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Critical Thinking and Problem Solving

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Presentation on theme: "Critical Thinking and Problem Solving"— Presentation transcript:

By Anthony Campanaro & Dennis Hernandez

CT is a self-directed process by which we take deliberate steps to think at the highest level of quality. CT is skillful, responsible thinking that is.

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Critical and Creative Thinking.ppt

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The Peak Performance Center

The pursuit of performance excellence, critical thinking vs. creative thinking.

Creative thinking is a way of looking at problems or situations from a fresh perspective to conceive of something new or original.

Critical thinking is the logical, sequential disciplined process of rationalizing, analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting information to make informed judgments and/or decisions.

Critical Thinking vs. Creative Thinking – Key Differences

• Creative thinking tries to create something new, while critical thinking seeks to assess worth or validity of something that already exists.
• Creative thinking is generative, while critical thinking is analytical.
• Creative thinking is divergent, while critical thinking is convergent.
• Creative thinking is focused on possibilities, while critical thinking is focused on probability.
• Creative thinking is accomplished by disregarding accepted principles, while critical thinking is accomplished by applying accepted principles.

About Creative Thinking

Creative thinking is a process utilized to generate lists of new, varied and unique ideas or possibilities. Creative thinking brings a fresh perspective and sometimes unconventional solution to solve a problem or address a challenge.  When you are thinking creatively, you are focused on exploring ideas, generating possibilities, and/or developing various theories.

Creative thinking can be performed both by an unstructured process such as brainstorming, or by a structured process such as lateral thinking.

Brainstorming is the process for generating unique ideas and solutions through spontaneous and freewheeling group discussion. Participants are encouraged to think aloud and suggest as many ideas as they can, no matter how outlandish it may seem.

Lateral thinking uses a systematic process that leads to logical conclusions. However, it involves changing a standard thinking sequence and arriving at a solution from completely different angles.

No matter what process you chose, the ultimate goal is to generate ideas that are unique, useful and worthy of further elaboration. Often times, critical thinking is performed after creative thinking has generated various possibilities. Critical thinking is used to vet those ideas to determine if they are practical.

Creative Thinking Skills

• Open-mindedness
• Flexibility
• Imagination
• Adaptability
• Risk-taking
• Originality
• Elaboration
• Brainstorming

About Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is the process of actively analyzing, interpreting, synthesizing, evaluating information gathered from observation, experience, or communication. It is thinking in a clear, logical, reasoned, and reflective manner to make informed judgments and/or decisions.

Critical thinking involves the ability to:

• remain objective

In general, critical thinking is used to make logical well-formed decisions after analyzing and evaluating information and/or an array of ideas.

On a daily basis, it can be used for a variety of reasons including:

• to form an argument
• to articulate and justify a position or point of view
• to reduce possibilities to convergent toward a single answer
• to vet creative ideas to determine if they are practical
• to judge an assumption
• to solve a problem
• to reach a conclusion

Critical Thinking Skills

• Interpreting
• Integrating
• Contrasting
• Classifying
• Forecasting
• Hypothesizing

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Problem Solving and Creative Thinking - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Problem Solving and Creative Thinking

A problem arises when a living creature has a goal but does not know how this ... don't give a joke answer (e.g. depends if we get chuck norris to help) ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• What is a Problem?
• A problem arises when a living creature has a goal but does not know how this goal is to be reached.
• A problem exists whenever one cannot go from the given situation to the desired situation simply by action. K. Dunker, On Problem Solving, (1945) p. 1
• What is Problem Solving?
• Problem Solving is the process of working out or discovering how to reach such a goal.
• Creative thinking is the process of generating novel ideas and alternative courses of action, no matter how good those ideas and alternatives might be.
• Creative thinking should not be seen as an alternative to critical thinking
• When you have recognised a problem, then you should employ creative thinking to produce some options for solving the problem, then you should employ critical thinking
• If you havent come up with enough options to begin with, then your critical thinking decision procedure might produce the wrong result a dangerous result!
• Creative thinking supports critical thinking While critical thinking focuses on step-by-step, linear processes aimed at arriving at a correct answer, creative thinking begins with possibility, multiple ideas, and suspended judgement. It might be said that creative thinking supports the ideas with which critical thinking works. Thus, even though these two kinds of thinking work in different ways, they actually support one another and aim at the same ultimate goal, which is to solve a problem At the beginning of the process, creative methods are used to examine the problem environment, generate ideas, and make associations. Then the analysis and judgment faculties are brought into play, and the possibilities are analyzed for a possible solution. Robert Harris, CB pp. 115-6
• Did the smithy replace some of the kings gold with silver?
• How did Archimedes find out?
• (Not Archimedes style to torture the smithy)
• The solution, which occurred when he stepped into a public bath and caused it to overflow, was to put a weight of gold equal to the crown, and known to be pure, into a bowl which was filled with water to the brim. Then the gold would be removed and the kings crown put in, in its place. An alloy of lighter silver would increase the bulk of the crown and cause the bowl to overflow. Vitruvius, De Architectura
• And the wreath was impure!
• It was very useful to Archimedes
• He was well respected and treated in Syracuse
• Marcellus, the Roman general, ordered his life to be spared when Syracuse finally fell
• But his obsession with maths was ultimately his downfall!
• Can we be like Archimedes?
• Can we learn to be creative thinkers?
• Associative Techniques
• Analytic Techniques
• Brainstorming
• Role Playing
• Compare something familiar to something unfamiliar.
• Close analogy e.g. apples and pears
• Remote analogy e.g. Pringles
• Forced analogy
• The problem recreating that dazzling 360 degree panoramic holiday view
• The forced analogy a wreath
• The answer!
• The problem vertigo
• The forced analogy swimming
• The problem Carrying lots of shopping when its raining
• The forced analogy a tennis player
• Breaking a problem down into smaller parts
• E.g. How can I make the All Blacks win the Rugby World Cup?
• Vital components of the problem
• Henry Just one ensuring the ABs perform to their capacity
• Hence the 4 Rs of Henrys regime
• Relationships within team are friendly
• Really discreet signaling during matches
• Unfortunately (as we know), Henry didnt analyse the problem thoroughly.
• He missed a vital component of the problem
• The Barnes Factor
• Good analytic techniques will help to ensure that all of the important components of the problem are addressed
• Deliberately set about coming up with alternatives, and write them all down, no matter what.
• No idea is a bad idea (at least just yet)
• Edward de Bono 6 hats green hat time
• One company generated 2,200 ideas in one day!
• Roleplaying. Attempt to simulate aspects of the problem and proposed solutions. Try to imagine details of the relevant outcomes after your choice has been made, and attempt to put yourself in the shoes of other people.
• A good method for gathering information and gaining perspective
• E.g. Theoretical vs. practical lecturing
• E.g. Customers-eye-view of displays
• E.g. Hand-out-of-the-car-window aerodynamics
• He was also a prolific problem solver
• So, how can we harness these 4 idea creation techniques to help us solve problems?
• Ideas should be generated after the problem has been properly understood and represented
• One and only one of the switches (A, B C) on the outside of the room turns on all of the lights (x, y z) in the room
• From outside, you cannot see into the room
• The wiring is hidden from view
• You are not allowed to damage any of the property
• Is there a way of knowing for sure which switch turns the lights on?
• Once you enter the room, you cannot leave again to rearrange the switches
• Station 1 and Station 2 are 50 miles apart on a straight train track
• Train 1 leaves Station 1 at the same time that Train 2 leaves Station 2
• Both trains travel at 25 miles per hour toward the other station
• The bird starts directly above Train 1 and flies above the track until it reaches Train 2. Then it flies back to Train 1 etc.
• The bird flies at 230 miles per hour
• How far has the bird flown by the time the trains meet?
• What will happen to the block of wood when the person lets go of it?
• The block will drop down as it is drawn to earth by gravity
• so long as the person is on earth.
• It will float up if the person is under water.
• And it will go nowhere (or a little bit sideways?!) if the person is in space.
• Suggestion 1 Drop presuppositions that arent explicit in the original statement of the problem
• Can you connect all of the dots with just 4 straight lines?
• You cannot take your pen off the paper
• You cant use a ridiculously big pen
• The second line must start where the first line finished. The third line must start where the second line finished etc.
• Imagine the dots are drawn on a flat an immovable surface
• The solution
• Suggestion 1 Drop presuppositions that arent explicit in the original statement of the problem.
• There was a terrible accident on the motorway coming into Wellington
• A man was killed on impact and his son was rushed to hospital with life-threatening injuries
• At the hospital, the surgeon saw the boy and said I cant operate, thats my son
• What is going on here?
• Many of us assume that surgeons have to be male, making us come up with crazy answers for a simple question
• Suggestion 2 Make sure you represent everything explicit in the original statement of the problem.
• Age of the first son x
• Age of the second son y
• Age of the third son z
• Safe assumption x y z
• Suggestion 3 When thinking about how you could represent a problem, look for structural similarities between this problem and one you know the answer to..
• Suggestion 3 When thinking about how you could represent a problem, look for structural similarities between this problem and one you know the answer to.
• This certainly works with IQ tests and brainteasers
• But also with (real life!) problem solving in general
• Radiotherapy treatment for stomach cancer
• - A structurally similar dictator analogy helped 1 20
• - The analogy with an answer helped 1 75
• An ability to solve logic puzzles is thought to be positively correlated with an ability to think creatively and solve problems of any kind.
• Whether or not such a correlation really exist, it is commonly believed to exist.
• Employers care more about creative thinking and problem solving abilities in the workforce more than any other general skill..
• Creative thinking and problem solving abilities are among the most important skills sought after by universities..
• Hence, universities and employers will screen candidates on the basis of their ability to solve logic puzzles.
• You have twenty blue socks, twenty brown socks, and two black sock in a drawer in your room. If it is night time, and the room is completely dark, how many would you have to take out to be sure you have 2 of the same colour?
• A mother sent her child to the lake and told him to bring back exactly 7 litres of water. She gave him a 5 litre bucket and a 3 litre bucket. How can the child measure out exactly 7 litres of water using nothing but the two buckets.
• You've got someone working for you for seven days and a gold bar to pay them. The gold bar is segmented into seven connected pieces. You must give them a piece of gold at the end of every day. If you are only allowed to make two breaks in the gold bar, how do you pay your worker?
• An Impossible Interview Question is one that has no single acceptable answer.
• How many piano tuners are there in the world?
• How long would it take to move Mount Fuji?
• Dont freak out!
• Dont give a joke answer (e.g. depends if we get Chuck Norris to help)
• Suggest a potential approach
• Ask them questions
• How to solve problems creatively
• Make sure you represent the problem in the right way!
• Dont assume restrictions that arent stipulated
• Do represent everything explicit in the question
• Do compare the structure of the problem with similar ones
• Then generate lots of creative ideas with
• Associative techniques
• Analytic techniques
• Roleplaying

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CREATIVE THINKING & PROBLEM SOLVING

Oct 23, 2019

560 likes | 692 Views

CREATIVE THINKING & PROBLEM SOLVING. CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING. Introductions Purpose Learning Objectives. CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING. PURPOSE: To develop the awareness and the skills necessary to solve problems creatively. LEARNING OBJECTIVES. 1. Define creative problem solving.

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• creative thinking
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• mental block 3
• creative problem solving process

Presentation Transcript

CREATIVE THINKING & PROBLEM SOLVING

CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING • Introductions • Purpose • Learning Objectives

CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING PURPOSE: To develop the awareness and the skills necessary to solve problems creatively.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Define creative problem solving. 2. Be familiar with common mental blocks to creative thinking process. 3. Explore ways to be more creative. 4. Know the steps to the creative problem solving process. 5. Be familiar with: Brainstorming, Mind mapping and Multivoting 6. Apply tools to solve a problem.

Workshop Outline • A. What is creative problem solving? • B. Why don’t we think creatively more often? • C. How can we be more creative? • D. What is the creative problem solving process? • E. What are some other specific creative problem solving tools and techniques? • F. Application of learning.

CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING What is creative problem solving?

Some Additional Thoughts • The creative person uses information to form new ideas. • The real key to creative problem solving is what you do with the knowledge. • Creative problem solving requires an attitude that allows you to search for new ideas and use your knowledge and experience. • Change perspective and use knowledge to make the ordinary extraordinary and the usual commonplace.

DEFINITION Creative problem solving is -

DEFINITION “Creative problem solving is - looking at the same thing as everyone else and thinking something different.” Adapted from a famous quote from a former Nobel prize winner, Albert Szent-Gyorgi.

LET’S TALK ABOUT: Why don’t we think creatively more often? What are the barriers that get in our way?

BARRIERS THAT GET IN OUR WAY • Time • Why change? • Usually don’t need to be creative • Habit • Routine • Haven’t been taught to be creative What are some other barriers that get in our way?

MENTAL BLOCKS Mental blocks are reasons (attitudes) why we don’t “think something different.”

MENTAL BLOCKS 1. The _______ answer. 2. That’s not _________. 3. __________ the rules. 4. Be ______________. 5. ________ is frivolous. 6. That’s not my _____. 7. ________ ambiguity. 8. Don’t be _________. 9. __________is wrong. 10. I’m not __________.

MENTAL BLOCK # 1 • The right answer. Only one?

MENTAL BLOCK # 2 • The right answer. • That’s not logical.

MENTAL BLOCK # 3 Why rules should be challenged: • 1. We make rules based on reasons that make a lot of sense. • 2. We follow these rules. • 3. Time passes, and things change. • 4. The original reasons for the generation of these rules may no longer exist, but because the rules are still in place, we continue to follow them. • The right answer. • That’s not logical. • Follow the rules.

MENTAL BLOCK # 4 • The right answer. • That’s not logical. • Follow the rules. • Be practical.

MENTAL BLOCK # 5 • The right answer. • That’s not logical. • Follow the rules. • Be practical. • Play is frivolous. “When do you get your best ideas?”

MENTAL BLOCK # 6 • That’s not my area.

MENTAL BLOCK # 7 • That’s not my area. • Avoid ambiguity. AMBIGUITY

MENTAL BLOCK # 8 • That’s not my area. • Avoid ambiguity. • Don’t be foolish.

MENTAL BLOCK # 9 • That’s not my area. • Avoid ambiguity. • Don’t be foolish. • To err is wrong.

MENTAL BLOCK # 10 • That’s not my area. • Avoid ambiguity. • Don’t be foolish. • To err is wrong. • I’m not creative.

BEING MORE CREATIVE How can we be more creative? Jot down at least 3 ideas that come to your mind.

Golden Rules of Creative Thinking • Start small trying to discover new ways to be creative, ___________. • __________ to abandon the old, obsolete ways of doing things and explore new ways. • It is not possible to change the way we think about everything. ________ in which to try creative thinking techniques. • Understand that creative thinking requires __________, but it is worth it! • Remember that creative thinking is both _______ and__________!!!

Golden Rules of Creative Thinking (Continued) • _________ on what you can reasonably do. Trying to do too many things at once compromises the effort and may take away from the results. • _________creative thinking for today as well as tomorrow. • Include other people in the creative thinking process with you. __________fosters creative thinking. • Include _______ and ______ in your creative thinking process as well as ___________. • Keep ________________.

CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS STEP 1. State what appears to be the problem. The real problem may not surface until facts have been gathered and analyzed. Therefore, start with what you assume to be the problem, that can later be confirmed or corrected.

CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS STEP 2. Gather facts, feelings and opinions. What happened? Where, when and how did it occur? What is it’s size, scope, and severity? Who and what is affected? Likely to happen again? Need to be corrected? May need to assign priorities to critical elements.

CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS STEP 3. Restate the problem. The real facts help make this possible, and provide supporting data. The actual problem may, or may not be the same as stated in Step 1.

CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS STEP 4. Identify alternative solutions. Generate ideas. Do not eliminate any possible solutions until several have been discussed.

CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS STEP 5. Evaluate alternatives. Which will provide the optimum solution? What are the risks? Are costs in keeping with the benefits? Will the solution create new problems?

CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS STEP 6. Implement the decision! Who must be involved? To what extent? How, when and where? Who will the decision impact? What might go wrong? How will the results be reported and verified?

CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS STEP 7. Evaluate the results. Test the solution against the desired results. Make revisions if necessary.

10 Questions To Encourage Ideas • What if…? • How can we improve…? • How will the Optimist Member and/or the community benefit? • Are we forgetting anything? • What’s the next step?

10 Questions To Encourage Ideas • What can we do better…? • What do you think about…? • What should we add? • What should we eliminate? • What other ideas do you have...?

TOOLS & TECHNIQUES • Do we have time?

TOOLS & TECHNIQUES BRAINSTORMING Purpose: To generate a large number of ideas in a short period of time.

BRAINSTORMING Rules for Brainstorming: • The more ideas the better! • No discussion • No idea is a bad idea • Build on one another’s ideas • Display all ideas

BRAINSTORMING EXERCISE How Do We Motivate Our Local Optimist Club Members? Ideas: Freely record your ideas as they come to your mind.

Re-state the question to keep the process going Remember Creative Thinking What did you mean by that?!!! BRAINSTORMING GUIDELINES 1. Practice question:How Do We Motivate Our Local Optimist Club Members? 2. Clarify understanding. Once all the ideas have been generated (it may take approximately 5 to 6 minutes),review ideas offered.

Let’s combine ideas!!! Are wedone yet? BRAINSTORMING GUIDELINES 3. Combine items that are similar and/or eliminate duplicates. 4. Completion.

TOOLS & TECHNIQUES - MULTIVOTING • Purpose: To help a group of people make a decision with which they are comfortable. • Definition: A way to vote to select the most important or popular items (alternatives) from a list.

Multivoting List 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Revised List 1. 2. 3. MULTIVOTING Steps 1. Generate a list of items and number each item. 2. If two or more items seem similar, they may be combined. 3. If necessary, renumber the items.

MULTIVOTING Steps (Continued) 4. Write down the numbers of the items you feel are the major cause of the problem. 5. Share your votes by a show of hands. 6. Eliminate those items with the fewest votes. 7. Repeat steps 3 (renumber) through 6 on the list of remaining items. Continue this process until only a few items remain. If a clear favorite does not emerge, the group may discuss the items listed and make a choice.

MIND MAPPING • Definition : A visual picture of a group of ideas, concepts or issues. • Purpose : • Unblock our thinking. • See an entire idea or several ideas on one sheet of paper. • See how ideas relate to one another. • Look at things in a new and different way. • Look at an idea in depth.

Motivating Members Methods How Think freely!! Mind Mapping Exercise 1. Initial Tumble of Ideas. • Over-sized blank sheet of paper. • Select word, phrase or problem statement to serve as a focus for discussion. • Print it in the middle of the paper. Enclose it in a box or oval. • Let a word pop out of your mind. Print it anywhere on the paper. • Underline it and connect the line with the problem statement (or key phrase or word) you are working. • Record the next idea and connect it to original focus point or the prior thought. • Continue printing and connecting words.

Motivating Members People Helping Others Purpose Resources Results Methods Fun Learning How Mind Mapping Exercise EXAMPLE

Mind Mapping Exercise-- Helpful Hints A • Keep your printing large and easy to read. • Feel free to use symbols and or pictures. • Have some fun using different colors.

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