web services research papers

Web Services – ICWS 2023

30th International Conference, Held as Part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2023, Honolulu, HI, USA, September 23–26, 2023, Proceedings

  • Conference proceedings
  • © 2023
  • Yuchao Zhang 0 ,
  • Liang-Jie Zhang   ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6219-0853 1

Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China

You can also search for this editor in PubMed   Google Scholar

Shenzhen Entrepreneurship and Innovation Federation (SEIF), Shenzhen, China

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS, volume 14209)

Included in the following conference series:

  • ICWS: International Conference on Web Services

Conference proceedings info: ICWS 2023.

1578 Accesses

2 Citations

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this book

Subscribe and save.

  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Other ways to access

Licence this eBook for your library

Institutional subscriptions

About this book

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Web Services, ICWS 2023, held as Part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2023, held in Honolulu, HI, USA, in September 2023. 

The 7 full papers and one short paper presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 14 submissions. The papers cover topics in the field of: research track; application and industry track and short paper track.

The International Conference on Web Services (ICWS) has been a prime international forum for both researchers and industry practitioners to exchange the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of Web-based services, identify emerging research topics, and define the future of Web-based services. All topics regarding Internet/Web services lifecycle study and management align with the theme of ICWS.

  • Services Computing
  • Web Services
  • Software Engineering
  • Software System Structure
  • Software Infrastructure
  • E-Commerce Infrastructure
  • Software Development Techniques
  • Designing Software

Table of contents (8 papers)

Front matter, research track, a multi-armed bandits learning-based approach to service caching in edge computing environment.

  • Jinpeng Li, Jiale Zhao, Peng Chen, Yunni Xia, Fan Li, Yin Li et al.

A Gap Between Automated Service Composition Research and Software Engineering Development Practice: Service Descriptions

  • Yang Syu, Chien-Min Wang

SPaMeR: Securing Patient Medical Records in the Cloud - A Microservice and Brokerless Architecture Approach

  • T. B. Nam, H. G. Khiem, M. N. Triet, K. V. Hong, T. D. Khoa, Q. T. Bao et al.

Applying Blockchain Technology for Privacy Preservation in Android Platforms

  • H. G. Khiem, T. B. Nam, M. N. Triet, H. L. Huong, T. D. Khoa, Q. T. Bao et al.

Application and Industry Track

A semi-supervised learning based method for identifying idle virtual machines in managed cloud: application and practice.

  • Xian Yu, Kejiang Ye, Zihong Chen, Jia Yi, Xiaofan Chen, Bozhong Liu et al.

MyKSC: Disaggregated Containerized Supercomputer Platform

  • Ju-Won Park, Joon Woo, Taeyoung Hong

Research on Network Slicing Deployment Strategy for High Reliability Power Business Service

  • Jinyu Zhao, Lin Pang, Jiayi Liu, Dalong Song

Short Paper Track

An in-depth examination of ultra-wide band (uwb) pulse duration for accurate localization.

  • Somayeh Mohammady

Back Matter

Other volumes, editors and affiliations.

Yuchao Zhang

Liang-Jie Zhang

Bibliographic Information

Book Title : Web Services – ICWS 2023

Book Subtitle : 30th International Conference, Held as Part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2023, Honolulu, HI, USA, September 23–26, 2023, Proceedings

Editors : Yuchao Zhang, Liang-Jie Zhang

Series Title : Lecture Notes in Computer Science

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44836-2

Publisher : Springer Cham

eBook Packages : Computer Science , Computer Science (R0)

Copyright Information : The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023

Softcover ISBN : 978-3-031-44835-5 Published: 28 September 2023

eBook ISBN : 978-3-031-44836-2 Published: 27 September 2023

Series ISSN : 0302-9743

Series E-ISSN : 1611-3349

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : XIV, 121

Number of Illustrations : 7 b/w illustrations, 41 illustrations in colour

Topics : Privacy , Computer Systems Organization and Communication Networks , Systems and Data Security , Operating Systems

  • Publish with us

Policies and ethics

  • Find a journal
  • Track your research

IGI Global

  • Get IGI Global News

US Flag

  • All Products
  • Book Chapters
  • Journal Articles
  • Video Lessons
  • Teaching Cases

International Journal of Web Services Research (IJWSR)

International Journal of Web Services Research (IJWSR)

Export reference.

Mendeley

The International Journal of Web Services Research (IJWSR) is the first refereed, international publication featuring the latest research findings and industry solutions involving all aspects of Web services technology. This journal covers advancements, standards, and practices of Web services, as well as identifies emerging research topics and defines the future of Web services on grid computing, multimedia, and communication. IJWSR provides an open, formal publication for high quality articles developed by theoreticians, educators, developers, researchers, and practitioners for those desiring to stay abreast of challenges in Web services technology.

  • Business grid
  • Business process integration and management using web services
  • Case studies for web services
  • Communication applications using web services
  • Composite web service creation and enabling infrastructures
  • Dynamic invocation mechanisms for web services
  • E-commerce applications using web services
  • Frameworks for building web service applications
  • Grid-based web services applications (e.g. OGSA)
  • Interactive TV applications using web services
  • Mathematic foundations for service oriented computing
  • Multimedia applications using web services
  • Quality of service for web services
  • Resource management for web services
  • Semantic services computing
  • SOAP enhancements
  • Solution management for web services
  • UDDI enhancements
  • Web services architecture
  • Web services discovery
  • Web services modeling
  • Web services performance
  • Web services security

Compendex (Elsevier Engineering Index)

  • Timely Publication: Quick Turnarounds & Prompt Peer Review (No Embargoes)
  • Continuous Support: In-House, Personalized Service Throughout the Entire Process
  • Cutting-Edge Technology: Proprietary Technologies & Integrations With Major Open Access Platforms
  • Diverse Options: Individual APCs, Platinum Funding, Institutional Open Access Agreements, & More
  • Research Advancement First: IGI Global Prioritizes Research Over Profit by Forfeiting Subscription Revenue
  • Unmatched Transparency: Comprehensive Visibility in Processes, Licensing, & More
  • Rapid Transformation: IGI Global is One of Few Publishers That Have Completed the Open Access Transition
  • Independence and Integrity: IGI Global is Committed to Maintaining its Autonomy as an Independent Publisher
  • Medium-Sized, Yet Powerful: IGI Global Offers Advantages of a Medium-Sized Publisher With the Reach of a Larger Publisher

Payment of the APC fee (directly to the publisher) by the author or a funding body is not required until  AFTER  the manuscript has gone through the full double-anonymized peer review process and the Editor(s)-in-Chief at his/her/their full discretion has/have decided to accept the manuscript based on the results of the double-anonymized peer review process. 

In the traditional subscription-based model, the cost to the publisher to produce each article is covered by the revenue generated by journal subscriptions. Under OA, all the articles are published under a Creative Commons (CC BY) license; therefore, the authors or funding body will pay a one-time article processing charge (APC) to offset the costs of all of the activities associated with the publication of the article manuscript, including:

  • Digital tools used to support the manuscript management and review process
  • Typesetting, formatting and layout
  • Online hosting
  • Submission of the journal's content to numerous abstracts, directories, and indexes
  • Third-party software (e.g. plagiarism checks)
  • Editorial support which includes manuscript tracking, communications, submission guideline checks, and communications with authors and reviewers
  • All promotional support and activities which include metadata distribution, press releases, promotional communications, web content, ads, fliers, brochures, postcards, etc. for the journal and its published contents
  • The fact that all published articles will be freely accessible and able to be posted and disseminated widely by the authors
  • Professional line-by-line English language copy editing and proofreading*

*This service is only performed on article manuscripts with fully paid (not discounted or waived) APC fees.

To assist researchers in covering the costs of the APC in OA publishing, there are various sources of OA funding. Additionally, unlike many other publishers, IGI Global offers flexible subsidies, 100% Open Access APC funding, discounts, and more. Learn More

This journal will fill a very important gap by focusing on in-depth academic research in the important area of Web Services.

The Web-service technology provides a uniform infrastructure for Internet users and organizations to share heterogeneous information and software resources. IJWSR provides a medium for scholars and practitioners world-wide to publish their research and experimental results related to the technology and its applications.

Web Services offer today's best hope for managing application integration (especially those created by numerous vendors) in the Internet environment. JWSR recognizes this opportunity, and as such, is well positioned to be a critical resource to the computer science community. Given the talent and track record of the founding editors and the goals they set for the journal, I am confident that JWSR will succeed and be valuable for a long time.

The International Journal of Web Services Research (IJWSR) is owned and published by IGI Global.

International Journal of Web Services Research (IJWSR) is editorially independent, with full authority of the journal's content falling to the Editor-in-Chief and the journal's Editorial Board .

The In-House Editorial Office manages the publishing operations of the journal.

IGI Global 701 East Chocolate Avenue Hershey, PA 17033 USA

Principal Contact Grace Long Managing Editor of Journal Development IGI Global Phone: (717) 533-8845 ext. 147 E-mail: [email protected]

Support Contact Tessa Eberlein Development Editor - International Journal of Web Services Research (IJWSR) IGI Global Phone: 717-533-8845 E-mail: [email protected]

Web Services: Problems and Future Directions

17 Pages Posted: 6 Jul 2018 Publication Status: Accepted

Hongbing Wang

The university of hong kong - department of computer science and technology, joshua zhexue huang.

The University of Hong Kong - E-Business Technology Institute

Nanjing University - National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology

Junyuan Xie

Recently, Web services have generated great interests in both vendors and researchers. Web services, based on existing Internet protocols and open standards, can provide a flexible solution to the problem of application integration. With the help of WSDL, SOAP, and UDDI, Web services are becoming popular in Web applications. However, the current Web services architectures are confronted with a few stubborn problems, for instance, security. In this paper, we shall give an overview of these problems. We believe that solving these problems will become crucial to success of Web services. In the end, we predict distinct advances in semantic Grid services.

Keywords: Web Services, Security, Composition, Semantics, Grid Services

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

The University of Hong Kong - Department of Computer Science and Technology ( email )

Pokfulam Road Hong Kong, Pokfulam China

The University of Hong Kong - E-Business Technology Institute ( email )

Nanjing university - national key laboratory for novel software technology ( email ).

Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093 China

Do you have a job opening that you would like to promote on SSRN?

Paper statistics, related ejournals, web technology ejournal.

Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic

Journal of Web Semantics

Subscribe to this free journal for more curated articles on this topic

International Journal of Web Services Research

web services research papers

Subject Area and Category

  • Computer Networks and Communications
  • Information Systems

IGI Publishing

Publication type

15457362, 15465004

Information

How to publish in this journal

[email protected]

web services research papers

The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.

CategoryYearQuartile
Computer Networks and Communications2005Q2
Computer Networks and Communications2006Q2
Computer Networks and Communications2007Q2
Computer Networks and Communications2008Q2
Computer Networks and Communications2009Q2
Computer Networks and Communications2010Q2
Computer Networks and Communications2011Q2
Computer Networks and Communications2012Q4
Computer Networks and Communications2013Q3
Computer Networks and Communications2014Q4
Computer Networks and Communications2015Q3
Computer Networks and Communications2016Q4
Computer Networks and Communications2017Q4
Computer Networks and Communications2018Q4
Computer Networks and Communications2019Q3
Computer Networks and Communications2020Q3
Computer Networks and Communications2021Q3
Computer Networks and Communications2022Q3
Computer Networks and Communications2023Q4
Information Systems2005Q3
Information Systems2006Q3
Information Systems2007Q2
Information Systems2008Q2
Information Systems2009Q3
Information Systems2010Q2
Information Systems2011Q3
Information Systems2012Q4
Information Systems2013Q3
Information Systems2014Q4
Information Systems2015Q4
Information Systems2016Q4
Information Systems2017Q4
Information Systems2018Q4
Information Systems2019Q4
Information Systems2020Q4
Information Systems2021Q3
Information Systems2022Q3
Information Systems2023Q4
Software2005Q3
Software2006Q3
Software2007Q2
Software2008Q2
Software2009Q3
Software2010Q2
Software2011Q3
Software2012Q4
Software2013Q3
Software2014Q4
Software2015Q4
Software2016Q4
Software2017Q4
Software2018Q4
Software2019Q4
Software2020Q4
Software2021Q4
Software2022Q4
Software2023Q4

The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.

YearSJR
20050.388
20060.342
20070.522
20080.556
20090.329
20100.385
20110.364
20120.172
20130.260
20140.176
20150.208
20160.149
20170.150
20180.165
20190.200
20200.196
20210.297
20220.280
20230.220

Evolution of the number of published documents. All types of documents are considered, including citable and non citable documents.

YearDocuments
200418
200522
200625
200723
200821
200921
201021
201118
201216
201316
201419
201517
201620
201718
201820
201919
202016
202119
20222
202310

This indicator counts the number of citations received by documents from a journal and divides them by the total number of documents published in that journal. The chart shows the evolution of the average number of times documents published in a journal in the past two, three and four years have been cited in the current year. The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.

Cites per documentYearValue
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20040.000
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20052.500
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20062.275
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20071.631
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20082.000
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20091.857
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20101.511
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20111.907
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20121.111
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20131.145
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20141.014
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20151.014
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20160.824
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20170.819
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20180.865
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20191.013
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20200.883
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20211.233
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20221.149
Cites / Doc. (4 years)20230.946
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20040.000
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20052.500
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20062.275
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20071.631
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20082.029
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20091.754
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20101.754
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20111.683
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20120.617
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20131.200
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20141.080
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20150.902
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20160.712
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20170.929
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20180.782
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20191.155
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20201.053
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20211.091
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20221.222
Cites / Doc. (3 years)20230.811
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20040.000
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20052.500
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20062.275
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20071.404
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20081.938
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20092.045
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20101.690
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20110.905
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20120.564
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20131.382
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20140.906
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20150.629
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20160.750
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20170.784
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20180.868
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20191.474
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20200.821
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20211.114
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20221.400
Cites / Doc. (2 years)20230.810

Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-citations received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. Journal Self-citation is defined as the number of citation from a journal citing article to articles published by the same journal.

CitesYearValue
Self Cites20040
Self Cites20052
Self Cites20061
Self Cites20075
Self Cites20083
Self Cites20094
Self Cites20104
Self Cites20116
Self Cites20123
Self Cites20139
Self Cites20143
Self Cites20151
Self Cites20160
Self Cites20174
Self Cites20184
Self Cites20191
Self Cites20201
Self Cites20215
Self Cites20220
Self Cites20232
Total Cites20040
Total Cites200545
Total Cites200691
Total Cites2007106
Total Cites2008142
Total Cites2009121
Total Cites2010114
Total Cites2011106
Total Cites201237
Total Cites201366
Total Cites201454
Total Cites201546
Total Cites201637
Total Cites201752
Total Cites201843
Total Cites201967
Total Cites202060
Total Cites202160
Total Cites202266
Total Cites202330

Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.

CitesYearValue
External Cites per document20040
External Cites per document20052.389
External Cites per document20062.250
External Cites per document20071.554
External Cites per document20081.986
External Cites per document20091.696
External Cites per document20101.692
External Cites per document20111.587
External Cites per document20120.567
External Cites per document20131.036
External Cites per document20141.020
External Cites per document20150.882
External Cites per document20160.712
External Cites per document20170.857
External Cites per document20180.709
External Cites per document20191.138
External Cites per document20201.035
External Cites per document20211.000
External Cites per document20221.222
External Cites per document20230.757
Cites per document20040.000
Cites per document20052.500
Cites per document20062.275
Cites per document20071.631
Cites per document20082.029
Cites per document20091.754
Cites per document20101.754
Cites per document20111.683
Cites per document20120.617
Cites per document20131.200
Cites per document20141.080
Cites per document20150.902
Cites per document20160.712
Cites per document20170.929
Cites per document20180.782
Cites per document20191.155
Cites per document20201.053
Cites per document20211.091
Cites per document20221.222
Cites per document20230.811

International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country; that is including more than one country address.

YearInternational Collaboration
200427.78
200518.18
200620.00
200734.78
200838.10
20099.52
201028.57
201150.00
201250.00
201375.00
201442.11
201529.41
201645.00
201711.11
201815.00
201915.79
202018.75
202110.53
20220.00
202320.00

Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year windows vs. those documents other than research articles, reviews and conference papers.

DocumentsYearValue
Non-citable documents20040
Non-citable documents20050
Non-citable documents20061
Non-citable documents20076
Non-citable documents20089
Non-citable documents200910
Non-citable documents20108
Non-citable documents20119
Non-citable documents20129
Non-citable documents20136
Non-citable documents20142
Non-citable documents20150
Non-citable documents20160
Non-citable documents20170
Non-citable documents20180
Non-citable documents20190
Non-citable documents20200
Non-citable documents20210
Non-citable documents20220
Non-citable documents20230
Citable documents20040
Citable documents200518
Citable documents200639
Citable documents200759
Citable documents200861
Citable documents200959
Citable documents201057
Citable documents201154
Citable documents201251
Citable documents201349
Citable documents201448
Citable documents201551
Citable documents201652
Citable documents201756
Citable documents201855
Citable documents201958
Citable documents202057
Citable documents202155
Citable documents202254
Citable documents202337

Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.

DocumentsYearValue
Uncited documents20040
Uncited documents20057
Uncited documents200613
Uncited documents200727
Uncited documents200827
Uncited documents200928
Uncited documents201029
Uncited documents201128
Uncited documents201238
Uncited documents201326
Uncited documents201425
Uncited documents201528
Uncited documents201634
Uncited documents201733
Uncited documents201830
Uncited documents201932
Uncited documents202030
Uncited documents202125
Uncited documents202222
Uncited documents202324
Cited documents20040
Cited documents200511
Cited documents200627
Cited documents200738
Cited documents200843
Cited documents200941
Cited documents201036
Cited documents201135
Cited documents201222
Cited documents201329
Cited documents201425
Cited documents201523
Cited documents201618
Cited documents201723
Cited documents201825
Cited documents201926
Cited documents202027
Cited documents202130
Cited documents202232
Cited documents202313

Evolution of the percentage of female authors.

YearFemale Percent
200425.00
200515.87
200621.33
200720.00
200816.36
200924.07
201016.33
201124.14
201220.34
201319.15
201417.19
201521.88
201623.61
201738.36
201831.03
201933.33
202024.32
202136.54
20220.00
202334.21

Evolution of the number of documents cited by public policy documents according to Overton database.

DocumentsYearValue
Overton20040
Overton20050
Overton20060
Overton20070
Overton20080
Overton20090
Overton20100
Overton20110
Overton20120
Overton20130
Overton20140
Overton20150
Overton20160
Overton20170
Overton20180
Overton20190
Overton20200
Overton20210
Overton20220
Overton20230

Evoution of the number of documents related to Sustainable Development Goals defined by United Nations. Available from 2018 onwards.

DocumentsYearValue
SDG20181
SDG20190
SDG20200
SDG20211
SDG20220
SDG20230

Scimago Journal & Country Rank

Leave a comment

Name * Required

Email (will not be published) * Required

* Required Cancel

The users of Scimago Journal & Country Rank have the possibility to dialogue through comments linked to a specific journal. The purpose is to have a forum in which general doubts about the processes of publication in the journal, experiences and other issues derived from the publication of papers are resolved. For topics on particular articles, maintain the dialogue through the usual channels with your editor.

Scimago Lab

Follow us on @ScimagoJR Scimago Lab , Copyright 2007-2024. Data Source: Scopus®

web services research papers

Cookie settings

Cookie Policy

Legal Notice

Privacy Policy

Advances, Systems and Applications

  • Open access
  • Published: 12 July 2021

Survey on serverless computing

  • Hassan B. Hassan 1 ,
  • Saman A. Barakat 2 &
  • Qusay I. Sarhan 2  

Journal of Cloud Computing volume  10 , Article number:  39 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

32k Accesses

56 Citations

1 Altmetric

Metrics details

Serverless computing has gained importance over the last decade as an exciting new field, owing to its large influence in reducing costs, decreasing latency, improving scalability, and eliminating server-side management, to name a few. However, to date there is a lack of in-depth survey that would help developers and researchers better understand the significance of serverless computing in different contexts. Thus, it is essential to present research evidence that has been published in this area. In this systematic survey, 275 research papers that examined serverless computing from well-known literature databases were extensively reviewed to extract useful data. Then, the obtained data were analyzed to answer several research questions regarding state-of-the-art contributions of serverless computing, its concepts, its platforms, its usage, etc. We moreover discuss the challenges that serverless computing faces nowadays and how future research could enable its implementation and usage.

Introduction

Cloud computing emerged after the appearance of virtualization in software and hardware infrastructures; hence cloud providers increasingly adopted it to offer their services to customers [ 1 , 2 ]. Customers can access these cloud services via the Internet. Software developers have been using cloud technologies in their software solutions owing to their benefits including scalability, availability, and flexibility [ 3 ].

In general, cloud computing is divided into three main categories based on the provision of services, which are software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a service (IaaS). In the SaaS category, cloud providers offer different types of software as services to the users. For example, Google provides many applications as a service (e.g., Gmail, Google docs, Google sheets, and Google forms). In this type of cloud, the user is not responsible for the services development, deployment, and management. The user here only uses them without worrying about their settings, configurations, etc. Meanwhile, in the PaaS, cloud companies provide services such as network access, storage, servers, and operating systems to be purchased by developers. The developers access these services to deploy, run, and manage their applications. In this kind of cloud, the developer is responsible for the deployment and management (settings and configurations) of their software to ensure that the application is running, while they do not control the services. Finally, in the IaaS category, the cloud consumers control and manage services such as network access, servers, operating systems, and storage.

Managing cloud services is not an easy task at all. The authors in [ 4 ] have addressed several challenges while managing a cloud environment by a user such as availability, load balancing, auto-scaling, security, monitoring, etc. For example, the cloud user has to ensure the availability of the services in which if a single machine failure occurs, it does not affect the whole services. Also, he/she has to consider distributing copies of the services geographically to protect them when disasters happen. Another challenge is load balancing. In this case, the cloud user has to ensure that requests to the services are balanced to utilize all resources efficiently.

These challenges have led to introduce another cloud computing model, which is called serverless cloud computing [ 4 ]. Serverless cloud computing offers backend as a service (BaaS) and function as a service (FaaS), as shown in Fig.  1 . The BaaS includes services like storage, messaging, user management, etc. While, the FaaS enables developers to deploy and execute their code on computing platforms. The FaaS relies on the services provided by the BaaS such as a database, messaging, user authentications, etc. The FaaS is considered as the most dominant model of serverless, and it is also known as “event-driven functions” [ 5 , 6 ].

figure 1

Serverless architecture

Serverless cloud model was for the first time introduced by Amazon Lambda in 2014, after which cloud companies like Google and Microsoft adopted it in 2016. Serverless cloud computing adds an additional abstraction layer to the existing cloud computing paradigms, while it abstracts away the server-side management from the developers [ 7 ]. Serverless model lets the developers focus on the application logic rather than the server-side management and configurations. For example, the developers deploy their applications to the serverless cloud as functions see Fig.  1 . Then, the cloud provider takes responsibility for managing, scaling, and providing different resources to ensure the smooth running of these functions [ 8 , 9 ].

However, FaaS and the term “serverless” could be used interchangeably, as the FaaS platform automatically configures and maintains the execution context of functions and connects them to cloud services without requiring server provision by developers [ 10 , 11 ]. We refer to the FaaS when we use the term serverless computing.

Serverless cloud computing has many good characteristics [ 12 , 13 ], one of which is scalability. Scaling could be vertical or horizontal; vertical scaling adds or removes cores from the running container, while horizontal scaling creates new containers or eliminates running ones without affecting the current resource allocations [ 14 ]. In serverless computing, the applications automatically scale up and down on demand, and the developer does not have to concern themselves about the scaling issues. For example, when an application runs on a serverless cloud, it will scale up automatically when the application requests increase. Another characteristic of serverless computing is the payment per resource usage. This paradigm of cloud computing charges developers based on the actual resource usage. For example, deploying an application will not cost the developer in the case where the application is idle, and the serverless provider will only charge whenever the application has started using resources.

However, any new technology will face numerous technical and operational issues and obstacles at the beginning. Since the recent introduction of serverless cloud computing, several drawbacks have been identified [ 7 ]. Serverless cloud computing lacks tools that help managing and monitoring serverless applications. Moreover, it might comprise security concerns. Further, the serverless providers have a vendor lock-in problem. Nevertheless, serverless cloud computing has gained positive attention in the industry, despite that it has not been studied extensively in academic research [ 7 ].

Therefore, the aim of this research is to answer some crucial research questions related to serverless cloud computing and thereby help researchers as well as developers to better understand serverless cloud computing and contribute to its development.

The rest of this paper is structured as follows: “ Related works ” section presents the related works for this study. “ Research methodology ” section describes in detail the research methodology used to conduct this survey study. “ Results ” section presents the results and outcomes of the study. “ Threats to validity ” section presents the threats to validity of this study. Finally, the conclusions of the study are provided in “ Conclusions ” section.

Related works

The most relevant studies published on the topic are briefly presented here. The authors in [ 15 ] and [ 16 ] discussed some important background to the origin and evolution of serverless computing and the long road that serverless computing has taken over the years. The authors in [ 9 ] thoroughly discussed the true meaning of serverless architectures and how they are changing the way in which applications are built, deployed, and distributed.

Numerous studies focused on technical interpretations of serverless computing, while other more recent research suggested various benefits that it brings to developers. Nowadays, this type of computing is being used in several ways. In an empirical study, the authors in [ 17 ] aimed to investigate the development practices of serverless computing in the industry. They concluded that for developers, it remains a barrier to adopt the right mindset to best utilize the tools inherent to serverless architecture. More documentation and easier access to such resources would help developers to embrace the possibilities that serverless computing has to offer.

The concept of serverless computing within the scope of the IT industry has the great potential of progressively increasing its capabilities to involve a wider set of domains. Thus, the implementation of serverless computing is not restricted only to the enhancement of infrastructure, and it can be employed for many different purposes, e.g., serverless messaging, neural network training [ 18 ], video processing [ 19 ], and big data [ 20 ]. Undeniably, their contributions are valuable to the general public and researchers in the field, as it is of primarily importance to comprehend how this technology works.

However, it is presently crucial to provide more than only theories and concepts: it is time to weigh the benefits and drawbacks of serverless computing and to analyze how far the field has progressed, to assess what remains to be done and improved. As an example, the authors in [ 21 ] discussed some possible new abstraction levels to reduce processing limitations. The authors in [ 22 ] discussed the results from an open-source framework to achieve on-premises serverless computing that can process big workloads with a scalable and sensible usage of resources. We can infer from these related publications that researchers everywhere are working to determine how to best exploit the potential that serverless computing frameworks could introduce to software development.

In [ 23 ], the authors described how serverless computing is becoming the next step in the evolution of cloud computing and its platforms. In our paper, we focus on the ongoing challenges, benefits, and drawbacks of using it.

The authors in [ 24 ] have conducted a systematic exploration of serverless computing-related research papers. As they mentioned, their work is not a survey, but it is a supporting source for future research papers. They proposed an open dataset for serverless computing papers. The dataset includes 60 papers for the period (2016-July 2018). Also, they have analyzed the dataset according to bibliometric, content, technology, and produced statistics about each section. In contrast, our paper aims to conduct a systematic survey. In this survey, we try to find answers to several critical questions related to serverless computing. In addition to that, our study covered the duration (2016–2020) and thus 275 papers have been considered.

The authors in [ 25 ] mainly focused on scheduling tasks in the cloud. They described the various techniques in scheduling workflows to reduce the execution time, cost, or both. Moreover, they proposed a hybrid method by both FaaS and IaaS. The small tasks could be executed remotely using the FaaS, which reduces the execution cost; hence, the number of virtual machines will be decreased as well. Therefore, the whole focus would be on the long-running tasks on IaaS.

The authors in [ 26 ] covered only 24 research papers during 2017–2019. In their paper, they considered both the white and grey literatures. Besides, they identified 32 characteristics of serverless and the possible issues related to them, only eight of them were stated by both white and grey literatures while the remaining are from grey literature only. All the characteristics are explained and presented briefly. In our paper, 275 research papers from 2016–2020 have been covered and more research questions have been answered. Besides, a well-defined systematic literature study process has been employed. Thus, the grey literature has been excluded in our paper and, our results are reproducible compared to their results.

The authors in [ 27 ] mainly concentrated on difficulties and gaps in data-centric and distributed computing using FaaS. Additionally, they evaluated the severity of these challenges via taking three case studies from big data and distributed computing settings: model training, low-latency prediction serving using the batch and, distributed computing. While our paper is a broad and comprehensive study on FaaS, 275 research papers are taken from the white literature during 2016–2020.

The paper [ 28 ] presented only four use cases of FaaS: event-triggered computing, video broadcasting, Internet of Things (IoT) data processing, and shared delivery system. Additionally, the paper only compared three platforms namely, Amazon web services (AWS) Lambda, Google Cloud Function, and Microsoft Azure Function. On the other hand, our paper presents a comprehensive study about FaaS. We identified in detail eight use cases: chatbot, information retrieval, file processing, smart grid, security, networks and, mobile and IoT. Moreover, our paper compared ten FaaS platforms namely, AWS Lambda, Apache OpenWhisk, Microsoft Azure functions, Google Cloud functions, OpenLambda, IBM Cloud functions, OpenFaaS, Knative, FunctionStage, Huawei Cloud, and Nuclio.

The authors in [ 29 ] covered only 15 papers during 2016–2018. They took both the white and grey literatures into account. On the other hand, our paper includes 275 research papers published in the period 2016–2020; they are taken from the white literature only. Moreover, our paper has formulated and answered eight clear and well-defined research questions.

The authors in [ 30 ] focused on the FaaS performance evaluation and their publication trends during 2016–2019. They identified the most commonly evaluated FaaS platforms. Additionally, they evaluated the performance features for benchmark types, micro-benchmarks, and common features across FaaS platforms. Moreover, they presented the most common platform configurations in FaaS, namely language runtimes, function triggers, and external services. This paper presents a survey of the most important and state of the art aspects of FaaS. Besides, comprehensive theoretical aspects of FaaS are covered taking from the white literature during 2016–2020.

The authors in [ 11 ] have conducted a systematic mapping study on serverless cloud computing. The main aim of their study is to concentrate on FaaS engineering. They raised two main concerns: (a) identifying publication research that considers developing or modifying serverless platforms and tools. (b) identifying the challenges and drivers related to these publications. On the other hand, our study extends the challenges and issues related to serverless computing. Moreover, we provide more details about serverless computing platforms and the use of these platforms in the literature. Also, it provides a detailed comparison among the most widely used serverless platforms. Besides, it addresses more aspects of serverless cloud computing such as application areas of serverless computing, future directions of serverless computing, etc.

The authors in [ 7 ] provided useful observations about serverless computing, its architecture, and use cases. Also, they discussed the challenges and benefits of moving forward from monolithic applications and the differences between traditional cloud services and serverless computing. Our work has extended the details of their work regarding the benefits and drawbacks of using serverless computing. It has also included more use cases and workloads to deepen the findings of previous studies.

The authors in [ 4 ] presented a technical report on serverless computing. They covered the serverless emergence with its limitations, including limited storage for fine-grained tasks, lack of coordination among functions, inadequate performance for standard communication patterns, and functions’ performance. Also, they compared AWS serverful with AWS serverless. Moreover, they also explained the challenges of architecture, networking, security, and abstractions of serverless computing. They identified five application areas including, video encoding in real-time, MapReduce, linear algebra, machine learning training, and databases. While our paper has covered 275 research papers from 2016–2020 forming a well-defined systematic literature study. We also identified 21 serverless challenges and issues. Besides, we compared serverless with the traditional cloud computing paradigm. We identified more application areas including, chatbot, information retrieval, file processing, smart grid, security, networks, IoT, and edge computing.

The authors in [ 31 ] presented a white paper based on published research papers during 2015–2017. They outlined the serverless definition alongside its advantages and disadvantages. Also, they classified serverless use-cases into six categories, namely, backends, web applications, chatbots, big data, IT automation, and Amazon Alexa. Moreover, they addressed a few research questions including, the need for the stateless feature in serverless, whether serverless could execute long-running tasks, programming models, serverless standards, and the importance of serverless for scientific research. While our paper is a comprehensive study on FaaS; we covered 275 research papers which are taken from the grey literature during 2016–2020. In our paper, eight application areas have been identified as mentioned earlier. We have identified and answered ten research questions that cover many aspects of the topic in detail compared to the aforementioned study.

We are in fact addressing with this paper ten important research questions about the topic, potentially making it a more complete guide to the development and use of serverless computing. Our work contributes to the analysis of the serverless paradigm in the context of similar applications and how could they better fit specific computing needs. Moreover, information about the current state of serverless platforms, tools, and frameworks has been updated for this survey. This due to the importance of the topic and its potential to change how both the industry and academia have managed the deployment of cloud applications until now. Updated information about the area could benefit future studies focused on the serverless computing paradigm as they make researchers aware of the latest resources and opportunities in the area.

Research methodology

Research questions.

In this study, a number of research questions (RQs) have been identified and answered. Each RQ addresses a particular aspect of serverless computing as follows.

RQ1. What is the number and distribution of studies published on serverless computing in the period (2016–2020)?

RQ2. Which researchers, organizations, and countries are active in serverless computing research?

RQ3. What are the differences between serverless computing and traditional cloud computing?

RQ4. What are the benefits of using serverless computing?

RQ5. What are the most used software platforms that enable serverless computing in the literature?

RQ6. What are the application areas of serverless computing in the literature?

RQ7. What are the challenges and issues of using serverless computing?

RQ8. What tools are available for serverless computing? (serverless tools)

RQ9. What are the available research approaches to analyze the migration of monolithic applications to serverless computing?

RQ10. What are the potential future directions of research on serverless computing?

Search strategy

Literature sources.

In this study, five standard online databases have been selected as sources that index the literature of software engineering and computer science. These sources are presented in Table  1 .

Search string

To find the publications relevant to this study, the following extensive search string has been applied on the database sources of literature:

(serverless OR FaaS OR “function as a service” OR “function-as-a-service”) AND (computing OR paradigm OR architecture OR model OR application OR function OR service OR platform OR programming)

To obtain the best publication list, a generic search string is created. It contains serverless cloud computing-related keywords. The string with duration (2016 - 2020) have been applied to all libraries. Because the Springer Link library covers many fields, the result of search was greater than other libraries. This because the keyword FaaS is used in many research areas for different purposes. For instance, fish as a service (FaaS) and FPGA as a fervice (FaaS). Therefore, we used Computer Science subject filter with Springer Link, ScienceDirect, and Scopus to reduce the number of incorrect papers. The results of the initial search are shown in Fig.  2 . Additionally, some inaccurate results have been obtained due to the partial similarity to FaaS, such as the federal aviation administration (FAA). The results of the initial search were 5,021 papers in total.

figure 2

Results of papers selection process

After obtaining the initial list of publications, some filters have been applied to reduce the number of incorrect results based on their relation to the serverless computing and FaaS topics. Most of the papers have been analyzed based on the title and abstract. However, when we were unable to make a decision based on the title and the abstract, we read the content of the paper to ascertain whether to include or exclude. As a result, the list of papers which are related to serverless computing has been decreased to 549 papers.

After filtering the papers based on the title and abstract, we merged all the papers that were relevant to serverless cloud computing, which was 549 papers into a single dataset. Then we removed the duplicated papers based on the combination of a title, author names, publication year, and venue. Thus, the number of publications has been reduced to 489 papers.

Then, the publications have been selected based on the content of the paper and based on a set of inclusion/exclusion criteria (see the following section) that have been selected carefully. Eventually, we could obtain 254 papers that are related to serverless cloud computing. In the next step, we applied backward snowballing to increase the set of relevant papers to serverless cloud computing. In this phase, we could add 21 more papers to our list of papers. As a result, the total numbers of relevant papers become 275 papers. The list of these papers and its meta-data have been published in Zenodo website as a dataset [ 32 ].

Paper inclusion/exclusion criteria

To decide whether a publication is relevant to the scope of this research, a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria have been established and employed as follows:

Inclusion criteria:

Publications in the field of software engineering and computer science.

Publications published online from 2016 – 2020.

Publications related directly to serverless computing.

Exclusion criteria:

Publications not published in English.

Publications without accessible full text.

Publications not formally peer reviewed (e.g., gray literature).

Publications not published electronically.

Publications that are duplicates of other previous publications.

The selected publications were carefully read to answer the raised RQs. Here, a short title is used to represent each RQ. The following subsections present and discuss the results based on each RQ.

Distribution of publications (RQ1)

Publication frequency.

All the selected papers of this study were analyzed to determine their frequency and evolution. Figure  3 shows the results of this analysis. The results show that the average number of publications per year is approximately 55 papers.

figure 3

Published papers per year

Serverless computing has trended a significant engagement over the past two years. This boost has been caused by industry, academia, and developers for several reasons. The first important reason is the attractive engagement opportunities that serverless offers cloud providers. Serverless nature equipped cloud providers with more convenient and efficient methods to manage and utilize idle computing resources. Another reason is that the billing is only on the basis of function execution time and resource allocation. Also, the developers are not required to be aware of the underlying infrastructure and workflows. Hence, this attracts cloud providers and businesses to migrate and support serverless alongside many directions. At the same time, researchers are paying more attention to serverless as it is becoming the future paradigm for cloud computing. Moreover, current challenges and limits in serverless computing draw attention to more academics to address the issues and enhance the currently available features. For the aforementioned reasons, developers and customers are well encouraged and satisfied to select serverless computing for developing applications and services.

Publication venue

The distribution of the selected papers in various publication venues is shown in Fig.  4 . The percentages of publications in conference papers, workshop papers, symposium papers, and journal papers are approximately 62%, 11%, 14%, and 13%, respectively. However, almost 13% of the studies have been published in journals, which indicates the immaturity of research in serverless computing [ 33 , 34 ]. It is worth mentioning that some conference papers were published as book chapters. Thus, the original venues, which are conferences, of such papers were considered.

figure 4

Published papers ratio per each venue

Following the interpretation of publications, the most productive and primary journals, symposiums, conferences, and workshops venues related to serverless computing can be clarified. Due to their long names, abbreviations are used in this paper. The active journals are shown in Fig.  5 and their full names can be found in Table  2 . It can be observed from the figure that the top and vital three journals are “FGCS”, “IoT”, and “JSS”. Also, it can be noticed that the top three journals contain almost 34% of the published journal papers, while the others own approximately 66%.

figure 5

Published papers vs. journal name

The active conferences are shown in Fig.  6 and their full names are presented in Table  3 . The “WOSC”, “Cloud”, “UCC”, “SoCC”, and “Middleware” are considered the most active conferences that hold approximately 28% of the published conference papers. By including other conferences with three published papers or more, then approximately 23% of the conference papers are published in annual conferences. The majority (almost 49%) of the conference papers were published at individual conferences, which are denoted as “Others” in Fig.  6 .

figure 6

Published papers vs. conference name

Active researchers (RQ2)

Serverless computing is a vital research area through the contribution of several scholars. Yet, the researchers are counted active if they contributed to more than two research studies, as presented in Fig.  7 . The figure shows that the top six active researchers are “Pedro Garcáa López”, “Erwin Van Eyk”, “Alexandru Iosup”, “Marc Sánchez-Artigas”, “Sebastian Werner”, and “Wes Lloyd”. Table  4 presents the active nations, research institutions, researchers, references to the published papers, and the total number of publications.

figure 7

Active researchers based on the published papers

The active nations in the number of papers are obtained from the information presented in Table  4 by extracting the institutional affiliation of the authors and co-authors. An overview of the most active nations and the total number of publications is shown in Fig.  8 . It is observable that the United States and Germany are the largest contributors to papers published on serverless computing with 104 and 39 published papers, respectively.

figure 8

Active countries

Serverless computing vs. traditional cloud

computing (RQ3) There are several differences between serverless and traditional cloud computing. In the traditional cloud architecture, the server acts as a monolithic system containing all business logic. Meanwhile, the serverless architecture is modeled into smaller, event-driven, and stateless ‘triggers’ (events) and ‘actions’ (functions) [ 175 ]. Each component handles different pieces of data and runs independently [ 176 ]. Spreading business logic into smaller functions increase the development efficiency [ 77 , 177 ] and also decreases the chance of a single point of failure [ 77 ]. On the other hand, the component dependency within monolithic applications affects the availability of other services adversely.

In a serverless architecture, the developers are unable to take control of listening to the TCP socket, managing load balancers, maintenance or configuration of the server, as well as provisioning and resource allocation. Therefore, there is no need for system administrators; the developers only focus on handling client requests and paying attention to deliver valuable services [ 8 ].

Serverless computing also differs from monolithic computing as the functions have shorter life cycles.

The traditional monitoring and debugging tools that are used in monolithic applications are not included in the serverless architecture; the developers are compelled to use built-in tools for debugging and monitoring. The computing power is no longer a concern for the developers in the serverless paradigm, as it could scale horizontally almost indefinitely [ 178 , 179 ]. Meanwhile, in the client-server architecture, it usually requires dedicating two server instances; the primary instance and a second in case if the former fails. This leads to higher costs in the monolith paradigm. Serverless architecture could be more economical for unsteady load conditions while the server-based is more suitable for steady loads [ 152 ]. As serverless applications scale up and down according to the requests, thus, unlike the traditional systems, it is unnecessary to keep the sessions in the memory [ 8 ]. Hence, it is difficult to keep track across requests.

FaaS boosts the security level as cloud providers continuously update their infrastructure with the latest security patches; this also removes the security burden on developers [ 17 ]. Directly accessing the backend resources in the traditional model is considered a critical security issue. Thus, any requests from the clients and internal functions in the serverless environment must go through a distributed request-level authorization mechanism that strengthens the security level [ 8 ]. Additionally, denial of service (DoS) attacks are controlled, as it is more difficult to attack distributed servers than a single server [ 175 ]. However, some security concerns remain due to the third-party API usage [ 9 ]. Besides, there is a lack of tools to identify vulnerabilities and access control risks. Table  5 summarizes the aforementioned differences.

Benefits of serverless computing (RQ4)

Serverless computing offers numerous benefits to its users, and Table  6 presents papers that states these benefits. This section summarizes those benefits as follows:

Cost effective

Serverless applications are abstracted from server infrastructure, which results in cost-based services depending on usage [ 180 ]. For example, applications run whenever a user makes a request to a service within the application. The cloud vendors charge only for the used space, and there is no cost while their applications are in an idle state.

Scalability

Serverless reasonably solved the resource allocation problem [ 191 ]. Therefore, developers do not have to concern themselves with the application scalability, because the application will scale automatically whenever user application requests are increased. If there are numerous requests to a function within the application, the serverless providers will start servers to handle these requests.

Server-side management

In serverless computing, developers do not need to concern themselves with the server-side and its management. Serverless cloud providers take care of managing and maintaining the hardware and software required to deploy applications. In addition to that, they handle all administration operations to let developers focus on different kinds of resources such as central processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage.

Easy to deploy

Serverless applications are easy to deploy. For example, to deploy an application, developers only need to upload some functions and release a new product. The serveless will take care of deployment management and infrastructure related concerns such as server provisioning and scaling.

Decrease latency

Serverless applications are not hosted on a specific server; the code can run from any server in any location. Therefore, cloud vendors can run the application on servers near the end user’ location. This reduces latency, because end user requests do not have to travel across the Internet to access the original server.

Serverless platforms in the literature (RQ5)

The software platforms are generally implemented to deal with resources from several clouds and ensure proper running of client applications. The heterogeneous nature of the cloud providers’ infrastructure (hardware and operating systems) led to the necessity to direct the developers’ focus to the functional part, rather than the underlying infrastructure [ 199 ].

With the emergence of the first serverless platform, AWS Lambda by Amazon in 2014 [ 8 ], cloud computing has evolved to a new generation referred to as serverless computing. However, serverless was not a brand-new paradigm; it emerged after the advancements in adopting virtual machines and container technologies [ 120 ]. By 2016, other competitors, namely Google, Microsoft, and IBM followed the trend. Several commercial and open-source platforms offer serverless computing. The well-known commercial systems are AWS Lambda, Google Cloud Functions, and Azure functions. Alternately, there are several open source platforms available including IBM Cloud Functions, and Apache OpenWhisk.

There are several criteria to help developers in selecting a serverless platform: cost, performance, supported programming languages and model, deployment easiness, easiness in composing functions from different providers, security, and monitoring and debugging tools [ 184 ].

Table  7 presents the serverless platforms used in the considered papers of this study. It can be noted that “AWS Lambda”, “Apache OpenWhisk”, and “Azure Functions” are the most used platforms with 78, 23, and 11 published papers, respectively. However, it is worth mentioning that each platform has its own set of features and differs from others.

The application areas of serverless computing in the literature (RQ6)

Serverless computing can be utilized in a number of application areas as follows:

A chatbot application is developed using serverless computing, which enables interaction with users via voice or text commands. Within this application, six functionalities have been implemented, namely the Date, News, Jokes, Weather, Music Tutor, and Alarm Service. For example, a user can ask for the current date using a voice or text command. The request is routed to a required serverless action on OpenWhisk for further processing. The Date action is activated via the issued command and retrieves the current date to the user in the form of text or voice [ 44 ].

Another example is the ticketing chatbot service developed using serverless computing and natural language processing (NLP). The architecture of the system consists of three parts: (1) the node.js Webhook, which works based on hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) POST or GET requests (2) Wit.AI, which is a NLP service (3) Ticket.com, which is a ticketing order API. For example, when a user books a flight ticket; a specific function on Webhook will be activated, which routes the user query to the Wit.AI service. Wit.AI will process the query and extract useful parameters from the request such as destination, date, and time, then send it back to Webhook. After receiving the processed query from Wit.Ai; another action will be triggered and pass the processed query to Tickt.com API to retrieve flight information such as the flight number, airline name, departure time, and ticket price from several airline companies. Finally, Webhook will provide flight information to the user [ 44 , 179 , 248 ].

Information retrieval

A search engine web-based application is developed based on serverless architecture. Search engine functionalities are implemented as Amazon lambda functions. The search engine executes all the details of retrieval processing after receiving the user query (e.g., tokenization, stop-word removal, term weighting, similarity calculation, and ranking). Then, it sends back the results to the user as documents stored in the DynamoDB database to be accessed using the web application interface [ 173 ].

File processing

Serverless computing can been utilized in file processing applications [ 119 , 249 ]. For instance, in [ 119 ] a model for highly parallel file processing applications based on serverless architecture is proposed. This model provides users with different ways to process their files.

The first method is by using the API gateway. In this method, users submit files using the HTTP request employing the API gateway to a lambda function to process the file (e.g., medical images and video files).

The second method is by uploading/reading files to the Amazon simple storage service (Amazon S3) bucket. This method provides the user with three different ways to execute a lambda function using S3 buckets: (a) by uploading a file to S3 buckets. When the file is uploaded, S3 creates an event to invoke a lambda function; (b) by copying a file from another bucket to the bucket linked with the lambda function. This will cause the trigger of an event from S3 to invoke a lambda function as in the previous manner; (c) by specifying a bucket where the files to be processed are stored. Then, for each file found, the lambda function is invoked in parallel using an S3 bucket.

The third method is by specifying the output file. By this method, the user can set a chain of lambda functions to be invoked by S3 buckets. In this case, the user defines the input/output buckets for each of the lambda functions. Thus, the output bucket can be used as an input to another lambda function [ 119 ]. Here, serverless functions can handle different types of data (stored in files) such as sensory, textual, and biological data [ 200 ]. Also, many preprocessing operations using NLP may be applied to data files before processing, such as stemming and noise removal [ 78 ].

A MATLAB simulation scenario is created to illustrate the use of the smart grid with serverless cloud computing to control and manage electrical loads (devices). In this scenario, the Simulink tool is employed for simulation. A MATLAB program is developed to indicate the start and end of the simulated grid model via a batch file. The batch file is used to upload grid model data generated by the program to Amazon S3. Afterwards, a lambda function in the serverless side will be activated to process the uploaded data, and subsequently the result will be sent back to the batch file as a response. In return, the program will read continuously the response from the batch file and interpret its content to manage the electrical switch (loads) [ 201 ].

Also, An electrical overload warning system is implemented in the smart grid, based on serverless architecture. The system uses some Amazon web services, including S3, lambda functions, simple notification service (SNS), and CloudWatch. S3 is used as a storage service in the system. Lambda functions constitute a computing service that executes the code of the application. CloudWatch is a monitoring tool that monitors AWS resources and applications. The SNS is a notification service that sends and receives notifications.

The main sections of this warning system consist of data collection, data acquisition, data analysis, data mining, conclusion verification, and conclusion publishing. In this architecture, the AWS Lambda is used in data analysis and data mining. AWS CloudWatch is used for data conclusion verification. The SNS is used to generate alarms. For instance, the data is uploaded to S3, and subsequently, a lambda function is activated for data analysis and data mining. After the lambda function execution, its log data is stored in CloudWatch logs. CloudWatch is used for conclusion verification. CloudWatch defines an alarm size to a specific value, upon which it compares the value of log data with a predefined alarm size to check the current state. Then, the CloudWatch uses SNS for publishing conclusions. If the receiving data is greater than the alarm size, an alarm signal will be triggered and send an email via SNS [ 5 ].

An automated threat detection system is introduced using serverless cloud computing and Kubernetes. Kubernetes is an open source system to automatically deploy and manage application containers [ 243 , 250 ]. The system deals with threats (e.g., software vulnerabilities and insecure configurations) automatically based on user-defined policies. The system includes a vulnerability scanner (VS), which is a thread detection component. Whenever users deploy new application containers, the containers are registered with the VS, and a scanner agent is installed. When a thread is detected by the scanner, a notification is sent to the OpenWhisk component, which activates a serverless function that takes actions to reduce the threat. OpenWhisk will invoke a Kubernetes API extension and let the security enforcement operator (SEO) handle the operation [ 35 ].

Serverless cloud computing has been employed in different networking domains[ 175 , 188 , 251 , 252 ]. In [ 188 ], a variety of networking fields including software-defined networking (SDN) which can utilize advantages of serverless computing architecture have been discussed. The SDN is a network architecture approach that enables the network to be manageable and adaptive. This architecture separates the network control plane from the forwarding functions (the data plane). This decoupling enables network switches to become a simple forwarding device, and the network control is implemented as a network application that executed on a logically centralized controller. Serverless computing can be used in the SDN controllers. These controllers can be implemented as independent functions deployed on serverless platforms. For example, when a packet arrives to the SDN forwarding device, the device will parse the packet header and forward it to the SDN controller. The functions within the SDN controller will be activated then it will determine what action to be taken with the packet. After that, it will send the information to the forwarding device. The action might be modifying the header, dropping the packet, etc.

Serverless computing has been utilized in many IoT applications, as shown in Table  8 . For example, a camera can be installed to monitor a house, after which processing images captured by the camera can be performed by some serverless functions provided by the OpenWhisk platform. When a camera detects an interesting object such as a car or a human, the camera sends its pictures to the serverless platform for further processing. To extract features, a serverless function is called to perform feature extraction and then reports its status to the users [ 232 ].

Edge computing

Serverless cloud computing and edge computing have been used to build different kinds of applications, as presented in Table  8 . For instance, the authors of [ 217 ] have implemented an autonomous mobile robot (AMR) system based on serverless computing and edge computing. The system consists of three main components: an AMR with NVIDIA Jetson TX2 module for edge computing, a serverless architecture based on AWS, and a cross-platform mobile application developed using React Native. The main idea of the system is to deliver a package to a user. For example, the user will interact with the mobile application to send a package. Once the delivery request has been received from the user, the AWS IoT can activate related lambda functions, such as position coordinate. Then, the AMR would start its mission, sending the package to the receiver’s location. Also, facial images were regularly retrieved by AWS lambda to identify the receiver’s face. Finally, the task is completed when the receiver’s identification is confirmed [ 217 ].

Serverless computing challenges and issues (RQ7)

Studying the literature reveals a number of challenges and issues posed by employing serverless computing. These challenges cover the functional and non-functional aspects of serverless computing as follows:

Cost and pricing model

Cost is a fundamental challenge; therefore, serverless computing providers should reduce the usage of resources to the minimum, while functioning in both execution and idle states. Further, the pricing model is another challenge in serverless computing compared to other cloud computing approaches. For example, the CPU bound is cheap, whereas the input/output (I/O) bound functions may be more expensive from dedicated servers. Table  9 presents papers that investigate issues on cost and pricing models in serverless cloud computing.

Serverless computing can scale to zero while there is no request for functions and services. Scaling to zero leads to a problem called cold start. A cold start occurs when serverless functions remain idle for some time, and the next time these functions are invoked, a longer start time is required. Methods and techniques to reduce the cold start problem are crucial as a result, many papers have been studied this problem, as shown in Table  9 .

Resource limits

In serverless computing, resources are required to ensure that the platform can deal with load increasing. This includes CPU usage, memory, execution time, and bandwidth [ 94 , 202 , 210 , 235 , 280 ].

Security is the most challenging issue in serverless cloud computing. One of the security issues is isolation, because functions are running on a shared platform by many users. Therefore, strong isolation is required. Another security issue is trust when it comes to process-sensitive data. The serverless applications work with many system components, which must function correctly to maintain security properties. Table  9 presents several papers associated with serverless security.

Serverless computing must ensure function scalability and elasticity. For example, when many requests are issued to a serverless application, these requests should all be served and the used serverless cloud provider should provide the required resources to process all these requests and should scale up with the number of requests [ 210 , 280 , 281 ].

Long-running

Serverless computing runs function in a limited and short execution time, while there are some tasks might require long execution time. This does not support long execution running, since these functions are stateless, which means that if the function is paused it cannot be resumed again [ 11 , 202 , 234 , 280 ].

Programming & debugging

There is currently a lack of debugging tools. Further, monitoring tools are required, since developers need to monitor the application and observe how functions are working. More advanced integrated development environments (IDEs) are needed, so developers can perform refactoring functions, such as merging or splitting functions, and reverting functions to the previous version. Moreover, logs from serverless function invocations need to be sent to the developer and provide detailed stack traces. When an error occurs, a good method is required to report details on the occurrence to the developer. The equivalent of a stack trace for serverless computing is currently not available. Table  9 shows many papers that consider programming and debugging challenges and issues.

Vendor lock-in

The FaaS paradigm separates the code from the data, which leads the functions to depend strongly on the could provider’s ecosystem for storing, obtaining, and transferring data [ 282 ]. This issue makes the customers dependent on the serverless provider for products and services, and the customers cannot easily use different vendors in the future without substantial cost. Thus, customers have to wait on the serverless provider for additional services [ 9 , 130 , 202 ].

Performance

Serverless computing has many performance challenges and issues such as scheduling and service calling overhead. For instance, scheduling means when a serverless function is activated in response to an event this function should be mapped to a specific resource (e.g., container or VM) to be run. The resource can have a significant effect on performance based on available resources, location of input data and code, load balancing, etc. Table  9 shows papers related to serverless performance.

Fault tolerance

It refers to a system that continues working and provides its services despite the failure in some components. It mostly occurs when some containers fail. To overcome this challenge, a basic retry mechanism is used [ 11 , 210 , 235 ].

Function composition

Serverless cloud vendors provide users the ability to deploy small stateless functions to the cloud to handle a specific task. However, some complex tasks require multiple functions to work with each other collaboratively to be performed. Therefore, more research needs to be done on how function composition can be used effectively and efficiently in serverless cloud computing [ 11 , 38 , 235 ].

Resource sharing

Functions in serverless cloud computing share resources to achieve inexpensive cloud computing. Sharing resources among functions and other serverless components is a challenging task. Therefore, good techniques are required to be investigated to achieve this goal [ 98 , 210 , 283 ].

A serverless application consists of many small functions. These functions work together to accomplish the application’s functionality. Therefore, integration testing for these functions is a crucial issue to make sure that the application works properly [ 9 , 84 , 284 ].

Naming and addressing system

Users deploy functions to serverless cloud computing to solve problems. These functions cannot listen to network communications. The existing serverless cloud computing frameworks do not support this feature. Instead, they use third party services such as Amazon S3 to communicate with other functions. Therefore, finding the internet protocol (IP) address of a function by other functions and services is a challenging issue in serverless cloud computing [ 98 ].

Legacy systems

Legacy systems refer to old technologies, techniques, hardware, and software systems that are still in use. It should be possible to reach these systems from serverless cloud computing. Also, these systems might be required to be transferred to cloud computing. Therefore, more work needs to be done on the migration process and how the functions can be extracted from legacy systems to be deployed as serverless cloud functions [ 84 , 119 , 120 , 210 , 280 ].

Managing hybrid cloud

In a hybrid cloud, a developer may deploy an application to different clouds (hybrid cloud). For example, if some functions of an application are on a specific serverless cloud vendor and others are hosted on other public clouds; then, managing these functions and their interactions is a challenging issue [ 84 , 210 , 280 ].

Lack of quality of service (QoS) support

Existing serverless platforms and frameworks do not provide users the control over the QoS of serverless functions [ 235 ]. Cold starts, queuing, and orchestration are the main reasons affecting the QoS in serverless computing [ 8 ].

Architecture complexity

A serverless application may consist of several functions; the number of functions increases the complexity of the architecture. Managing these functions and services related to the application also leads to a complex architecture [ 9 ].

Interactions tracking

Stateful requests are usually used by real-life applications. It means deployed systems keep track of the state of users’ interactions and store them on the server-side for further uses. However, in stateless serverless functions, it is not obvious how these functions will handle and manage the states of each user [ 210 , 280 ].

Concurrency management

Concurrency means a function can handle any number of requests whenever a function is invoked. For example, if a request has been made to a serverless function, the function will process that request. However, if another request has been made to that function and the function is still processing the previous request, then the serverless should provide another instance of that function to serve the new request [ 210 , 280 ].

Support for heterogeneous hardware

Existing serverless platforms may not support some specialized hardware such as graphics processing unit (GPU) and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This is a challenging issue for vendors to provide support for heterogeneous hardware [ 210 , 280 ].

Tools available for serverless computing (RQ8)

Nowadays, various providers strive to facilitate the adjustable use and allocation of machine resources on the cloud [ 9 ]. Likewise, plenty of supportive tools and services are aiding developers to more efficiently manage and deploy applications using serverless computing. Serverless computing is auto-scalable, reliable, and easily accessible [ 203 ]; for these reasons, big cloud providers such as Amazon, Microsoft, Google, IBM have realized the importance of offering frameworks, IDEs, software development kits (SDKs), function development kits (FDK), migrating mechanisms, logs, and monitoring tools to enhance and simplify the development, testing, deployment, and monitoring of serverless applications [ 17 ]. For instance, Amazon offers Cloud9 IDE for local deploying and testing [ 205 ].

Apart from the cloud providers’ specific tools, plenty of third-party tools exist for the developers. With the concept of these tools, developers can build and deploy applications on multi-cloud providers. Developers are also able to control platforms and resources by programming. The advantages of this are linking the applications with auto-scaling controllers and including advanced self-mechanisms into the code to automatically configure, secure, optimize, and recover the cloud applications. The core advantage of this feature is the acceleration in applying changes to the application environment [ 272 ].

There are several tools available to model serverless applications, which are based on deployment models as either imperative or declarative. The imperative model defines the execution steps to obtain a specific deployment task. While the declarative model describes the structure of a desired application deployment. However, to fully benefit from employing a serverless architecture, cloud providers should address issues that have arisen with the use of a serverless paradigm. For instance, debugging tools are unable to track and identify the exact reason behind errors [ 44 ], as most of them are limited to what cloud providers offer [ 179 ]. Although many powerful tools have been mentioned in this study and can be used in serverless computing in real scenarios, there is still a great opportunity to develop further tools and services.

Migration of monolithic applications to serverless computing (RQ9)

The nature of most existing applications is monolithic. Monolithic applications have several drawbacks; they are characterized by continuous growth in complexity and size over time.

The bigger size of the monolithic applications leads to slower startup time. Moreover, novice developers face difficulties in digesting the traditional programming paradigm. Economically, monolithic systems take more effort to be developed and debugged. Furthermore, integrating the latest technological development into monolithic systems is a tough and expensive process. Generally, monolithic applications are designed to be tightly coupled – the entire application will be unable to run or compile if one component is missing or fails [ 128 ]. It is also difficult to scale the application when multiple components have limited resources.

Another drawback is that updating any component will require redeployment of the entire project. The migration process to serverless computing involves transferring the legacy application code to serverless functions. This process could be more efficient and functional in applications with less size [ 76 ].

The key challenging aspect of migration is about extracting the serverless computing from the monolithic systems. There are several approaches to accomplish this task, one of them is Lift and shift [ 205 ]. This technique transfers the whole infrastructure to the cloud, however, this method also brings the already existing problems within the source to the destination. In [ 205 ] the authors proposed toLambda to automatically refactor, test, and deploy the monolithic applications (Java) into microservices (AWS Lambda Node.js). While rebuilding the legacy application from scratch is recommended for applications that no longer depend on the existing cloud services [ 130 ].

However, not all applications are suitable for migration to serverless computing [ 76 , 128 ]; therefore, the first important aspect to be considered before rebuilding the applications is whether it would save money [ 188 ]. For such cases, newly desired features could be implemented and added via serverless computing as an extension to the current systems [ 128 ].

The other approach is to refactor the entire legacy code into FaaS services. During the migration phase, it is crucial to address the coupling of the systems not only in the application logic but also in the databases, as more functions will call the same database. However, migrating the server-side while keeping the user interface could lead to problems. Moreover, the client cannot obtain integrated data by a single request. As the functions are decoupled into smaller entities, the server is unable to aggregate data from different entities. Thus, it is the client’s responsibility to call the necessary entities to achieve this task [ 76 ].

Future directions of research (RQ10)

As the evolution of serverless computing is relatively new, there are several research paths available to be focused on as follows:

Function startup

One of the major research opportunities is overcoming the cold start problem without affecting the primary feature of serverless which is scaling to zero [ 160 , 188 ]. The first call of functions needs initializing the required libraries, which will cause a cold start. To bypass this, the computing resources will be warm for a certain time. Hence, upcoming requests will be handled faster. This could be performed via enhancing scheduling policies and developing more accurate function performance measurements [ 86 ]. Serverless providers follow their approaches to keep the functions in the warm pool. However, most of them are based on the number of requests for a certain time. Thus, if a function is not called frequently, it will suffer again from the cold start.

Very few studies such as [ 272 ] suggested a periodic event scheduler for Kotless (a serverless framework for Kotlin) which will trigger a list of warm functions every few minutes. The authors of the study claimed that this will reduce the cold start without bringing extra costs. While in [ 233 ] argues that pre-warming methods are unnecessarily using resources with idle containers. The researchers are still working to avoid cold start by reducing high delayed function startups via optimizing compute resources [ 11 ].

Recycling and rebalancing minutes and hours of idle runtime is an expensive process for cloud providers. Therefore, reducing the cold start penalties will help cloud providers in the first place and hence customers. The authors in [ 202 ] proposed FaaStest an autonomous approach based on machine learning to capture the function call behavior and then dynamically select the optimal ones. This technique could reduce the cold start by 90%. They proposed a strategy to predict functions invoking time and warming the function using fine-grained regression method [ 285 ]. However, overcoming the issue of function startups is still considered as a research direction to be more investigated.

Keeping a guaranteed QoS level in the software level agreement (SLA) that describes the lower service level offered by the service providers [ 166 ] is a major obstacle for cloud providers to offer optimal performance metrics [ 167 , 207 ]. However, serverless frameworks should consider the objectives of both providers and users [ 242 ]; customers and developers have none or little QoS support over the functions [ 236 ]. In addition, the auto-scaling feature lacks QoS guarantees. This lack of QoS affects the performance of serverless applications. Increasing response time leads to decreasing the QoS level [ 207 ]. It also raises the cost of the service [ 236 ]. Therefore, achieving an ideal resource allocation management is a complicated and challenging task as several objectives should be fulfilled together [ 209 ]. Hence, providing more efficient QoS management of functions by the auto-scaling is essential to be considered without degrading the fault-tolerance features and increasing the cost.

Pricing is crucial for both customers and cloud providers. However, there is a shortage in pricing models, as there is an imbalance in needs between serverless providers, developers, and service end-users [ 236 ]. The pricing scheme for most cloud providers is based on the number of functions’ requests and execution time-the quantity of consumed resources [ 123 , 200 ]. Currently, FaaS is less expensive when functions are bound to I/O than CPU. Moreover, services that dynamically adjust resource consumption are unable to predict the optical computing technology. It is crucial to implement solutions that offer cost-effective computing resources. FaStest reduced the cost by 50% via learning the behavioral pattern of functions using machine learning [ 202 ]. Price estimation has a great impact on selecting the most optimal provider. Therefore there should be more researches on developing tools to predict the pricing in advance.

Since the serverless emergence, researchers are working on the open question of how to decompose legacy systems into FaaS without degrading performance [ 208 ]. Several works have been done on migrating to FaaS [ 76 , 130 , 286 ]. The currently available automated tools for migrating legacy code into FaaS are not fully practical due to the remaining manual work that needs to be done [ 17 ]. Therefore, finding optimal automatic migration solutions for existing legacy systems is an interesting research direction [ 130 ]. Moreover, research on tools for checking whether a legacy system will fit the serverless paradigm is a crucial line. Also, developing and enhancing automatic and semi-automatic analysis strategies based on artificial intelligence could be another future research field.

Debugging, testing, and benchmarking

The available tools for testing, debugging, and deployment are immature, this prevents some developers from entering the serverless environment. The shortage of tools in FaaS is a core problem, particularly the testing tools [ 17 ]. Moreover, most FaaS environments lack powerful local emulation platforms for testing. Therefore, developers are mostly depending on the server-side, which is expensive. Developers need to be ensured about the adequate testing tools before diving into the serverless world. A challenging aspect in benchmarking is the lack of information due to the heterogeneity of the cloud provider data center: hardware, software, and configurations [ 287 ]. Additionally, benchmarking FaaS platforms should take advantage of analyzing the cloud services, which lacks limited accessible measurements and hidden modification of services over time [ 55 ]. Thus, it is essential to have transparent, fair, and standardized benchmarking tools available for developers.

Threats to validity

Several threats might impact the validity of the literature mapping studies. In this paper, popular instructions and guidelines were taken into account to avoid threats to validity as follows:

Coverage of research questions: All up-to-date research aspects of serverless computing might not be included in this study. To overcome this threat, the brainstorming was conducted by all the authors in determining the most current research questions in the area.

Coverage of related papers: The process of obtaining all the related studies in serverless computing cannot be secured. In this study, various literature databases were employed; moreover, the method based on different terms and synonymous is followed by all the authors in determining the related questions.

Paper inclusion/exclusion criteria: The individual bias and interpretation could affect the implementation of the criteria. Therefore, to solve this problem, the agreements of all authors were considered in excluding or including a paper.

Accuracy of data extraction: The individual experience effects extracting the data, therefore online meetings were conducted after the data extraction process by each author. During the meetings, the outcomes from each author were compared with other findings to determine the differences and reach a final consensus.

Reproducibility of the study: Whether other researchers could obtain similar outcomes of this study is another threat. Thus, to address this, the research methodology contains the well-explained steps and actions conducted in this paper (as shown in “ Research methodology ” section).

Conclusions

The contributions of the work presented in this paper are threefold: (a) a methodical review of related literature on the topic of serverless computing, to address the issue of the lack of compiling information on the state-of-the-art of the field; (b) a comparison of the platforms and tools used in serverless computing; (c) an extensive analysis of the differences, benefits, and issues related to serverless computing, to provide a more complete understanding of the topic. Given the fast evolution and growing interest in the field, this survey focused on gathering the most outstanding trends and outcomes of serverless computing, as described by recent researchers. This survey could significantly reduce ambiguity and the entry barrier for novice developers to adapt to the serverless environment. Furthermore, the findings presented in this study could be of great value for future researchers interested in further investigating serverless computing. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the interest that both commercial and academic efforts fueled into studying, developing, and implementing serverless tools in forthcoming years could help maximize the potential that serverless computing could bring to the IT community.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Großmann M, Ioannidis C, Le DT (2019) Applicability of serverless computing in fog computing environments for iot scenarios In: Proceedings of the 12th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing Companion (UCC ‘19 Companion), 29–34.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3368235.3368834 .

Google Scholar  

Boza EF, Abad CL, Villavicencio M, Quimba S, Plaza JA (2017) Reserved, on demand or serverless: Model-based simulations for cloud budget planning In: 2017 IEEE Second Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting (ETCM), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ETCM.2017.8247460 .

Villamizar M, Garcés O, Ochoa L, Castro H, Salamanca L, Verano M, Casallas R, Gil S, Valencia C, Zambrano A, Lang M (2017) Cost comparison of running web applications in the cloud using monolithic, microservice, and aws lambda architectures. SOCA 11(2):233–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11761-017-0208-y .

Article   Google Scholar  

Jonas E, Schleier-Smith J, Sreekanti V, Tsai C-C, Khandelwal A, Pu Q, Shankar V, Carreira J, Krauth K, Yadwadkar N, Gonzalez JE, Popa RA, Stoica I, Patterson DA (2019) Cloud Programming Simplified: A Berkeley View on Serverless Computing. http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.03383. Accessed 6 Jan 2021.

Geng X, Ma Q, Pei Y, Xu Z, Zeng W, Zou J (2018) Research on early warning system of power network overloading under serverless architecture In: 2018 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/EI2.2018.8582355 .

Kulkarni SG, Liu G, Ramakrishnan KK, Wood T (2019) Living on the edge: Serverless computing and the cost of failure resiliency In: 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Local and Metropolitan Area Networks (LANMAN), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/LANMAN.2019.8846970 .

Baldini I, Castro P, Chang K, Cheng P, Fink S, Ishakian V, Mitchell N, Muthusamy V, Rabbah R, Slominski A, Suter P (2017) Serverless Computing: Current Trends and Open Problems In: Research Advances in Cloud Computing, 1–20.. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5026-8_1 .

Adzic G, Chatley R (2017) Serverless computing: Economic and architectural impact In: Proceedings of the 2017 11th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE 2017), 884–889.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3106237.3117767 .

Chapter   Google Scholar  

Jambunathan B, Yoganathan K (2018) Architecture decision on using microservices or serverless functions with containers In: 2018 International Conference on Current Trends Towards Converging Technologies (ICCTCT), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCTCT.2018.8551035 .

Wolski R, Krintz C, Bakir F, George G, Lin W-T (2019) Cspot: Portable, multi-scale functions-as-a-service for iot In: Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC ‘19), 236–249.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3318216.3363314 .

Yussupov V, Breitenbücher U, Leymann F, Wurster M (2019) A systematic mapping study on engineering function-as-a-service platforms and tools In: Proceedings of the 12th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC’19), 229–240.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3344341.3368803 .

Brenner S, Kapitza R (2019) Trust more, serverless In: Proceedings of the 12th ACM International Conference on Systems and Storage (SYSTOR ‘19), 33–43.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319647.3325825 .

Kuhlenkamp J, Werner S (2018) Benchmarking faas platforms: Call for community participation In: 2018 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing Companion (UCC Companion), 189–194. https://doi.org/10.1109/UCC-Companion.2018.00055 .

Somma G, Ayimba C, Casari P, Romano SP, Mancuso V (2020) When less is more: Core-restricted container provisioning for serverless computing In: IEEE INFOCOM 2020 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), 1153–1159. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOMWKSHPS50562.2020.9162876 .

Sewak M, Singh S (2018) Winning in the era of serverless computing and function as a service In: 2018 3rd International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/I2CT.2018.8529465 .

van Eyk E, Toader L, Talluri S, Versluis L, Ută̧ A, Iosup A (2018) Serverless is more: From paas to present cloud computing. IEEE Internet Comput 22(5):8–17. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2018.053681358 .

Leitner P, Wittern E, Spillner J, Hummer W (2019) A mixed-method empirical study of function-as-a-service software development in industrial practice. J Syst Softw 149:340–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2018.12.013 .

Feng L, Kudva P, Da Silva D, Hu J (2018) Exploring serverless computing for neural network training In: 2018 IEEE 11th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 334–341. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD.2018.00049 .

Ao L, Izhikevich L, Voelker GM, Porter G (2018) Sprocket: A serverless video processing framework In: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (SoCC ‘18), 263–274.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3267809.3267815 .

Werner S, Kuhlenkamp J, Klems M, Müller J, Tai S (2018) Serverless big data processing using matrix multiplication as example In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), 358–365. https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData.2018.8622362 .

Al-Ali Z, Goodarzy S, Hunter E, Ha S, Han R, Keller E, Rozner E (2018) Making serverless computing more serverless In: 2018 IEEE 11th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 456–459. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD.2018.00064 .

Pérez A, Risco S, Naranjo DM, Caballer M, Moltó G (2019) On-premises serverless computing for event-driven data processing applications In: 2019 IEEE 12th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 414–421. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD.2019.00073 .

Glikson A, Nastic S, Dustdar S (2017) Deviceless edge computing: Extending serverless computing to the edge of the network In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference (SYSTOR ‘17).. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3078468.3078497 .

Al-Ameen M, Spillner J (2019) A systematic and open exploration of faas research In: Proceedings of the European Symposium on Serverless Computing and Applications (CEUR Workshop Proceedings ; 2330), 30–35.. CEUR-WS, Zurich. https://doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-3271 .

Alqaryouti O, Siyam N (2018) Serverless computing and scheduling tasks on cloud: A review. Am Sci Res J Eng Technol Sci (ASRJETS) 40(1):235–247.

Taibi D, El Ioini N, Pahl C, Niederkofler J (2020) Patterns for Serverless Functions (Function-as-a-Service): A Multivocal Literature Review In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science - Volume 1: CLOSER, 181–192. https://doi.org/10.5220/0009578501810192 .

Hellerstein JM, Faleiro J, Gonzalez JE, Schleier-Smith J, Sreekanti V, Tumanov A, Wu C (2018) Serverless Computing: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back. http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.03651. Accessed 4 Oct 2021.

Rajan AP (2020) A review on serverless architectures - function as a service (faas) in cloud computing. Telecommun Comput Electron Control 18(1):530–537. https://doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v18i1.12169 .

Sadaqat M, Colomo-Palacios R, Knudsen LES (2018) Serverless Computing: A Multivocal Literature Review. NOKOBIT - Norsk Konferanse for Organisasjoners Bruk Av Informasjonsteknologi 26(1):1–13.

Scheuner J, Leitner P (2020) Function-as-a-service performance evaluation: A multivocal literature review. J Syst Softw 170:110708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2020.110708 .

Fox GC, Ishakian V, Muthusamy V, Slominski A (2017) Status of Serverless Computing and Function-as-a-Service(FaaS) in Industry and Research. arXiv e-prints:1708–08028. http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.08028. Accessed 6 Jan 2021.

Hassan HB, Barakat SA, Sarhan QI (2021) Serverless Literature Dataset. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4660553 .

Pedreira O, García F, Brisaboa N, Piattini M (2015) Gamification in software engineering - a systematic mapping. Inf Softw Technol 57:157–168.

Lopez-herrejon RE, Linsbauer L, Egyed A (2015) A systematic mapping study of search-based software engineering for software product lines. Inf Softw Technol 61:33–51.

Bila N, Dettori P, Kanso A, Watanabe Y, Youssef A (2017) Leveraging the serverless architecture for securing linux containers In: 2017 IEEE 37th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), 401–404. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCSW.2017.66 .

Chang KS, Fink SJ (2017) Visualizing serverless cloud application logs for program understanding In: 2017 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC), 261–265. https://doi.org/10.1109/VLHCC.2017.8103476 .

Ishakian V, Muthusamy V, Slominski A (2018) Serving deep learning models in a serverless platform In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E), 257–262. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2018.00052 .

Baldini I, Cheng P, Fink SJ, Mitchell N, Muthusamy V, Rabbah R, Suter P, Tardieu O (2017) The serverless trilemma: Function composition for serverless computing In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming and Software (Onward! 2017), 89–103.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3133850.3133855 .

Kanso A, Youssef A (2017) Serverless: Beyond the cloud In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC ‘17), 6–10.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3154847.3154854 .

Koller R, Williams D (2017) Will serverless end the dominance of linux in the cloud? In: Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS ‘17), 169–173.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3102980.3103008 .

Mukhi NK, Prabhu S, Slawson B (2017) Using a serverless framework for implementing a cognitive tutor: Experiences and issues In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC ‘17), 11–15.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3154847.3154852 .

Nadgowda S, Bila N, Isci C (2017) The less server architecture for cloud functions In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC ‘17), 22–27.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3154847.3154850 .

Klimovic A, Wang Y, Stuedi P, Trivedi A, Pfefferle J, Kozyrakis C (2018) Pocket: Elastic ephemeral storage for serverless analytics In: Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI’18), 427–444.. USENIX Association, USA.

Yan M, Castro P, Cheng P, Ishakian V (2016) Building a chatbot with serverless computing In: Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Mashups of Things and APIs (MOTA ‘16), 1–4.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3007203.3007217 .

Barcelona-Pons D, García-López P, Ruiz A, Gómez-Gómez A, París G, Sánchez-Artigas M (2019) Faas orchestration of parallel workloads In: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WOSC ‘19), 25–30.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3366623.3368137 .

Barcelona-Pons D, Sánchez-Artigas M, París G, Sutra P, García-López P (2019) On the faas track: Building stateful distributed applications with serverless architectures In: Proceedings of the 20th International Middleware Conference (Middleware ‘19), 41–54.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3361525.3361535 .

Kaviani N, Kalinin D, Maximilien M (2019) Towards serverless as commodity: A case of knative In: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WOSC ‘19), 13–18.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3366623.3368135 .

Byrne A, Nadgowda S, Coskun AK (2020) Ace: Just-in-time serverless software component discovery through approximate concrete execution In: Proceedings of the 2020 Sixth International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC’20), 37–42.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3429880.3430098 .

Sánchez-Artigas M, Eizaguirre GT, Vernik G, Stuart L, García-López P (2020) Primula: A Practical Shuffle/Sort Operator for Serverless Computing. Association for Computing Machinery, New York.

Book   Google Scholar  

Parás G, Garcáa-López P, Sánchez-Artigas M (2020) Serverless elastic exploration of unbalanced algorithms In: 2020 IEEE 13th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD49709.2020.00033 .

López PG, Arjona A, Sampé J, Slominski A, Villard L (2020) Triggerflow: Trigger-based orchestration of serverless workflows In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Distributed and Event-Based Systems (DEBS ’20), 3–14.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3401025.3401731 .

Carver B, Zhang J, Wang A, Anwar A, Wu P, Cheng Y (2020) Wukong: A scalable and locality-enhanced framework for serverless parallel computing In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (SoCC ’20), 1–15.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421286 .

Klimovic A, Wang Y, Kozyrakis C, Stuedi P, Pfefferle J, Trivedi A (2018) Understanding ephemeral storage for serverless analytics In: Proceedings of the 2018 USENIX Conference on Usenix Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC ’18), 789–794.. USENIX Association, USA.

Wang A, Zhang J, Ma X, Anwar A, Rupprecht L, Skourtis D, Tarasov V, Yan F, Cheng Y (2020) Infinicache: Exploiting ephemeral serverless functions to build a cost-effective memory cache In: 18th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST 20), 267–281.. USENIX Association, Santa Clara.

Kuhlenkamp J, Werner S, Borges MC, El Tal K, Tai S (2019) An evaluation of faas platforms as a foundation for serverless big data processing In: Proceedings of the 12th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC’19), 1–9.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3344341.3368796 .

Werner S, Girke R, Kuhlenkamp J (2020) An evaluation of serverless data processing frameworks In: Proceedings of the 2020 Sixth International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC’20), 19–24.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3429880.3430095 .

Kuhlenkamp J, Werner S, Borges MC, Ernst D, Wenzel D (2020) Benchmarking elasticity of faas platforms as a foundation for objective-driven design of serverless applications In: Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC ’20), 1576–1585.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3341105.3373948 .

Werner S, Kuhlenkamp J, Pallas F, Anders N, Mucaj N, Tsaplina O, Schmidt C, Yildirim K (2020) Diminuendo! tactics in support of faas migrations. In: Paasivaara M Kruchten P (eds)Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming – Workshops, 125–132.. Springer, Cham.

Kuhlenkamp J, Werner S, Tai S (2020) The ifs and buts of less is more: A serverless computing reality check In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E), 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E48712.2020.00023 .

Pfandzelter T, Bermbach D (2020) tinyfaas: A lightweight faas platform for edge environments In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Fog Computing (ICFC), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICFC49376.2020.00011 .

Bermbach D, Karakaya A-S, Buchholz S (2020) Using application knowledge to reduce cold starts in faas services In: Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC ’20), 134–143.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3341105.3373909 .

Bermbach D, Maghsudi S, Hasenburg J, Pfandzelter T (2020) Towards auction-based function placement in serverless fog platforms In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Fog Computing (ICFC), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICFC49376.2020.00012 .

Garcia Lopez P, Sanchez-Artigas M, Paris G, Barcelona Pons D, Ruiz Ollobarren A, Arroyo Pinto D2018. Comparison of faas orchestration systems. https://doi.org/10.1109/ucc-companion.2018.00049 .

Sampé J, Sánchez-Artigas M, García-López P, París G (2017) Data-driven serverless functions for object storage In: Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IFIP/USENIX Middleware Conference (Middleware ‘17), 121–133.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3135974.3135980 .

Sampé J, Vernik G, Sánchez-Artigas M, García-López P (2018) Serverless data analytics in the ibm cloud In: Proceedings of the 19th International Middleware Conference Industry (Middleware ‘18), 1–8.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3284028.3284029 .

Mirabelli ME, García-López P, Vernik G (2020) Bringing scaling transparency to proteomics applications with serverless computing In: Proceedings of the 2020 Sixth International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC’20), 55–60.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3429880.3430101 .

Carreira J, Fonseca P, Tumanov A, Zhang A, Katz R (2019) Cirrus: A serverless framework for end-to-end ml workflows In: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (SoCC ‘19), 13–24.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3357223.3362711 .

Sreekanti V, Wu C, Chhatrapati S, Gonzalez JE, Hellerstein JM, Faleiro JM (2020) A fault-tolerance shim for serverless computing In: Proceedings of the Fifteenth European Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys ’20).. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3342195.3387535 .

Ichnowski J, Lee W, Murta V, Paradis S, Alterovitz R, Gonzalez JE, Stoica I, Goldberg K (2020) Fog robotics algorithms for distributed motion planning using lambda serverless computing In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 4232–4238. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA40945.2020.9196651 .

Zhang W, Fang V, Panda A, Shenker S (2020) Kappa: A programming framework for serverless computing In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (SoCC ’20), 328–343.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421277 .

Shankar V, Krauth K, Vodrahalli K, Pu Q, Recht B, Stoica I, Ragan-Kelley J, Jonas E, Venkataraman S (2020) Serverless linear algebra In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (SoCC ’20), 281–295.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421287 .

Gupta V, Carrano D, Yang Y, Shankar V, Courtade T, Ramchandran K (2020) Serverless straggler mitigation using error-correcting codes In: 2020 IEEE 40th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCS47774.2020.00019 .

Wu C, Sreekanti V, Hellerstein JM (2020) Transactional causal consistency for serverless computing In: Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD ’20), 83–97.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3318464.3389710 .

Pu Q, Venkataraman S, Stoica I (2019) Shuffling, fast and slow: Scalable analytics on serverless infrastructure In: Proceedings of the 16th USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI’19), 193–206.. USENIX Association, USA.

Lloyd W, Ramesh S, Chinthalapati S, Ly L, Pallickara S (2018) Serverless computing: An investigation of factors influencing microservice performance In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2018.00039 .

Lloyd W, Vu M, Zhang B, David O, Leavesley G (2018) Improving application migration to serverless computing platforms: Latency mitigation with keep-alive workloads In: 2018 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing Companion (UCC Companion), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1109/UCC-Companion.2018.00056 .

Al-Masri E, Diabate I, Jain R, Lam MHL, Nathala SR (2018) A serverless iot architecture for smart waste management systems In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Internet (ICII), 179–180. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICII.2018.00034 .

Fotouhi M, Chen D, Lloyd WJ (2019) Function-as-a-service application service composition: Implications for a natural language processing application In: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WOSC ‘19), 49–54.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3366623.3368141 .

Niu X, Kumanov D, Hung L-H, Lloyd W, Yeung KY (2019) Leveraging serverless computing to improve performance for sequence comparison In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Health Informatics (BCB ‘19), 683–687.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3307339.3343465 .

Cordingly R, Yu H, Hoang V, Perez D, Foster D, Sadeghi Z, Hatchett R, Lloyd WJ (2020) Implications of programming language selection for serverless data processing pipelines In: 2020 IEEE Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Intl Conf on Cloud and Big Data Computing, Intl Conf on Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC/PiCom/CBDCom/CyberSciTech), 704–711. https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC-PICom-CBDCom-CyberSciTech49142.2020.00120 .

Cordingly R, Shu W, Lloyd WJ (2020) Predicting performance and cost of serverless computing functions with saaf In: 2020 IEEE Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Intl Conf on Cloud and Big Data Computing, Intl Conf on Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC/PiCom/CBDCom/CyberSciTech), 640–649. https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC-PICom-CBDCom-CyberSciTech49142.2020.00111 .

Cordingly R, Yu H, Hoang V, Sadeghi Z, Foster D, Perez D, Hatchett R, Lloyd W (2020) The serverless application analytics framework: Enabling design trade-off evaluation for serverless software In: Proceedings of the 2020 Sixth International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC’20), 67–72.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3429880.3430103 .

Toader L, Uta A, Musaafir A, Iosup A (2019) Graphless: Toward serverless graph processing In: 2019 18th International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Computing (ISPDC), 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPDC.2019.00012 .

van Eyk E, Iosup A, Seif S, Thömmes M (2017) The spec cloud group’s research vision on faas and serverless architectures In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC ‘17), 1–4.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3154847.3154848 .

van Eyk E, Iosup A, Abad CL, Grohmann J, Eismann S (2018) A spec rg cloud group’s vision on the performance challenges of faas cloud architectures In: Companion of the 2018 ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering (ICPE ‘18), 21–24.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3185768.3186308 .

van Eyk E, Grohmann J, Eismann S, Bauer A, Versluis L, Toader L, Schmitt N, Herbst N, Abad CL, Iosup A (2019) The spec-rg reference architecture for faas: From microservices and containers to serverless platforms. IEEE Internet Comput 23(6):7–18. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2019.2952061 .

van Eyk E, Scheuner J, Eismann S, Abad CL, Iosup A (2020) Beyond microbenchmarks: The spec-rg vision for a comprehensive serverless benchmark In: Companion of the ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering (ICPE ’20), 26–31.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3375555.3384381 .

Eismann S, Grohmann J, van Eyk E, Herbst N, Kounev S (2020) Predicting the costs of serverless workflows In: Proceedings of the ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering (ICPE ’20), 265–276.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3358960.3379133 .

van Eyk E, Iosup A (2018) Addressing performance challenges in serverless computing In: ICT. OPEN.

Hendrickson S, Sturdevant S, Harter T, Venkataramani V, Arpaci-Dusseau AC, Arpaci-Dusseau RH (2016) Serverless computation with openlambda In: 8th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud 16), 1–7.. USENIX Association, Denver.

Oakes E, Yang L, Zhou D, Houck K, Harter T, Arpaci-Dusseau AC, Arpaci-Dusseau RH (2018) Sock: Rapid task provisioning with serverless-optimized containers In: Proceedings of the 2018 USENIX Conference on Usenix Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC ‘18), 57–69.. USENIX Association, USA.

Oakes E, Yang L, Houck K, Harter T, Arpaci-Dusseau AC, Arpaci-Dusseau RH (2017) Pipsqueak: Lean lambdas with large libraries In: 2017 IEEE 37th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), 395–400. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCSW.2017.32 .

Singhvi A, Khalid J, Akella A, Banerjee S (2020) Snf: Serverless network functions In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (SoCC ’20), 296–310.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421295 .

Wang L, Li M, Zhang Y, Ristenpart T, Swift M (2018) Peeking behind the curtains of serverless platforms In: Proceedings of the 2018 USENIX Conference on Usenix Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC ’18), 133–145.. USENIX Association, USA.

Abad CL, Boza EF, van Eyk E (2018) Package-aware scheduling of faas functions In: Companion of the 2018 ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering (ICPE ‘18), 101–106.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3185768.3186294 .

Aumala G, Boza E, Ortiz-Avilés L, Totoy G, Abad C (2019) Beyond load balancing: Package-aware scheduling for serverless platforms In: 2019 19th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGRID), 282–291. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCGRID.2019.00042 .

Alpernas K, Flanagan C, Fouladi S, Ryzhyk L, Sagiv M, Schmitz T, Winstein K (2018) Secure serverless computing using dynamic information flow control. Proc ACM Program Lang 2(OOPSLA):1–26. https://doi.org/10.1145/3276488 .

Kaffes K, Yadwadkar NJ, Kozyrakis C (2019) Centralized core-granular scheduling for serverless functions In: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (SoCC ‘19), 158–164.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3357223.3362709 .

Choi S, Shahbaz M, Prabhakar B, Rosenblum M (2019) λ -nic: Interactive serverless compute on smartnics In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2019 Conference Posters and Demos (SIGCOMM Posters and Demos ’19), 151–152.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3342280.3342341 .

Manner J, Endreß M, Heckel T, Wirtz G (2018) Cold start influencing factors in function as a service In: 2018 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing Companion (UCC Companion), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1109/UCC-Companion.2018.00054 .

Manner J, Kolb S, Wirtz G (2019) Troubleshooting serverless functions: a combined monitoring and debugging approach. SICS Softw-Intensiv Cyber-Physical Syst 34(2):99–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00450-019-00398-6 .

Winzinger S, Wirtz G (2019) Model-based analysis of serverless applications In: 2019 IEEE/ACM 11th International Workshop on Modelling in Software Engineering (MiSE), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1109/MiSE.2019.00020 .

Winzinger S, Wirtz G (2020) Applicability of coverage criteria for serverless applications In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Service Oriented Systems Engineering (SOSE), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1109/SOSE49046.2020.00013 .

Prechtl M, Lichtenthäler R, Wirtz G (2020) Investigating possibilites for protecting and hardening installable faas platforms. In: Dustdar S (ed)Service-Oriented Computing, 107–126.. Springer, Cham.

Gias AU, Casale G (2020) Cocoa: Cold start aware capacity planning for function-as-a-service platforms In: 2020 28th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/MASCOTS50786.2020.9285966 .

Chatley R, Allerton T (2020) Nimbus: Improving the developer experience for serverless applications In: 2020 IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings (ICSE-Companion), 85–88.

Casale G, Artač M, van den Heuvel W-J, van Hoorn A, Jakovits P, Leymann F, Long M, Papanikolaou V, Presenza D, Russo A, Srirama SN, Tamburri DA, Wurster M, Zhu L (2020) Radon: rational decomposition and orchestration for serverless computing. SICS Softw-Intens Cyber-Phys Syst 35(1):77–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00450-019-00413-w .

Vandebon J, Coutinho JGF, Luk W, Nurvitadhi E, Naik M (2020) Slate: Managing heterogeneous cloud functions In: 2020 IEEE 31st International Conference on Application-specific Systems, Architectures and Processors (ASAP), 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1109/ASAP49362.2020.00032 .

Kim J, Lee K (2019) Functionbench: A suite of workloads for serverless cloud function service In: 2019 IEEE 12th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 502–504. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD.2019.00091 .

Kim J, Park J, Lee K (2019) Network resource isolation in serverless cloud function service In: 2019 IEEE 4th International Workshops on Foundations and Applications of Self* Systems (FAS*W), 182–187. https://doi.org/10.1109/FAS-W.2019.00051 .

Park J, Kim H, Lee K (2020) Evaluating concurrent executions of multiple function-as-a-service runtimes with microvm In: 2020 IEEE 13th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 532–536. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD49709.2020.00080 .

Choi J, Lee K (2020) Evaluation of network file system as a shared data storage in serverless computing In: Proceedings of the 2020 Sixth International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC’20), 25–30.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3429880.3430096 .

Kim J, Lee K (2020) I/o resource isolation of public cloud serverless function runtimes for data-intensive applications. Clust Comput 23(3):2249–2259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-020-03103-4 .

Wu M, Mi Z, Xia Y (2020) A survey on serverless computing and its implications for jointcloud computing In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Joint Cloud Computing, 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1109/JCC49151.2020.00023 .

Li Z, Chen Q, Xue S, Ma T, Yang Y, Song Z, Guo M (2020) Amoeba: Qos-awareness and reduced resource usage of microservices with serverless computing In: 2020 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1109/IPDPS47924.2020.00049 .

Du D, Yu T, Xia Y, Zang B, Yan G, Qin C, Wu Q, Chen H (2020) Catalyzer: Sub-millisecond startup for serverless computing with initialization-less booting In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS ’20), 467–481.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3373376.3378512 .

Yu T, Liu Q, Du D, Xia Y, Zang B, Lu Z, Yang P, Qin C, Chen H (2020) Characterizing serverless platforms with serverlessbench In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (SoCC ’20), 30–44.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421280 .

Liu J, Mi Z, Huang Z, Hua Z, Xia Y (2020) Hcloud: A serverless platform for jointcloud computing In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Joint Cloud Computing, 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1109/JCC49151.2020.00022 .

Pérez A, Moltó G, Caballer M, Calatrava A (2019) A programming model and middleware for high throughput serverless computing applications In: Proceedings of the 34th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC ‘19), 106–113.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3297280.3297292 .

Pérez A, Moltó G, Caballer M, Calatrava A (2018) Serverless computing for container-based architectures. Future Generation Computer Systems 83:50–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.01.022 .

Giménez-Alventosa V, Moltó G, Caballer M (2019) A framework and a performance assessment for serverless mapreduce on aws lambda. Future Generation Computer Systems 97:259–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.02.057 .

Naranjo DM, Risco S, de Alfonso C, Pérez A, Blanquer I, Moltó G (2020) Accelerated serverless computing based on gpu virtualization. J Parallel Distrib Comput 139:32–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2020.01.004 .

Wang H, Niu D, Li B (2019) Distributed machine learning with a serverless architecture In: IEEE INFOCOM 2019 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, 1288–1296. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOM.2019.8737391 .

Ghaemi S, Khazaei H, Musilek P (2020) Chainfaas: An open blockchain-based serverless platform. IEEE Access 8:131760–131778. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3010119 .

Goli A, Hajihassani O, Khazaei H, Ardakanian O, Rashidi M, Dauphinee T (2020) Migrating from monolithic to serverless: A fintech case study In: Companion of the ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering (ICPE ’20), 20–25.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3375555.3384380 .

Mahmoudi N, Khazaei H (2020) Performance modeling of serverless computing platforms. IEEE Trans Cloud Comput:1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.2020.3033373 .

Mahmoudi N, Khazaei H (2020) Temporal performance modelling of serverless computing platforms In: Proceedings of the 2020 Sixth International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC’20), 1–6.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3429880.3430092 .

Wurster M, Breitenbücher U, Képes K, Leymann F, Yussupov V (2018) Modeling and automated deployment of serverless applications using tosca In: 2018 IEEE 11th Conference on Service-Oriented Computing and Applications (SOCA), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1109/SOCA.2018.00017 .

Yussupov V, Breitenbücher U, Hahn M, Leymann F (2019) Serverless parachutes: Preparing chosen functionalities for exceptional workloads In: 2019 IEEE 23rd International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC), 226–235. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOC.2019.00035 .

Yussupov V, Breitenbücher U, Leymann F, Müller C (2019) Facing the unplanned migration of serverless applications: A study on portability problems, solutions, and dead ends In: Proceedings of the 12th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC’19), 273–283.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3344341.3368813 .

Spillner J (2019) Serverless computing and cloud function-based applications In: Proceedings of the 12th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing Companion (UCC ‘19 Companion), 177–178.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3368235.3370269 .

Murphy S, Persaud L, Martini W, Bosshard B (2020) On the use of web assembly in a serverless context. In: Paasivaara M Kruchten P (eds)Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming – Workshops, 141–145.. Springer, Cham.

Spillner J (2020) Resource management for cloud functions with memory tracing, profiling and autotuning In: Proceedings of the 2020 Sixth International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC’20), 13–18.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3429880.3430094 .

Spillner J, Mateos C, Monge DA (2018) Faaster, better, cheaper: The prospect of serverless scientific computing and hpc. In: Mocskos E Nesmachnow S (eds)High Performance Computing, 154–168.. Springer, Cham.

Alder F, Asokan N, Kurnikov A, Paverd A, Steiner M (2019) S-faas: Trustworthy and accountable function-as-a-service using intel sgx In: Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Cloud Computing Security Workshop (CCSW’19), 185–199.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3338466.3358916 .

Kuriata A, Illikkal RG (2020) Predictable performance for qos-sensitive, scalable, multi-tenant function-as-a-service deployments. In: Paasivaara M Kruchten P (eds)Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming – Workshops, 133–140.. Springer, Cham.

Mohan A, Sane H, Doshi K, Edupuganti S, Nayak N, Sukhomlinov V (2019) Agile cold starts for scalable serverless In: Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Conference on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud’19), 21.. USENIX Association, USA.

Shahrad M, Fonseca R, Goiri I, Chaudhry G, Batum P, Cooke J, Laureano E, Tresness C, Russinovich M, Bianchini R (2020) Serverless in the wild: Characterizing and optimizing the serverless workload at a large cloud provider In: 2020 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 20), 205–218.

Obetz M, Das A, Castiglia T, Patterson S, Milanova A (2020) Formalizing event-driven behavior of serverless applications. In: Brogi A, Zimmermann W, Kritikos K (eds)Service-Oriented and Cloud Computing, 19–29.. Springer, Cham.

Das A, Imai S, Patterson S, Wittie MP (2020) Performance optimization for edge-cloud serverless platforms via dynamic task placement In: 2020 20th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Internet Computing (CCGRID), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCGrid49817.2020.00-89 .

Das A, Leaf A, Varela CA, Patterson S (2020) Skedulix: Hybrid cloud scheduling for cost-efficient execution of serverless applications In: 2020 IEEE 13th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 609–618. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD49709.2020.00090 .

Obetz M, Patterson S, Milanova A (2019) Static call graph construction in aws lambda serverless applications In: Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Conference on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud’19), 20.. USENIX Association, USA.

Lin W, Krintz C, Wolski R, Zhang M, Cai X, Li T, Xu W (2018) Tracking causal order in aws lambda applications In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2018.00027 .

George G, Bakir F, Wolski R, Krintz C (2020) Nanolambda: Implementing functions as a service at all resource scales for the internet of things In: 2020 IEEE/ACM Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC), 220–231. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEC50012.2020.00035 .

Zhang M, Krintz C, Wolski R (2020) Stoic: Serverless teleoperable hybrid cloud for machine learning applications on edge device In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/PerComWorkshops48775.2020.9156239 .

Datta P, Kumar P, Morris T, Grace M, Rahmati A, Bates A (2020) Valve: Securing function workflows on serverless computing platforms In: Proceedings of The Web Conference 2020 (WWW ’20), 939–950.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3366423.3380173 .

Sankaran A, Datta P, Bates A (2020) Workflow integration alleviates identity and access management in serverless computing In: Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC ’20), 496–509.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3427228.3427665 .

Elgamal T (2018) Costless: Optimizing cost of serverless computing through function fusion and placement In: 2018 IEEE/ACM Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC), 300–312. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEC.2018.00029 .

Dehury CK, Srirama SN, Chhetri TR (2020) Ccodamic: A framework for coherent coordination of data migration and computation platforms. Futur Gener Comput Syst 109:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2020.03.029 .

Dehury C, Jakovits P, Srirama SN, Tountopoulos V, Giotis G (2020) Data pipeline architecture for serverless platform. In: Muccini H, Avgeriou P, Buhnova B, Camara J, Caporuscio M, Franzago M, Koziolek A, Scandurra P, Trubiani C, Weyns D, Zdun U (eds)Software Architecture, 241–246.. Springer, Cham.

Sarkar S, Wankar R, Srirama SN, Suryadevara NK (2020) Serverless management of sensing systems for fog computing framework. IEEE Sensors J 20(3):1564–72. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2939182 .

Malawski M, Gajek A, Zima A, Balis B, Figiela K (2017) Serverless execution of scientific workflows: Experiments with hyperflow, aws lambda and google cloud functions. Futur Gener Comput Syst:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.10.029 .

Moczurad P, Malawski M (2018) Visual-textual framework for serverless computation: A luna language approach In: 2018 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing Companion (UCC Companion), 169–74. https://doi.org/10.1109/UCC-Companion.2018.00052 .

Pawlik M, Banach P, Malawski M (2020) Adaptation of workflow application scheduling algorithm to serverless infrastructure. In: Schwardmann U, Boehme C, B. Heras D, Cardellini V, Jeannot E, Salis A, Schifanella C, Manumachu RR, Schwamborn D, Ricci L, Sangyoon O, Gruber T, Antonelli L, Scott SL (eds)Euro-Par 2019: Parallel Processing Workshops, 345–356.. Springer, Cham.

Akhtar N, Raza A, Ishakian V, Matta I (2020) Cose: Configuring serverless functions using statistical learning In: IEEE INFOCOM 2020 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, 129–38. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155363 .

Cadden J, Unger T, Awad Y, Dong H, Krieger O, Appavoo J (2020) Seuss: Skip redundant paths to make serverless fast In: Proceedings of the Fifteenth European Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys ’20).. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3342195.3392698 .

Balla D, Maliosz M, Simon C (2020) Open source faas performance aspects In: 2020 43rd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), 358–364. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP49548.2020.9163456 .

Pelle I, Czentye J, Dóka J, Kern A, Gerő BP, Sonkoly B (2020) Operating latency sensitive applications on public serverless edge cloud platforms. IEEE Internet Things J:1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2020.3042428 .

Balla D, Maliosz M, Simon C, Gehberger D (2020) Tuning runtimes in open source faas. In: Hsu C-H, Kallel S, Lan K-C, Zheng Z (eds)Internet of Vehicles. Technologies and Services Toward Smart Cities, 250–266.. Springer, Cham.

Carver B, Zhang J, Wang A, Cheng Y (2019) In search of a fast and efficient serverless dag engine In: 2019 IEEE/ACM Fourth International Parallel Data Systems Workshop (PDSW), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/PDSW49588.2019.00005 .

Gadepalli PK, McBride S, Peach G, Cherkasova L, Parmer G (2020) Sledge: A Serverless-First, Light-Weight Wasm Runtime for the Edge. Association for Computing Machinery, New York.

Gadepalli PK, Peach G, Cherkasova L, Aitken R, Parmer G (2019) Challenges and opportunities for efficient serverless computing at the edge In: 2019 38th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS), 261–2615. https://doi.org/10.1109/SRDS47363.2019.00036 .

Somu N, Daw N, Bellur U, Kulkarni P (2020) Panopticon: A comprehensive benchmarking tool for serverless applications In: 2020 International Conference on COMmunication Systems NETworkS (COMSNETS), 144–151. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMSNETS48256.2020.9027346 .

Bajaj D, Bharti U, Goel A, Gupta SC (2020) Partial migration for re-architecting a cloud native monolithic application into microservices and faas. In: Badica C, Liatsis P, Kharb L, Chahal D (eds)Information, Communication and Computing Technology, 111–124.. Springer, Singapore.

Daw N, Bellur U, Kulkarni P (2020) Xanadu: Mitigating Cascading Cold Starts in Serverless Function Chain Deployments. Association for Computing Machinery, New York.

HoseinyFarahabady M, Lee YC, Zomaya AY, Tari Z (2017) A qos-aware resource allocation controller for function as a service (faas) platform. In: Maximilien M, Vallecillo A, Wang J, Oriol M (eds)Service-Oriented Computing, 241–255.. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69035-3_17 .

Kim YK, HoseinyFarahabady MR, Lee YC, Zomaya AY, Jurdak R (2018) Dynamic control of cpu usage in a lambda platform In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (CLUSTER), 234–244. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLUSTER.2018.00041 .

Kim YK, HoseinyFarahabady MR, Lee YC, Zomaya AY (2020) Automated fine-grained cpu cap control in serverless computing platform. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 31(10):2289–2301. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2020.2989771 .

Suresh A, Somashekar G, Varadarajan A, Kakarla VR, Upadhyay H, Gandhi A (2020) Ensure: Efficient scheduling and autonomous resource management in serverless environments In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing and Self-Organizing Systems (ACSOS), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACSOS49614.2020.00020 .

Suresh A, Gandhi A (2019) Fnsched: An efficient scheduler for serverless functions In: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WOSC ’19), 19–24.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3366623.3368136 .

Hunhoff E, Irshad S, Thurimella V, Tariq A, Rozner E (2020) Proactive serverless function resource management In: Proceedings of the 2020 Sixth International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC’20), 61–66.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3429880.3430102 .

Tariq A, Pahl A, Nimmagadda S, Rozner E, Lanka S (2020) Sequoia: Enabling quality-of-service in serverless computing In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (SoCC ’20), 311–327.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421306 .

Crane M, Lin J (2017) An exploration of serverless architectures for information retrieval In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGIR International Conference on Theory of Information Retrieval (ICTIR ‘17), 241–244.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3121050.3121086 .

Kim Y, Lin J (2018) Serverless data analytics with flint In: 2018 IEEE 11th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 451–455. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD.2018.00063 .

Król M, Psaras I (2017) Nfaas: Named function as a service In: Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Information-Centric Networking (ICN ‘17), 134–144.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3125719.3125727 .

Parres-Peredo A, Piza-Davila I, Cervantes F (2019) Building and evaluating user network profiles for cybersecurity using serverless architecture In: 2019 42nd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), 164–167. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2019.8768825 .

Ivanov V, Smolander K (2018) Implementation of a devops pipeline for serverless applications. In: Kuhrmann M, Schneider K, Pfahl D, Amasaki S, Ciolkowski M, Hebig R, Tell P, Klünder J, Küpper S (eds)Product-Focused Software Process Improvement, 48–64.. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03673-7_4 .

Chen H, Zhang L-J (2018) Fbaas: Functional blockchain as a service. In: Chen S, Wang H, Zhang L-J (eds)Blockchain – ICBC 2018, 243–250.. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94478-4_17 .

Lehvä J, Mäkitalo N, Mikkonen T (2018) Case study: Building a serverless messenger chatbot. In: Garrigós I Wimmer M (eds)Current Trends in Web Engineering, 75–86.. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74433-9_6 .

Poth A, Schubert N, Riel A (2020) Sustainability efficiency challenges of modern it architectures – a quality model for serverless energy footprint. In: Yilmaz M, Niemann J, Clarke P, Messnarz R (eds)Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement, 289–301.. Springer, Cham.

Deese A (2018) Implementation of unsupervised k-means clustering algorithm within amazon web services lambda In: 2018 18th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGRID), 626–632. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCGRID.2018.00093 .

Jangda A, Pinckney D, Brun Y, Guha A (2019) Formal foundations of serverless computing. Proc ACM Program Lang 3(OOPSLA):1–26. https://doi.org/10.1145/3360575 .

Back T, Andrikopoulos V (2018) Using a microbenchmark to compare function as a service solutions. In: Kritikos K, Plebani P, de Paoli F (eds)Service-Oriented and Cloud Computing, 146–160.. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99819-0\_11 .

Kritikos K, Skrzypek P (2018) A review of serverless frameworks In: 2018 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing Companion (UCC Companion), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1109/UCC-Companion.2018.00051 .

Kritikos K, Skrzypek P (2019) Simulation-as-a-service with serverless computing In: 2019 IEEE World Congress on Services (SERVICES), vol. 2642-939X, 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1109/SERVICES.2019.00056 .

Ast M, Gaedke M (2017) Self-contained web components through serverless computing In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC ‘17), 28–33.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3154847.3154849 .

Trach B, Oleksenko O, Gregor F, Bhatotia P, Fetzer C (2019) Clemmys: Towards secure remote execution in faas In: Proceedings of the 12th ACM International Conference on Systems and Storage (SYSTOR ‘19), 44–54.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319647.3325835 .

Aditya P, Akkus IE, Beck A, Chen R, Hilt V, Rimac I, Satzke K, Stein M (2019) Will serverless computing revolutionize nfv?Proc IEEE 107(4):667–678. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2019.2898101 .

Baresi L, Filgueira Mendonça D, Garriga M (2017) Empowering low-latency applications through a serverless edge computing architecture. In: De Paoli F, Schulte S, Broch Johnsen E (eds)Service-Oriented and Cloud Computing, 196–210.. Springer, Cham.

Tang Y, Yang J (2020) Lambdata: Optimizing serverless computing by making data intents explicit In: 2020 IEEE 13th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 294–303. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD49709.2020.00049 .

Ali A, Pinciroli R, Yan F, Smirni E (2020) Batch: Machine learning inference serving on serverless platforms with adaptive batching In: Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis (SC ’20), 1–15.

Christidis A, Moschoyiannis S, Hsu C-H, Davies R (2020) Enabling serverless deployment of large-scale ai workloads. IEEE Access 8:70150–70161. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2985282 .

Aske A, Zhao X (2018) Supporting multi-provider serverless computing on the edge In: Proceedings of the 47th International Conference on Parallel Processing Companion (ICPP ‘18).. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3229710.3229742 .

Gunasekaran JR, Thinakaran P, Nachiappan NC, Srivatsa Kannan R, Kandemir MT, Das CR (2020) Characterizing bottlenecks in scheduling microservices on serverless platforms In: 2020 IEEE 40th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 1197–1198. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCS47774.2020.00195 .

Dziurzanski P, Swan J, Indrusiak LS (2018) Value-based manufacturing optimisation in serverless clouds for industry 4.0 In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO ‘18), 1222–1229.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3205455.3205501 .

Mujezinović A, Ljubović V (2019) Serverless architecture for workflow scheduling with unconstrained execution environment In: 2019 42nd International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), 242–246. https://doi.org/10.23919/MIPRO.2019.8756833 .

Tricomi G, Giosa D, Merlino G, Romeo O, Longo F (2020) Toward a function-as-a-service framework for genomic analysis In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP), 314–319. https://doi.org/10.1109/SMARTCOMP50058.2020.00070 .

Fingler H, Akshintala A, Rossbach CJ (2019) Usetl: Unikernels for serverless extract transform and load why should you settle for less? In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGOPS Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems (APSys ’19), 23–30.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3343737.3343750 .

Soltani B, Ghenai A, Zeghib N (2018) Towards distributed containerized serverless architecture in multi cloud environment. Proc Comput Sci 134:121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.07.152. The 15th International Conference on Mobile Systems and Pervasive Computing (MobiSPC 2018) / The 13th International Conference on Future Networks and Communications (FNC-2018) / Affiliated Workshops.

Crespo-Cepeda R, Agapito G, Vazquez-Poletti JL, Cannataro M (2019) Challenges and opportunities of amazon serverless lambda services in bioinformatics In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Health Informatics (BCB ‘19), 663–668.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3307339.3343462 .

Dash S, Dash DK (2016) Serverless cloud computing framework for smart grid architecture In: 2016 IEEE 7th Power India International Conference (PIICON), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/POWERI.2016.8077240 .

Horovitz S, Amos R, Baruch O, Cohen T, Oyar T, Deri A (2019) Faastest - machine learning based cost and performance faas optimization. In: Coppola M, Carlini E, D’Agostino D, Altmann J, Bañares JÁ (eds)Economics of Grids, Clouds, Systems, and Services, 171–186.. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13342-9\_15 .

Bardsley D, Ryan L, Howard J (2018) Serverless performance and optimization strategies In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Cloud (SmartCloud), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartCloud.2018.00012 .

Jackson D, Clynch G (2018) An investigation of the impact of language runtime on the performance and cost of serverless functions In: 2018 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing Companion (UCC Companion), 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1109/UCC-Companion.2018.00050 .

Kaplunovich A (2019) Tolambda–automatic path to serverless architectures In: 2019 IEEE/ACM 3rd International Workshop on Refactoring (IWoR), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWoR.2019.00008 .

Lee H, Satyam K, Fox G (2018) Evaluation of production serverless computing environments In: 2018 IEEE 11th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 442–450. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD.2018.00062 .

Asghar T, Rasool S, Iqbal MU, Qayyum Z, Mian AN, Ubakanma G (2018) Feasibility of serverless cloud services for disaster management information systems In: 2018 IEEE 20th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications; IEEE 16th International Conference on Smart City; IEEE 4th International Conference on Data Science and Systems (HPCC/SmartCity/DSS), 1054–1057. https://doi.org/10.1109/HPCC/SmartCity/DSS.2018.00175 .

McGrath G, Brenner PR (2017) Serverless computing: Design, implementation, and performance In: 2017 IEEE 37th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), 405–410. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCSW.2017.36 .

Christoforou A, Andreou AS (2018) An effective resource management approach in a faas environment In: ESSCA@UCC, 2–8.

Rajan RAP (2018) Serverless architecture - a revolution in cloud computing In: 2018 Tenth International Conference on Advanced Computing (ICoAC), 88–93. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICoAC44903.2018.8939081 .

Rahman MM, Hasibul Hasan M (2019) Serverless architecture for big data analytics In: 2019 Global Conference for Advancement in Technology (GCAT), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCAT47503.2019.8978443 .

Huber F, Körber N, Mock M (2019) Selena: A serverless energy management system In: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WOSC ‘19), 7–12.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3366623.3368134 .

Aytekin A, Johansson M (2019) Exploiting serverless runtimes for large-scale optimization In: 2019 IEEE 12th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 499–501. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD.2019.00090 .

Gabbrielli M, Giallorenzo S, Lanese I, Montesi F, Peressotti M, Zingaro SP (2019) No more, no less: A formal model for serverless computing. In: Riis Nielson H Tuosto E (eds)Coordination Models and Languages, 148–157.. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22397-7_9 .

Fasogbon P, You Y, Aksu E (2020) 3d human model creation on a serverless environment In: 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct), 118–122. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct51615.2020.00044 .

Dash S, Sodhi R, Sodhi B (2020) A serverless cloud computing framework for real-time appliance-usage recommendation In: 2020 21st National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/NPSC49263.2020.9331847 .

Thong Tran T, Zhang Y-C, Liao W-T, Lin Y-J, Li M-C, Huang H-S (2020) An autonomous mobile robot system based on serverless computing and edge computing In: 2020 21st Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS), 334–337. https://doi.org/10.23919/APNOMS50412.2020.9236976 .

Witte PA, Louboutin M, Modzelewski H, Jones C, Selvage J, Herrmann FJ (2020) An event-driven approach to serverless seismic imaging in the cloud. IEEE Trans Parallel Distributed Syst 31(9):2032–2049. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2020.2982626 .

Ghosh BC, Addya SK, Somy NB, Nath SB, Chakraborty S, Ghosh SK (2020) Caching techniques to improve latency in serverless architectures In: 2020 International Conference on COMmunication Systems NETworkS (COMSNETS), 666–669. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMSNETS48256.2020.9027427 .

Quaresma D, Fireman D, Pereira TE (2020) Controlling garbage collection and request admission to improve performance of faas applications In: 2020 IEEE 32nd International Symposium on Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing (SBAC-PAD), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1109/SBAC-PAD49847.2020.00033 .

Birman Y, Hindi S, Katz G, Shabtai A (2020) Cost-effective malware detection as a service over serverless cloud using deep reinforcement learning In: 2020 20th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Internet Computing (CCGRID), 420–429. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCGrid49817.2020.00-51 .

Quang T, Peng Y (2020) Device-driven on-demand deployment of serverless computing functions In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/PerComWorkshops48775.2020.9156140 .

Gunasekaran JR, Thinakaran P, Nachiappan NC, Kandemir MT, Das CR (2020) Fifer: Tackling Resource Underutilization in the Serverless Era. Association for Computing Machinery, New York.

Müller I, Marroquín R, Alonso G (2020) Lambada: Interactive data analytics on cold data using serverless cloud infrastructure In: Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD ’20), 115–130.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3318464.3389758 .

Chahal D, Ojha R, Ramesh M, Singhal R (2020) Migrating large deep learning models to serverless architecture In: 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW), 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSREW51248.2020.00047 .

Jain P, Munjal Y, Gera J, Gupta P (2020) Performance analysis of various server hosting techniques. Proc Comput Sci 173:70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.06.010. International Conference on Smart Sustainable Intelligent Computing and Applications under ICITETM2020.

Khatri D, Khatri SK, Mishra D (2020) Potential bottleneck and measuring performance of serverless computing: A literature study In: 2020 8th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO), 161–164. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRITO48877.2020.9197837 .

Kehrer S, Zietlow D, Scheffold J, Blochinger W (2020) Self-tuning serverless task farming using proactive elasticity control. Clust Comput. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-020-03158-3 .

Kelly D, Glavin F, Barrett E (2020) Serverless computing: Behind the scenes of major platforms In: 2020 IEEE 13th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 304–312. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD49709.2020.00050 .

Ivan C, Vasile R, Dadarlat V (2019) Serverless computing: An investigation of deployment environments for web apis. Computers 8(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/computers8020050 .

Baresi L, Filgueira Mendonça D (2019) Towards a serverless platform for edge computing In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Fog Computing (ICFC), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICFC.2019.00008 .

Hall A, Ramachandran U (2019) An execution model for serverless functions at the edge In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet of Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI ‘19), 225–236.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3302505.3310084 .

Akkus IE, Chen R, Rimac I, Stein M, Satzke K, Beck A, Aditya P, Hilt V (2018) Sand: Towards high-performance serverless computing In: Proceedings of the 2018 USENIX Conference on Usenix Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC ‘18), 923–935.. USENIX Association, USA.

Keshavarzian A, Sharifian S, Seyedin S (2019) Modified deep residual network architecture deployed on serverless framework of iot platform based on human activity recognition application. Futur Gener Comput Syst 101:14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.06.009 .

Palade A, Kazmi A, Clarke S (2019) An evaluation of open source serverless computing frameworks support at the edge In: 2019 IEEE World Congress on Services (SERVICES), vol. 2642-939X, 206–211. https://doi.org/10.1109/SERVICES.2019.00057 .

Shahrad M, Balkind J, Wentzlaff D (2019) Architectural implications of function-as-a-service computing In: Proceedings of the 52nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO ‘52), 1063–1075.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3352460.3358296 .

Cicconetti C, Conti M, Passarella A (2020) A decentralized framework for serverless edge computing in the internet of things. IEEE Trans Netw Serv Manag:1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSM.2020.3023305 .

De Palma G, Giallorenzo S, Mauro J, Zavattaro G (2020) Allocation priority policies for serverless function-execution scheduling optimisation. In: Kafeza E, Benatallah B, Martinelli F, Hacid H, Bouguettaya A, Motahari H (eds)Service-Oriented Computing, 416–430.. Springer, Cham.

Djemame K, Parker M, Datsev D (2020) Open-source serverless architectures: an evaluation of apache openwhisk In: 2020 IEEE/ACM 13th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing (UCC), 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1109/UCC48980.2020.00052 .

Chadha M, Jindal A, Gerndt M (2020) Towards federated learning using faas fabric In: Proceedings of the 2020 Sixth International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC’20), 49–54.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3429880.3430100 .

Cheng B, Fuerst J, Solmaz G, Sanada T (2019) Fog function: Serverless fog computing for data intensive iot services In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCC.2019.00018 .

Mohanty SK, Premsankar G, di Francesco M (2018) An evaluation of open source serverless computing frameworks In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1109/CloudCom2018.2018.00033 .

Li J, Kulkarni SG, Ramakrishnan KK, Li D (2019) Understanding open source serverless platforms: Design considerations and performance In: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WOSC ‘19), 37–42.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3366623.3368139 .

Nguyen HD, Zhang C, Xiao Z, Chien AA (2019) Real-time serverless: Enabling application performance guarantees In: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WOSC ’19), 1–6.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3366623.3368133 .

Saha A, Jindal S (2018) Emars: Efficient management and allocation of resources in serverless In: 2018 IEEE 11th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), 827–830. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLOUD.2018.00113 .

Solaiman K, Adnan MA (2020) Wlec: A not so cold architecture to mitigate cold start problem in serverless computing In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E), 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E48712.2020.00022 .

Chan A, Wang K-TA, Kumar V (2019) BalloonJVM : Dynamically Resizable Heap for FaaS In: CLOUD COMPUTING 2019 : The Tenth International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and Virtualization, 99–104.

Handoyo E, Arfan M, Soetrisno YAA, Somantri M, Sofwan A, Sinuraya EW (2018) Ticketing chatbot service using serverless nlp technology In: 2018 5th International Conference on Information Technology, Computer, and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE), 325–330. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITACEE.2018.8576921 .

Zhang M, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Liu J (2019) Video processing with serverless computing: A measurement study In: Proceedings of the 29th ACM Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV ’19), 61–66.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3304112.3325608 .

Fan D, He D (2020) A scheduler for serverless framework base on kubernetes In: Proceedings of the 2020 4th High Performance Computing and Cluster Technologies Conference; 2020 3rd International Conference on Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (HPCCT; BDAI 2020), 229–232.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3409501.3409503 .

Thomas S, Ao L, Voelker GM, Porter G (2020) Particle: Ephemeral endpoints for serverless networking In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (SoCC ’20), 16–29.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3419111.3421275 .

Gramaglia M, Serrano P, Banchs A, Garcia-Aviles G, Garcia-Saavedra A, Perez R (2020) The case for serverless mobile networking In: 2020 IFIP Networking Conference (Networking), 779–784.

Danayi A, Sharifian S (2018) Pess-mina: A proactive stochastic task allocation algorithm for faas edge-cloud environments In: 2018 4th Iranian Conference on Signal Processing and Intelligent Systems (ICSPIS), 27–31. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSPIS.2018.8700543 .

Mendki P (2020) Evaluating webassembly enabled serverless approach for edge computing In: 2020 IEEE Cloud Summit, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEECloudSummit48914.2020.00031 .

Chaudhry SR, Palade A, Kazmi A, Clarke S (2020) Improved qos at the edge using serverless computing to deploy virtual network functions. IEEE Internet Things J 7(10):10673–10683. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2020.3011057 .

Benedict S (2020) Serverless blockchain-enabled architecture for iot societal applications. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst 7(5):1146–1158. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2020.3008995 .

Cicconetti C, Conti M, Passarella A (2020) Uncoordinated access to serverless computing in mec systems for iot. Comput Netw 172:107184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107184 .

Qiang W, Dong Z, Jin H (2018) Se-lambda: Securing privacy-sensitive serverless applications using sgx enclave. In: Beyah R, Chang B, Li Y, Zhu S (eds)Security and Privacy in Communication Networks, 451–470.. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01701-9\_25 .

Prasetyadi G, Hantoro UT, Mutiara AB, Muslim A, Refianti R (2019) Heresy: A serverless web application to store compressed and encrypted document in the form of url In: 2019 Fourth International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIC47613.2019.8985735 .

Kim B, Heo S, Lee J, Jeong S, Lee Y, Kim H (2020) Compiler-assisted semantic-aware encryption for efficient and secure serverless computing. IEEE Internet Things J:1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2020.3031550 .

O’Meara W, Lennon RG (2020) Serverless computing security: Protecting application logic In: 2020 31st Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSC49989.2020.9180214 .

Agache A, Brooker M, Iordache A, Liguori A, Neugebauer R, Piwonka P, Popa D-M (2020) Firecracker: Lightweight virtualization for serverless applications In: 17th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 20), 419–434.. USENIX Association, Santa Clara.

Pinto D, Dias JP, Sereno Ferreira H2018. Dynamic allocation of serverless functions in iot environments. https://doi.org/10.1109/euc.2018.00008 .

Mejáa A, Marcillo D, Guaño M, Gualotuña T (2020) Serverless based control and monitoring for search and rescue robots In: 2020 15th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.23919/CISTI49556.2020.9140444 .

Meißner D, Erb B, Kargl F, Tichy M (2018) Retro- λ : An event-sourced platform for serverless applications with retroactive computing support In: Proceedings of the 12th ACM International Conference on Distributed and Event-Based Systems (DEBS ‘18), 76–87.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3210284.3210285 .

Zhang T, Xie D, Li F, Stutsman R (2019) Narrowing the gap between serverless and its state with storage functions In: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (SoCC ‘19), 1–12.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3357223.3362723 .

Grogan J, Mulready C, McDermott J, Urbanavicius M, Yilmaz M, Abgaz Y, McCarren A, MacMahon ST, Garousi V, Elger P, Clarke P (2020) A multivocal literature review of function-as-a-service (faas) infrastructures and implications for software developers. In: Yilmaz M, Niemann J, Clarke P, Messnarz R (eds)Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement, 58–75.. Springer, Cham.

Qin S, Wu H, Wu Y, Yan B, Xu Y, Zhang W (2020) Nuka: A generic engine with millisecond initialization for serverless computing In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Joint Cloud Computing, 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/JCC49151.2020.00021 .

Zuk P, Rzadca K (2020) Scheduling methods to reduce response latency of function as a service In: 2020 IEEE 32nd International Symposium on Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing (SBAC-PAD), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1109/SBAC-PAD49847.2020.00028 .

Shen J, Yu H, Zheng Z, Sun C, Xu M, Wang J (2020) Serpens: A high-performance serverless platform for nfv In: 2020 IEEE/ACM 28th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWQoS49365.2020.9213030 .

Ginzburg S, Freedman MJ (2020) Serverless isn’t server-less: Measuring and exploiting resource variability on cloud faas platforms In: Proceedings of the 2020 Sixth International Workshop on Serverless Computing (WoSC’20), 43–48.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3429880.3430099 .

Tankov V, Golubev Y, Bryksin T (2019) Kotless: A serverless framework for kotlin In: 2019 34th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE), 1110–1113. https://doi.org/10.1109/ASE.2019.00114 .

Vahidinia P, Farahani B, Aliee FS (2020) Cold start in serverless computing: Current trends and mitigation strategies In: 2020 International Conference on Omni-layer Intelligent Systems (COINS), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/COINS49042.2020.9191377 .

Silva P, Fireman D, Pereira TE (2020) Prebaking Functions to Warm the Serverless Cold Start. Association for Computing Machinery, New York.

Tan B, Liu H, Rao J, Liao X, Jin H, Zhang Y (2020) Towards lightweight serverless computing via unikernel as a function In: 2020 IEEE/ACM 28th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWQoS49365.2020.9213020 .

Cordasco G, D’Auria M, Negro A, Scarano V, Spagnuolo C (2020) Fly: A domain-specific language for scientific computing on faas. In: Schwardmann U, Boehme C, B. Heras D, Cardellini V, Jeannot E, Salis A, Schifanella C, Manumachu RR, Schwamborn D, Ricci L, Sangyoon O, Gruber T, Antonelli L, Scott SL (eds)Euro-Par 2019: Parallel Processing Workshops, 531–544.. Springer, Cham.

Nupponen J, Taibi D (2020) Serverless: What it is, what to do and what not to do In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture Companion (ICSA-C), 49–50. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSA-C50368.2020.00016 .

Reuter A, Back T, Andrikopoulos V (2020) Cost efficiency under mixed serverless and serverful deployments In: 2020 46th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA), 242–245. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEAA51224.2020.00049 .

Mahajan K, Figueiredo D, Misra V, Rubenstein D (2019) Optimal pricing for serverless computing In: 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9013156 .

Lynn T, Rosati P, Lejeune A, Emeakaroha V (2017) A preliminary review of enterprise serverless cloud computing (function-as-a-service) platforms In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom), 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1109/CloudCom.2017.15 .

Enes J, Expósito RR, Touriño J (2020) Real-time resource scaling platform for big data workloads on serverless environments. Futur Gener Comput Syst 105:361–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.11.037 .

Elsakhawy M, Bauer M (2020) Faas2f: A framework for defining execution-sla in serverless computing In: 2020 IEEE Cloud Summit, 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEECloudSummit48914.2020.00015 .

Bhattacharjee A, Chhokra AD, Kang Z, Sun H, Gokhale A, Karsai G (2019) Barista: Efficient and scalable serverless serving system for deep learning prediction services In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2E.2019.00-10 .

Maissen P, Felber P, Kropf P, Schiavoni V (2020) Faasdom: A benchmark suite for serverless computing In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Distributed and Event-Based Systems (DEBS ’20), 73–84.. Association for Computing Machinery, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/3401025.3401738 .

Xu Z, Zhang H, Geng X, Wu Q, Ma H (2019) Adaptive function launching acceleration in serverless computing platforms In: 2019 IEEE 25th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPADS47876.2019.00011 .

Soltani B, Ghenai A, Zeghib N (2018) A migration-based approach to execute long-duration multi-cloud serverless functions. In: Maamri R Belala F (eds)Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Aspects of Software Engineering, ICAASE 2018, Constantine, Algeria, December 1-2, 2018 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings), vol. 2326, 42–50.

Martins H, Araujo F, da Cunha PR (2020) Benchmarking serverless computing platforms. J Grid Comput 18(4):691–709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-020-09523-1 .

Download references

Acknowledgements

Author information, authors and affiliations.

Software Engineering and Embedded Systems (SEES) Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Hassan B. Hassan

Software Engineering and Embedded Systems (SEES) Research Group, Department of Computer Science, College of Science, University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Saman A. Barakat & Qusay I. Sarhan

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Contributions

Authors’ contributions.

Conceptualization: HBH, SAB, and QIS; methodology: HBH, SAB, and QIS; validation: HBH, SAB, and QIS; formal analysis: HBH, SAB, and QIS; investigation: HBH, SAB, and QIS; resources: HBH; data curation, HBH and SAB; writing—original draft preparation: HBH, SAB, and QIS; writing—review and editing: HBH, SAB, and QIS; visualization: SAB; supervision: QIS; It is noted that all authors cooperated with each other to achieve suitable information flow across the entire paper. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ information

Hassan B. Hassan received the B.Sc. degree in Computer Science from University of Duhok, Iraq, in 2010. He completed the M.Sc. degree in Web Applications and Services, from Leicester University, UK, in 2015. He is currently working as an assistant lecturer at the college of medicine, University of Duhok, Iraq. His main areas of research interest are cloud computing, web programming, big data, and human computer interaction.

Saman A. Barakat received the B.Sc. degree in Computer Science from University of Duhok, Iraq, in 2008. He completed the M.Sc. degree in Advanced Computer Science, from Newcastle University, UK, in 2012. He is currently working as a lecturer at the college of science, University of Duhok, Iraq. His main areas of research interest are cloud computing, and software engineering.

Qusay I. Sarhan received the B.Sc. degree in Software Engineering from University of Mosul, Iraq, in 2007 and the M.Tech. degree in Software Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, India, in 2011. Currently, he is a lecturer and the leader of Software Engineering and Embedded Systems (SEES) research group at University of Duhok, Iraq. He has a couple of national and international publications and his research interests include software engineering, internet of things, and embedded systems.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qusay I. Sarhan .

Ethics declarations

Competing interests.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Hassan, H.B., Barakat, S.A. & Sarhan, Q.I. Survey on serverless computing. J Cloud Comp 10 , 39 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-021-00253-7

Download citation

Received : 01 July 2020

Accepted : 21 June 2021

Published : 12 July 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-021-00253-7

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

  • Cloud computing
  • Serverless computing
  • Serverless platforms
  • Serverless benefits
  • Serverless challenges

web services research papers

IEEE Account

  • Change Username/Password
  • Update Address

Purchase Details

  • Payment Options
  • Order History
  • View Purchased Documents

Profile Information

  • Communications Preferences
  • Profession and Education
  • Technical Interests
  • US & Canada: +1 800 678 4333
  • Worldwide: +1 732 981 0060
  • Contact & Support
  • About IEEE Xplore
  • Accessibility
  • Terms of Use
  • Nondiscrimination Policy
  • Privacy & Opting Out of Cookies

A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. © Copyright 2024 IEEE - All rights reserved. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions.

web services research papers

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

  • We're Hiring!
  • Help Center

Download 55 million PDFs for free

Explore our top research interests.

web services research papers

Engineering

web services research papers

Anthropology

web services research papers

  • Earth Sciences

web services research papers

  • Computer Science

web services research papers

  • Mathematics

web services research papers

  • Health Sciences

web services research papers

Join 270 million academics and researchers

Track your impact.

Share your work with other academics, grow your audience and track your impact on your field with our robust analytics

Discover new research

Get access to millions of research papers and stay informed with the important topics around the world

Publish your work

Publish your research with fast and rigorous service through Academia.edu Journals. Get instant worldwide dissemination of your work

Unlock the most powerful tools with Academia Premium

web services research papers

Work faster and smarter with advanced research discovery tools

Search the full text and citations of our millions of papers. Download groups of related papers to jumpstart your research. Save time with detailed summaries and search alerts.

  • Advanced Search
  • PDF Packages of 37 papers
  • Summaries and Search Alerts

web services research papers

Share your work, track your impact, and grow your audience

Get notified when other academics mention you or cite your papers. Track your impact with in-depth analytics and network with members of your field.

  • Mentions and Citations Tracking
  • Advanced Analytics
  • Publishing Tools

Real stories from real people

web services research papers

Used by academics at over 15,000 universities

web services research papers

Get started and find the best quality research

  • Academia.edu Journals
  •   We're Hiring!
  •   Help Center
  • Find new research papers in:
  • Cognitive Science
  • Academia ©2024

IMAGES

  1. (PDF) Modern technologies in Web services research

    web services research papers

  2. (PDF) FileNet: Web-based Research Paper Repository System

    web services research papers

  3. (PDF) WSBen: A Web Services Discovery and Composition Benchmark Toolkit

    web services research papers

  4. IRMA-International.org: International Journal of Web Services Research

    web services research papers

  5. (PDF) An Investigation into Web Services: A case of an Online

    web services research papers

  6. (PDF) International Journal of Web Services Research (IJWSR): Selecting

    web services research papers

COMMENTS

  1. Web service discovery: Rationale, challenges, and solution directions

    Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a methodology that promotes cooperation between services with diverse, but connected functions. Web Service technology paved the way for microservice architecture as it is a feature of modern web applications that resulted from the rise of SOA. With the proliferation of self-contained services, the ease of ...

  2. A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON WEB SERVICES BASICS

    Abstract and Figures In Modern World, Web Services are growing as an Emerging Technology for both vendors (Business hub) and Researchers (innovation).Web Services are concerned with the exchange ...

  3. AMAZON WEB SERVICES

    In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the cloud computing, cloud storage systems, and infrastructure using web services such as Amazon Web Services are elaborated.

  4. A Case Study of Amazon Web Services

    To support such tools, efficient cloud computing services have become the need of the hour. This paper studies Amazon Web Services, a popular cloud computing platform.

  5. Web Services Research Papers

    The essential services such as banking, transportation, medicine, education and defense are being progressively replaced by cheaper and more efficient Internet-based web applications.

  6. Web Services

    The International Conference on Web Services (ICWS) has been a prime international forum for both researchers and industry practitioners to exchange the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of Web-based services, identify emerging research topics, and define the future of Web-based services.

  7. International Journal of Web Services Research (IJWSR)

    The International Journal of Web Services Research (IJWSR) is the first refereed, international publication featuring the latest research findings and industry solutions involving all aspects of Web services technology. This journal covers advancements, standards, and practices of Web services, as w...

  8. Guest Editorial: Recent Advances in Web Services Research

    As research and development in Web Services and Services Computing has only existed for approximately a decade and half, it is remarkably that it has lead to a multi-billion dollar services industry. The first major research conference on the subject, the International Conference on Web Services, just started in 2003. Research in services computing is active and multifaceted. This special ...

  9. Web Services: Problems and Future Directions

    Abstract Recently, Web services have generated great interests in both vendors and researchers. Web services, based on existing Internet protocols and open standards, can provide a flexible solution to the problem of application integration. With the help of WSDL, SOAP, and UDDI, Web services are becoming popular in Web applications.

  10. Web Services Attacks and Security- A Systematic Literature Review

    The objective of this paper is to present a systematic review on the studies of web service security. It is identified that there is lot of research going on in web services, dealing mostly with attack detection as well as identification of vulnerabilities in the services. Denial-of-service attack is found to be the most addressed of all attacks.

  11. An Analysis of Public REST Web Service APIs

    An Analysis of Public REST Web Service APIs. Abstract: Businesses are increasingly deploying their services on the web, in the form of web applications, SOAP services, message-based services, and, more recently, REST services. Although the movement towards REST is widely recognized, there is not much concrete information regarding the technical ...

  12. Web service discovery with incorporation of web services clustering

    The primary requirement for developing composite web service is to discover the most relevant web service for realizing each function of the required composite web service. Finding the most relevant web service is still a challenging task. In this paper, we propose web service discovery approach that incorporates web services clustering.

  13. Web Service Research Papers

    View Web Service Research Papers on Academia.edu for free.

  14. An Analysis of Public REST Web Service APIs

    PDF | Businesses are increasingly deploying their services on the web, in the form of web applications, SOAP services, message-based services, and, more... | Find, read and cite all the research ...

  15. A systematic literature review on web service clustering approaches to

    In this paper, with a systematic process total of 84 research papers are selected, and different state-of-the-art techniques based on web service clustering are investigated and analyzed. Furthermore, this Systematic Literature Review (SLR) also presents the various mandatory and optional steps of WSC, evaluation measures, and datasets.

  16. International Journal of Web Services Research

    The Web Services are creating what will become one of the most significant industries of the new century. The International Journal of Web Services Research (IJWSR) is designed to be a valuable resource providing leading technologies, development, ideas, and trends to an international readership of researchers and engineers in the field of Web ...

  17. ICWS 2024

    Founded in 2003, the International Conference on Web Services (ICWS) has been a prime international forum for both researchers and industry practitioners to exchange the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of Web-based services, identify emerging research topics, and define the future of Web-based services.

  18. Survey on serverless computing

    In this systematic survey, 275 research papers that examined serverless computing from well-known literature databases were extensively reviewed to extract useful data.

  19. (PDF) An Investigation into Web Services: A case of an Online

    An Investigation into Web Services: A case of an Online Reservation System A research study by

  20. Cloud Computing Based Learning Web Application Through Amazon Web Services

    In this Web Application, we are going to deploy a Dynamic E-Learning Portal using WordPress through Amazon Web Services (AWS). The project mainly consists of 10 Amazon Cloud Services and Google Firebase. The main aim of this project is to provide E-Learning Courses for Engineering Students.

  21. Web Applications and Web Services: A Comparative Study

    Therefore, this paper aimed to make a comparative analysis and study of both techniques alongside many directions to help web developers make the right choice to deliver the functionality of ...

  22. Cloud Computing Security: Amazon Web Service

    This paper provides the review of security research in the field of cloud security. After security research we have presented the working of AWS (Amazon Web Service) cloud computing. AWS is the most trusted provider of cloud computing which not only provides the excellent cloud security but also provides excellent cloud services.

  23. Academia.edu

    Academia.edu is the platform to share, find, and explore 50 Million research papers. Join us to accelerate your research needs & academic interests.