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How to Cite Something in MLA Format
MLA formatting refers to the writing style guide produced by the Modern Language Association. If you’re taking a class in the liberal arts, you usually have to follow this format when writing papers. In addition to looking at MLA examples, it helps to know the basics of the style guide.
Parenthetical Citations
MLA requires parenthetical citations within the document. This means you must include source information inside parentheses placed after a quotation or paraphrase from a source. Each parenthetical citation must have the page number where you found the information you used. It may also have the author’s or creator’s name. Do not use a comma to separate the name and the date.
In-text Citations
The format for in-text citations depends on the format of the source material. For print material like books and journals, you need the author’s name and publication date. If the source has two authors, use and to join them and the term “et al.” if it has more than two authors. You can also reference the authors in the document and include only the page number in parentheses.
Citations for Nonprint Material
If you use nonprint materials as sources, you have to cite them. However, you don’t have to include page numbers with the in-text citations. You do have to include information like the name of the work, the creator’s name and the year of publication on the Works Cited page.
When you complete the Work Cited page, each source requires additional information. For images, you need to include contributors, the reproduction number and URL where you located the image online. Movies must list the director’s name and distributor. A TV series needs the episode title and number, series title, season number and network. Pieces of music should include the title of the track and album and the record label.
Works Cited List
When you use MLA format, you must have a Works Cited page that lists all of the sources you used for the paper. This page goes at the end of the document on a separate page. You list all of the sources in alphabetical order according to the author’s last name. Make sure the page is double-spaced and that you follow the specific guidelines for formatting each entry.
Citation Generators
If you don’t have access to printed MLA style guides or don’t understand how to format your sources, you can turn to a citation generator. There are several citation generators available online for free or as part of a subscription service. You can also find them in word processing programs.
To use a citation generator, you enter information about each source. The program automatically formats the sources for the works cited page. You can also select the places in the document to add in-text citations.
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A literature review is a document or section of a document that collects key sources on a topic and discusses those sources in conversation with each other (also called synthesis ). The lit review is an important genre in many disciplines, not just literature (i.e., the study of works of literature such as novels and plays). When we say “literature review” or refer to “the literature,” we are talking about the research ( scholarship ) in a given field. You will often see the terms “the research,” “the scholarship,” and “the literature” used mostly interchangeably.
Where, when, and why would I write a lit review?
There are a number of different situations where you might write a literature review, each with slightly different expectations; different disciplines, too, have field-specific expectations for what a literature review is and does. For instance, in the humanities, authors might include more overt argumentation and interpretation of source material in their literature reviews, whereas in the sciences, authors are more likely to report study designs and results in their literature reviews; these differences reflect these disciplines’ purposes and conventions in scholarship. You should always look at examples from your own discipline and talk to professors or mentors in your field to be sure you understand your discipline’s conventions, for literature reviews as well as for any other genre.
A literature review can be a part of a research paper or scholarly article, usually falling after the introduction and before the research methods sections. In these cases, the lit review just needs to cover scholarship that is important to the issue you are writing about; sometimes it will also cover key sources that informed your research methodology.
Lit reviews can also be standalone pieces, either as assignments in a class or as publications. In a class, a lit review may be assigned to help students familiarize themselves with a topic and with scholarship in their field, get an idea of the other researchers working on the topic they’re interested in, find gaps in existing research in order to propose new projects, and/or develop a theoretical framework and methodology for later research. As a publication, a lit review usually is meant to help make other scholars’ lives easier by collecting and summarizing, synthesizing, and analyzing existing research on a topic. This can be especially helpful for students or scholars getting into a new research area, or for directing an entire community of scholars toward questions that have not yet been answered.
What are the parts of a lit review?
Most lit reviews use a basic introduction-body-conclusion structure; if your lit review is part of a larger paper, the introduction and conclusion pieces may be just a few sentences while you focus most of your attention on the body. If your lit review is a standalone piece, the introduction and conclusion take up more space and give you a place to discuss your goals, research methods, and conclusions separately from where you discuss the literature itself.
Introduction:
- An introductory paragraph that explains what your working topic and thesis is
- A forecast of key topics or texts that will appear in the review
- Potentially, a description of how you found sources and how you analyzed them for inclusion and discussion in the review (more often found in published, standalone literature reviews than in lit review sections in an article or research paper)
- Summarize and synthesize: Give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
- Analyze and interpret: Don’t just paraphrase other researchers – add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
- Critically Evaluate: Mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
- Write in well-structured paragraphs: Use transition words and topic sentence to draw connections, comparisons, and contrasts.
Conclusion:
- Summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance
- Connect it back to your primary research question
How should I organize my lit review?
Lit reviews can take many different organizational patterns depending on what you are trying to accomplish with the review. Here are some examples:
- Chronological : The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time, which helps familiarize the audience with the topic (for instance if you are introducing something that is not commonly known in your field). If you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order. Try to analyze the patterns, turning points, and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred (as mentioned previously, this may not be appropriate in your discipline — check with a teacher or mentor if you’re unsure).
- Thematic : If you have found some recurring central themes that you will continue working with throughout your piece, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic. For example, if you are reviewing literature about women and religion, key themes can include the role of women in churches and the religious attitude towards women.
- Qualitative versus quantitative research
- Empirical versus theoretical scholarship
- Divide the research by sociological, historical, or cultural sources
- Theoretical : In many humanities articles, the literature review is the foundation for the theoretical framework. You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts. You can argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach or combine various theorical concepts to create a framework for your research.
What are some strategies or tips I can use while writing my lit review?
Any lit review is only as good as the research it discusses; make sure your sources are well-chosen and your research is thorough. Don’t be afraid to do more research if you discover a new thread as you’re writing. More info on the research process is available in our "Conducting Research" resources .
As you’re doing your research, create an annotated bibliography ( see our page on the this type of document ). Much of the information used in an annotated bibliography can be used also in a literature review, so you’ll be not only partially drafting your lit review as you research, but also developing your sense of the larger conversation going on among scholars, professionals, and any other stakeholders in your topic.
Usually you will need to synthesize research rather than just summarizing it. This means drawing connections between sources to create a picture of the scholarly conversation on a topic over time. Many student writers struggle to synthesize because they feel they don’t have anything to add to the scholars they are citing; here are some strategies to help you:
- It often helps to remember that the point of these kinds of syntheses is to show your readers how you understand your research, to help them read the rest of your paper.
- Writing teachers often say synthesis is like hosting a dinner party: imagine all your sources are together in a room, discussing your topic. What are they saying to each other?
- Look at the in-text citations in each paragraph. Are you citing just one source for each paragraph? This usually indicates summary only. When you have multiple sources cited in a paragraph, you are more likely to be synthesizing them (not always, but often
- Read more about synthesis here.
The most interesting literature reviews are often written as arguments (again, as mentioned at the beginning of the page, this is discipline-specific and doesn’t work for all situations). Often, the literature review is where you can establish your research as filling a particular gap or as relevant in a particular way. You have some chance to do this in your introduction in an article, but the literature review section gives a more extended opportunity to establish the conversation in the way you would like your readers to see it. You can choose the intellectual lineage you would like to be part of and whose definitions matter most to your thinking (mostly humanities-specific, but this goes for sciences as well). In addressing these points, you argue for your place in the conversation, which tends to make the lit review more compelling than a simple reporting of other sources.
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Literature Review: Conducting & Writing
- Sample Literature Reviews
- Steps for Conducting a Lit Review
- Finding "The Literature"
- Organizing/Writing
- Chicago: Notes Bibliography
Sample Lit Reviews from Communication Arts
Have an exemplary literature review.
- Literature Review Sample 1
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- Literature Review Sample 3
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- 1. 2.1Introduction ThisThissectionofthepaperreviewstheliteraturewhichhasbeenusedbyother peopleinconnectingtotheleadershipstyles,aswellastheirimpactongenderand equality,especiallyinamaledominatedentity.Oneorganizationincludedinthe studyisABCAutoShop.Theresearchworkofothersandmaterialsgivebasisinthe formationofagreatargumentintermsofansweringaspecificresearchquestion. Bydefinition,leadershipreferstothecriticalmanagementamongemployees, subordinatesorfollowersinamoreorganizedway,withthepurposeofattainingthe samesamegoal.AsexplainedbyNorton(2012,p.7)“leadershipisasituationthatdwells in the contextinvolving interaction between followers and leaders,making leadership wellavailableto everyone.”Leadership can eitherbeassigned or emergent,whereassignedleadershipisbasedsimplyonaperson’spositioninan organization,oraspecificoffice.Ontheotherhand,emergentleadershiprefersto thetypeofleadershipinwhichpeopleassumesthatsomeoneiscapableofleading them.The difference between these types ofleaderships is thatemergent leadershipleadershipisachievedwiththehelpofotherpeople,sincetheindividualisinfluential regardlessofthetitlethatthepersonhasintheorganization. Therearecertainqualitiesthataredemonstratedbyleaders,makingthem standoutfromtherestoftheotherworkmatesoremployeesinaworkplace.Aleader thatisdependableisnotjustskilled,butcompetentatthesametime.Aleader shouldalsosetanexampletofellowemployeesandsubordinatesbecausetheyact asthemirrorofthecompany.Matthews(2001,p.108)explainsthataneffectiveand efficientleadershouldbeequippedwiththreeimportantthings.One,theyneedtobe abletounderstandpeople,havegenuineloveforthepeopletheyareleading,and ththeyshouldalsobeabletohelptheirfollowers. Chapter2:LiteratureReview WhatistheImpactofLeadershipStyleson IssuesSurroundingGenderandEqualityin aMaleDominatedEntity?
- 2. Byperformingthisstudy,itiseasytoutilizethedataforthepurposeof comparison,andindeductingthetypeofleadershipstylethatismorerelatedtothis. AsexplainedbyNorton(2012,p.21),themajorqualitiesinleadershipareintegrity, intelligence,determination,sociabilityandself-confidence.Theleadershipstyles alsoenablegenderequalityandsensitivitytobeapplicableonlyifthetypeof leadershipuseddisplaysthem.Aleaderneedtobeagreeablewithemployees, motivatingthem.Heorsheshouldalsohavecognitiveabilities,sociable,andopen. TheTheworkplaceisrunandheadedthroughvariousstylesofleadership.Most organizationsthataremaledominated,suchasinthecarmanufacturingfieldis managedinawaythatwomenalwayshavetofacetheglassceiling,sotosay.This situationmeansthatwomenusuallytakealongtimebeforetheygetpromoted,or begiventhechancetoheadanorganization. Becauseoftheleadershipstylesrelatedtogender,“itisthewomenwhoare usuallythefocusofcommondiscussionsregardingtheimpactofgenderonan organization’sleadership”(Eagle&Call2009,p.784).Thereasonbehindthisis becausemenusuallyholdtheirpositions,withthevariousstylesofleadershipbeing defined.Assuch,thereisnomoreneedtostudythemfurther.Forthisveryreason,it isveryimportanttouseandevaluatetherelevantstylesonleadershipwhenit comestodeterminingwhetheranytypeofgenderequalityisbeingpracticedin ororganizationsthataremaledominated(AllenandSawyer2012,p.238).Eventhough researchhasalreadybeencompletedfocusingontheinfluenceofwomen,onlylittle agreementhas been achieved on how women actuallylead.Mostofthese agreementsarebasedpurelyontheconceptoffeminism,focusingonlyonwhy womenwerenotabletoleadratherthanfocusingonthedifferentleadershipstyles whichimpactsgenderequality(GraffandMartin2012,p.317).Theanalysisof leadership and genderis considered a broad subject,where the socialrole perspectiperspectiveconsidersthebehavior,togetherwithsomeexpectationsthatconstitute theso-calledgenderroles.
- 3. Theissueinvolvinggenderrolesandleadershipwithintheworkplaceisnotjust characterizedbyhierarchicalpositioning,butalsobythelimitationsandconstraints ofgenderroles.Thisisbeingprovenbyresearchwhichiscarriedintheorganization understudy.Genderisalsousedinmaintainingimplicitbackgroundofrolesinthe workplace.Leaderswhodependongendertendtobehavedifferentlywithinthe workplace(Gopher,MannaandDenson2005,p.8).Somemayevenhavedemocratic behaviorusedinencouragingsubordinateswhileothersshowautocraticbehavior thatthatendsupdiscouragingtheparticipationofemployeesandsubordinatesinthe processofdecisionmaking(LuschiaandAmmon2012,p.154). Thedomineeringandself-governingbehaviorsalsohavethesameattributes suchasindirectiveandparticipativeleadership.Forexample,menareviewedas morecontrollinganddominant,whichmeansthattheycanbemoredirectiveand autocraticcomparedtowomen.Thisisalsoportrayedinthestudyconductedinthe organization. GillsandMcLawrence(2011,p.164)notedthattheautocraticformofleadership isatypeofleadershipwhereintheleaderistheonewhomakesthedecision.The ideasandinformationflowform asingledirection,thatis,from themanagement, goingtotheworkers.Theseautocraticleadersarealsoviewedasheavymindedand narrowmindedwhodonotliketosharepower(Taylor(2008,p.67).Thosewhoend uptreatingtheiremployeeswithabitoffairnessanddecencyaretheoneswhoare consideredasknowledgeable(BaseandRigor2011,p.209). WWorksCited Allen,H.A.,&Sawyer,H.Managementandadministrationincriminaljustice:anapproachtoservicequality,Sage,LosAngeles.2012. Base,H.Communicationandgenderattheworkplace.Aldershot[u.a].Simplegate,2011. Eagle,G.A.,&Call,A.S.Stateoftheartmarketingresearch.Chicago,Illinois,AMA.2009. Gills,K.,&McLawrence.Transformationalleadership.NewYork,NewYork.2011. Graff,G.,&Martin,W.E.Areviewonleadershiptheory,genderequalityandcompetencyframeworks.2012. Gopher,P.,Manna,A.andDenson,E.,Scienceatwork:Rethinkinggenderequality.CincinnatiUniversitypress.NewBrunswick,NJ.2005. LLuschia,G.&Ammon,U.Socialpsychologyatwork.WadsworthandThomson,Belmont,CA,2012. Matthews,Y.“BusinessResearch”Practicalguideforstudents.4thedition.Streak:Macmillan,2001. Norton,A.HowtoResearch.ABCPress,2012. Taylor,K.G.Thedifferenttypesofsocialresearch.OpenUniversityPress,2008.
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Example of literature review mla
A literature review in MLA format is an example of a summary and evaluation of published material on a particular topic. It includes both primary and secondary sources, which are organized to provide the reader with an overall understanding of the topic. The literature review may also include a discussion of any gaps in the literature that may need to be addressed.
The literature review should begin with an introduction that introduces the topic and provides background information. This should be followed by a comprehensive review of the relevant literature, focusing on the main points, arguments, and evidence to support the key points. It is important to cite all sources in an appropriate format, such as MLA.
Next, the literature review should include a section on the assessment of the literature. This section should highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the sources that have been reviewed. It should also discuss any debates or disagreements among the sources, as well as any general points of agreement.
Finally, the conclusion of the literature review should summarize the main points, provide a synthesis of the findings, and discuss any potential future research needs. It is important to reiterate the main points of the literature review and discuss their implications. It may also be useful to consider any possible implications for policy or practice.
In sum, an example of a literature review in MLA format should include an introduction, a comprehensive review of relevant literature, an assessment of the literature, and a conclusion summarizing the main points. The sources should be cited properly according to MLA guidelines. Finally, any potential implications for policy or practice should be discussed.
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Literature Review How to...
- Literature Review Home
- Lit Review Types
- Librarian's Role
- RefWorks 3.0
- APA Citation Style
- MLA Handbook 8th ed
- MLA Citation Style
Modern Language Association (MLA) Citation Style
Library print resources.
Ask a library employee for help in locating these print books.
Online Resources
- Citing in MLA (9th ed.) California State University, Dominguez Hills (CSUDH) Library
- MLA Formatting and Style Guide (9th ed.) Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)
- The MLA Style Center Online companion to the 8th edition.
TWU Library Tutorial
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- Last Updated: Feb 9, 2023 12:19 PM
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MLA formatting refers to the writing style guide produced by the Modern Language Association. If you’re taking a class in the liberal arts, you usually have to follow this format when writing papers. In addition to looking at MLA examples, ...
For in-text citations, cite the book by the author’s last name and the page number where you found the information using either attributive tags or parenthetical citation; the end-of-text citation on the Works Cited page should read (includ...
When writing in MLA format, use block quotes for quotes that are more than four lines long by introducing the quote with a colon and indenting the entire quote 1 inch from the left margin and flush to the right margin.
communication, students, writing, rhetoric, language, and pedagogy. Introduction.
MLA Style · Sample Literature Reviews · FAMU Writing Center. Sample Lit Reviews from Communication Arts. Literature Review Sample 1.
For a complete list of style rules, consult the MLA Handbook at the ... and recognize solutions to writing problems they often don't have
A literature review is a document or section of a document that collects key sources on a topic and discusses those sources in conversation with each other
This guide will provide research and writing tips to help students complete a literature ... Sample Lit Reviews from Communication Arts
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California State University, Dominguez Hills (CSUDH) Library. MLA Formatting and Style Guide (9th ed.) Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL).
Sample Literature Reviews. I am currently working on an english assignment which I have to work on annotated bibliography.
Take a look at this article and find a great MLA literature review sample. To get more information visit: https://www.litreview.net/best-lit