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Signal and Lead-in Phrases

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In most citation styles, including APA, MLA, and Chicago style, you can add variety to your research writing by not always using the same sentence structure to introduce quotations, paraphrases, or pieces of information borrowed from different sources. It is relatively simple to use a wide variety of different expressions to introduce both direct and indirect citations. These expressions, which usually occur in the parts of sentences that come just before quotes and paraphrases, are called signal phrases (or, in some cases,  lead-in phrases ). 

Often, signal phrases can be distinguished by the presence of a verb like "indicate" or "argue" that references what the author is doing in the original source. However, a few select signal phrases contain no verbs (e.g., "According to [author],").

In the examples below, the author being cited is Jane Doe. The examples in the first section are adapted to APA, which recommends past-tense verbs  in signal phrases. For MLA (as well as Chicago style), the same verbs can also be used in the present tense instead of the past tense, as the second section below shows. 

Be sure each signal phrase verb matches your intention for the in-text citation. Read the whole sentence after you finish to ensure that the signal phrase grammatically coheres with any content that follows the quote or paraphrase.

Expressing Disagreement with a Signal Phrase

Of course, some quotes and paraphrases express disagreement or negative opinions. In these cases, be sure that any verbs in the signal phrase match the nature of the quote or paraphrase. See the examples below.

Doe rejected  the claim that nature is more important than nurture.

Doe denied  the claim that nature is more important than nurture.

Doe refutes  the claim that nature is more important than nurture.

Doe disputes  the claim that nature is more important than nurture.

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Signal Phrases in MLA Style

When you choose to use quotations, make sure that they are integrated smoothly into the text of your paper.

Readers should be able to move from your own words to the words you quote without feeling an abrupt shift. Signal phrases provide clear signals to prepare the readers for the quotation.

Choose a verb that is appropriate in the context. Here are some example signal phrases:

• illustrates

Ease the Reader Out of a Quotation

When you use a quotation, help the reader make a smooth transition back into your own words. To do this, follow up the quotation with a sentence or two of your own that reinforces or expands upon it.

Try Not to Overdo the Quotations

If you include too many quotations in a research essay, readers may form the impression that you cannot think for yourself. Use direct quotations only when a source is particularly clear or expressive.

Similarly, try to avoid too many long quotations. Or if you use them, be sure that you spend time discussing them in your own words. Connect your ideas with those of your source's.

All information written on this page has been excerpted from the official handbook of the IUP writing center: Hacker, Diana. A Writer's Reference . 5th ed. Boston: St. Martin's, 2003.

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More Information on Quoting and Paraphrasing

Integrating sources --Signal Phrases

A signal phrase often names the author of the source, gives the publication date in parentheses, and can provide some context in your work.

• As Flynn (2010) claimed  “…” (p. 98).
• Pappas and Murray (2009) reported “…” (p. 67).
• Research suggested “…" (Smith, 1999, p. 19).
• Signal word examples:  admitted, asserted, demonstrated, compared, reasoned, argued, showed that, supported
• APA requires using verbs in the past tense or present perfect tense (argued or has argued)  

Adapted from: Hacker, D. & Sommers, N. (2012). A Canadian writer's reference (5th ed.).

Sample paragraphs

Here's a sample paragraph with in-text citations (bold is for emphasis only; do not do this in your paper).

            In British Columbia, our "carbon tax provides a signal across the economy to reduce emissions while encouraging sustainable economic activity and investment in low-carbon innovation"  (Province of British Columbia, n.d., para. 1) . How is the price set for each tonne of gas emission? And what are the factors than influence the pricing?

           According to Patel (2011) the theory behind carbon pricing is the assumption that the market will price it fairly. This theory ignores the fact that special interest groups, such as oil companies and known industrial polluters, are vocal in their opposition to governments asking for limits to the impact of carbon taxes. Conflicting scientific opinion and uncertainties about climate change and its possible effect are huge, making the economic argument for strict GHG reductions far from clear (Pindyck, 2013, p. 44).

[page number is considered optional by APA when paraphrasing so the Patel content is shown without a page reference but the Pindyck example includes one - your choice!]

Patel, R. (2011). The value of nothing: How to reshape market society and redefine democracy. Portobello.

Pindyck, R. S. (2013). Pricing carbon when we don't know the right price. Regulation , 36 (2), 43-46. https://libsecure.camosun.bc.ca:2443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=90571212&site=eds-live

Province of British Columbia. (n.d.). British Columbia's carbon tax.   https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/climate-change/planning-and-action/carbon-tax

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Chapter 11: Ethical Source Integration: Citation, Quoting, and Paraphrasing

11.4 Signal Phrases

John Lanning and Amanda Lloyd

A  signal phrase , also known as an attributive tag, is a device used to smoothly integrate quotations and paraphrases into your essay. It is important to use signal phrases to clearly attribute supporting evidence to its author or authors and to avoid interrupting the flow of an essay. Signal phrases can also be used as meaningful transitions, moving your readers between your ideas and those of your sources.

A signal phrase consists of an author’s name and an active verb indicating how the author is presenting the material. A signal phrase may also include information explaining an author’s credentials and/or affiliations as well as the title and/or publisher of the source text.

Referring to the Author within a Signal Phrase

In many instances,   signal phrase s will contain only the last name of the author of the source text (as opposed to the author’s first  and  last name). For instance, APA style guidelines require no reference to author first names at any point in an essay.  But in MLA papers, if you are referring to an author for the first time in your essay, you should include that author’s first name as well as the author’s relevant credentials or affiliations in your signal phrase (you might also want to include the title of the source text). Once you have supplied an author’s first name and credentials, any subsequent  signal phrase  referencing that same author should contain the author’s last name only. For example:

• Michael Pollan, Professor of Science and Environmental Journalism at the University of California Berkeley, observes that “Americans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago” (29).
• Pollan continues, “But the national conversation unfolding around the subject of food and farming really began in the 1970s” (29).

Notice how each  signal phrase  verb is followed by the word “that” or a comma, which is then followed by one space before the opening quotation mark.

In essays written according to MLA and APA guidelines, it is acceptable to refer to an author as “the author” as long as it is perfectly clear to whom you are referring. In APA, it is common to see references to “the researchers.”

Signal Phrase Verb Tense

In the examples above, notice how the  signal phrase  verbs are written in present tense. When you are asked to write a paper that follows MLA guidelines, signal phrases should always be written in present (not past) tense. When writing a paper using APA style,  signal phrase  verbs should be written in past tense. For example:

• Pollan (2009) observed that “Americans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago” (p. 29).

Notice how APA in-text citations also differ from MLA style in that APA citations include the year of publication and the page number is preceded by a “p.”

See section 12.6 for more information on APA in-text citations and section 12.2 for MLA citations.

Varying Your Verbs

You should also vary your  signal phrase  verbs (rather than simply using “states” throughout your entire essay) in order to maintain your readers’ interest and to indicate the author’s intended use of the excerpted material. See below for examples of strong  signal phrase  verbs.

Types of Signal Phrases

In most instances, the first time the author is mentioned in an MLA-style essay, as well as including the author’s first and  last name in a signal phrase, it is also a good idea to include the author’s credentials and the title of the source.

While providing the author’s credentials and title of the source are the most common types of signal phrases, there are others we should be aware of. In the examples below, the information relevant to the type of signal phrase is underlined.

Type:   Author’s credentials are indicated.

Example:  Grace Chapmen, Curator of Human Health & Evolutionary Medicine at the Springfield Natural History Museum, explains…

Purpose:  Presenting an author’s credentials should help build credibility for the passage you are about to present. Including the author’s credentials gives your readers a reason to consider your  sources .

Type:   Author’s  lack of  credentials is indicated.

Example:  Matthew Spencer, whose background is in marriage counseling, not foreign policy, claims…

Purpose:  Identifying an author’s lack of credentials in a given area can help illustrate a lack of authority on the subject matter and persuade the audience not to adopt the author’s ideas. Pointing to an author’s lack of credentials can be beneficial when developing your response to counter-arguments.

Type:   Author’s social or political stance, if necessary to the content, is explained.

Example:   Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Roland Hayes, prominent civil rights activist, preaches…

Ralph Spencer, who has ties to the White Nationalist movement, denies…

Purpose:  Explaining the author’s social or political stance can help a reader to understand why that author expresses a particular view. This understanding can positively or negatively influence an audience. Be careful to avoid engaging in logical fallacies such as loaded language.

Type:   Publisher of the source is identified.

Example:  According to a recent  CNN  poll…

Purpose:  Identifying the publisher of the passage can help reinforce the credibility of the information presented and you can capitalize on the reputation/ credibility of the publisher of the source material.

Type:   Title of the Source is included.

Example : In “Understanding Human Behavior,” Riley argues …

Purpose:  Informs the reader where the cited passage is being pulled from.

Type:   Information that establishes  context  is presented.

Example:  In a speech presented during a Free Speech rally, Elaine Wallace encourages …

Purpose:  Presenting the  context  that the original information was presented can help the audience understand the author’s purpose more clearly.

 MLA Signal Phrase Verbs

 APA Signal Phrase Verbs

11.4 Signal Phrases by John Lanning and Amanda Lloyd is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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• How it works

Signal Phrases – Uses, Definition & Examples

Published by Owen Ingram at October 17th, 2023 , Revised On October 17, 2023

In written content, from research papers to blog posts, clarity is one critical element that distinguishes quality writing from the rest. One of the most effective methods to introduce this harmony is by ensuring smooth transitions that guide the reader through the narrative. Understanding information literacy becomes crucial in this context, as it educates a writer about correctly using and attributing information. 

The ability to communicate ideas succinctly, ensuring that the reader is not left grappling with disjointed concepts or abrupt shifts in thought, can significantly elevate any piece of writing. One of the most effective methods to introduce this harmony is by ensuring smooth transitions that guide the reader through the narrative, much like signposts guiding travellers on a road trip.

Enter signal phrases. These handy tools are a significant aspect of how to integrate sources in written work.  By indicating where information originates and providing context, they ensure that readers are not only informed but also engaged. You can say that signal phrases function as the bridge between an author’s voice and the voices of those they cite, fostering a conversation that feels both authentic and well-structured.

Signal Phrase Definition

The term “signal phrases” can be dissected into two components: “signal” and “phrases.” As the name suggests, they act as signals, or indicators, within the writing. Think of them as flag bearers, announcing the arrival of information from an external source. The “phrase” component refers to the group of words that together perform this signalling function.

Signal phrases are introductory phrases that serve to incorporate external information or references into a piece of writing. They alert readers that the ensuing information is borrowed, offering a preamble to a quotation, paraphrase, or summary from another source. The art of paraphrasing in sources is as essential as direct quoting. More than just mere introductions, they provide context, setting the tone for the reader’s reception of the cited information.

How to Use a Signal Phrase in Different Types of Writing

Here is what role signal phrases play in different types of writing.

Academic Writing

• In scholarly articles and research papers, the use of signal phrases is paramount. A cardinal rule in academia is to avoid plagiarism, and this is where source citing comes into play. By introducing experts or research findings and then citing them correctly, writers can avoid this pitfall.
• A cardinal rule in academia is to avoid plagiarism. Signal phrases, when coupled with proper citations, ensure that readers know which ideas are the author’s and which are borrowed.
• With dense information and complex ideas, academic writing can be challenging to navigate. Signal phrases guide the reader, providing them with context and aiding in comprehension.

Non-Academic Writing

• Even in less formal settings, source evaluation is crucial. This is because, regardless of the formality of the content, incorporating credible and relevant sources boosts the writer’s credibility.
• Non-academic writing often aims to engage readers in a conversation. Signal phrases can introduce different viewpoints, encouraging readers to consider multiple perspectives.
• In storytelling or descriptive pieces, signal phrases can be used to provide background or historical context, ensuring the narrative is rich and well-rounded.

Purpose of a Signal Phrase

The use of signal phrases in writing can be likened to the art of seasoning in cooking. Just as the right blend of spices can elevate a dish, signal phrases enhance the flavour and texture of written content. But what exactly are the reasons that make them so indispensable? 

Credibility and Attribution

• Giving Credit Where Due: In the world of writing, original ideas are as valuable as gold. When we borrow these “golden nuggets” from others, it’s not just ethical, but also respectful to acknowledge the original source. Signal phrases serve as the tip of the hat, recognising the contribution of the original author.
• Building Trust with the Reader: By transparently showcasing where information is sourced from, writers not only credit the original authors but also demonstrate their diligence in source evaluation. This helps in establishing a solid foundation of trust with the readers.
• Avoiding Plagiarism: Beyond just a breach of ethics, plagiarism can lead to severe consequences in academic and professional realms. Signal phrases, when used correctly, act as a protective shield, ensuring writers steer clear of unintentional plagiarism.

Flow and Coherence

• Creating Seamless Transitions: Just as a skilled conductor ensures smooth transitions between musical notes, signal phrases guide readers from one idea to the next, ensuring a harmonious reading experience.
• Providing Context: Instead of jarringly introducing a quote or reference, signal phrases set the stage. They provide readers with the necessary context, helping them understand the relevance of the upcoming information.
• Enhancing Clarity: By indicating the source and purpose of the cited material, signal phrases assist readers in distinguishing between the writer’s thoughts and external references. This clarity prevents misunderstandings and confusion.

Variety in Writing

• Breaking the Monotony: Repetitive structures and patterns can make writing sound monotonous. Signal phrases offer writers a palette of varied introductions, allowing for a dynamic and engaging narrative.
• Introducing Multiple Voices: Signal phrases allow for the seamless incorporation of multiple viewpoints. By introducing diverse voices into the narrative, writers can create a richer, more multidimensional discourse.

Encouraging Thoughtful Engagement: With a mix of original content and external references, readers are encouraged to engage critically with the material. The variety stimulates thought, prompting readers to form opinions and perspectives.

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Signal Phrase Examples

Signal phrases come in various shapes and forms, suitable for diverse contexts and intentions. Here are some commonly used signal phrases, categorised based on their purpose:

Introducing a Source or Quotation

These phrases lay the groundwork for a direct quotation, paraphrase, or summary, notifying the reader of the incoming external reference. They often include the name of the author or source for clarity.

• According to Dr. Jane Smith, …
• As Professor Adams points out, …
• In her seminal work, “The Dynamics of Change,” Thompson writes, …
• As highlighted in The New York Times, …

Highlighting Agreement or Support

Writers use these signal phrases to emphasise concordance with an external reference, bolstering their own assertions or showcasing a consensus in the field.

• Similarly, Johnson asserts, …
• In agreement with this perspective, Martinez comments, …
• Echoing these sentiments, the study conducted by Wallace and Lee indicates, …

Introducing Contrasting or Differing Views

Contrasting signal phrases introduce alternative perspectives or conflicting evidence. They alert the reader to a shift in viewpoint or a counter-argument to the previous statement.

• On the other hand, Brown contends, …
• Challenging this view, Dr. Patel argues, …
• Contrary to popular belief, Jackson suggests, …
• However, in a recent publication, Gomez offers a different perspective, stating, …

Highlighting a Point of Emphasis or Significance

• Most importantly, Wilson notes, …
• It is essential to understand, as Singh emphasises, …
• Underlining the gravity of the situation, Clark mentions, …

Presenting Statistical or Empirical Data

• Based on the latest findings from the National Health Institute, …
• A recent survey conducted by Forbes revealed, …
• As per the data gathered by the World Bank, …

Indicating Uncertainty or Potential Bias

These signal phrases introduce information that may be unverified, based on hearsay, or potentially biased. They act as cautionary flags, signalling readers to approach the upcoming information discerningly.

• Reportedly, the committee has decided, …
• Allegedly, the organisation was involved in, …
• Rumour has it that …

Referring to Previous Discussions or Historical Context

• Historically, as documented by White, …
• Recalling earlier discussions on the topic, Barnes had stated, …
• As previously mentioned by Davis, …

How to Properly Integrate Signal Phrases in Writing

Like any tool in the writer’s toolbox, the effectiveness of signal phrases depends on how aptly they’re used. Here is a guide on integrating signal phrases seamlessly and effectively in your writing:

Varied Usage

• Overusing a particular phrase like “According to” can become monotonous and may make your writing seem unoriginal. Ensure that you vary your signal phrases to maintain reader engagement. For instance, alternate between “Smith argues,” “As Pérez posits,” and “Johnson observes.”
• Depending on the context, alternate between introducing a source, expressing agreement, presenting contrasting views, and highlighting uncertainties. This variation ensures a rich, multidimensional narrative.

Appropriate Context

• If you are introducing a counterargument, phrases like “On the other hand” or “Contrarily” are apt. But if you’re reinforcing your point with a supportive source, “Similarly” or “In agreement” would be more suitable.
• The signal phrase should also match the tone of the source. For instance, a casual observation might be introduced with “Jones notes,” while a strong, controversial claim might warrant “Smith fervently argues.”

Punctuation and Formatting

• Place a comma after the signal phrase when it is followed by a direct quote.

Example: Smith states, “The environment is of paramount importance.”

• Example: “The best approach,” Johnson argues, “is through a collaborative effort.”
• Example: According to Pérez, many startups fail within their first year.
• Full-sentence example: Lee suggests, “The city should invest more in public transportation.”
• Fragment example: The results, labelled as “groundbreaking” by Dr. Kim, have changed the field.
• The first word in a full-sentence quote should be capitalised. However, if you’re quoting a fragment, there’s typically no need to capitalise the first word unless it’s a proper noun.

Common Mistakes to Avoid With Signal Phrases

Signal phrases, while tremendously helpful, can also become pitfalls if not used correctly. As writers strive for clarity and credibility, it’s crucial to sidestep common errors related to signal phrases. Here are some frequent mistakes and how to avoid them:

Mismatching the Signal Phrase with the Content it Introduces

• Problem: Using a signal phrase that suggests agreement, like “Similarly,” but then introducing content that presents a contrasting view.
• Solution: Ensure that the tone and intention of the signal phrase match the content it precedes. Regularly reviewing and editing your work can help catch such inconsistencies.

Overusing a Particular Phrase Leading to Redundancy

• Problem: Repeatedly relying on the same signal phrase, such as “According to,” makes the writing sound monotonous and may cause the reader to disengage.
• Solution: Maintain a list of varied signal phrases and consciously rotate through them. Periodically, revisit sections of your writing to ensure diversity in your introductions.

Failing to Properly Cite After Using Signal Phrases and Citation Styles

• Problem: Using a signal phrase to introduce information and then neglecting to provide a proper citation can lead to unintentional plagiarism. It can also leave readers wondering about the source of your information.
• Solution: Always follow a signal phrase with the appropriate citation, whether it is an in-text parenthetical citation, a footnote, or another form. Familiarise yourself with the citation style you are using to ensure accuracy, and learn how to cite sources properly, be it APA, MLA, Chicago, or another format, to ensure accuracy.

Using Signal Phrases that Sound Uncertain Without Reason

• Problem: Overusing phrases like “It is believed” or “Some say” can make your writing sound non-committal and vague.
• Solution: While there is a place for such phrases, especially when discussing rumours or unconfirmed beliefs, it’s essential to use definitive language when the information is confirmed or when presenting your clear perspective.

Incorrect Punctuation Around Signal Phrases

• Problem: Misplacing commas or other punctuation around signal phrases can confuse readers and disrupt the flow of the writing.
• Solution: Remember basic rules, such as placing a comma after a signal phrase that introduces a direct quote. Always review and edit your work, keeping punctuation guidelines in mind.

Overloading With Signal Phrases

• Problem: Using signal phrases for every piece of information, even when it is common knowledge or when consecutive sentences cite the same source, can be overkill.

Solution: Use discretion. While it is vital to credit sources, you do not need to signal every single reference, especially if it makes the writing feel cumbersome. If you have just mentioned a source, and the following sentence continues to discuss the same source, you may not need a new signal phrase.

Frequently Asked Questions

How to use a signal phrase.

To use a signal phrase, introduce external information in your writing by embedding the source’s name or title, followed by verbs like “states,” “argues,” or “suggests.” This alerts readers to incoming quotes, summaries, or paraphrases, providing context and credit. Proper punctuation, typically a comma, often follows the phrase before the quoted material.

What is a signal phrase?

A signal phrase introduces quotations, paraphrases, or summaries in writing, indicating the source of the information. By using verbs like “states,” “argues,” or “notes,” these phrases provide context, attribute credit, and seamlessly integrate external references into the narrative. They help guide readers and enhance clarity, flow, and credibility.

When do I need to use a signal phrase?

Use a signal phrase when introducing quotations, paraphrases, or summaries from external sources in your writing. It attributes credit, provides context, and alerts readers to the origin of the information. Employing them enhances clarity, avoids abrupt transitions, and upholds ethical standards by clearly differentiating between your ideas and sourced content.

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10.4 Signal Phrases

A signal phrase, also known as an attributive tag, is a device used to smoothly integrate quotations and paraphrases into your essay. It is important to use signal phrases to clearly attribute supporting evidence to its author or authors and to avoid interrupting the flow of an essay. Signal phrases can also be used as meaningful transitions, moving your readers between your ideas and those of your sources.

A signal phrase consists of an author’s name and an active verb indicating how the author is presenting the material. A signal phrase may also include information explaining an author’s credentials and/or affiliations as well as the title and/or publisher of the source text.

Referring to the Author within a Signal Phrase

In many instances, signal phrases will contain only the last name of the author of the source text (as opposed to the author’s first  and last name). For instance, APA style guidelines require no reference to the author’s first name at any point in an essay.  But in MLA papers, if you are referring to an author for the first time in your essay, you should include that author’s first name as well as the author’s relevant credentials or affiliations in your signal phrase (you might also want to include the title of the source text). Once you have supplied an author’s first name and credentials, any subsequent signal phrase referencing that same author should contain the author’s last name only. For example:

• Michael Pollan, Professor of Science and Environmental Journalism at the University of California Berkeley, observes that “Americans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago” (29).
• Pollan continues, “But the national conversation unfolding around the subject of food and farming began in the 1970s” (29).

Notice how each signal phrase verb is followed by the word “that” or a comma, which is then followed by one space before the opening quotation mark.

In essays written according to MLA and APA guidelines, it is acceptable to refer to an author as “the author” as long as it is clear to whom you are referring. In APA, it is common to see references to “the researchers.”

Signal Phrase Verb Tense

In the examples above, notice how the signal phrase verbs are written in the present tense. When you are asked to write a paper that follows MLA guidelines, signal phrases should always be written in present (not past) tense. When writing a paper using APA style, signal phrase verbs should be written in past tense. For example:

• Pollan (2009) observed that “Americans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago” (p. 29).

Notice how APA in-text citations also differ from MLA style in that APA citations include the year of publication and the page number is preceded by a “p.”

Varying Your Verbs

You should also vary your signal phrase verbs (rather than simply using “states” throughout your entire essay) to maintain your readers’ interest and to indicate the author’s intended use of the excerpted material. See below for examples of strong signal phrase verbs.

Types of Signal Phrases

In most instances, the first time the author is mentioned in an MLA-style essay, as well as including the author’s first and  last name in a signal phrase, it is also a good idea to include the author’s credentials and the title of the source.

While providing the author’s credentials and the title of the source are the most common types of signal phrases, there are others we should be aware of. In the examples below, the information relevant to the type of signal phrase is underlined.

Type:   Author’s credentials are indicated.

Example:  Grace Chapmen, Curator of Human Health & Evolutionary Medicine at the Springfield Natural History Museum, explains…

Purpose:  Presenting an author’s credentials should help build credibility for the passage you are about to present. Including the author’s credentials gives your readers a reason to consider your sources.

Type:   Author’s  lack of  credentials is indicated.

Example:  Matthew Spencer, whose background is in marriage counseling, not foreign policy, claims…

Purpose:  Identifying an author’s lack of credentials in a given area can help illustrate a lack of authority on the subject matter and persuade the audience not to adopt the author’s ideas. Pointing to an author’s lack of credentials can be beneficial when developing your response to counter-arguments.

Type:   Author’s social or political stance, if necessary to the content, is explained.

Example:  Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Roland Hayes, a prominent civil rights activist, preaches…

Ralph Spencer, who has ties to the White Nationalist movement, denies…

Purpose:  Explaining the author’s social or political stance can help a reader to understand why that author expresses a particular view. This understanding can positively or negatively influence an audience. Be careful to avoid engaging in logical fallacies such as loaded language.

Type:   Publisher of the source is identified.

Example:  According to a recent  CNN  poll…

Purpose:  Identifying the publisher of the passage can help reinforce the credibility of the information presented and you can capitalize on the reputation/ credibility of the publisher of the source material.

Type:   Title of the Source is included.

Example : In “Understanding Human Behavior,” Riley argues …

Purpose: Inform the reader where the cited passage is being pulled from.

Type:   Information that establishes context is presented.

Example:  In a speech presented during a Free Speech rally, Elaine Wallace encourages …

Purpose: Presenting the context in which the original information was presented can help the audience understand the author’s purpose more clearly.

 MLA Signal Phrase Verbs

 APA Signal Phrase Verbs

Attributions

A Guide to Rhetoric, Genre, and Success in First-Year Writing  by Melanie Gagich & Emilie Zickel is licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

10.4 Signal Phrases Copyright © by James Charles Devlin is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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11.4 Signal Phrases

John Lanning and Amanda Lloyd

A  signal phrase , also known as an attributive tag, is a device used to smoothly integrate quotations and paraphrases into your essay. It is important to use signal phrases to clearly attribute supporting evidence to an author and to avoid interrupting the flow of an essay. Signal phrases can also be used as meaningful transitions, moving your readers between your ideas and those of your sources.

A basic signal phrase consists of an author’s name and an active verb indicating how the author is presenting the material. A signal phrase may also include information explaining an author’s credentials and/or affiliations as well as the title and/or publisher of the source text.

Referring to the Author within a Signal Phrase

In many instances, a  signal phrase  should contain only the last name of the author or authors of the source  text  (as opposed to the author’s first  and  last name). For instance, APA style guidelines require no reference to an author’s first name at any point in an essay and few if any gender specific pronouns.  But in MLA papers, if you are referring to an author for the first time in your essay, you should include that author’s first name (you might also want to include the author’s credentials and the title of the source—see “Types of Signal Phrases” below). Any future  signal phrase  should refer to the author by last name only or with a pronoun when it’s perfectly clear to whom that pronoun refers. For example:

• Michael Pollan observes that “Americans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago” (29).
• Pollan continues, “But the national conversation unfolding around the subject of food and farming really began in the 1970s” (29).
• He then specifies, “I would argue that the conversation got under way in earnest in 1971, when [Wendell] Berry published an article in The Last Whole Earth Catalogue” (29).

Notice how each  signal phrase  verb is followed by a comma (or the word “that”), which is then followed by one space before the opening quotation mark.

In essays written according to MLA and APA guidelines, it is acceptable to refer to the author as “the author” as long as it is perfectly clear to whom you are referring. In APA, it is common to see general references to “researchers.”

Signal Phrase Verb Tense

In the examples above, notice how the  signal phrase  verbs are written in present tense. When you are asked to write a paper that follows MLA guidelines, signal phrases should always be written in present (not past) tense. When writing a paper using APA style,  signal phrase  verbs should be written in past tense. For example:

• Pollan (2009) observed that “Americans today are having a national conversation about food and agriculture that would have been impossible to imagine even a few short years ago” (p. 29).

Notice how APA in-text citations also differ from MLA style in that APA citations include the year of publication and the page number is preceded by a “p.”

See section 12.6 for more information on APA in-text citations and section 12.2 for MLA citations.

Varying Your Verbs

You should also vary your  signal phrase  verbs (rather than simply using “states” throughout your entire essay) in order to maintain your readers’ interest and to indicate the author’s intended use of the excerpted material. See below for examples of strong  signal phrase  verbs.

Types of Signal Phrases

In most instances, the first time the author is mentioned in an MLA-style essay, as well as including the author’s first and  last name in a signal phrase, it is also a good idea to include the author’s credentials and the title of the source.

While providing the author’s credentials and title of the source are the most common types of signal phrases, there are others we should be aware of. In the examples below, the information relevant to the type of signal phrase is underlined.

Type:   Author’s credentials are indicated.

Example:  Grace Chapmen, Curator of Human Health & Evolutionary Medicine at the Springfield Natural History Museum, explains…

Purpose:  Presenting an author’s credentials should help build credibility for the passage you are about to present. Including the author’s credentials gives your readers a reason to consider your  sources .

Type:   Author’s  lack of  credentials is indicated.

Example:  Matthew Spencer, whose background is in marriage counseling, not foreign policy, claims…

Purpose:  Identifying an author’s lack of credentials in a given area can help illustrate a lack of authority on the subject matter and persuade the audience not to adopt the author’s ideas. Pointing to an author’s lack of credentials can be beneficial when developing your response to counter-arguments.

Type:   Author’s social or political stance, if necessary to the content, is explained.

Example:   Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Roland Hayes, prominent civil rights activist, preaches…

Ralph Spencer, who has ties to the White Nationalist movement, denies…

Purpose:  Explaining the author’s social or political stance can help a reader to understand why that author expresses a particular view. This understanding can positively or negatively influence an audience. Be careful to avoid engaging in logical fallacies such as loaded language.

Type:   Publisher of the source is identified.

Example:  According to a recent  CNN  poll…

Purpose:  Identifying the publisher of the passage can help reinforce the credibility of the information presented and you can capitalize on the reputation/ credibility of the publisher of the source material.

Type:   Title of the Source is included.

Example : In “Understanding Human Behavior,” Riley argues …

Purpose:  Informs the reader where the cited passage is being pulled from.

Type:   Information that establishes  context  is presented.

Example:  In a speech presented during a Free Speech rally, Elaine Wallace encourages …

Purpose:  Presenting the  context  that the original information was presented can help the audience understand the author’s purpose more clearly.

 MLA Signal Phrase Verbs

 APA Signal Phrase Verbs

11.4 Signal Phrases Copyright © by John Lanning and Amanda Lloyd is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Signal Phrases and Interacting With Texts

Signal Phrases and Interacting With Texts (APA Style 7th Ed.) Podcast

Signal phrases and interacting with texts (apa style 7th ed.) transcript.

Greetings everyone. This is Kurtis Clements with another Effective Writing podcast. In this episode, I am going to discuss using signal phrases and interacting with texts.

In case you’re wondering what a signal phrase is, let me start there. All a signal phrase is is some introductory text that precedes (and sometimes splits and follows) information that comes from a source whether that information is a direct quote, a paraphrase, or a summary. A signal phrase is a natural part of an APA narrative in-text citation as it attributes information to a particular author like this: Clements (date of publication in parentheses) explained signal phrases in a recent fabulous podcast. Common signal phrases include such phrasing as According to X, As noted by X, As X argued, stated, reported, or some other past tense verb, and other similar constructs.

APA is not the only documentation style that uses signal phrases. MLA uses signal phrases as well, and the key difference between the way signal phrases are used is that MLA uses present tense verbs and APA uses past tense verbs.

A signal phrase in MLA: Jones argues that . . . A signal phrase in APA: Jones argued that . . .

You may be wondering, What’s the benefit of using a signal phrase? Well, for starters, signal phrases help writers distinguish their ideas from a source’s ideas.

Listen to the following example:

Recent studies have shown that car accidents are the leading cause of death for teens in the United States. “Car crashes remain the leading cause of death for teenagers, who have a crash rate four times higher than that of older drivers” (Zernike, 2012, p. 76). Although some 16 year olds may appear more mature than some 18 year olds, records show that 16 year olds are more likely to get involved in car accidents.

Could you tell what content in that section was mine and what content came from a source? Absolutely not, right? Now obviously if you could actually see the page and a direct quote was used, then you would be able to tell what material was quoted, but even then, it’s a good idea to give a quote authority by using a signal phrase to name the author prior to the direct quote.

Listen to this updated version of the content I just read:

Recent studies have shown that car accidents are the leading cause of death for teens in the United States. According to Zernike (2019), “Car crashes remain the leading cause of death for teenagers, who have a crash rate four times higher than that of older drivers” (p. 76). While Zernike’s contention should be concerning, what should also be clear is that some 16 year olds may be more mature than some 18 year olds.

Note how in this revised passage, the author, Zernike, is named before the quote so readers know the source right out of the gate, and then the quote is integrated. In APA when using a signal phrase, put the date of publication in parenthesis directly after the author’s last name. Did you notice anything else about the short passage I just read? You probably noticed this sentence: “While Zernike’s contention should be concerning, what should also be clear is that some 16 year olds may be more mature than some 18 year olds.” Why use the author’s name again as I have done? Using the author’s name again and attributing an idea to that source shows my view of the issue relative to Zernike’s view, and in this way makes it clear to readers what ideas are mine and what ideas are Zernike’s. Attributing information to a specific source is another way writers make sure their ideas stand out on the page. Indeed, signal phrases and other forms of attribution function as signposts to readers so that it’s clear whose ideas belong to whom.

While it’s important to use a signal phrase, repeating the same language and placing it prior to the source material will make your writing predictable and perhaps even boring to readers. To this end, you will want to vary how you use signal phrases. The signal phrase is most commonly used prior to the direct quote, paraphrase, or summary, but it can also be used after the information used or it can even split up content from a source. And of course, you should mix up the wording you use in the signal phrases. In other words, you wouldn’t want to use “According to” in every instance you use a signal phrase. Vary the phrasing as much as possible.

Another good reason for using a signal phrase when integrating a direct quote is so that you avoid using stand-alone quotes–that is, a quote that starts and ends a sentence. There is no transition into or out of the quote. The quote just appears. I call this kind of quote an island quote, but it’s also known as a dropped quote because it’s dropped into a paragraph without any transitions or real context. Stand-alone quotes should be avoided and using signal phrases will help in this regard.

One suggestion for integrating source material is to be sure to include one or more sentences that establish your thoughts on a subject prior to using the material. You as the writer set the context before even beginning to use content from a source.

Listen to the following excerpt and take note of how the first sentence clearly expresses a personal view as well as a reaction to previously used content, and then a new sentence starts with a signal phrase, followed by the source material.

While Zernike’s contention should be concerning, others argue that some 16 year olds may appear more mature than some 18 year olds, but records show that 16 year olds are still more likely to get involved in car accidents. Preusser and Leaf (2018) argued that the “problem is related to both age and experience. Young drivers lack the fully developed judgmental and decision-making skills of older people at a time when they are just beginning to acquire their driving experience” (2000, p. 36). Preusser and Leaf’s argument is logical–how can new drivers be expected to make split-second decisions when they are still learning to drive? The prudent course of action, then, is to set eighteen as the minimum age in which a driver can be issued a license.

When you are writing an academic essay, you as the writer are expressing your view–in some way, shape, or form–on a topic, so you want to make sure that your voice is loud and clear in the discussion. To this end, when material from research is integrated into your composition, you want to make sure that you interpret and comment on that content as a way of developing your thoughts on the topic and advancing what the essay as a whole is trying to say. When you interact with material from sources in this way, your voice is entering the conversation on the topic.

Did you notice in the previous excerpt how the writer included such commentary on the evidence presented? Listen to part of the excerpt again:

Preusser and Leaf (2000) argued that the “problem is related to both age and experience. Young drivers lack the fully developed judgmental and decision-making skills of older people at a time when they are just beginning to acquire their driving experience” (2000, p. 36). [Here comes the part to pay attention to]: Preusser and Leaf’s argument is logical–how can new drivers be expected to make split-second decisions when they are still learning to drive? The prudent course of action, then, is to set eighteen as the minimum age in which a driver can be issued a license.

The excerpt begins with a signal phrase that clearly lets readers know the source of the content, and after the material is used, the writer offers commentary on that content as a way for the writer to make his case. The commentary directly follows the content and in this case begins with “Preusser and Leaf’s argument is logical.”

It’s important to offer commentary on evidence presented or you risk an essay that is simply presenting information and has no other purpose–or at least no clear purpose. Even if the purpose of the essay is to inform, commentary connects the content to the point of the paragraph as well as to the larger point of the essay.

Well, everyone, that does it for this effective writing podcast. I hope you found the information helpful. Thanks for listening. Happy writing.

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Frequently asked questions

Why do i need to use signal phrases.

Signal phrases allow you to give credit for an idea or quote to its author or originator. This helps you to:

• Establish the credentials of your sources
• Display your depth of reading and understanding of the field
• Position your own work in relation to other scholars
• Avoid plagiarism

Frequently asked questions: Citing sources

A scientific citation style is a system of source citation that is used in scientific disciplines. Some commonly used scientific citation styles are:

• Chicago author-date , CSE , and Harvard , used across various sciences
• ACS , used in chemistry
• AMA , NLM , and Vancouver , used in medicine and related disciplines
• AAA , APA , and ASA , commonly used in the social sciences

There are many different citation styles used across different academic disciplines, but they fall into three basic approaches to citation:

• Parenthetical citations : Including identifying details of the source in parentheses —usually the author’s last name and the publication date, plus a page number if available ( author-date ). The publication date is occasionally omitted ( author-page ).
• Numerical citations: Including a number in brackets or superscript, corresponding to an entry in your numbered reference list.
• Note citations: Including a full citation in a footnote or endnote , which is indicated in the text with a superscript number or symbol.

A source annotation in an annotated bibliography fulfills a similar purpose to an abstract : they’re both intended to summarize the approach and key points of a source.

However, an annotation may also evaluate the source , discussing the validity and effectiveness of its arguments. Even if your annotation is purely descriptive , you may have a different perspective on the source from the author and highlight different key points.

You should never just copy text from the abstract for your annotation, as doing so constitutes plagiarism .

Most academics agree that you shouldn’t cite Wikipedia as a source in your academic writing , and universities often have rules against doing so.

This is partly because of concerns about its reliability, and partly because it’s a tertiary source. Tertiary sources are things like encyclopedias and databases that collect information from other sources rather than presenting their own evidence or analysis. Usually, only primary and secondary sources are cited in academic papers.

A Wikipedia citation usually includes the title of the article, “Wikipedia” and/or “Wikimedia Foundation,” the date the article was last updated, and the URL.

In APA Style , you’ll give the URL of the current revision of the article so that you’re sure the reader accesses the same version as you.

There’s some disagreement about whether Wikipedia can be considered a reliable source . Because it can be edited by anyone, many people argue that it’s easy for misleading information to be added to an article without the reader knowing.

Others argue that because Wikipedia articles cite their sources , and because they are worked on by so many editors, misinformation is generally removed quickly.

However, most universities state that you shouldn’t cite Wikipedia in your writing.

Hanging indents are used in reference lists in various citation styles to allow the reader to easily distinguish between entries.

You should apply a hanging indent to your reference entries in APA , MLA , and Chicago style.

A hanging indent is used to indent all lines of a paragraph except the first.

When you create a hanging indent, the first line of the paragraph starts at the border. Each subsequent line is indented 0.5 inches (1.27 cm).

APA and MLA style both use parenthetical in-text citations to cite sources and include a full list of references at the end, but they differ in other ways:

• APA in-text citations include the author name, date, and page number (Taylor, 2018, p. 23), while MLA in-text citations include only the author name and page number (Taylor 23).
• The APA reference list is titled “References,” while MLA’s version is called “ Works Cited .”
• The reference entries differ in terms of formatting and order of information.
• APA requires a title page , while MLA requires a header instead.

A parenthetical citation in Chicago author-date style includes the author’s last name, the publication date, and, if applicable, the relevant page number or page range in parentheses . Include a comma after the year, but not after the author’s name.

For example: (Swan 2003, 6)

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .

APA Style distinguishes between parenthetical and narrative citations.

In parenthetical citations , you include all relevant source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence or clause: “Parts of the human body reflect the principles of tensegrity (Levin, 2002).”

In narrative citations , you include the author’s name in the text itself, followed by the publication date in parentheses: “Levin (2002) argues that parts of the human body reflect the principles of tensegrity.”

In a parenthetical citation in MLA style , include the author’s last name and the relevant page number or range in parentheses .

For example: (Eliot 21)

A parenthetical citation gives credit in parentheses to a source that you’re quoting or paraphrasing . It provides relevant information such as the author’s name, the publication date, and the page number(s) cited.

How you use parenthetical citations will depend on your chosen citation style . It will also depend on the type of source you are citing and the number of authors.

APA does not permit the use of ibid. This is because APA in-text citations are parenthetical and there’s no need to shorten them further.

Ibid. may be used in Chicago footnotes or endnotes .

Write “Ibid.” alone when you are citing the same page number and source as the previous citation.

When you are citing the same source, but a different page number, use ibid. followed by a comma and the relevant page number(s). For example:

• Ibid., 40–42.

Only use ibid . if you are directing the reader to a previous full citation of a source .

Ibid. only refers to the previous citation. Therefore, you should only use ibid. directly after a citation that you want to repeat.

Ibid. is an abbreviation of the Latin “ibidem,” meaning “in the same place.” Ibid. is used in citations to direct the reader to the previous source.

Signal phrases can be used in various ways and can be placed at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.

To use signal phrases effectively, include:

• The name of the scholar(s) or study you’re referencing
• An attributive tag such as “according to” or “argues that”
• The quote or idea you want to include

Different citation styles require you to use specific verb tenses when using signal phrases.

• APA Style requires you to use the past or present perfect tense when using signal phrases.
• MLA and Chicago requires you to use the present tense when using signal phrases.

A signal phrase is a group of words that ascribes a quote or idea to an outside source.

Signal phrases distinguish the cited idea or argument from your own writing and introduce important information including the source of the material that you are quoting , paraphrasing , or summarizing . For example:

“ Cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker (1994) insists that humans possess an innate faculty for comprehending grammar.”

If you’re quoting from a text that paraphrases or summarizes other sources and cites them in parentheses , APA and Chicago both recommend retaining the citations as part of the quote. However, MLA recommends omitting citations within a quote:

• APA: Smith states that “the literature on this topic (Jones, 2015; Sill, 2019; Paulson, 2020) shows no clear consensus” (Smith, 2019, p. 4).
• MLA: Smith states that “the literature on this topic shows no clear consensus” (Smith, 2019, p. 4).

Footnote or endnote numbers that appear within quoted text should be omitted in all styles.

If you want to cite an indirect source (one you’ve only seen quoted in another source), either locate the original source or use the phrase “as cited in” in your citation.

In scientific subjects, the information itself is more important than how it was expressed, so quoting should generally be kept to a minimum. In the arts and humanities, however, well-chosen quotes are often essential to a good paper.

In social sciences, it varies. If your research is mainly quantitative , you won’t include many quotes, but if it’s more qualitative , you may need to quote from the data you collected .

As a general guideline, quotes should take up no more than 5–10% of your paper. If in doubt, check with your instructor or supervisor how much quoting is appropriate in your field.

To present information from other sources in academic writing , it’s best to paraphrase in most cases. This shows that you’ve understood the ideas you’re discussing and incorporates them into your text smoothly.

It’s appropriate to quote when:

• Changing the phrasing would distort the meaning of the original text
• You want to discuss the author’s language choices (e.g., in literary analysis )
• You’re presenting a precise definition
• You’re looking in depth at a specific claim

To paraphrase effectively, don’t just take the original sentence and swap out some of the words for synonyms. Instead, try:

• Reformulating the sentence (e.g., change active to passive , or start from a different point)
• Combining information from multiple sentences into one
• Leaving out information from the original that isn’t relevant to your point
• Using synonyms where they don’t distort the meaning

The main point is to ensure you don’t just copy the structure of the original text, but instead reformulate the idea in your own words.

“ Et al. ” is an abbreviation of the Latin term “et alia,” which means “and others.” It’s used in source citations to save space when there are too many authors to name them all.

Guidelines for using “et al.” differ depending on the citation style you’re following:

To insert endnotes in Microsoft Word, follow the steps below:

• Click on the spot in the text where you want the endnote to show up.
• In the “References” tab at the top, select “Insert Endnote.”
• Type whatever text you want into the endnote.

If you need to change the type of notes used in a Word document from footnotes to endnotes , or the other way around, follow these steps:

• Open the “References” tab, and click the arrow in the bottom-right corner of the “Footnotes” section.
• In the pop-up window, click on “Convert…”
• Choose the option you need, and click “OK.”

To insert a footnote automatically in a Word document:

• Click on the point in the text where the footnote should appear
• Select the “References” tab at the top and then click on “Insert Footnote”
• Type the text you want into the footnote that appears at the bottom of the page

Footnotes are notes indicated in your text with numbers and placed at the bottom of the page. They’re used to provide:

• Citations (e.g., in Chicago notes and bibliography )
• Additional information that would disrupt the flow of the main text

Be sparing in your use of footnotes (other than citation footnotes), and consider whether the information you’re adding is relevant for the reader.

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page they refer to. This is convenient for the reader but may cause your text to look cluttered if there are a lot of footnotes.

Endnotes appear all together at the end of the whole text. This may be less convenient for the reader but reduces clutter.

Both footnotes and endnotes are used in the same way: to cite sources or add extra information. You should usually choose one or the other to use in your text, not both.

An in-text citation is an acknowledgement you include in your text whenever you quote or paraphrase a source. It usually gives the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number of the relevant text. In-text citations allow the reader to look up the full source information in your reference list and see your sources for themselves.

If you are reusing content or data you used in a previous assignment, make sure to cite yourself. You can cite yourself just as you would cite any other source: simply follow the directions for that source type in the citation style you are using.

Keep in mind that reusing your previous work can be considered self-plagiarism , so make sure you ask your professor or consult your university’s handbook before doing so.

A credible source should pass the CRAAP test  and follow these guidelines:

• The information should be up to date and current.
• The author and publication should be a trusted authority on the subject you are researching.
• The sources the author cited should be easy to find, clear, and unbiased.
• For a web source, the URL and layout should signify that it is trustworthy.

Peer review is a process of evaluating submissions to an academic journal. Utilizing rigorous criteria, a panel of reviewers in the same subject area decide whether to accept each submission for publication. For this reason, academic journals are often considered among the most credible sources you can use in a research project– provided that the journal itself is trustworthy and well-regarded.

Academic dishonesty can be intentional or unintentional, ranging from something as simple as claiming to have read something you didn’t to copying your neighbor’s answers on an exam.

You can commit academic dishonesty with the best of intentions, such as helping a friend cheat on a paper. Severe academic dishonesty can include buying a pre-written essay or the answers to a multiple-choice test, or falsifying a medical emergency to avoid taking a final exam.

Academic dishonesty refers to deceitful or misleading behavior in an academic setting. Academic dishonesty can occur intentionally or unintentionally, and varies in severity.

It can encompass paying for a pre-written essay, cheating on an exam, or committing plagiarism . It can also include helping others cheat, copying a friend’s homework answers, or even pretending to be sick to miss an exam.

Academic dishonesty doesn’t just occur in a classroom setting, but also in research and other academic-adjacent fields.

To apply a hanging indent to your reference list or Works Cited list in Word or Google Docs, follow the steps below.

Microsoft Word:

• Highlight the whole list and right click to open the Paragraph options.
• Under Indentation > Special , choose Hanging from the dropdown menu.
• Set the indent to 0.5 inches or 1.27cm.

Google Docs:

• Highlight the whole list and click on Format >  Align and indent >  Indentation options .
• Under  Special indent , choose Hanging from the dropdown menu.

When the hanging indent is applied, for each reference, every line except the first is indented. This helps the reader see where one entry ends and the next begins.

For a published interview (whether in video , audio, or print form ), you should always include a citation , just as you would for any other source.

For an interview you conducted yourself , formally or informally, you often don’t need a citation and can just refer to it in the text or in a footnote , since the reader won’t be able to look them up anyway. MLA , however, still recommends including citations for your own interviews.

The main elements included in a newspaper interview citation across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the names of the interviewer and interviewee, the interview title, the publication date, the name of the newspaper, and a URL (for online sources).

The information is presented differently in different citation styles. One key difference is that APA advises listing the interviewer in the author position, while MLA and Chicago advise listing the interviewee first.

The elements included in a newspaper article citation across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the author name, the article title, the publication date, the newspaper name, and the URL if the article was accessed online .

In APA and MLA, the page numbers of the article appear in place of the URL if the article was accessed in print. No page numbers are used in Chicago newspaper citations.

Untitled sources (e.g. some images ) are usually cited using a short descriptive text in place of the title. In APA Style , this description appears in brackets: [Chair of stained oak]. In MLA and Chicago styles, no brackets are used: Chair of stained oak.

For social media posts, which are usually untitled, quote the initial words of the post in place of the title: the first 160 characters in Chicago , or the first 20 words in APA . E.g. Biden, J. [@JoeBiden]. “The American Rescue Plan means a $7,000 check for a single mom of four. It means more support to safely.”

MLA recommends quoting the full post for something short like a tweet, and just describing the post if it’s longer.

The main elements included in image citations across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the name of the image’s creator, the image title, the year (or more precise date) of publication, and details of the container in which the image was found (e.g. a museum, book , website ).

In APA and Chicago style, it’s standard to also include a description of the image’s format (e.g. “Photograph” or “Oil on canvas”). This sort of information may be included in MLA too, but is not mandatory.

The main elements included in a lecture citation across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the name of the speaker, the lecture title, the date it took place, the course or event it was part of, and the institution it took place at.

For transcripts or recordings of lectures/speeches, other details like the URL, the name of the book or website , and the length of the recording may be included instead of information about the event and institution.

The main elements included in a YouTube video citation across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the name of the author/uploader, the title of the video, the publication date, and the URL.

The format in which this information appears is different for each style.

All styles also recommend using timestamps as a locator in the in-text citation or Chicago footnote .

Each annotation in an annotated bibliography is usually between 50 and 200 words long. Longer annotations may be divided into paragraphs .

The content of the annotation varies according to your assignment. An annotation can be descriptive, meaning it just describes the source objectively; evaluative, meaning it assesses its usefulness; or reflective, meaning it explains how the source will be used in your own research .

Any credible sources on your topic can be included in an annotated bibliography . The exact sources you cover will vary depending on the assignment, but you should usually focus on collecting journal articles and scholarly books . When in doubt, utilize the CRAAP test !

An annotated bibliography is an assignment where you collect sources on a specific topic and write an annotation for each source. An annotation is a short text that describes and sometimes evaluates the source.

The elements included in journal article citations across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the name(s) of the author(s), the title of the article, the year of publication, the name of the journal, the volume and issue numbers, the page range of the article, and, when accessed online, the DOI or URL.

In MLA and Chicago style, you also include the specific month or season of publication alongside the year, when this information is available.

In APA , MLA , and Chicago style citations for sources that don’t list a specific author (e.g. many websites ), you can usually list the organization responsible for the source as the author.

If the organization is the same as the website or publisher, you shouldn’t repeat it twice in your reference:

• In APA and Chicago, omit the website or publisher name later in the reference.
• In MLA, omit the author element at the start of the reference, and cite the source title instead.

If there’s no appropriate organization to list as author, you will usually have to begin the citation and reference entry with the title of the source instead.

The main elements included in website citations across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the author, the date of publication, the page title, the website name, and the URL. The information is presented differently in each style.

When you want to cite a specific passage in a source without page numbers (e.g. an e-book or website ), all the main citation styles recommend using an alternate locator in your in-text citation . You might use a heading or chapter number, e.g. (Smith, 2016, ch. 1)

In APA Style , you can count the paragraph numbers in a text to identify a location by paragraph number. MLA and Chicago recommend that you only use paragraph numbers if they’re explicitly marked in the text.

For audiovisual sources (e.g. videos ), all styles recommend using a timestamp to show a specific point in the video when relevant.

The abbreviation “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”) is used to shorten citations of sources with multiple authors.

“Et al.” is used in APA in-text citations of sources with 3+ authors, e.g. (Smith et al., 2019). It is not used in APA reference entries .

Use “et al.” for 3+ authors in MLA in-text citations and Works Cited entries.

Use “et al.” for 4+ authors in a Chicago in-text citation , and for 10+ authors in a Chicago bibliography entry.

Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.

• APA Style is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.
• MLA style is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.
• Chicago notes and bibliography style is also popular in the humanities, especially history.
• Chicago author-date style tends to be used in the sciences.

Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.

The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.

The main elements included in all book citations across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the author, the title, the year of publication, and the name of the publisher. A page number is also included in in-text citations to highlight the specific passage cited.

In Chicago style and in the 6th edition of APA Style , the location of the publisher is also included, e.g. London: Penguin.

A block quote is a long quote formatted as a separate “block” of text. Instead of using quotation marks , you place the quote on a new line, and indent the entire quote to mark it apart from your own words.

The rules for when to apply block quote formatting depend on the citation style:

• APA block quotes are 40 words or longer.
• MLA block quotes are more than 4 lines of prose or 3 lines of poetry.
• Chicago block quotes are longer than 100 words.

In academic writing , there are three main situations where quoting is the best choice:

• To analyze the author’s language (e.g., in a literary analysis essay )
• To give evidence from primary sources
• To accurately present a precise definition or argument

Don’t overuse quotes; your own voice should be dominant. If you just want to provide information from a source, it’s usually better to paraphrase or summarize .

Every time you quote a source , you must include a correctly formatted in-text citation . This looks slightly different depending on the citation style .

For example, a direct quote in APA is cited like this: “This is a quote” (Streefkerk, 2020, p. 5).

Every in-text citation should also correspond to a full reference at the end of your paper.

A quote is an exact copy of someone else’s words, usually enclosed in quotation marks and credited to the original author or speaker.

The DOI is usually clearly visible when you open a journal article on an academic database. It is often listed near the publication date, and includes “doi.org” or “DOI:”. If the database has a “cite this article” button, this should also produce a citation with the DOI included.

If you can’t find the DOI, you can search on Crossref using information like the author, the article title, and the journal name.

A DOI is a unique identifier for a digital document. DOIs are important in academic citation because they are more permanent than URLs, ensuring that your reader can reliably locate the source.

Journal articles and ebooks can often be found on multiple different websites and databases. The URL of the page where an article is hosted can be changed or removed over time, but a DOI is linked to the specific document and never changes.

When a book’s chapters are written by different authors, you should cite the specific chapter you are referring to.

When all the chapters are written by the same author (or group of authors), you should usually cite the entire book, but some styles include exceptions to this.

• In APA Style , single-author books should always be cited as a whole, even if you only quote or paraphrase from one chapter.
• In MLA Style , if a single-author book is a collection of stand-alone works (e.g. short stories ), you should cite the individual work.
• In Chicago Style , you may choose to cite a single chapter of a single-author book if you feel it is more appropriate than citing the whole book.

Articles in newspapers and magazines can be primary or secondary depending on the focus of your research.

In historical studies, old articles are used as primary sources that give direct evidence about the time period. In social and communication studies, articles are used as primary sources to analyze language and social relations (for example, by conducting content analysis or discourse analysis ).

If you are not analyzing the article itself, but only using it for background information or facts about your topic, then the article is a secondary source.

A fictional movie is usually a primary source. A documentary can be either primary or secondary depending on the context.

If you are directly analyzing some aspect of the movie itself – for example, the cinematography, narrative techniques, or social context – the movie is a primary source.

If you use the movie for background information or analysis about your topic – for example, to learn about a historical event or a scientific discovery – the movie is a secondary source.

Whether it’s primary or secondary, always properly cite the movie in the citation style you are using. Learn how to create an MLA movie citation or an APA movie citation .

To determine if a source is primary or secondary, ask yourself:

• Was the source created by someone directly involved in the events you’re studying (primary), or by another researcher (secondary)?
• Does the source provide original information (primary), or does it summarize information from other sources (secondary)?
• Are you directly analyzing the source itself (primary), or only using it for background information (secondary)?

Some types of source are nearly always primary: works of art and literature, raw statistical data, official documents and records, and personal communications (e.g. letters, interviews ). If you use one of these in your research, it is probably a primary source.

Primary sources are often considered the most credible in terms of providing evidence for your argument, as they give you direct evidence of what you are researching. However, it’s up to you to ensure the information they provide is reliable and accurate.

Always make sure to properly cite your sources to avoid plagiarism .

Common examples of secondary sources include academic books, journal articles , reviews, essays , and textbooks.

Anything that summarizes, evaluates or interprets primary sources can be a secondary source. If a source gives you an overview of background information or presents another researcher’s ideas on your topic, it is probably a secondary source.

Common examples of primary sources include interview transcripts , photographs, novels, paintings, films, historical documents, and official statistics.

Anything you directly analyze or use as first-hand evidence can be a primary source, including qualitative or quantitative data that you collected yourself.

The Scribbr Citation Generator is developed using the open-source Citation Style Language (CSL) project and Frank Bennett’s citeproc-js . It’s the same technology used by dozens of other popular citation tools, including Mendeley and Zotero.

You can find all the citation styles and locales used in the Scribbr Citation Generator in our publicly accessible repository on Github .

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Delving deep —

The telltale words that could identify generative ai text, new paper counts "excess words" that started appearing more often in the post-llm era..

Kyle Orland - Jul 1, 2024 11:30 am UTC

Further Reading

To measure these vocabulary changes, the researchers analyzed 14 million paper abstracts published on PubMed between 2010 and 2024, tracking the relative frequency of each word as it appeared across each year. They then compared the expected frequency of those words (based on the pre-2023 trendline) to the actual frequency of those words in abstracts from 2023 and 2024, when LLMs were in widespread use.

The results found a number of words that were extremely uncommon in these scientific abstracts before 2023 that suddenly surged in popularity after LLMs were introduced. The word "delves," for instance, shows up in 25 times as many 2024 papers as the pre-LLM trend would expect; words like "showcasing" and "underscores" increased in usage by nine times as well. Other previously common words became notably more common in post-LLM abstracts: the frequency of "potential" increased 4.1 percentage points; "findings" by 2.7 percentage points; and "crucial" by 2.6 percentage points, for instance.

These kinds of changes in word use could happen independently of LLM usage, of course—the natural evolution of language means words sometimes go in and out of style. However, the researchers found that, in the pre-LLM era, such massive and sudden year-over-year increases were only seen for words related to major world health events: "ebola" in 2015; "zika" in 2017; and words like "coronavirus," "lockdown" and "pandemic" in the 2020 to 2022 period.

In the post-LLM period, though, the researchers found hundreds of words with sudden, pronounced increases in scientific usage that had no common link to world events. In fact, while the excess words during the COVID pandemic were overwhelmingly nouns, the researchers found that the words with a post-LLM frequency bump were overwhelmingly "style words" like verbs, adjectives, and adverbs (a small sampling: "across, additionally, comprehensive, crucial, enhancing, exhibited, insights, notably, particularly, within").

This isn't a completely new finding—the increased prevalence of "delve" in scientific papers has been widely noted in the recent past , for instance. But previous studies generally relied on comparisons with "ground truth" human writing samples or lists of pre-defined LLM markers obtained from outside the study. Here, the pre-2023 set of abstracts acts as its own effective control group to show how vocabulary choice has changed overall in the post-LLM era.

An intricate interplay

By highlighting hundreds of so-called "marker words" that became significantly more common in the post-LLM era, the telltale signs of LLM use can sometimes be easy to pick out. Take this example abstract line called out by the researchers, with the marker words highlighted: "A comprehensive grasp of the intricate interplay between [...] and [...] is pivotal for effective therapeutic strategies."

After doing some statistical measures of marker word appearance across individual papers, the researchers estimate that at least 10 percent of the post-2022 papers in the PubMed corpus were written with at least some LLM assistance. The number could be even higher, the researchers say, because their set could be missing LLM-assisted abstracts that don't include any of the marker words they identified.

Those measured percentages can vary a lot across different subsets of papers, too. The researchers found that papers authored in countries like China, South Korea, and Taiwan showed LLM marker words 15 percent of the time, suggesting "LLMs might... help non-natives with editing English texts, which could justify their extensive use." On the other hand, the researchers offer that native English speakers "may [just] be better at noticing and actively removing unnatural style words from LLM outputs," thus hiding their LLM usage from this kind of analysis.

Detecting LLM use is important, the researchers note, because "LLMs are infamous for making up references, providing inaccurate summaries, and making false claims that sound authoritative and convincing." But as knowledge of LLMs' telltale marker words starts to spread, human editors may get better at taking those words out of generated text before it's shared with the world.

Who knows, maybe future large language models will do this kind of frequency analysis themselves, lowering the weight of marker words to better mask their outputs as human-like. Before long, we may need to call in some Blade Runners to pick out the generative AI text hiding in our midst.

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Electrical Engineering and Systems Science > Signal Processing

Title: roadmap to neuromorphic computing with emerging technologies.

Abstract: The roadmap is organized into several thematic sections, outlining current computing challenges, discussing the neuromorphic computing approach, analyzing mature and currently utilized technologies, providing an overview of emerging technologies, addressing material challenges, exploring novel computing concepts, and finally examining the maturity level of emerging technologies while determining the next essential steps for their advancement.

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Unveiling the sub-10 ghz performance of sma connectors: a comparative analysis.

1. Introduction

1.1. similar works, 1.2. motivation and relevance, 2. measurement set-up, 3. measurement results and discussion, 3.1. measurement result analysis, 3.2. linking measurement results with connector mechanics, 3.3. most prominent sma connector types, 4. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

Click here to enlarge figure

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Share and Cite

Vasjanov, A.; Barzdenas, V.; Jurgo, M.; Gursnys, D. Unveiling the Sub-10 GHz Performance of SMA Connectors: A Comparative Analysis. Electronics 2024 , 13 , 2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142686

Vasjanov A, Barzdenas V, Jurgo M, Gursnys D. Unveiling the Sub-10 GHz Performance of SMA Connectors: A Comparative Analysis. Electronics . 2024; 13(14):2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142686

Vasjanov, Aleksandr, Vaidotas Barzdenas, Marijan Jurgo, and Darius Gursnys. 2024. "Unveiling the Sub-10 GHz Performance of SMA Connectors: A Comparative Analysis" Electronics 13, no. 14: 2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142686

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Cisco Security Advisory

Remote unauthenticated code execution vulnerability in openssh server (regresshion): july 2024.

"); replaceTable = $t(tmp).find("table"); if (!replaceTable.hasClass("cisco-data-table-small")) { replaceTable.addClass("cisco-data-table-small"); } if (replaceTable.hasClass("cisco-data-table")) { replaceTable.removeClass("cisco-data-table"); } if (replaceTable.attr("id")) { replaceTable.attr("id",replaceTable.attr("id")+"-small"); } $t(this).find("tr").each(function (index) { currentRowSpanCounter = 0; if (!$t(this).hasClass("data-table-header-row") && !$t(this).hasClass("data-table-section-header-row")) { $t(this).find("th,td").each(function (index) { colIndex = index; if (rowSpanIndexes.length > 0) { for (r = 0; r ") if ((rowCounter) % 2 == 0) { replaceTable.find("tbody:first > tr:last").addClass("data-table-alternate-row"); } } colIndex = colIndex + 1; } } } colIndex = colIndex - currentRowSpanCounter; if ($t(this).attr("rowspan") != undefined && $t(this).attr("rowspan") > 1) { rowSpanIndexes[colIndex] = $t(this).attr("rowspan"); rowSpanCellArray[colIndex] = $t(this); currentRowSpanCounter++; } if (!$t(this).hasClass("data-table-caption-cell") && !$t(this).hasClass("data-table-header-cell")) { for(var cidx = index-1; cidx >=0; cidx--) { var cidxe = $t(this).parent().children()[cidx]; var cidxspan = $t(cidxe).attr("colspan"); if(cidxspan != undefined && cidxspan > 1) { colIndex = colIndex + (cidxspan - 1) } } replaceTable.find("tbody:first").append("") if ((rowCounter) % 2 == 0) { replaceTable.find("tbody:first > tr:last").addClass("data-table-alternate-row"); } if ($t(this).attr("colspan") != undefined && $t(this).attr("colspan") > 1) { var colSpan = $t(this).attr("colspan"); var cs = 1 do{ if ($t(this).attr("rowspan") != undefined && $t(this).attr("rowspan") > 1) { rowSpanIndexes[cs+colIndex] = $t(this).attr("rowspan"); rowSpanCellArray[cs+colIndex] = $t(this); currentRowSpanCounter++; } replaceTable.find("tbody:first").append("") if ((rowCounter) % 2 == 0) { replaceTable.find("tbody:first > tr:last").addClass("data-table-alternate-row"); } cs++; }while(cs ") var newCell = $t(replaceTable).find("tbody > tr:last > td:last"); var newRow = $t(replaceTable).find("tbody > tr:last"); newRow.attr("style", $t(this).parent().attr("style")); newRow.addClass($t(this).parent().attr("class")); newCell.attr("colspan", 2); newCell.attr("style", $t(this).attr("style")); newCell.addClass($t(this).attr("class")); } }); rowCounter++; } else { rowCounter = 1; $t(this).find("td,th").each(function (index) { colIndex = index; if (rowSpanIndexes.length > 0) { for (r = 0; r ") var newCell = $t(replaceTable).find("tbody > tr:last > td:last"); var newRow = $t(replaceTable).find("tbody > tr:last"); newRow.attr("style", $t(this).parent().attr("style")); newRow.addClass($t(this).parent().attr("class")); newCell.attr("colspan", 2); newCell.attr("style", $t(this).attr("style")); newCell.addClass($t(this).attr("class")); } }); } for (r = 0; r '); } content = content.substring(0, newIndex) + c3; newIndex = content.indexOf(escTable, newIndex + escTable.length); if(newIndex != -1){ c2 = content.substring(newIndex,content.length); } } } if (update) { parent.html(content); } }); }); $t(".collapsible-link-list h2.ud-section-heading").click(function () { $t(this).toggleClass("open"); return false; }); $t(".ud-side-link-list h2.ud-section-heading").click(function () { $t(this).toggleClass("open"); return false; }); $t(".ud-main-link-list h2.ud-section-heading").click(function () { $t(this).toggleClass("open"); return false; }); $t("a.tableToggler").click(function () { if($t(this).prev("table").find("tr:eq(3)").length==0) { $t(this).toggle(); return; } if($t(this).text() == "Show Complete History...") { $t(this).html("Show Less"); } else { $t(this).html("Show Complete History..."); } var $tr = $t(this).prev("table").find("tr:eq(3)").toggle(); $tr.nextAll().toggle(); }).prev("table").find("tr:eq(3)").show().end().end().trigger('click'); $t("a.relatedcontenttoggle").click(function () { if ($t(this).hasClass("less")) { $t(this).removeClass("less"); $t(this).parent().find("div.flexrow:eq(9)").nextAll().addClass("relatedoverflow-hidden"); $t(this).text("Show All "+relatedCount+"..."); } else { $t(this).addClass("less"); $t(this).parent().find("div.flexrow:eq(9)").nextAll().removeClass("relatedoverflow-hidden"); $t(this).text("Show Less"); } return false; }); //Dialog Handlers hideDisalogs(); $t(window).resize(function(){ hideDisalogs(); }); $t('body').click(function (e) { hideDisalogs(); }); //Begin CVE $t('.cves').click(function (e) { e.stopPropagation(); $t(".cves").show(); }); $t('.closeCVE').click(function (e) { e.stopPropagation(); $t(".cves").hide(); return false; }); $t('.showCVE').click(function (e) { hideDisalogs(); e.stopPropagation(); var $cveIWidthDiv = $t(this).parent().parent().parent().find(".cveParentIWidth"); var $cveparentDiv = $t(this).parent().parent().parent().find(".cves"); var $content = $t(this).parent().parent().parent().find("#fullcvecontent_content"); var $this = $t(this); showDialog($this, $cveIWidthDiv, $cveparentDiv, $content); return false; }); //End CVE //Begin CWE $t('.cwes').click(function (e) { e.stopPropagation(); $t(".cwes").show(); }); $t('.closeCWE').click(function (e) { e.stopPropagation(); $t(".cwes").hide(); return false; }) $t('.showCWE').click(function (e) { hideDisalogs(); e.stopPropagation(); var $cveIWidthDiv = $t(this).parent().parent().parent().parent().find(".cweParentIWidth"); var $cveparentDiv = $t(this).parent().parent().parent().parent().find(".cwes"); var $content = $t(this).parent().parent().parent().parent().find("#fullcwecontent_content"); var $this = $t(this); showDialog($this, $cveIWidthDiv, $cveparentDiv, $content); return false; }); //End CWE //Begin DDTS Bug IDs $t('.ddts').click(function (e) { e.stopPropagation(); $t(".ddts").show(); }); $t('.closeDDTS').click(function (e) { e.stopPropagation(); $t(".ddts").hide(); return false; }); $t('.showDDTS').click(function (e) { hideDisalogs(); e.stopPropagation(); var $cveIWidthDiv = $t(this).parent().parent().parent().find(".ddtsParentIWidth"); var $cveparentDiv = $t(this).parent().parent().parent().find(".ddts"); var $content = $t(this).parent().parent().parent().find("#fullddtscontent_content"); var $this = $t(this); showDialog($this, $cveIWidthDiv, $cveparentDiv, $content); return false; }); //End DDTS Bug IDs }); function hideDisalogs() { $t(".cves").hide(); $t(".cwes").hide(); $t(".ddts").hide(); } function showDialog($this, $cveIWidthDiv, $cveparentDiv, $content) { $cveIWidthDiv.html(""); var tempCVEArray = ($content.html()).split(","); var totalCVE = tempCVEArray.length; var parentWidth; var ColclassName; var colWidth; var limitPerColumn = 0; if (totalCVE "); for (i = 0; i "); } } if (totalCVE > 20 && totalCVE "); for (i = 0; i "); } for (j = 20; j "); } } if ($t(window).width() > 768) { if (totalCVE > 40 && totalCVE "); for (i = 0; i "); } for (j = 20; j "); } for (k = 40; k "); } } if (totalCVE > 60) { ColclassName = "threeCol"; colWidth = "33.33%"; limitPerColumn = parseInt(totalCVE / 3); var lim_remainder = totalCVE % 3; var lim1 = limitPerColumn; var lim2 = 2 * limitPerColumn;; var lim3 = totalCVE; if (lim_remainder == 1) { lim1 = limitPerColumn + 1; lim2 = limitPerColumn + lim1; } if (lim_remainder == 2) { lim1 = limitPerColumn + 1; lim2 = limitPerColumn + lim1 + 1; } $cveIWidthDiv.append(" "); $cveIWidthDiv.css("overflow", "auto"); for (i = 0; i "); } for (j = lim1; j "); } for (k = lim2; k "); } } } if ($t(window).width() "); $cveIWidthDiv.css("overflow", "auto"); for (i = 0; i "); } for (j = lim1; j "); } } } $cveparentDiv.slideDown(300); var cvwidth = 40; $cveparentDiv.find(".cvecolumn").each(function () { cvwidth = cvwidth + $t(this).width() + 35; }); $cveparentDiv.css("width", cvwidth); if ($t(window).width() > 768) { var cveboxheight = 300; var scrltop = $cveparentDiv.offset().top - 50; $t('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: scrltop }, 500); $cveparentDiv.transpose } } function cvssToClip(){ var target = document.getElementById("hdncvssvector"); var currentFocus = document.activeElement; target.focus(); target.setSelectionRange(0, target.value.length); // copy the selection var succeed; try { succeed = document.execCommand("copy",false,target.value); } catch(e) { succeed = false; } // restore original focus if (currentFocus && typeof currentFocus.focus === "function") { currentFocus.focus(); } } CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:X/RL:X/RC:X A signal handler race condition was found in sshd, where a client does not authenticate within LoginGraceTime seconds (120 by default, 600 in old OpenSSH versions), then the sshd SIGALRM handler is called asynchronously. However, this signal handler calls various functions that are not async-signal-safe, for example, syslog(). For a description of this vulnerability, see the . This advisory will be updated as additional information becomes available. This advisory is available at the following link: The section will include Cisco bug IDs for each affected product or service. The bugs are accessible through the and contain additional platform-specific information, including workarounds (if available) and fixed software releases. The following Cisco products are under active investigation to determine whether they are affected by the vulnerability that is described in this advisory. ").index; newh = htmlContent.indexOf('>',newh-1); hindex = newh+1; i = contentArray.length+2; break; } } else if(htmlContent.charAt(hindex) == '&' && htmlContent.indexOf("& ",hindex-1) != hindex){ newh = htmlContent.indexOf(';',hindex+1)-1; } else if (htmlContent.indexOf("& ",hindex-1) == hindex) { newh = hindex; hindex = hindex+1; } else if(htmlContent[hindex] == "\r" || htmlContent[hindex] == "\n") { newh = 0; hindex++; } else if(htmlContent.substring(hindex).search(/[\s]+/) == 0) { newh = hindex + htmlContent.substring(hindex).search(/[^\s]/); hindex = newh; newh = 0; } if(newh > hindex){ hindex = newh+1; } if(newh == -1){ hindex = hindex+1; } } while ((contentArray[i] != htmlContent.charAt(hindex) && i ') var c2 = tmp.html(); var h2 = htmlContent; //var html = c + '' + ellipsestext + ' ' + + ' '; var html = ' '; $t(this).html(html); $t(this).find("div.full").toggle(); } } } catch(exc){ console.log(exc); $t(this).html(htmlBase); } }); $t(".morelink").click(function () { if ($t(this).hasClass("less")) { $t(this).removeClass("less"); $t(this).text(moretext); } else { $t(this).addClass("less"); $t(this).text(lesstext); } $t(this).parent().find("div.snippet").toggle(); $t(this).parent().find("div.full").toggle(); return false; }); //$t(".btnShowMoreRows").click(function () { //$t('table').find('tr:gt(3)').toggle(); //}); var rowCounter = 1; var rowSpanIndexes = []; var adjustedIndex = 0; var currentRowSpanCounter = 0; var currentCellCaption = []; var colIndex = 0; var rowSpanCellArray = []; $t('#ud-master-container').find('table').not($t('#ud-revision-history').find('table')).parent().each(function () { var parent = $t(this);//.parent(); var content = $t(this).html();//.parent().html(); var update = false; var tblStrings = ""; parent.find('table').each(function () { update = true; var escTable = $t(this)[0].outerHTML; var newIndex = content.indexOf(escTable); if (tblStrings.indexOf(escTable) == -1) { currentCellCaption = [0]; tblStrings += escTable; var c2 = content.substring(newIndex); var c3 = c2; var scrollTable = false; if ($t(this).hasClass("cisco-data-table")) { try{ rowSpanIndexes = []; rowCounter = 1; var tmp = $t(document.createElement('div')) $t(this).clone().appendTo(tmp); var replaceTable = $t(tmp).find("table"); replaceTable.find("tr,td,tbody,thead").remove(); replaceTable.append(" " + $t(rowSpanCellArray[r]).html() + " " + currentCellCaption[colIndex] + " " + $t(this).html() + " " + currentCellCaption[cs+colIndex] + " " + $t(this).html() + " Product Cisco Bug ID Network and Content Security Devices Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software Firepower Management Center (FMC) Software Firepower Threat Defense (FTD) Software FXOS Firepower Chassis Manager Identity Services Engine (ISE) 3.3 patch (Jul 2024) 3.2 patch (Sep 2024) 3.1 patch (Jan 2025) Secure Email and Web Manager Secure Email Gateway Secure Network Analytics Network Management and Provisioning Common Services Platform Collector (CSPC) 2.11.0.1 (Jul 2024) Crosswork Data Gateway 7.0.0 (Aug 2024) Cyber Vision 4.1.7 (Jul 2024) 4.4.3 (Jul 2024) 5.0.0 (Jul 2024) DNA Spaces Connector Evolved Programmable Network Manager (EPNM) Prime Infrastructure Smart PHY 24.2 (Sep 2024) Smart Software Manager On-Prem Virtualized Infrastructure Manager Routing and Switching - Enterprise and Service Provider 8000 Series Routers ASR 5000 Series Routers Cisco Network Convergence System 5700 Fixed Chassis NCS-57B1, NCS-57C1, and NCS-57D2 GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node IOS XRd Control Plane IOS XRd vRouter IP Services Gateway (IPSG) MME Mobility Management Entity Network Convergence System 540 Series Routers running NCS540L images Network Convergence System 1010 Network Convergence System 1014 Nexus 3000 Series Switches Nexus 9000 Series Switches in standalone NX-OS mode PDSN/HA Packet Data Serving Node and Home Agent PGW Packet Data Network Gateway System Architecture Evolution (SAE) Gateway Ultra Cloud Core 5G Policy Control Function Ultra Packet Core Unified Computing Intersight Virtual Appliance 1.0.9-677 UCS C-Series Rack Servers and S-Series Storage Servers - Integrated Management Controller (CIMC) UCS Director Voice and Unified Communications Devices Desk Phone 9841 3.2(1) (Oct 2024) Desk Phone 9851 3.2(1) (Oct 2024) Emergency Responder Unified Communications Manager / Unified Communications Manager Session Management Edition Unified Communications Manager IM & Presence Service Unity Connection Video Phone 8875 2.3(1) (Nov 2024) Video, Streaming, TelePresence, and Transcoding Devices Cisco Meeting Server SMU - CMS 3.9.2 (Aug 2024) SMU - CMS 3.8.2 (Aug 2024) Expressway Series X15.0.3 (Jul 2024) X15.2.0 (Sep 2024) TelePresence Video Communication Server (VCS) X15.0.3 (Jul 2024) X15.2.0 (Sep 2024) Wireless 6300 Series Embedded Services Access Points Aironet 802.11ac Wave2 Access Points Aironet 1540 Series Aironet 1560 Series Catalyst 9100 Series Access Points Catalyst IW6300 Heavy Duty Series Access Points Catalyst IW9165 Heavy Duty Series Catalyst IW9165 Rugged Series Catalyst IW9167 Heavy Duty Series Connected Mobile Experiences IEC6400 Edge Compute Appliance 1.0.2 (Aug 2024) 1.1.0 (Oct 2024) Products Confirmed Not Vulnerable Cisco is investigating its product line to determine which products may be affected by this vulnerability. This section will be updated as information becomes available. Cisco has confirmed that this vulnerability does not affect the following Cisco products: Endpoint Clients and Client Software AnyConnect Secure Mobility Client Network Application, Service, and Acceleration Cloud Services Platform 5000 Series Secure Workload Network and Content Security Devices Secure Endpoint Private Cloud Umbrella Virtual Appliance Network Management and Provisioning Business Process Automation Catalyst Center Assurance Crosswork Change Automation Modeling Labs Network Services Orchestrator (NSO) Policy Suite SecureX Orchestration Remote WAN Automation Engine (WAE) Routing and Switching - Enterprise and Service Provider ASR 9000 Series Aggregation Services Routers Industrial Ethernet 1000 Series Switches IOS Software IOS XRv 9000 Series Routers Network Convergence System 540 Series Routers running IOS XR 64-bit (eXR) Software Network Convergence System 560 Series Routers Network Convergence System 1001 Network Convergence System 1002 Network Convergence System 1004 Network Convergence System 5000 Series Routers Network Convergence System 5500 Series Routers Network Convergence System 5700 Series Routers running IOS XR 64-bit (eXR) Software Nexus 9000 Series Fabric Switches in ACI Mode Unified Computing Device Console for UCS Fabric Interconnect in Intersight Managed Mode (IMM) HyperFlex System UCS Central Software UCS E-Series Servers Voice and Unified Communications Devices Computer Telephony Integration Object Server (CTIOS) Unified Contact Center Enterprise (Unified CCE) Unified Contact Center Enterprise - Cloud Connect Unified Customer Voice Portal (Unified CVP) Unified Intelligent Contact Management Enterprise 800 and 1900 Series ISR Integrated Access Points AireOS Wireless LAN Controllers Aironet 700 Series Access Points Aironet 700W Series Access Points Aironet 802.11ac Wave1 Access Points Industrial Wireless 3700 Series Aironet 1530 Series Aironet 1550 Series Aironet 1570 Series Ultra-Reliable Wireless Backhaul Cisco Cloud Hosted Services AppDynamics Attack Surface Management Business Critical Services Cisco Managed Services Platform Cisco Secure Client Cisco University - Next Gen Learning Cloud Native Application Observability Crosswork Cloud Customer Journey Platform R10 Data Science Services DevNet Cloud Services DevNet Sandbox Intersight SaaS IoT Control Center IoT Operations Dashboard Kenna Platform Managed Services Accelerator (MSXaaS) Matrix Network Intelligence Service Network Plug and Play Connect Observability Platform Provider Connectivity Assurance, formerly Skylight Performance Analytics Secure Cloud Analytics Secure Email Cloud Secure Email Encryption Service, formerly Registered Envelope Service Secure Email Threat Defense Secure Endpoint Secure Malware Analytics Secure Workload SaaS Smart Software Manager UC Management User Defined Network Webex Calling Webex Contact Center Webex Events Webex - Meetings - Messaging App - Calling Webex Teams Cisco Response to This Vulnerability Cisco continues to assess all products and services for impact from CVE-2024-6387. To help detect exploitation of this vulnerability, Cisco has released the following Snort rules: Cisco recommends restricting SSH access to only trusted hosts. For the steps to apply infrastructure access control lists (ACLs) to prevent access to SSH services, see the following guides: Cisco Guide to Harden Cisco IOS Devices - Limit Access to the Network with Infrastructure ACLs Cisco Guide to Securing NX-OS Software Devices - Limiting Access to the Network with Infrastructure ACLs Cisco UCS Hardening Guide - Limit Network Access with ACLs on Routers and Firewalls Cisco Firewall Best Practices - Securing the Management Plane Cisco Firepower Threat Defense Hardening Guide For additional hardening documentation, see Tactical Resources . Workarounds Any workarounds will be documented in the product-specific Cisco bugs, which are identified in the Vulnerable Products section of this advisory. Fixed Software For information about fixed software releases , consult the Cisco bugs identified in the Vulnerable Products section of this advisory. When considering software upgrades , customers are advised to regularly consult the advisories for Cisco products, which are available from the Cisco Security Advisories page, to determine exposure and a complete upgrade solution. In all cases, customers should ensure that the devices to be upgraded contain sufficient memory and confirm that current hardware and software configurations will continue to be supported properly by the new release. If the information is not clear, customers are advised to contact the Cisco Technical Assistance Center (TAC) or their contracted maintenance providers. Exploitation and Public Announcements The Cisco PSIRT is aware that proof-of-concept exploit code is available for the vulnerability that is described in this advisory. However, customization is required for exploitation. The Cisco PSIRT is not aware of any malicious use of the vulnerability that is described in this advisory. This vulnerability was publicly disclosed by the Qualys Threat Research Unit on July 1, 2024. Cisco Security Vulnerability Policy To learn about Cisco security vulnerability disclosure policies and publications, see the Security Vulnerability Policy . This document also contains instructions for obtaining fixed software and receiving security vulnerability information from Cisco. Subscribe to Cisco Security Notifications Action links for this advisory. Snort Rule 33654 Snort Rule 63659 Related to This Advisory https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-openssh-rce-2024 Revision History Version Description Section Status Date 1.5 Updated the lists of products currently under investigation, products determined to be affected, and products determined to be not vulnerable. Affected Products, Vulnerable Products, Products Confirmed Not Vulnerable Interim 2024-JUL-09 1.4 Updated the lists of products currently under investigation, products determined to be affected, and products determined to be not vulnerable. Affected Products, Vulnerable Products, Products Confirmed Not Vulnerable Interim 2024-JUL-08 1.3 Updated the lists of products currently under investigation, products determined to be affected, and products determined to be not vulnerable. Affected Products, Vulnerable Products, Products Confirmed Not Vulnerable Interim 2024-JUL-05 1.2 Updated the lists of products currently under investigation, products determined to be affected, and products determined to be not vulnerable. Affected Products, Vulnerable Products, Products Confirmed Not Vulnerable Interim 2024-JUL-04 1.1 Added lists of products currently under investigation, products determined to be affected, and products determined to be not vulnerable. Added Snort rules. Affected Products, Vulnerable Products, Products Confirmed Not Vulnerable, Details Interim 2024-JUL-03 1.0 Initial public release. - Interim 2024-JUL-02 Legal Disclaimer THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS AND DOES NOT IMPLY ANY KIND OF GUARANTEE OR WARRANTY, INCLUDING THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR USE. YOUR USE OF THE INFORMATION ON THE DOCUMENT OR MATERIALS LINKED FROM THE DOCUMENT IS AT YOUR OWN RISK. CISCO RESERVES THE RIGHT TO CHANGE OR UPDATE THIS DOCUMENT AT ANY TIME. CISCO EXPECTS TO UPDATE THIS DOCUMENT AS NEW INFORMATION BECOMES AVAILABLE. A standalone copy or paraphrase of the text of this document that omits the distribution URL is an uncontrolled copy and may lack important information or contain factual errors. The information in this document is intended for end users of Cisco products. Leave additional feedback 456 IMAGES INTEGRATING SOURCES USING SIGNAL PHRASES PPT Signal Words and Phrases In academic writing (as well as in PPT ingfopt SOLVED: What are signal phrases and why are they important? Write a VIDEO Signal Phrases Lesson 2:Research- Phrases to use in the Literature Review (Part 1) #english #researchtips Learning Personality Types: Drivers Reference Signals 5G Lesson 7: Research-Phrases to use in Writing the Research Conclusion (Part 1) #researchtips Signal Words / Phrases COMMENTS Signal and Lead-in Phrases Often, signal phrases can be distinguished by the presence of a verb like "indicate" or "argue" that references what the author is doing in the original source. However, a few select signal phrases contain no verbs (e.g., "According to [author],"). In the examples below, the author being cited is Jane Doe. The examples in the first section are ... Signal Phrases Signal phrases and their functions; Function Example sentence Signal words and phrases; Propositional: The position is arguable rather than definitive, but the author isn't necessarily responding to an existing debate. The historian Oswald Spengler (1918) proposed that all cultures are superorganisms with a predictable lifespan. assumes, believes, claims, concludes, declares, emphasizes ... The Writing Center Signal phrases usually include the author's name but can also include the author's job title or background ("reporter for Washington Post," "researcher," "senator," "scholar," and so on) and/or the title of the source. Signal phrases usually come at the beginning of a sentence before the source material, but they can also ... Signal Phrases in MLA Style When you choose to use quotations, make sure that they are integrated smoothly into the text of your paper. Readers should be able to move from your own words to the words you quote without feeling an abrupt shift. Signal phrases provide clear signals to prepare the readers for the quotation. Choose a verb that is appropriate in the context. Quoting & signal phrases A signal phrase often names the author of the source, gives the publication date in parentheses, and can provide some context in your work. Try one of these signal phrases to help create a smooth transition within your text: As Flynn (2010) claimed "…" (p. 98). Pappas and Murray (2009) reported "…" (p. 67). Research suggested "…" 11.4 Signal Phrases 11.4 Signal Phrases. John Lanning and Amanda Lloyd. A signal phrase, also known as an attributive tag, is a device used to smoothly integrate quotations and paraphrases into your essay. It is important to use signal phrases to clearly attribute supporting evidence to its author or authors and to avoid interrupting the flow of an essay. Signal Phrases How to Use a Signal Phrase in Different Types of Writing. Here is what role signal phrases play in different types of writing. Academic Writing. In scholarly articles and research papers, the use of signal phrases is paramount. A cardinal rule in academia is to avoid plagiarism, and this is where source citing comes into play. By introducing ... 10.4 Signal Phrases 10.4 Signal Phrases. A signal phrase, also known as an attributive tag, is a device used to smoothly integrate quotations and paraphrases into your essay. It is important to use signal phrases to clearly attribute supporting evidence to its author or authors and to avoid interrupting the flow of an essay. Signal phrases can also be used as ... Using Signal Phrases to Incorporate Sources into Your Paper from in Loeb's book. Then Omar added a signal phrase in the last sentence-- Although Loeb doesn't say so explicitly-- to tell the reader that what follows it is his conclusion about Loeb's ideas. The concepts of signal phrases and citations are closely related. When doing research, you mention sources within the paper to show where ideas come from. 11.4 Signal Phrases A signal phrase, also known as an attributive tag, is a device used to smoothly integrate quotations and paraphrases into your essay. It is important to use signal phrases to clearly attribute supporting evidence to an author and to avoid interrupting the flow of an essay. Signal phrases can also be used as meaningful transitions, moving your ... PDF Signal Phrases and Verbs Spring 2023 Signal Phrases and Verbs Here are some guidelines for crafting signal phrases. For more detailed information, refer to A Writer's Reference, pp. pp. 154-59. 1. If you are using an author's name in a signal phrase, give the person's full name the first time you cite that author. Use only the author's last name in subsequent signal phrases. This is true whether PDF Signal Phrase Guide IGNAL PHRASE GUIDE. SIGNAL PHRASE GUIDESIGNAL PHRASES are used across citation styles to introduce quotations, paraphrases, and summaries.1 They are frequently used together wit. in-text citations. They signal to a reader that the writer is usin. an outside source. They help writers avoid plagiarism, integrate quotes, and establish the authori. Signal Phrases and Interacting With Texts A signal phrase is a natural part of an APA narrative in-text citation as it attributes information to a particular author like this: Clements (date of publication in parentheses) explained signal phrases in a recent fabulous podcast. Common signal phrases include such phrasing as According to X, As noted by X, As X argued, stated, reported, or ... PDF Signal Phrases and Effective Verbs for Referring to Source Material "Conwell writes" and "Eve Sedgwick states" are sufficient signal phrases for introducing and framing the words and ideas of the sources. "Says" and "states" are bland words, however, especially when used over and over in a paper. The following verbs offer some variety in introducing source materials. Using Signal Phrases Effectively Using Signal Phrases EffectivelyWe see signal phrases in news stories all the time when. ournalists credit their sources. Academics use them, too, in c. mbination with proper citations. As defined by Purdue, a signal phrase is "a word or words that introduce i. formation from someone else. ... The word or words 'signal' to the reader that ... Examples of Signal Phrases and How to Use Them Use these 40 signal phrases examples to help give credit for quotes and paraphrases. ... Learn more about signal phrases and how to use them effectively in essays and papers with different style guides. ... Others show that the source did research to come up with a conclusion. When you choose a phrase, make sure it matches the meaning you ... PDF Signal Phrases Signal Phrases Signal Phrases or Attributive Tags are an essential element of research writing. A Signal Phrases introduce source material indicate where source matieral comes from. shape your reader's response to a source through appropriate word choice. So How Do You Write A Signal Phrase? Signal Phrases can be a single word, phrase, or ... Quoting, paraphrasing and signal phrases Signal phrases let your reader know that you are quoting or summarizing from another source. Examples: In the words of researchers Redelmeier and Tibshirani, " . . . "As Matt Sundeen has noted, " . . . "Patti Pena, mother of a child killed by a driver distracted by a cell phone, points out that " . . . "" . . . " writes Christine Haughtney. PDF Using Signal Phrases Effectively from someone else. … The word or words 'signal' to the reader that the writer is using someone else's ideas." Signal phrases can introduce sources and can sometimes be used in lieu of citations to signal continued use of a recently cited source. A signal phrase can be as short as a name, or could include a description of the source ... PDF Signal Phrases 1) To mark boundaries: Signal phrases mark boundaries between your words and the source's words. By marking the boundaries, you also provide a smooth transition for the reader between your words and the source. 2) To emphasize the source: Signal phrases call attention to the author or source being used. In some cases, such as a literature ... PDF REPORTING VERBS There are three important reasons to use signal phrases: 1. To mark boundaries: Signal phrases mark boundaries between your words and the source's words. By marking the boundaries, you also provide a smooth transition for the reader between your words and the source. 2. To emphasize the source: Signal phrases call attention to the author or ... PDF MLA Signal Phrases for Quotes and Paraphrases MLA Signal Phrases for Quotes and Paraphrases. Citing Sources: MLA uses an author-location (page #, paragraph #) system of citation. You can cite in 2 ways: With a signal phrase: Stevens claims modern poetry "has to find what will suffice" (132). In a parenthetical: Modern poetry "has to find what will suffice" (Stevens 132). Why do I need to use signal phrases? Signal phrases allow you to give credit for an idea or quote to its author or originator. This helps you to: Establish the credentials of your sources. Display your depth of reading and understanding of the field. Position your own work in relation to other scholars. Avoid plagiarism. The telltale words that could identify generative AI text To measure these vocabulary changes, the researchers analyzed 14 million paper abstracts published on PubMed between 2010 and 2024, tracking the relative frequency of each word as it appeared ... Roadmap to Neuromorphic Computing with Emerging Technologies The roadmap is organized into several thematic sections, outlining current computing challenges, discussing the neuromorphic computing approach, analyzing mature and currently utilized technologies, providing an overview of emerging technologies, addressing material challenges, exploring novel computing concepts, and finally examining the maturity level of emerging technologies while ... Electronics This research review article provides a detailed examination of SMA (SubMiniature version A) connectors, which are integral components in high-frequency electronic systems. Through extensive S-parameter and time-domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements conducted on various SMA connector constructions, this study aims to evaluate the performance and impact of SMA connectors on signal integrity. Remote Unauthenticated Code Execution Vulnerability in OpenSSH Server On July 1, 2024, the Qualys Threat Research Unit (TRU) disclosed an unauthenticated, remote code execution vulnerability that affects the OpenSSH server (sshd) in glibc-based Linux systems. CVE-2024-6387: A signal handler race condition was found in sshd, where a client does not authenticate within LoginGraceTime seconds (120 by default, 600 in old OpenSSH versions), then the sshd SIGALRM ... assignment essay homework paper phd report speech thesis