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Theses & Dissertations

Citing a published thesis, citing an unpublished thesis, citing a thesis in online database or repository.

• CMS 14.224: Theses and dissertations

Titles of unpublished works appear in "quotation marks"—not in italics . This treatment extends to theses and dissertations, which are otherwise cited like books.

The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these are enclosed in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography.

If the document was consulted online, include a URL or, for documents retrieved from a commercial database, give the name of the database and, in parentheses, any identification number supplied or recommended by the database.

For dissertations issued on microfilm, see 14.120 . For published abstracts of dissertations, see 14.197 .

Note-Bibliography

First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," (Publisher, Year).

      Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty,” PhD diss., (University of Chicago, 2008).

Short Note:

Last-name, "Title of Thesis."

Choi. “Contesting Imaginaires ."

Bibliography Entry:

Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Year.

Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss. University      of Chicago, 2008.

Author-Date

Text Citation:

(Last-name Year)

(Mihwa 2008)

Reference Entry:

Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle."

Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting  Imaginaires  in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.”  PhD diss.       University of Chicago.

Note -Bibliography

Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Unpublished thesis type, University. Year.

Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand," PhD diss., (Ghent University, 2010).

Note #. Last-name,"Title of Thesis."

Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes."

Bibliography:

Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University. Year.

Hosking, Barry C. "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University, 2010.

(Hosking 2010)

Last-name, First-name.  Year.  "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University.

Hosking, Barry C.    2010.  "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University.

Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Database Name (Identifier if given), Year, Internet address.

      12. Meredith Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus, " Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222), 2005, http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.

Note #. Last-name, "Title of Thesis."

21. Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects."

Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Database Name (Identifier if given), Year. Internet address.

Stewart, Meredith. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222),  2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.

(Stewart 2005)

Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle."  Database Name  (Identifier if given), Internet address.

Stewart, Meredith. 2005. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program  (WMU2005.1222),    http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Chicago Style / How to Cite a Thesis/Dissertation in Chicago/Turabian

How to Cite a Thesis/Dissertation in Chicago/Turabian

Academic theses and dissertations can be a good source of information when writing your own paper. They are usually accessed via a university’s database or a third party database, or found on the web. The main difference between a thesis and a dissertation is the degree type they are submitted for:

• Thesis—A document submitted to earn a degree, such as a master’s degree, at a university.
• Dissertation—A document submitted to earn an advanced degree, such as a doctorate, at a university.

This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations for theses and dissertations in a variety of formats using the 17th edition of the  Chicago Manual of Style.

Guide Overview

• Citing a thesis or dissertation from a database
• Citing a thesis or dissertation from the web
• Citing an unpublished thesis or dissertation

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from a Database

Citation structure.

1. First name Last name, “Title” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, Database (Identification Number).

Bibliography:

Last name, First name. “Title.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published. Database (Identification Number).

Citation Example

1. Kimberly Knight,  “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media” (PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011), 17, MLA International Bibliography (2013420395).

Knight, Kimberly.  “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media.” PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011. MLA International Bibliography (2013420395).

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from the Web

1. First name Last name, “Title” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, URL.

Last name, First name. “Title.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published. URL.

1. Peggy Lynn Wilson, “Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County” (PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 2011), 25, https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11801/1/Wilson_umd_0117E_12354.pdf.

Wilson, Peggy Lynn. “Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County.” PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 2011. https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11801/1/Wilson_umd_0117E_12354.pdf.

Citing an Unpublished Thesis or Dissertation

In rare cases, you may need to cite a thesis or dissertation that has not yet been published. This is particularly the case if you want to cite your own work or the work of a colleague.

1. First name Last name, “Title” (unpublished manuscript, Month Day, Year last modified), format.

Last name, First name. “Title.” Unpublished manuscript, last modified Month Day, Year. Format.

1. John Doe, “A Study of Generic Topic” (unpublished manuscript, June 19, 2021), Microsoft Word file.

Doe, John. “A Study of Generic Topic.” Unpublished manuscript, last modified June 19, 2021. Microsoft Word file.

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• Chicago Style Guide (Purdue OWL) Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides extensive explanation and examples of Chicago style.
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Please note: Chicago Manual of Style has two different citation options:

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• Author-Date Reference Style

If you are unsure which one to use, please contact your instructor.

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Formatting Citations and the Works Cited/Reference List

• Chicago Style Citation Guide An excellent guide to using the Chicago style citation format from Western Oregon University Library.
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ISBN: 9780226287058

Published: 2017-09-05

This manual provides information on manuscript preparation, punctuation, spelling, quotations, captions, tables, abbreviations, references, bibliographies, notes, and indexes, with sections on journals and electronic media.

Call Number: RESERVE LB 2369 .T8 2020

ISBN: 9780226816371

Published: 2020

The name Turabian has become synonymous with best practices in research writing and style. Her Manual for Writers continues to be the gold standard for generations of college and graduate students in virtually all academic disciplines.

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This source contains information on The Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. This method is primarily utilized in humanities courses and follow the seventeenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style, which was issued in 2017.

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At FWCD, your History assignments will require citations and formatting according to The Chicago Manual of Style . 

While it is always a good idea to follow these guidelines, your teacher may not require the exact specifications of Chicago formatting. Check with your teacher about formatting your paper using Chicago Manual of Style.

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Examples of full and shortened footnotes, as well as bibliography citations, from the chicago manual of style., chicago manual of style online   this link opens in a new window, the chicago manual of style online provides recommendations on editorial style and publishing practices for the digital age. a must-have reference for everyone who works with words., research organization and citation.

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Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 9th ed., Chicago, U of Chicago P, 2018.

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From the Chicago Manual of Style Quick Guide :

Chicago style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date.

• The notes and bibliography system is preferred by many working in the humanities—including literature, history, and the arts. In this system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes.
• The author-date system is more common in the sciences and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication.

If you know you need to use Chicago style but are unsure what variation to use, ask your professor, or talk with a librarian .

Note that Chicago Style and Turabian style are nearly identical. The Turabian style manual was created to be a pared down version of the Chicago style manual for students. 

Chicago Manual of Style Online

This resource, updated to reflect the Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.), offers examples of common citations in both style variations. Check here for help citing more resources or make an appointment with an Oxford librarian!

Icons are from the Noun Project and under Creative Commons licence (CCBY): books by sandra , article by Arfan Khan Kamol , website by Julynn B, link by Nathan Diesel, Video by Aybige, Audio by Manasa, Image by Mohammad Iqbal, hashtag by Gregor Cresnar.

Some example citations are below, from the Chicago Manual of Style Online . As it is the more commonly used format, we have given examples here in the Notes and Bibliography variation. Please visit the Chicago Manual of Style's page on Author-Date for examples in that format!

How To Cite...

1. Zadie Smith, Swing Time   (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.

Bibliography

Smith, Zadie. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press, 2016.

2. Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 12.

Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life . New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.

3. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay , ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

Thoreau, Henry David. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

From the Chicago Manual of Style Online :

If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al . (“and others”).

1. Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker , April 17, 2017, 43.

2. Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times , March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Mead, Rebecca. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker , April 17, 2017.

1. Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum ,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.

Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 165–76.

From an Online Database

2. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

1. Michiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith, New York Times , November 7, 2016.

Kakutani, Michiko. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith. New York Times , November 7, 2016.

Some example citations are below, from the Chicago Manual of Style Online . As it is the more commonly used format, we have given examples here in the Notes and Bibliography variation. Please visit the Chicago Manual of Style's page on Author-Date for examples in that format!           

Please note that in Chicago Style, the URL of an online resource is always included.

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

2. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

1. “Libraries = Strong Communities: Celebrating National Library Week,” Oxford College Library, accessed July 25, 2019, https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/oxford/events/libraries-strong-communities-celebrating-national-library-week/.

Oxford College Library. “ Libraries = Strong Communities: Celebrating National Library Week .” Accessed July 25, 2019. https:// scholarblogs.emory.edu/oxford/events/libraries-strong-communities-celebrating-national-library-week/ .

Digital Resources

Citing personal photos, digital files, or other electronic resources can be confusing. The important thing to remember is that everything you use for academic or professional work, even if you made it yourself , does need to be cited - every time! Click on the tabs above to see some commonly cited items in each style. Remember to follow the indentation guidelines of your chosen style.

Some URL Notes from Purdue OWL :

• Many scholarly journal articles found in databases include a DOI (digital object identifier). If a DOI is available, cite the DOI number instead of the URL.
• Online newspapers and magazines sometimes include a permalink , which is a shortened, stable version of a URL. Look for a “share” or “cite this” button to see if a source includes a permalink. If you can find a permalink, use that instead of a URL.

If you have a question or need to cite something not listed here, schedule a consultation with a librarian!

Some of the examples used here are from the Purdue OWL guide to Chicago Style. As it is the more commonly used format, we have given examples here in the Notes and Bibliography variation. Please visit the Chicago Manual of Style's page on Author-Date for examples in that format!

1. Alejandra Ortega, “Grammar: Active and Passive Voice,” Purdue OWL, February 1, 2019, video, 4:22, http://youtu.be/GEP-8lFTKKg.

Ortega, Alejandra. “Grammar: Active and Passive Voice.” Purdue OWL. February 1, 2019. Video, 4:22. http://youtu.be/GEP-8lFTKKg.

1. Jeremy Zuckerman, "To Heal," 2015, Soundcloud, https://soundcloud.com/jeremy-zuckerman/to-heal?utm_source=clipboard&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=social_sharing.

2. Ray Charles, vocalist, “Georgia on My Mind,” by Hoagy Carmichael and Stuart Gorrell, recorded March 1960, track 2 on The Genius Hits the Road , ABC-Paramount, vinyl LP.

Charles, Ray. “Georgia on My Mind.” By Hoagy Carmichael and Stuart Gorrell. Recorded March 1960. Track 2 on  The Genius Hits the Road . ABC-Paramount, vinyl LP.

Zuckerman, Jeremy. To Heal . Soundcloud. Audio file.

Podcast - Note/Bibliography

1. Sean Cole and Ira Glass, “622: Who You Gonna Call?,” August 4, 2017, in This American Life , produced by WBEZ, podcast, MP3 audio, 1:00:27, https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/622/who-you-gonna-call.

Cole, Sean and Ira Glass. “622: Who You Gonna Call?.” Produced by WBEZ. This American Life. August 4, 2017. Podcast, MP3 audio, 1:00:27. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/622/who-you-gonna-call.

In Chicago style, information about art pieces is usually given in the text, not the bibliography. If an entry is needed, use these guidelines.

Remember to get the permission of all the people in the photo (or their guardians, if minors) before you use it in your work! For your own photographs, it is sufficient to give just a credit line/ caption below the image. Example caption:

Figure 1. Christopher Garofalo, CSCE contributor gift table , April 12, 2019, SmugMug . www.christophervisuals.com/OxfordCollege/CSCE/i-wP8vMbB/A.

Online Photo or Image - Note /Bibliography

If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author.

1. Maynard Owen Williams, "An Ouled Nail woman in Algeria wears a tattoo that is customary for dancers, 1949 ," NatGeoFound , March 10, 2016. https://natgeofound.tumblr.com/post/140802561912/an-ouled-nail-woman-in-algeria-wears-a-tattoo-that.

Williams, Maynard Owen. "An Ouled Nail woman in Algeria wears a tattoo that is customary for dancers, 1949 ." NatGeoFound. March 10, 2016. https://natgeofound.tumblr.com/post/140802561912/an-ouled-nail-woman-in-algeria-wears-a-tattoo-that.

Posts on social media will often be cited only as notes, though if you intend to discuss the content in depth, you should also put a citation in the bibliography. The Chicago Manual of Style recommends taking a screenshot of social media posts as they may be edited or deleted in the future.

Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

Example - Note/Bibliography

2. Bill Nye (@BillNye), “While I’m not much for skipping school, I sure am in favor of calling attention to the seriousness of climate change. Our students can see the problem…,” Twitter, March 14, 2019, https://twitter.com/BillNye/status/1106242216123486209.

Nye, Bill (@BillNye). “While I’m not much for skipping school, I sure am in favor of calling attention to the seriousness of climate change. Our students can see the problem….” Twitter, March 14, 2019. https://twitter.com/BillNye/status/1106242216123486209.

*Figures cited in-text must be both captioned and cited in the bibliography.

In-text citation:

Photographs and Online Images Caption:

* Captions can be short incomplete sentences or more formal description of the work providing explanatory information about the image. This then must be followed by a credit line for the image.   A caption can just be the credit line. Credit line will vary based on the copyright of the item. Below are examples for how to cite items used without restrictions. 

Fig. X.  Description of work, (type of item) courtesy of Creator Name, source of item. 

Fig. 5. Atlanta Streetcar. (Photograph courtesy by Lauren Holley. Flickr. 2014. flickr.com/photos/atlantadowntown/16106577510/. CC BY 2.0)

Artwork Captions: 

Fig. X. Artist’s name (last name, first name),  Title , Date, Medium and support. Source. (Copyright Information).

Fig. 3.  Cézanne, Paul,   Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses,  1890, Oil on canvas, 28 3/4 x 36 3/8 in. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882.  (Public Domain).

Note: 

#. Author Name  Title , Date, Medium and support, Source, URL. 

1.  Paul  Cézanne,   Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses,  1890, Oil on canvas, 28 3/4 x 36 3/8 in., New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882.  

Bibliography:

Artist’s name (last name, first name).  Title.  Date. Medium and support. Source. the location of the work. URL. 

Cézanne, Paul.   Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses.  1890, Oil on canvas, 28 3/4 x 36 3/8 in. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435882.  

Chicago style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. Always check with your professor or a librarian about which style to use. 

Note-Bibliography:

In note-bibliography style you are using footnotes for in-text citation. This means in your text, you have a note number superscripted at the end of the clause or sentence you are citing. Then you have a corresponding full-sized number followed by a period in your footer that lists the full note for the source.

The full note needs to correspond to a source listed in your bibliography. Full notes, while providing the same information as a citation in your bibliography, have different formatting. Be aware of these differences when creating your notes and bibliography. 

After you cite the source for the first time in the subsequent citations of the source you can use a shortened version of the citation. That is just the author’s last name, a shortened title, and page number. Make sure to include enough of the title that readers can recognize the source.  

Most word processors will insert footnotes into your work for you and keep track of the order. You will just need to supply the citation. Zotero also can insert footnotes - make sure to select Chicago full note when setting up your document preferences.  

Author-date:

Chicago’s parenthetical citations include the author's last name, the date, and a page number. Note that you do not put a comma between the author's last name and the date in Chicago style parenthetical citations. 

To cite more than one source put a semicolon between the two sources' citations.

For more information about Chicago, see the Purdue OWL page about in-text citation .

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• Last Updated: Dec 12, 2023 2:50 PM
• URL: https://guides.libraries.emory.edu/oxford/citation

Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Welcome

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Purdue OWL: Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition

Looking for Author-Date style?

This guide provides guidelines and examples for Chicago's Notes and Bibliography style.

If you're looking for help with the Author-Date style , check out this guide !

Try Citation Machine for help building your citations!

Commonly Used Terms

Bibliography : Contains details on ALL the sources cited in a text or essay, and supports your research and/or premise.

Citation : The details about one source you are citing.

Citing : The process of acknowledging the sources of your information and ideas.

Footnotes:  Notes placed at the end of the page in your paper to cite sources found on that page.

Paraphrasing : Taking information that you have read and putting it into your own words.

Plagiarism : Taking the ideas or words of another person and using them as your own.

Quoting : Copying words of text originally published elsewhere.

Shortened Footnote:  A subsequent footnote that includes enough information for readers to find the full citation in your bibliography or in an earlier footnote.

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• Last Updated: Mar 25, 2024 3:31 PM
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Writing Centre Online Resource Guide

• How to Cite
• Planning: Brainstorming, Outlines & Organization
• Drafting: Thesis Statements and Essay Structure
• Punctuation
• Avoiding Plagiarism

Resources for Proper Citation

Apa citation style, chicago citation style, mla citation style, acm citation style, cse citation style, ieee citation style.

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Contact us:

• Email: [email protected]
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• Useful Links
• Citation Style Comparison Chart This chart from Purdue University's Online Writing Lab (OWL) demonstrates how to cite sources in 3 common styles: MLA, APA, and Chicago
• Why Are There Different Citation Styles? An explanation from the Yale University Center for Learning and Teaching
• Avoiding Plagiarism The Writing Centre's guide to identifying and avoiding plagiarism
• Dalhousie Libraries Guide to Citation Managers If you are thinking of using an online citation manager to help keep track of your citations, this page provides a helpful comparison of some of the popular products on the market. Note: Dalhousie's subscription to RefWorks expires in April 2020.
• What is a DOI and how do I use them in citations? A guide from the University of Illinois
• National Library of Medicine (NLM) Citation Guidelines some examples of how to cite sources according to NLM guidelines, which are used in medical publishing
• Lorisia MacLeod: "More Than Personal Communication: Templates for Citing Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers"
• Citing Indigenous Elders A guide from the University of Alberta
• Citing Sources
• The Do's and Dont's of Citing This document contains some simple "rules" for incorporating source material responsibly.
• Incorporating Source Material
• Incorporating Quotations A handout developed by Kala Hirtle, Dalhousie Writing Centre
• Anatomy of an APA citation
• Hanging Indents
• Running Heads
• APA Citation (6th edition) Quick Guide from Dal Libraries
• APA Citation (7th Edition) Quick Guide from Dal Libraries
• APA Formatting and Style Guide from Purdue OWL
• APA Style (6th Edition) Blog The APA style blog is an excellent source of information for some of the more obscure questions you may have about incorporating sources. This blog answers questions about the 6th Edition of the APA guide.
• APA Style (7th Edition) Blog The APA style blog is an excellent source of information for some of the more obscure questions you may have about incorporating sources. This blog answers questions about the 7th Edition of the APA guide.
• DOI search Use DOIs to locate articles

Anatomy of an APA Citation from Dalhousie Libraries on Vimeo .

Dalhousie Libraries shows you what an APA citation is. Then we show you how to put one together properly and get it right the first time.

• Chicago Manual of Style Citation Quick Guide
• Chicago Notes and Bibliography citation table A table from the Learning and Teaching Center at the University of Washington Tacoma summarizing how to cite different kinds of sources using Chicago Notes and Bibliography style
• About MLA Citation Style
• Changes in the 8th Edition
• Video Tutorials
• Resources from the Library Catalogue

by Kala Hirtle, Dalhousie Writing Centre

MLA stands for The Modern Language Association; it is an author-date citation style. Unlike Chicago style which uses footnotes or endnotes that include both the full references for sources and shortened versions of the full references, the MLA has two parts: in-text citations in the body of the paper and a Works Cited page which comes at the end of the paper. The two levels are designed to work together; the in-text citations give specific information (the author’s last name and the page number or range when applicable for the source) to direct readers to the Works Cited where they can find the full citation. The first MLA Reference Guide was published in 1951, and the MLA is now on its eighth edition. With each edition comes small changes meant to make the MLA an increasingly simple and flexible citation style. It is therefore important to know which edition you are expected to use.

• MLA Citation Quick Guide from Dalhousie Libraries
• MLA Formatting and Style Guide from the Online Writing Lab at Purdue University
• Sample MLA Works Cited Page from the Online Writing Lab at Purdue University
• Sample MLA Paper from the Online Writing Lab at Purdue University
• Ask the MLA Frequently Asked Questions about MLA Citation Style

The eighth edition of the MLA has several small changes from the seventh edition. These changes have been made in an attempt to simplify the full citations found in the Works Cited; the MLA is urging its users to see their  Handbook  as a guide that allows more freedom and clarification than its previous editions. For a full list of the changes, please see the online  MLA  guide or review  Owl Purdue ’s page devoted to giving examples of the changes.  Some new terminology has been included to help explain the relationship between sources that are housed in another source (such as a short story found in an anthology, or a television episode that is part of season of television). The MLA refers to the source that houses the immediate source you are citing as the “container”; containers can also refer to databases (such as JSTOR or EBSCO). The MLA now uses the term “location” to refer to URLs or DOIs for electronic sources.

• What's New in the Eight Edition from the MLA website
• MLA Eighth Edition: What's New and Different from Purdue OWL

• About ACM citation style
• ACM Style Manual
• ACM Citation Style and Reference Formats
• About CSE citation style

CSE stands for the Council of Science Editors. As its name implies, this citation style is most commonly used in the sciences. For information on how to cite sources in CSE, please see the following resources:

• CSE Citation Guide (Name-Year System) from the Writing Across the Curriculum Clearinghouse at Colorado State University
• CSE Citation Quick Guide from Dal Libraries
• CSE Libguide from Dalhousie University
• About IEEE citation style
• IEEE Citation Quick Guide from Dalhousie Libraries
• IEEE Video Tutorials
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Help me cite my sources.

What is a Citation

Citations  provide credit to the original authors of the information sources you use in a paper or assignment. Whenever you refer to someone else's work or ideas, whether it's a text-based source, image, presentation, or other material, you must provide a citation. 

Citing sources involves two parts:

Parenthetical citations -  The citation information is written in parentheses directly after the quoted or paraphrased materials.

Footnotes or endnotes  - A number in superscript appears after the quoted or paraphrased material and directs readers to the citation information located at the end of the page (footnotes) or at the end of the document (endnotes). 

• Reference list or Bibliography  - This comes at the end of your paper and provides a complete list of all of the different sources you consulted throughout your assignment. 

How do I cite in APA, MLA or Chicago?

• Chicago Format

APA is often used in the social sciences disciplines and requires the use of parenthetical citations. 

Use the following style guides to learn how to format citations in APA:

IU Libraries' APA Quick Style Guide  - This provides a brief overview of how to cite some of the most common types of sources.

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) APA Style Guide  - This guide provides more in-depth information on APA citations, as well as how to properly format other parts of your paper (the title page, appendices, etc.).

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  - This is the official APA manual, which provides the most comprehensive overview of APA style. If you can't find the information you need in one of the above sources, look here. 

Location: Wells Library, Undergraduate Core Collection - Call Number  BF76.7 .P83 2010

MLA   format is often used in humanities disciplines. It involves the use of parenthetical citations. 

Use the following style guides to learn how to format citations in MLA:

IU Libraries MLA Quick Style Guide   - This provides a short overview of how to cite some of the most common research sources.

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) MLA Style Guide  -  This guide includes more in-depth help on how to cite sources in MLA style, as well as how to properly format other parts of your paper (the title page, appendices, etc.).

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers   - The official publication manual for MLA style. If you can't find the answer to your citation question in one of the above style guides, check here.

Location: Wells Library, Undergraduate Core Collection - Call Number  LB2369 .G53 2009

Chicago   format is most often used in history and a few other humanities disciplines. Chicago style can use either parenthetical citations  or  footnotes or endnotes. 

Use the following style guides to learn how to format citations in Chicago style:

IU Libraries Chicago Style Quick Guide  -  This provides a short overview of how to cite some of the most common research sources.

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) Chicago Style Guide  -  This includes more in-depth help on how to cite sources in Chicago style, as well as how to properly format other parts of your paper (the title page, appendices, etc.).

Chicago Manual of Style Online   -  The official publication manual for Chicago style. If you can't find the answer to your citation question in one of the above style guides, check here.

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Quick Links

• Chicago Manual of Style This link opens in a new window Online version & more less... The online version of the Chicago Manual of Style. Includes both the 15th and 16th editions.
• Chicago Manual of Style Print 17th edition.
• Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide A quick-start guide with examples.
• Chicago-Style Q & A The editors of the Chicago Manual of Style answer your tough questions.
• Chicago Manual of Style Formatting and Style Guide Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) & more less... A guide to Chicago style "in progress", with examples, from Purdue's writing program.
• Updated: Sep 27, 2022 2:15 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.uchicago.edu/cite

Open sourcetools

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Research and Citation Resources

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

If you are having trouble locating a specific resource please visit the  search page  or the  Site Map . The Citation Chart  provides a detailed overview of MLA Style, APA Style, and Chicago Manual of Style source documentation by category.

Conducting Research

These OWL resources will help you conduct research using primary source methods, such as interviews and observations, and secondary source methods, such as books, journals, and the Internet. This area also includes materials on evaluating research sources.

Using Research

These OWL resources will help you use the research you have conducted in your documents. This area includes material on quoting and paraphrasing your research sources, as well as material on how to avoid plagiarism.

APA Style (7th Edition)

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.

These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the Works Cited page, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster

Chicago Manual of Style

This section contains information on the Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, which was issued in 2017.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Style

These resources describe how to structure papers, cite sources, format references, and handle the complexities of tables and figures according to the latest Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) guidelines.

American Medical Association (AMA) Style

These resources provide guidance on how to cite sources using American Medical Association (AMA) Style, 10th Ed., including examples for print and electronic sources.

Research Overview

We live in an age overflowing with sources of information. With so many information sources at our fingertips, knowing where to start, sorting through it all and finding what we want can be overwhelming! This handout provides answers to the following research-related questions: Where do I begin? Where should I look for information? What types of sources are available?

Conducting Primary Research

Primary research involves collecting data about a given subject directly from the real world. This section includes information on what primary research is, how to get started, ethics involved with primary research and different types of research you can do. It includes details about interviews, surveys, observations, and analysis.

Evaluating Sources of Information

Evaluating sources of information is an important step in any research activity. This section provides information on evaluating bibliographic citations, aspects of evaluation, reading evaluation, print vs. online sources, and evaluating Internet sources.

Searching Online

This section covers finding information online. It includes information about search engines, Boolean operators, Web directories, and the invisible Web. It also includes an extensive, annotated links section.

Internet References

This page contains links and short descriptions of writing resources including dictionaries, style manuals, grammar handbooks, and editing resources. It also contains a list of online reference sites, indexes for writers, online libraries, books and e-texts, as well as links to newspapers, news services, journals, and online magazines.

Archival Research

This resource discusses conducting research in a variety of archives. It also discusses a number of considerations and best practices for conducting archival research.

This resources was developed in consultation with Purdue University Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections staff.

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Cite Your Sources

Citation generators.

• Citing Sources
• Chicago & Turabian Style
• Additional Style Guides & Resources
• Citing Social Media & Other Digital Sources This link opens in a new window
• Mendeley & EndNote
• Citation Managers Compared
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Citation generators are programs that can help you craft citations quickly and easily.  They are not as robust as full citation managers like Zotero and RefWorks, but can help make quick work of shorter bibliography needs.  Choose a citation style and enter the bibliographic details of the works consulted (author, title, publication date, etc.) to automatically create citations. 

It is important to note that you must enter data accurately and carefully check the automatically generated citations for errors.  As noted in the Purdue OWL's guide to Using Citation Generators Responsibly (linked below), " relying entirely on citation generators rather than on one’s judgment as a writer can lead to errors."

• Using Citation Generators Responsibly - Purdue OWL A helpful guide from the Purdue Online Writing Lab describing how citation generator apps work and showing what’s happening when a writer uses one. It also offers a few “best practices” for using citation generators.
• ZoteroBib ZoteroBib helps you build a bibliography instantly from any computer or device, without creating an account or installing any software. It’s brought to you by the team behind Zotero.
• BibMe Create MLA, APA, or Chicago style citations with ISBN, author, title. Format web sites, journals, videos, newspapers, and “other.” Save bibliography online then paste into a research paper.
• Citation Machine Formats citations in APA, MLA, Turabian or Chicago writing style.
• EasyBib EasyBib includes guides to MLA, APA, Chicago, and Harvard styles. Create a free account to use the MLA citation generator. Purchase a subscription to generate citations in other styles.
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• Last Updated: Mar 26, 2024 10:32 AM
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Chicago Citation Style (17th Edition): One Author or Editor

• General Guidelines
• One Author or Editor
• Two or Three Authors or Editors
• More Than Three Authors or Editors
• Chapter or Article in a Multi-Author Book
• Chapter or Article in a Multi-Volume Work
• Organization as Author
• Reference Book
• Edition Other than the First
• Basic Journal Article
• Journal Article from an Online Periodical
• Journal Article from Database
• Magazine Article
• Magazine Article from an Online Magazine
• Newspaper Article
• Newspaper Article from an Online Newspaper
• Basic Web Page
• Government Publication
• Motion Picture (Video Recording)
• Online Multimedia
• Image from an Electronic Source
• Published Photograph
• Interviews & Personal Communications
• Pamphlets, Brochures, and Reports
• Scriptural References
• Secondary Sources
• Government Publications
• Ask for Help

Book with One Author or Editor (p. 695)

The general format below refers to a book with one author.      If you are dealing with one editor instead of one author, insert the editor's name in the place where the author's name is now, followed by a comma and the word "ed." without the quotation marks.  The rest of the format remains the same.

General Format 

1. Author First Name/Initial Surname,  Book Title: Subtitle  (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page #.

Concise Note:  

2. Author Surname,  Book Title , page #. 

Bibliography:

Author Surname, First Name or Initial.  Book Title: Subtitle . Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

1. Salman Rushdie,  The Ground beneath Her Feet  (New York: Henry Holt, 1999), 25.

Concise Note:

2. Rushdie,  The Ground beneath , 25.

Rushdie, Salman.  The Ground beneath Her Feet . New York: Henry Holt, 1999.  

Formatting of papers in Chicago Style:

Citations and bibliographies in Chicago Style:

About Citing Books

This guide is intended to cover only the Notes and Bibliography system for citing books.

For each type of source in this guide, both the general form and a specific example will be provided.

The following format will be used:

Full Note  - use the first time that you cite a source. Concise Note  - use after the first time you cite a source. Bibliography  - use when you are compiling the Bibliography that appears at the end of your paper.

Information on citing and several of the examples were drawn from  The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) . 

Numbers in parentheses refer to specific pages in the manual.

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• Last Updated: Jul 10, 2023 12:20 PM
• URL: https://libguides.westsoundacademy.org/chicago-citation