIATION HISTORY. Lecture 2: Early Aviation. Types of Airplane. A monoplane is an aircraft with one main set of wing surfaces. Since the late 1930s it has been the &quot;ordinary&quot; form for a fixed wing aircraft.

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AVIATION HISTORY. Lecture 6: Flight Instruments. Flight Instruments. Modern Flight Instruments. Airbus A320 Glass Cockpit. Introduction. History The very first aircraft had little or no flight instruments Flying during bad weather was risky

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