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Hospital Management System Project in C++

In this article, we will build  Hospital Management System Project in C++ and MySQL  with source code. This project deals with all the essential operations of managing the crucial data of any hospital, it’s a console-based application written in C++ language and for the database, we have used MySQL database with the help of Xampp software.

Project Overview: Hospital Management System Project in C++

• Admin can log in and log out into the application with protected credentials (username admin , password admin )
• View available lists of Doctors
• Create a new appointment with any available doctor
• View all appointments for a particular day
• Check the number of available beds
• View all staff information
• Add new staff information

Setup the Development Environment

To successfully develop and run the application you will need to install the following software and follow the below step.

• Code::Blocks  (16.01 )
• Xampp (For MySQL Database)

Now you need to set up the Code::Blocks IDE to be able to connect your C++ application to the MySQL database. You can follow  this  tutorial.

MySQL setup for Hospital Management System in C++

We will use Xampp software to easily manage and use MySql on the system. 

• Open the Xampp software and run Apache and MySql. 
• Go to your browser window and search for  localhost/phpmyadmin/. 
• Run the following SQL command. These commands will create a database with the name hospitalmanagement  and two tables within this database with some information.

Code for Hospital Management System Project in C++

Open Code::Blocks IDE and create a new project with the name HospitalManagement. Now paste the below code in the  main.cpp  file and run it.

Output for Hospital Management System Project in C++

Image output:.

Video Output:

The Hospital Management System Project in C++ can be very helpful for any hospital as this will automate most of the manual tasks. In this project we have added most of the major operations of hospital management like  viewing all available doctors ,  creating a new appointment ,  checking all appointments, viewing the number of available beds, adding new staff information, and viewing all existing staff information.

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Hospital Management System Project in Java | Free Code PDF

Hospital management system project in java explanation.

• Specialization:
• Working Time:
• Qualification:

Simple Java Program for Hospital Management System

Doctors list.

Patients List

How to Run Hospital Management System in Java 

Hospital management system project in java with source code pdf, the output of hospital management system in java.

Doctors List in Hospital

Patients List in Hospital

Medicines List in Hospital

Laboratories List in Hospital

Facilities List in Hospital

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post written by: Ghanendra Yadav

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66 comments:

Thanks....a lot...fr the...desired...need❣️❣️

hello sir can i get the UML diagram of this management system

Great code, Ghanendra! You could improve the code by creating an employee class and extending it by other classes such as Doctor class, Nurse Class, Administrative Class, SupportStaff class and so on. You could also create a static variable for id in the Hospital class and get the id from a static method.

How to run Step

Follow this article How to Run Java Applets and Swing Using Command Line

It's Working and I just want to know that who are the patient name.

Thanks you for your support. These all patients are my friends.

Sir pls PDF & output file send me request

I need the code in advance java

Send me file sr please request

Check your Email.

VERY HELPFULL

Plz sir send me This Hospital management system project report using uml diagram on below email [email protected]

Check your Email. UML diagram is not include, Whatever I found, Just send it.

can you please send me the uml diagram too

Can u plz send the report pdf plzzzzz

Thnks so you are great

Hello, I just want to help. Thanks

sir please send me report of it using uml daigram [email protected]

can i have the uml diagram too

sir please send me Report [email protected]

Sir I need library management system similar to this. Please send if you have got one.

Sir please send me report of it using uml diagram email. [email protected]

Can you provide the class diagram for it?

do you mean uml diagram? did you get it ? can you share it

sir can u pls send this project to my mail [email protected]

Sir kindly send me the program and output as well.. It will be a great help!! ��please

Sir please send me the program and ss of the output please... It will be a great 🙏please!!

sir could you please send me the Hospital Management Report sir plzzzzzzzz send it to : [email protected]

sir could you please send me the report of HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT plzzz sir

Have recieved an report ?? If u have then Please forward it to [email protected]

SIR CAN U SEND THE ALGORITHM AND THE LIST OF VARIABLES USED IN THIS PROGRAM

sir please send me @[email protected] please help sir

sir can a get the report of this hospital management system??

Bro can u send me copy of report which must includes the possible questions of interviewer may ask so That it can help me get job plz send it bro. @,, [email protected]

sir can i ask for a favor

Sir can u send me the source code and project pdf

i wrote the codding but this is not full code its not showing list below can you help me please contact me

Sir please send me project report

SIR PLZ SEND ME A PROBLEM STATEMENT AND DETAILS OF THIS PROJECT

Sir can you send me the pdf sir

Sir in this project data is not saving anywhere

sir in this code no data is save in file

can u give example hotel management system project in java... i hope u can help me

Sir how can I run it

sir could you send me a full source code of the above code

sir please provide me report for this project.

the project is good.

Sir can you send the report of this project please sir. Here is my gmail: [email protected]

I need its variable description table plzzz

Sir this content is great and much appreciated. It would be even more helpful if you can send me a report on: [email protected] Thankyou in advance.

Error: Could not find or load main class hospitalmanagement Caused by: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: HospitalManagement (wrong name: hospitalmanagement)??

What do u use here for save the data. Data is not saved after refreshing the programme

how to explain this code Hospital Management System Project

Can please send me documentation or uml, activity diagram of this Project on [email protected]

Great work sir so helpful sir can you please send me project report on [email protected].

Sir can you please send me the pdf of the file and the coding and output too My email: [email protected]

Sir can you please share the pdf and output of this project My email. [email protected]

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Hospital Management System Project For Final Year Students

Do you know “ What is Hospital Management System Project” ? In this article, we will discuss the modules & processes you should follow to develop such an attractive project in your final year.

Let us discuss some concepts on the hospital management system project in this article & get clear guidance to develop such projects on your own.

But before we start writing about the project theme, we should discuss some more basic things. We should start our journey with a very brief introduction to the Hospital Management system. The concept of the project in our mind is developed on completely wrong perceptions. 

If you are looking for some innovative Mobile App project ideas then you can check out our blog section and look for unique project ideas for your final year.

Summary Of The Article:

• Hospitals have a huge amount of record to maintain on a daily basis and managing all these logs should be done with great accuracy.
• The hospital management system (HMS) software is one of the effective management systems that is vital in problem solving in today’s era. 
• Hospital management systems are a helpful tool for the staff and the patients to get access to the information they require. 
• You can build your own hospital management system project using programming languages like C++, Java, and also web development technologies.

What Is Hospital Management System Project? Get To Know

Hospitals are the most crucial pillar of our society. If we consider doctors as our god, then the hospitals will be the worshiping area of such god. If we want to make a list of necessities of civic society, we will get the need for a good hospital at the top of that.

Now, any management system refers to an automation system which will bring some more clarity to that work. A hospital management project is not different from that. By implementing the project, we are going to provide some boost to the hospital paperwork.

Have you ever thought about how much paperwork; any hospital needs to carry out in a single day? Each & every document is essential there. Misplacing any documents will cause a mess in some more proceedings.

So, in this digital world, every document needs to be converted into a soft copy & let the server manage all the things instead of the hospital itself. So, the target is to develop a concrete system that will help to wipe out all the physical paperwork in any hospital.

The development of such a project will help the hospital attendees to concentrate more on the patients. A digital platform can make a revolution in this field. And we are committed to providing you with every possible help.

What Are The Objectives Of The Hospital Management Project? Learn More

Now, it is important to know about the objectives of the hospital management project. If you don’t know about the objective of any task form beforehand, it will be better not to start such a task as such tasks are going to vein in the future.

And we don’t want your final year project become s a complete failure. Also, getting clear objectives will be good for your future. When you start writing your thesis or report about the project, you should include the objective part of it.

So, let us first discuss the objectives of the project. It should be clear why we should develop the project.

Computerized Data:

Every data that is present in the hospital will become computerized. This means a digital copy will always be present for backup purposes. All the paper works will be done on the Internet irrespective of the size of the work. This brings in accessibility to the patients to access their reports and for the caretakers to update the hospital records as well. 

Appointment To Doctor:

A doctor’s appointment will become an easy task in this project. Any patient can easily make a connection with the doctor. And when needed, the emergency call system to the doctor can also be available here.

Online Test Record:

Sometimes it is a case that many unfortunate patients need to go through a few tests at certain intervals of time. It is not possible to bring all the test records to any doctor for verification purposes. If the test records are kept online, they will be easy to extract.

Getting Medicine Data:

Every hospital has its medical store adjacent to the hospital building. The hospital management system can get the track records of the medicine in that store. So, it will not be difficult to serve some necessary medicine to the patient on time.

History Of Patient:

Suppose, a patient has again admitted to the same hospital after 10 years. If the digital copy of the patient data has been saved in the system, then the treatment of the patient can be started as soon as possible. It will help to understand the nerves of the patient for any doctors.

Now, as that the objective is clear for developing the hospital management system, we can move to the outline of the project. Then we will discuss some important modules or stages in the project.

Also, every one of you must be studying Java so, you can have a look at our detailed article on which will help you pick out unique ideas for your final year.

How To Develop The Hospital Management System Project?

Now, let us discuss how to create a HMS or Hospital Management System for your final year as a computer science student. We will see this with the help of the steps representing the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC.)

So, let us discuss it below!

Step-1 Requirement Gathering and Analysis:

The first step when you have decided on a problem statement is to conduct research. Proper research about the hospital management system and all the entities related to it will help you to develop it in a better way. 

You must know what are the requirements of your problem statement and research about the challenges in the existing system. At this point, you can define the use cases, features, modules, technologies, and scope. 

At this stage, you need to focus on your target users and understand their needs. For instance, understand the ease of billing and access to patient care or reports. For the administrative staff, a requirement can be allocation and tracking of treatments and safekeeping of hospital records.

You also need to keep in mind security and policies in mind while developing your HMS. For example, consider how to add in considerations about the HIPAA compliance and other such challenges as well to safeguard hospital records and patient data. 

Step-2 Start Designing Your Hospital Management System

Now, it is time to start designing your Hospital Management System (HMS.) You need to decide on specific features and the type of Hospital Management System that you are building. 

There are different kinds of hospital management systems, some may focus on the administrative parts, while some may also focus on the financial tasks or the tasks to handle the employee information. 

When you have selected a particular system, you need to define the entities and their relationships with each other. Here, you need to pay attention to what problem you are solving and what features you need to add as well. 

A simplified ER Diagram given below that will tell you about the entities and attributes that you can use in your final year project of HMS.

A basic Hospital Management System consists of the following entities: 

• Administrative staff
• Medical record
• Appointments/Schedule

Below is a simple Data-Flow Diagram (DFD) for your Hospital Management System that will help you understand how the process take place in a healthcare management system. 

Here is an explanation of the processes taking place in the hospital management system-

Patient Registration

As the patient is admitted to the hospital, the system registers them using their basic information and medical history. 

Appointment scheduling

Then, their consultation appointment is scheduled as per their requirement and the confirmation is sent to both the patient and the doctors

The consultation and diagnosis take place. 

Record updation

Based on the appointment, the necessary prescription and patient records are updated in the system. 

Bill generation

A suitable process for billing is initiated and updated in the system.

The payment for the treatment is made by the patient. 

This was a basic outline for a hospital management system. You can expand this software by adding the employee or staff management features and insurance validation features as well. 

Step-3 Hospital Management System Development

Finally, it is time to code! You can build your software using the technologies of your choice, however, for this article, we will tell you how to develop a hospital information management project in web development. 

As we know, every website will have two wings, one will be the Front End & another will be the Back End. We will discuss those wings for this project.

Front End Outlin e

The front-end development of any project helps to do a makeover in your project face. It creates a user interface (UI) that is the part that the users interact with and are able to see. It is necessary to keep your UI aesthically pleasing, while at the same time you should also focus on the User-Experience (UX) of the hospital management software. So, you should take care of the front face of your project. You can use the HTML, CSS & JavaScript languages to do the proper implementation.

CSS adds in styling to your website or web app, while JavaScript adds in dynamic features. React JS is one of the popular JS frameworks that you can use in the implementation of your front or UI.

Back End Outline

The back end will be the storehouse of your project. Your codes & connections to different applications will be done there. In hospital management projects, there should be some database to store the data of patients. 

Now, the development of the database along with Java or Python programming language will be the back end. You need a Database Management System(DBMS) to store all your patient information or other health records. 

For this, we advise you to use a relational database like MySQL. It can be easily integrated and offers data integrity as well. 

The back end will help to do all the major operations in the project. The main logic of your software is written in the backend. Integrating your MySQL database will help you with easy storage and retrieval of data as well.

So, while developing the hospital management project, you should first develop the back end with the imagination of the front end. You first imagine what entities or modules will be required in the front end. And then start developing the back end as per the requirement.

Now, we will make a list of programming languages or components that will play an essential role in the development process. Some of them might be optional for your case, but those are will still important.

Let us now see some modules that you can add to your project. Read below to know!

The Modules Involved In the Hospital Management Project:

Now, it is time to discuss some of the important modules present in the hospital management project. Modules are those elements or individuals which you need to take care of while developing the project. You should provide some space for them in the project.

It will be clearer when we discuss each & every module present in the hospital management project.

Admin Module:

You should develop your project such that the admin module gets the highest power among any of the modules. The admin module might be handled by the manager of the hospital or the owner of the hospital. An admin module gets permission to visit every document in every department of the hospital management project. If any unethical happens in the hospital, the power of suspension will be present in the hands of the admin.

Registration Module:

Now, it is the second most important module in this project. Registration is the core purpose behind the development of the project. Any patient or any client can create an account on the hospital server. And they can get the service at their home. You can expand the wing more by adding some more features. Like one individuals can order medicine from the hospital store or ask for any test from their home.

For developing this module, you should have some real-life sense. You should add details to the registration page of the users. While registering, you can ask for the DOB, Gender, Name, Age, etc. This is going to increase the database of the users. In the future, you can add some more specifications to this part.

Reception Module:

It is the third most important module. You might wonder why there is a need to get the reception module in the project. The need comes from the two fields. Suppose, some old aged person needs to get the same facility from the hospital. But they don’t even have the Smartphone in their hand. So, how they can create an account on the server?

For them, the reception module will do the work. They can make a call to the reception & the receptionist can develop an account on behalf of them. Again the reception module will help to make a connection between the patient & hospital management.

The receptionist will collaborate with the accounts department of the hospital along with the patient family. In this way, the whole project will rotate around the reception module.

Doctor Module:

In any hospital, several doctors will be available. Some doctors specialize in any of the branches of medicine. This module will help to get such data present in the system. Through this process, the receptionist module can check the availability of the doctor & make appointments.

The same data will be available in the accounts of every user. So, they can manually choose a date from the calendar present on the server & book an appointment with the doctor. Also, if needed, you can introduce the inline payment system for getting the appointment.

Patient Module:

It is one of the largest modules in this hospital management project. This module will be activated when a patient is admission to the hospital. The initialization of this module can be done by the hospital authority or receptionist only.

This module will save all the patient data on the server. Whatever the test has been done will be saved. And those data will be available again inside the account of the patient’s family. For innovation purposes, one Chabot can be implemented to have a conversation with the hospital administration about the health issue of the patient.

Along with these five modules, you can develop some more new modules in the project. Like, you can develop one module for the accounting department. One module can also be developed for the medicine store of the hospital, etc.

Step-4 Test Your Hospital Management System

After you are done with the coding part and have integrated the frontend with the backend, it is now time to test your software. Testing is an extremely crucial step in the software development process.

You need to put out a hospital management system software that is bug-free and helpful to your target users for your software to be efficient and effective. Therefore, this phase is highly important. 

You can perform unit testing at first, i.e. testing each module or component individually to get rid of any bugs. This can be followed by an integration testing technique, where you can verify whether all the modules are working effectively with each other or not. 

There are various testing techniques that you can use in this step through which you can get to know where your system lacks and how can you improve it before finally deploying it in the next step. 

Step -5 Deploy Your Hospital Management System

You can host your final year project now or even deploy an MVP at first to see how it is being adopted. When you have successfully deployed your hospital management system, 95% of your job is complete!

But, what about the remaining 5%? Well, this will be covered in our next step. Keep reading to know more!

Step – 6 Maintain And Update Your Software  

You might be thinking that now that your system is deployed, what else is left? Well, you need to constantly update and maintain your software so that you don’t face any security issues and bugs later on. 

You also need to stay consistent and keep on improving your hospital system based on the feedback of the users and new requirements. Releasing new versions of your hospital management system and updating it after a certain period will help you to enhance the performance of your project. 

Let us now see some of the benefits of creating a hospital management system. Keep reading to know more about today’s topic!

Benefits Of Developing A Hospital Management System

Below are some of the benefits of choosing to develop the most profitable hospital management systems as a project idea. These are: 

Enhanced Patient Care :

An efficient hospital management system (HMS) improves the patient care process. From scheduling appointments to making payments, everything can be made accessible. 

Streamlined Financial Management :

Another benefit of using an HMS in the healthcare industry is that it provides a way to enhance financial procedures. It automates billing and payments ensuring safe and secure transactions. 

This data can be used to draw insights about revenue collection and cost control solutions for inventory management or negotiation with better suppliers. Online transactions also ensure security and minimal errors during payments, thus, improving the cash flow. 

Overall, a hospital management system or HMS proves to be a huge supporting tool for healthcare organizations as it fulfills all the needs of a hospital – staff members, patients, and doctors, and all the healthcare partners associated with it.  

Conclusion:

At the end of the article, we can say the hospital management system is one of the unique projects.

The target of the article was to clear the concept of the hospital management project in your mind. And we hope that we have achieved our target successfully.

For developing any project, you should have some imagination in your mind. Your mind should always be hungry for new innovative ideas. Then you can see the development of any final year project will be child play for you.

So, hope you have liked this piece of article. Share your thoughts in the comments section and let us know if we can improve more.

Also, several other project topics are searched by students online like school finder systems , payroll management systems , etc. You can always read these mentioned articles in our blog section to attain more knowledge. If you want this project to get done for you then you can hire the best programming help services at an affordable price quote.

Takeaways: 

• Hospital Management Systems are a requirement in the healthcare industry to streamline the operational flow. This makes it a wonderful project idea for computer science students and problem solvers. 
• An HMS not only cater to the needs of patients by providing them a way of making appointments but also helps the staff members and doctors to analyze the performance and treatment procedures respectively. 
• You can develop your own HMS using different programming languages like Java, PHP, C++, etc. A great way would be to build it using JavaScript and Python as these are emerging technologies as well. 
• A HMS enhances satisfaction to all user groups associated with a particular organization and also enhances the logic-building skills of computer science students.

Samragyi Vats

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Designing classes and methods for hospital management system

I am working on hospital management system project. I have implemented it using the following design. Is it a good design?

I have created four classes: Patient , Doctor , Hospital , and Demo . Inside the Hospital class are two ArrayList s of Patients and Doctors. Also, inside the Doctor class, there is a list of Patients (this is a specific Patient list of specific Doctor).

Inside the Demo class, I am adding Patients and Doctors, and they are being added to respective lists of the Hospital class.

• object-oriented

• 2 \$\begingroup\$ Hospital.showDoctors() and Hospital.showPatients() should be .getDoctors() and .getPatients() . \$\endgroup\$ –  200_success Commented Aug 20, 2013 at 5:03
• 4 \$\begingroup\$ Keep the original code and post the new code for review. Review your code iteratively . Deleting your previous working code makes the previous answers and comments unnecessary. DON'T DO IT \$\endgroup\$ –  Anirban Nag 'tintinmj' Commented Aug 21, 2013 at 17:28

2 Answers 2

Indentation: It's all over the place and kind of hard to follow. Try to be consistent.

Braces: Same thing. For the most part you are putting them at the beginning of the next line. But sometime you are putting a line of code with the brace. This is not one of the standard conventions. Using a standard convention is better than using a non-standard one, but in either case, you should be consistent.

Switch Braces: This marks a scoped region. It does not mean you don't need break statements.

Variable Names: Pick good variable names:

In assignDoctor()

x and y are arbitrary and mean nothing. As you get father down the loop, names like patient and doctor are going to be helpful.

In Hospital , doctorList and patientList can just be doctors and patients . The type system will tell you the variable is a list.

In Doctor , everything is prefixed with "doctor". It's a field of a Doctor , so it is understood that the field belongs to a doctor. Same with Patient .

• Variables in General: If you are only going to use a variable for one thing, you don't need to make one.

can just be:

Values: Not everything is a String . The type system is there to help you. But when you make something like sex a String , there is nothing stopping you form treating "dslkjahgkfdj" as a gender.

The same goes for patient disease and doctor specialty. You have a fixed set of values you are expecting, yet you are leaving the door open for many others. What should happen in assignDoctor() if a patient has "school bus" and the only doctor specializes in "envelope"? An enum would likely be a good match for this type of thing. It allows you to define a set of values and know you will always be dealing with something in that set.

If you do decide to stick with String , you need to define the expected values as constants. If tomorrow you want to change "heart patient" to "cardiac", it will be much easier to change the value of a single static final variable then find all of the instances of "heart patient" in the code base.

Building upon @unholysampler's excellent feedback, if the matching condition between a disease and speciality is as straightforward as your current example, and the hospital will also only have one doctor per speciality, you can make use of two Maps in assignPatientToDoctor (renamed) to make the assignment simpler.

I think it's realistic to make these two assumptions given the simplistic requirements. Besides, your code seems to suggest that one patient can be added to multiple doctors. Is that desired? Even if the assumptions are not true, you can tweak it slightly to have the value as a List<Doctor> for example, and then build some logic to pick out which doctor do you want to add the patient with the disease to. Also, in my code below, I did not check if a Patient is added multiple times to a Doctor 's list, maybe you want to implement that as well.

Let's start off with @unholysampler's recommendation for enums first, I am providing Doctor and Patient as an interface here only to illustrate that and the recommended change in method names:

The Doctor interface:

One significant change here: addPatients accept variable arguments ("varargs") as the name implies one can add one or more patients (of course, null/empty checks should be done here).

The Patient interface:

The Hospital class, specifically the tweaked assignPatientToDoctor method:

• \$\begingroup\$ Putting Patient s in a HashMap would prevent patient duplication on the Doctor and Hospital objects. \$\endgroup\$ –  nukeforum Commented Dec 9, 2015 at 15:56

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged java object-oriented or ask your own question .

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How to Design ER Diagram for a Hospital Management System

Healthcare management is a crucial function that comes as the backbone of hospital management . An ER (Entity-Relationship) Diagram therefore functions as a foundation for the organization and visualization of the various entities , attributes , and relationships within a system.

In this article, the steps of building an ER Diagram for a Hospital Management System (HMS) will be examined closely.

ER Diagram for a Hospital Management System

Hospital Management System (HMS) is a comprehensive software tool devised to fast several hospital operations through a single and efficient system. It includes patient management, doctor management , room management , nurse management , test report management , personal data management , billing , and secretary management .

Each module deals with particular functionalities, for example, patient registration, appointment scheduling, the allocation of rooms, the management of medical records, billing and invoicing, and many more.

The system is developed using an ER Diagram( Entity-Relationship Diagram ) which represents entities , attributes , and relationships between them thus ensuring a well-defined database schema organized and structured.

Hospital Management System Features

To design an Entity-Relationship Diagram ( ER Diagram ) for a Hospital Management System ( HMS ) with the entities provided, let’s focus on the following requirements:

• Patient Management: The platform should also allow for the patients registration and the management of their information with details such as demographics , medical history , and current condition in mind.
• Doctor Management: The system should have the functionality of a doctor directory in which details such as doctor’s specialties , contacts , and availability can be set.
• Room Management: The system should be able to assist the department in assigning and inspecting rooms in the hospital , particularly those that are available or not currently occupied.
• Nurse Management: The software should contain necessary functions like the management of nurse data like information about their departments , shifts , and contact details. system
• Test Report Management: The system provides a mechanism for the generation, storage , and retrieval of test reports on patients , which gives detailed information on the tests , results , and dates .
• Record Management: The system should keep track of hospital activities in their records. Each record should have a unique identification number for identification.
• Billing: The system will be handling billing details of services rendered to patients and this will cover all functions such as bill generation, tracking payments and management of insurance details.
• Receptionist Management: The system will have functions that will be able to handle a receptionist role in the hospital. Receptionists should be able to retrieve relevant patient data and do booking of appointments schedules .

Entities and Attributes of the Hospital Management System

A thing in the real world with an independent existence. It is may be an object with physical existence (ex: house, person) or with a conceptual existence (ex: course, job). The are represented by rectangle.

Let’s Defining Entities for Hospital Management System are:

• P-ID : Unique identifier for each Patient
• Name : Name of the Patient.
• DOB : Date of borthf of Patient.
• Gender : Gender of Patient.
• Mob-No :  Contact number of the Patient.
• Age: Age of Patient.

2. Employee

• E-ID: Unique identifier for each Employee.
• Name: Name of the Employee.
• Salary: Salary of Employee
• Sex: Gender of Employee.
• Mob-No: Contact number of the Employee.
• Address: Address of Employee.
• State : State of Employee
• City : city of Employee
• Pin – no : Pin no of Employee
• E-ID (Foreign Key referencing Employee):
• Department : Department of doctor.
• Qualification : Qualification of Doctor
• E-ID: E-ID is a foreign key linking a table to the Employee table through the Employee ID.
• R-ID: It is an room id every room has different room number or ID.
• Type: It define the quality of room such as deluxe, private general etc.
• Capacity: It defines the number of people can stay in room.
• Availability: It define the duration or Availability of room.

6. Receptionist

• E-ID (Foreign Key referencing Employee) : E-ID is a foreign key in a table that references the Employee table, typically used to establish a relationship between the two tables based on the Employee ID.

7. Test Report

• R-ID (Primary Key): Unique identifier for each Room.
• P-ID (Foreign Key referencing Patient): P-ID is a foreign key in a table that references the Patient table, typically used to establish a relationship between the two tables based on the Patient ID.
• Test Type: It define the what kinf of test.
• Result: It shows the test result.
• B-ID: Unique identifier for each Bill.
• Amount: The Amount which Patient has to pay to the Hospital.
• Record-no: Every record book has some number for each Patient .
• App-no: Every app book has some number for each Patient .

Establishing Relationships

Entities have some relationships with each other. Relationships define how entities are associated with each other.

Let’s Establishing Relationships between them are:

• Patient consults Doctor.
• Employee have roles as a nurse, doctor and receptionist within the hospital.
• Patient pays bills for medical services.
• Nurse governs rooms.
• Patient assigned rooms during their stay at hospital.
• Receptionist maintains hospital records.
• Patient has test report.

Relationships Between These Entities

1. patient – doctor relationship.

• A patient can have a relationship with one or more doctors for consultations or treatments.
• A doctor can have multiple patients.
• This is a Many-to-Many (Patient-to-Doctor) as multiple Patient can visit multiple Doctor.

2. Nurse – Rooms Relationship

• A nurse can be assigned to one or more rooms during their shift.
• A room can have multiple nurses assigned to it over different shifts.
• This is a many-to-many relationship between nurses and rooms , each nurse can be assigned to multiple rooms, and each room can have multiple nurses assigned to it.

3. Receptionist – Records Relationship

• A receptionist manages records which could include patient records, appointment schedules, or other administrative documents.
• A record can be managed by one or more receptionists.
• This is a many-to-many relationship between receptionists and records , each receptionist can manage multiple records, and each record can be managed by multiple receptionists.

4. Patient – Bills Relationship

• One patient can have multiple bills.
• One bill is associated with only one patient.
• This is a one-to-many relationship between patients and bills , each patient can have multiple bills, but each bill belongs to only one patient.

5. Patient – Test Report Relationship

• One patient can have multiple test reports.
• One test report is associated with only one patient.
• This is a one-to-many relationship between patients and test reports, each patient can have multiple test reports, but each test report belongs to only one patient.

6. Rooms – Patient Relationship

• One room can accommodate multiple patients over time.
• One patient occupies one room at a time.
• This is a one-to-many relationship between rooms and patients, each room can accommodate multiple patients, but each patient occupies only one room at a time.

Representation of ER Diagram

Tips and Tricks to Improve Database Design

• Normalize the database: Normalize the database to avoid the redundancy and the dependency .
• Use appropriate data types: Choose proper data types for attributes to ensure optimal storage and assure data integrity .
• Index key fields: Indexing primary and foreign key fields can provide better performance with queries.
• Implement constraints: Apply constraints like NOT NULL , UNIQUE , and FOREIGN KEY to ensure data integrity.
• Consider scalability: Design the database with scalability in mind so as to be able to accommodate future growth and adjust to changes in requirements.
• Optimize queries: Write effective SQL queries and factor them out for better performance.
• Document the design: Make sure to document database design in details for better understanding and maintenance in the future.
• Security measures: Implement security measures such as user authentication and authorization to prevent unauthorized access into sensitive data.

The process of designing an entity-relationship diagram for a hospital management system is one that call for a thorough analysis of requirements, identification of entities, definition of attributes, and defining relationships. The foundation of an operational and efficient system lies in the carefully designed ER Diagram as it accounts for both current and future system requirements to cater to the wide range of functional needs of healthcare management.

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Hospital management system using c++.

This project is based on hospital management system and this project has concepts of OOPS also implemented in it.

This project titled as "Hospital Management System" is written completely in C++. This project makes use of some of the OOP(Object Oriented Programming) concepts such as inheritance, encapsulation and abstraction.

This project has 4 views or actors namely admin, receptionist, doctor and store manager. Each of these actors has its own password and their records. 

These records are all stored in a .dat file. This .dat file is what all the records are stored in and these records will be again accessible when the project is again run. When the project is run for the first time the .dat file will be automatically created

Download the project and run it on the IDE of your choice.

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Hospital Management System Project Plan Template

• Great for beginners
• Ready-to-use, fully customizable Subcategory
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Managing a hospital is no easy task, especially when it comes to handling patient records, appointments, and staff scheduling. That's why having a well-structured project plan is essential for successfully implementing a hospital management system. With ClickUp's Hospital Management System Project Plan Template, you can streamline the entire process from start to finish.

This comprehensive template empowers healthcare technology companies to:

• Outline all the necessary tasks and milestones required for system development and implementation
• Allocate resources effectively to ensure a smooth and efficient process
• Track progress and stay on top of deadlines to keep the project on schedule

Whether you're building a new hospital management system or upgrading an existing one, ClickUp's template will help you navigate the complexities of the project and achieve successful results. Streamline your hospital management process with ClickUp today!

Hospital Management System Project Plan Template Benefits

A well-designed Hospital Management System Project Plan Template offers a range of benefits to healthcare technology companies and hospitals, including:

• Streamlining the development and implementation process for hospital management systems
• Ensuring a clear understanding of project requirements, tasks, and timelines
• Facilitating effective resource allocation and management
• Enhancing collaboration and communication among project stakeholders
• Providing a structured framework for tracking progress and identifying any potential bottlenecks or delays
• Improving overall project efficiency and reducing costs
• Ensuring successful deployment and adoption of the hospital management system, leading to improved patient care and operational efficiency.

Main Elements of Hospital Management System Project Plan Template

ClickUp’s Hospital Management System Project Plan template provides a comprehensive framework to streamline the development and implementation of hospital management systems. Key elements of this template include:

• Custom Statuses: Track the progress of tasks with statuses such as Complete, In Progress, and To Do, ensuring transparency and accountability throughout the project.
• Custom Fields: Utilize custom fields to capture important information related to the project, such as Task Owner, Estimated Completion Date, and Priority, allowing for better organization and planning.
• Doc View: Collaboratively create and edit project documentation, outlining project objectives, scope, milestones, and deliverables.
• Board View: Visualize the project tasks and their progress on a Kanban board, enabling easy task management and tracking.
• List View: View the project tasks in a structured list format, facilitating detailed planning, task prioritization, and progress monitoring.

With ClickUp’s Hospital Management System Project Plan template, healthcare technology companies can effectively manage the development and implementation of hospital management systems, ensuring seamless operations in healthcare facilities.

How To Use Hospital Management System Project Plan Template

Managing a hospital project can be complex, but with the Hospital Management System Project Plan Template in ClickUp, you can streamline the process and ensure successful implementation. Follow these steps to effectively use the template:

1. Define project scope and objectives

Start by clearly defining the scope and objectives of your hospital management system project. Determine what specific features and functionalities you want to include, such as patient registration, appointment scheduling, billing, and electronic health records (EHR). Establishing a clear scope will help you stay focused throughout the project.

Use the Goals feature in ClickUp to set and track your project objectives.

2. Identify key stakeholders and their roles

Identify the key stakeholders involved in the hospital management system project, such as hospital administrators, IT staff, doctors, nurses, and patients. Assign specific roles and responsibilities to each stakeholder to ensure effective collaboration and accountability.

Create tasks in ClickUp and assign them to each stakeholder to keep track of their responsibilities.

3. Develop a project timeline

Create a project timeline that outlines the key milestones and deadlines for each phase of the hospital management system project. Consider factors such as software development, testing, training, and implementation. Breaking down the project into smaller tasks will make it more manageable and ensure timely completion.

Utilize the Gantt chart feature in ClickUp to create a visual representation of your project timeline.

4. Allocate necessary resources

Determine the resources required for the successful implementation of the hospital management system. This includes human resources, such as developers and trainers, as well as technological resources, such as hardware and software. Allocate these resources based on the project timeline and ensure they are readily available.

Use the Workload view in ClickUp to allocate resources and ensure a balanced workload for your team members.

5. Monitor progress and make adjustments

Regularly monitor the progress of the hospital management system project and make adjustments as needed. Hold regular meetings with stakeholders to assess progress, identify any challenges, and make necessary modifications to the project plan. This will help you stay on track and ensure the project's success.

Set up recurring tasks in ClickUp to schedule progress meetings and track any adjustments made throughout the project.

With the Hospital Management System Project Plan Template and ClickUp's powerful features, you can effectively manage your hospital project and deliver a successful hospital management system.

Get Started with ClickUp’s Hospital Management System Project Plan Template

Healthcare technology companies can use the Hospital Management System Project Plan Template to efficiently develop and implement hospital management systems in healthcare facilities.

First, hit "Add Template" to sign up for ClickUp and add the template to your Workspace. Make sure you designate which Space or location in your Workspace you'd like this template applied.

Next, invite relevant members or guests to your Workspace to start collaborating.

Now you can take advantage of the full potential of this template to manage your hospital management system project:

• Use the Doc view to create and share project documentation, including requirements, specifications, and user manuals.
• The Board view will help you visualize and manage tasks using a Kanban-style board, allowing you to track progress and easily move tasks between different stages.
• The List view provides a detailed overview of all tasks, allowing you to sort and filter them based on various criteria.
• Customize the template by adding custom fields to capture additional information, such as task priority, assigned team members, and estimated effort.
• Organize tasks into three different statuses: Complete, In Progress, and To Do, to track their progress.
• Update task statuses as you work on them to keep team members informed of progress.
• Monitor and analyze tasks to ensure the successful development and implementation of the hospital management system.
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• 10 Essential Modules of a Hospital Management System (HMS)

In the intricate realm of healthcare, a robust Hospital Management System (HMS) is indispensable, serving as the digital backbone that orchestrates and streamlines diverse hospital operations. This guide explores the crucial modules within an HMS, each contributing uniquely to elevate patient care, enhance organizational efficiency, and foster financial sustainability.

Check Best Hospital Management System in India

Here are 10 Essential Modules of a Hospital Management System (HMS).

1. Patient Registration and Management:

• Efficient Registration: Streamline patient onboarding processes.
• Demographic Data: Capture and manage patient demographic information.
• Insurance Integration: Integrate insurance details for billing and claims.
• Appointment Scheduling: Enable scheduling for consultations and procedures.

This module ensures a smooth start to patient interactions, from registration to appointment scheduling.

2. Electronic Health Records (EHR):

• Comprehensive Record Keeping: Maintain detailed and updated patient health records.
• Accessible Information: Provide authorized access to patient histories, diagnoses, and treatments.
• Integration with Diagnostic Reports: Link EHR with pathology and imaging reports.
• Decision Support: Offer tools for clinical decision-making based on patient data.

EHR modules enhance the quality of patient care through organized and accessible health records.

3. Billing and Financial Management:

• Automated Billing: Implement automated billing processes for accuracy.
• Insurance Claim Processing: Facilitate seamless processing of insurance claims.
• Expense Tracking: Monitor and manage hospital expenses efficiently.
• Financial Reporting: Generate comprehensive financial reports for analysis.

Efficient financial management ensures the sustainability and growth of the hospital.

4. Pharmacy Management:

• Medication Inventory: Track and manage pharmaceutical inventory.
• Prescription Management: Digitize prescription processes for accuracy.
• Alerts and Reminders: Set up alerts for medication refills and interactions.
• Integration with Billing: Ensure seamless integration with billing systems.

Pharmacy modules enhance medication management, reducing errors and improving patient safety.

5. Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS):

• Sample Tracking: Implement systems for efficient sample tracking.
• Test Result Integration: Link test results with patient health records.
• Quality Control: Monitor and ensure the accuracy of laboratory processes.
• Inventory Management: Manage laboratory supplies and reagents effectively.

LIS modules optimize laboratory operations, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and efficiency.

6. Appointment and Schedule Management:

• Real-time Schedule Updates: Enable real-time updates for appointment schedules.
• Resource Allocation: Efficiently allocate resources for appointments and procedures.
• Patient Notifications: Implement automated patient appointment reminders.
• Physician Scheduling: Facilitate easy scheduling for physicians and staff.

Appointment and schedule management modules enhance operational efficiency and patient experience.

7. Human Resource Management:

• Staff Information: Maintain comprehensive employee records.
• Attendance and Leave Tracking: Track staff attendance and manage leave requests.
• Training Management: Facilitate ongoing training and development programs.
• Payroll Processing: Streamline payroll processes for accuracy.

HR management modules ensure an organized and motivated healthcare workforce.

8. Radiology Information System (RIS):

• Image Storage and Retrieval: Store and retrieve medical images efficiently.
• Integration with EHR: Link radiology reports with patient health records.
• Appointment Scheduling: Enable scheduling for radiology procedures.
• Quality Assurance: Implement measures for quality control in radiology processes.

RIS modules optimize radiology workflows, improving diagnostic capabilities.

9. Inventory Management:

• Real-time Stock Tracking: Implement real-time tracking of hospital inventory.
• Supplier Integration: Integrate with suppliers for seamless restocking.
• Expiry Management: Monitor and manage the expiration of medical supplies.
• Cost Control: Optimize inventory costs through efficient management.

 Inventory management modules contribute to cost efficiency and uninterrupted hospital operations.

10. Patient Portal and Engagement:

• Secure Access: Provide patients with secure online access to their health information.
• Appointment Booking: Enable patients to schedule appointments through the portal.
• Health Education Resources: Offer informative resources for patient education.
• Communication Tools: Facilitate secure communication between patients and healthcare providers.

Patient portal modules enhance patient engagement, empowerment, and overall satisfaction.

Also Check Drlogy Plus  For Complete Digital Solutions for Doctors, Clinics, Hospitals & Labs to Enhance Patient Experience.

Other Important Features

Summary A comprehensive Hospital Management System integrates these modules to create a cohesive and efficient healthcare ecosystem. From patient registration to engagement, each module plays a crucial role in optimizing hospital operations, improving patient care, and ensuring financial sustainability.   Check  Drlogy Plus Academy to get all answers related to hospitals, labs, clinics and patient management with all in one solution.

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cppreference.com

Copy assignment operator.

A copy assignment operator is a non-template non-static member function with the name operator = that can be called with an argument of the same class type and copies the content of the argument without mutating the argument.

[ edit ] Syntax

For the formal copy assignment operator syntax, see function declaration . The syntax list below only demonstrates a subset of all valid copy assignment operator syntaxes.

[ edit ] Explanation

The copy assignment operator is called whenever selected by overload resolution , e.g. when an object appears on the left side of an assignment expression.

[ edit ] Implicitly-declared copy assignment operator

If no user-defined copy assignment operators are provided for a class type, the compiler will always declare one as an inline public member of the class. This implicitly-declared copy assignment operator has the form T & T :: operator = ( const T & ) if all of the following is true:

• each direct base B of T has a copy assignment operator whose parameters are B or const B & or const volatile B & ;
• each non-static data member M of T of class type or array of class type has a copy assignment operator whose parameters are M or const M & or const volatile M & .

Otherwise the implicitly-declared copy assignment operator is declared as T & T :: operator = ( T & ) .

Due to these rules, the implicitly-declared copy assignment operator cannot bind to a volatile lvalue argument.

A class can have multiple copy assignment operators, e.g. both T & T :: operator = ( T & ) and T & T :: operator = ( T ) . If some user-defined copy assignment operators are present, the user may still force the generation of the implicitly declared copy assignment operator with the keyword default . (since C++11)

The implicitly-declared (or defaulted on its first declaration) copy assignment operator has an exception specification as described in dynamic exception specification (until C++17) noexcept specification (since C++17)

Because the copy assignment operator is always declared for any class, the base class assignment operator is always hidden. If a using-declaration is used to bring in the assignment operator from the base class, and its argument type could be the same as the argument type of the implicit assignment operator of the derived class, the using-declaration is also hidden by the implicit declaration.

[ edit ] Implicitly-defined copy assignment operator

If the implicitly-declared copy assignment operator is neither deleted nor trivial, it is defined (that is, a function body is generated and compiled) by the compiler if odr-used or needed for constant evaluation (since C++14) . For union types, the implicitly-defined copy assignment copies the object representation (as by std::memmove ). For non-union class types, the operator performs member-wise copy assignment of the object's direct bases and non-static data members, in their initialization order, using built-in assignment for the scalars, memberwise copy-assignment for arrays, and copy assignment operator for class types (called non-virtually).

[ edit ] Deleted copy assignment operator

An implicitly-declared or explicitly-defaulted (since C++11) copy assignment operator for class T is undefined (until C++11) defined as deleted (since C++11) if any of the following conditions is satisfied:

• T has a non-static data member of a const-qualified non-class type (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof).
• T has a non-static data member of a reference type.
• T has a potentially constructed subobject of class type M (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof) such that the overload resolution as applied to find M 's copy assignment operator
• does not result in a usable candidate, or
• in the case of the subobject being a variant member , selects a non-trivial function.

[ edit ] Trivial copy assignment operator

The copy assignment operator for class T is trivial if all of the following is true:

• it is not user-provided (meaning, it is implicitly-defined or defaulted);
• T has no virtual member functions;
• T has no virtual base classes;
• the copy assignment operator selected for every direct base of T is trivial;
• the copy assignment operator selected for every non-static class type (or array of class type) member of T is trivial.

A trivial copy assignment operator makes a copy of the object representation as if by std::memmove . All data types compatible with the C language (POD types) are trivially copy-assignable.

[ edit ] Eligible copy assignment operator

Triviality of eligible copy assignment operators determines whether the class is a trivially copyable type .

[ edit ] Notes

If both copy and move assignment operators are provided, overload resolution selects the move assignment if the argument is an rvalue (either a prvalue such as a nameless temporary or an xvalue such as the result of std::move ), and selects the copy assignment if the argument is an lvalue (named object or a function/operator returning lvalue reference). If only the copy assignment is provided, all argument categories select it (as long as it takes its argument by value or as reference to const, since rvalues can bind to const references), which makes copy assignment the fallback for move assignment, when move is unavailable.

It is unspecified whether virtual base class subobjects that are accessible through more than one path in the inheritance lattice, are assigned more than once by the implicitly-defined copy assignment operator (same applies to move assignment ).

See assignment operator overloading for additional detail on the expected behavior of a user-defined copy-assignment operator.

[ edit ] Example

[ edit ] defect reports.

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

[ edit ] See also

• converting constructor
• copy constructor
• copy elision
• default constructor
• aggregate initialization
• constant initialization
• copy initialization
• default initialization
• direct initialization
• initializer list
• list initialization
• reference initialization
• value initialization
• zero initialization
• move assignment
• move constructor
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Hospital Management System: Features, Modules, Functions, Advantages

Updated: May 22, 2024

Published: May 31, 2019

Well-tuned hospital management workflow involves lots of important decisions that should be made in the most efficient and quick way. Nowadays it is hard to implement it without the distinct hospital management system. In this article, we’ll explore what is HMS software, what functions it performs and how it helps the healthcare industry be more effective and patient-centric.

The hospital management system (HMS) is an integrated software that handles different directions of clinic workflows. It manages the smooth healthcare performance along with administrative, medical, legal and financial control. That is a cornerstone for the successful operation of the healthcare facility.

List of the contents:

• What is a hospital management system
• Clinic management system advantages
• Workflow automation
• Hospital management system features
• HMS components
• In conclusion

WHAT IS A HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE

As long as each stage implementation needs to be accurate and explicit, the clinic management system provides certain automation of many vital daily processes. The hospital system software covers the services that unify and simplify the work of healthcare professionals as well as their interactions with patients.

There is always the wide choice of features that can be included in the system. Moreover, the most important thing they are created to streamline various procedures that meet the needs of all the users. The hospital management system feature list is concentrated on providing the smooth experience of patients, staff and hospital authorities. It might seem that their expectations differ, they still are covered by components of the hospital information system. Quality and security still remain the main criteria of the medical industry. It is also known for the constant and rapid changes to improve the efficiency of medical services and satisfaction of the patients.

Hospital management has greatly changed over the last decades. Business expertise, modern technologies, connected devices , mobile apps, and knowledge of healthcare are key elements for the implementation of hospital management system project. The number of healthcare providers has increased and the patients have a wide choice of medical specialists. The interactions between the hospital and the patient can be simplified for the convenience of both sides. Each institution has the opportunity to create the efficient, clear and fast delivering healthcare model.

Depending on the hospital management system software features, it can deal with a lot of tasks. It helps to outline and implement policies, guarantee communication and coordination between employees, automate routine tasks, design the patient-oriented workflows, advertise services, manage human and financial resources and provide the uninterrupted supply chain. The components of a hospital information system can be chosen and combined in the general system that meets the needs and norms of the healthcare industry as well as quality standards. One of the main requirements of the clinic management system is security. All medical records have to be protected and only accessible for the allowed users. The convenient and informative interfaces should correspond to their roles and responsibilities in order to protect the confidential data.

Looking for an all-in-one solution for your clinic?

Starting from patient management to advanced functionality like ePrescription, insurance integration, and urgent care modules.

Since the purpose of the hospital information system is the arrangement of necessary, precise and appropriate data, the hospitals should ensure the system work and can be accessed at any time. The online hospital management system and desktop (on-premise) solutions are possible options of the healthcare providers. This could be a unique system for the certain institution, chain of clinics, state hospitals or even the international medical organizations. It is usually started with the basic version that can be scaled up.

HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ADVANTAGES

The implementation of hospital management system project provides the institution with different advantages that improve the service quality and efficiency. As mentioned above it is created for three groups of users: patients, hospital staff and management, and third-parties like drug suppliers and insurance companies. The interaction between them conveys the general performance. The benefits received by a certain group of users also positively influence the work of the others. Cooperation and communication are the fundamental requirements here.

In order to create the hospital management system feature list, you need to identify your priorities by choosing the benefits that are prior for your case.

Improved processes

Automation is one of the main benefits here. It helps to optimize the user experience. Medical specialists, patients, and hospital authorities can interact online, make the appointments and exchange information.

Digital medical records  

The hospital database includes all the necessary patient data. The disease history, test results, prescribed treatment can be accessed by doctors without much delay in order to make an accurate diagnosis and monitor the patient’s health. It enables lower risks of mistakes.

Staff interaction

It is vital to engage all of your employees for improved coordination and teamwork. They do not need to make special requests and wait for a long time for an answer. Each specialist will be in charge of certain process stage and can share outcomes with colleagues just in one click.

Facility management

Hospitals authorities are able to manage their available resources, analyze staff work, reduce the equipment downtime, optimize the supply chain, etc. Another fact to mention is that hospital staff deal with the digital data instead of endless paperwork.

Financial control and tax planning

The management has the ability to monitor different financial operations including expenses, profits, and losses, paying bills and taxes, in and outpatient billing. The financial awareness helps to analyze business prospects quite clear and move in the right direction.

Market strategy

Due to the high market competitive nature, the medical industry is also open to all the different innovations that enable communication between patients, doctors, suppliers, and marketing services providers.

Insurance claims processing

Integration with health insurance services improves the experience of the patients and brings benefits to the institution. It allows you to be innovative and helps both the patient and hospital to handle many aspects of the insurance process successfully.

Less time consuming

As the services and interactions are improved in all possible ways, everything is being planned with greater precision. It saves the time of all the system users and provides them with up-to-date information.

Patient self-service

Patients have their own system accounts where the list of various actions can be performed. They are able to make online requests or reservation, receive the test results, receive the consultation of the medical specialists and many more.

Better customer experience

Since the clinic management system is patient-oriented, the treatment process can be less stressful. Doctors have more time for the examination and interaction with patients. In addition, all the requested information can be received online.

CLINIC MANAGEMENT AUTOMATION

The hospital management system automates the clinic’s work and optimizes the utilization of resources instead of only the storage and presentation of the information. It balances the occupancy rates and calculates the number of required employees. Automation helps to manage the general process, deals with the different healthcare services and equipment providers on its own, analyzes and sends notifications to the user. The purpose of the hospital information system is managing the employee and patient activities remotely with immediate access for the authorized users. The patient-centric and well-managed company will also ensure a better work environment for their employees.

When the patient wants to have an appointment, he might choose among a few options. Firstly, you can find the data about visiting hours on the medical specialists’ profiles and book a convenient time. Secondly, you simply dial the receptionist who will check the doctors’ schedule for you and set your appointment. In both cases, the doctor gets the information about the next visit whereas the patient will get a reminder via SMS, email or even receive the automated calls.

As for the medical specialists, the healthcare record management system that contains the patient information in one place enables more efficient work of the staff. Automation speeds up the process of patient registration and filling out all the necessary records. The doctors have the ability to check the disease history, test results, as well as add new data to the patient file. The job of the doctor that previously involved too much paperwork can be completely computerized. Doctors spend more time on patients’ treatment rather than documentation. If something is requested in a written form, they are able to print it.

Finally, the clinic authorities receive the automated control of all the interactions in their facility. The hospital system software can generate the analysis of staff work, financial expenses, revenue, set the general priorities of the institution, outline future directions.

HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

The hospital management system organizes the stable functioning of daily tasks and interactions. This is a special tool to support the smooth operating of the software components that are vital for the clinic administration. The hospital records management software keeps a track of all the operations, stores the users’ data, performs its analysis and generates the reports. The medical institution is given the opportunity to collect its information in one place. It includes the patient and doctors’ records as well as the data concerning financial affairs, supply management, etc. Furthermore, it is only processed, classified and accessible for authorized users. The hospital database management system provides users with data security due to all regulations. Implementation of different functions empowers smooth and clear functionality.

The hospital records management software tracks the number of available doctors and their working hours. This allows to have the accurate schedule of each employee, manage your facility abilities and the supply chain in order to meet all the needs of the patients. It helps to arrange the appointments for both the staff and patients’ convenience.

Any clinic should store medical histories, test results, prescribed treatments, etc. The good hospital database management system will do it for you. All the details are securely stored for the access of the doctor and can be provided to the patients by their requests. They can receive the test results or medical reports by email or the user account. When the written form is required, printing will take only a few minutes for the clinic staff.

Another function is connected with managing finances. The hospital accounting software estimates the patients’ payments. It might remind the bank account where you can check performed operations and the billing status of each customer.

Moreover, the hospital record management system is capable of generating regular reports of the tracked data including healthcare, staff efficiency, finances, inventory , and facility utilization, etc. This greatly helps the clinic authorities in making reasonable policy decisions. Therefore, any of these functions are designed to make the clinic management system easy to use, comprehensive, powerful and reliable.

Difficult to choose required HMS features?

Learn more about the fully-customized HMS with a variety of features to meet your specific needs. 

COMPONENTS OF HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

When the hospital considers applying this approach, it is necessary to learn how to develop a hospital management system. Planning and setting priorities is one of the important stages. It outlines the functions and benefits that the medical institution expects to get at the final point. The qualified developers usually suggest the list of the recommended hospital management system project modules. They will ensure the efficient administration of your medical institution.

Their number might differ depending on the clinic needs, however, it usually includes some basic hospital information system modules.

Patient management

It is used to control patient flow. It can be used to register them, get the data of the patients’ health condition, view the treatment and check the medical history and reports.

Appointment module in hospital management

Appointment module in hospital management arranges the schedule of doctors due to the patients’ application. It helps to organize the availability of medical specialists at any convenient time. Some hospital can even offer remote visits when you need immediate assistance.

The facility management module is responsible for tracking and maintaining the room availability, the occupancy status as well as various kinds of administrative documentation.

Inventory management

Inventory management module controls the amount of clinic inventory. The entire supply chain is automated for the convenience of the staff that can concentrate on the patients’ need firstly.

Staff management

Staff management module provides the human resources administration. It updates the job description of employees, updates the hospital structure, tracks the recruiting records.

Accounting module organizes the financial affairs of both customers and the medical institution. It stores and presents all the patient payment details, hospital financial records on expenses and overall profit.

Insurance services integration  

Insurance module can record patients’ insurance details. It includes the policy number, the insurance company, information about their policies.

Medicine management

Medicine management module contains the list of drugs that usually used for the specific treatment. It keeps records of every patient’ drugs used during their treatment.

Laboratory and tests management

Lab management module shows the test results of the particular patient. The lab data can be viewed by the staff and generated for the patients’ reports. It is usually integrated with other hospital information system modules for the better overall functionality of the system.

Report management part stores the already processed detailed information. This module helps management collect, analyze and view the performance data in a comprehensive format. The business intelligence subsystem helps define problematic aspects and successfully eliminate them to keep the business profitability as well the high customer satisfaction level.  

Helpdesk & support

Helpdesk support module specializes in handling different issues, problems, and requests. It ensures that the operations are maintained properly, the data is valid and reported in accordance.

All mentioned hospital information system modules perform, control and support the general working process. Also, you should not forget about the hospital management system design and functionality. The software developers can usually suggest what modules you should choose for efficient work and meeting all the expectations.

Are you an individual practitioner?

We also have an excellent solution to simplify your interactions with patients and carry out other daily workflows.

IN CONCLUSION

Taking into account all the mentioned details, we can make the conclusion that the hospital management system is the inevitable part of the lifecycle of the modern medical institution. It automates numerous daily operations and enables smooth interactions of the users. Developing the hospital system software is a great opportunity to create the distinct, efficient and fast delivering healthcare model. Implementation of hospital management system project helps to store all the kinds of records, provide coordination and user communication, implement policies, improve day-to-day operations, arrange the supply chain, manage financial and human resources, and market hospital services. This beneficial decision covers the needs of the patients, staff and hospital authorities and simplifies their interactions. It has become the usual approach to manage the hospital. Many clinics have already experienced its advantages and continue developing new hospital management system project modules.

Need to improve management in your hospital or plan to innovate healthcare with new software product? The hospital system software is a great solution for any medical institution.  If you have some ideas and need the assistance, you are welcome to contact Existek. We are an outsourcing company with great expertise in software development and always ready to find out the best approaches for your company. If you have any questions, feel free to contact us via the contact form or start the discussion in the website chat widget. Existek will be glad to provide professional consultation and find the solution for you.

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Detailed Introduction of Hospital Management System (HMS)

Efficient management plays a critical role in the success of any healthcare organization . As healthcare systems continue to evolve, the need for streamlined operations, improved patient care, and effective resource allocation becomes increasingly evident. Hospital Management Systems (HMS) have emerged as powerful tools to address these challenges and revolutionize the way healthcare facilities are managed. In this blog post, we will provide a detailed introduction to Hospital Management Systems, exploring their key components, functionalities, benefits, and their impact on the healthcare industry.

A Hospital Management System (HMS), also referred to as a Hospital Information System (HIS) or Healthcare Information System (HIS), is a comprehensive software solution designed to automate and manage various administrative, financial, and clinical processes within a healthcare organization. It serves as a centralized platform that integrates multiple functions and departments, facilitating seamless communication and collaboration among healthcare professionals.

What is a Hospital Management System?

Hospital Management System ( HMS) aims to streamline healthcare operations, enhance efficiency, improve patient care, and optimize resource allocation. It encompasses a range of modules and functionalities that cater to different aspects of hospital management, including patient registration and management, appointment scheduling, electronic medical records (EMR), billing and financial management, pharmacy and inventory management, and laboratory and diagnostic integration.

In the twenty-first century, the demand for smart hospitals is rising. In 2018, the market for smart hospitals was worth $22.2 billion USD. However, it increased to 35.9 billion USD in 2021. Furthermore, the market value forecast for 2026 is 83.1 billion USD! As a result, technology basically acts as a catalyst for the healthcare sector. (Source: Statista )

In 2018, the market for smart hospitals was worth $22.2 billion USD. However, it increased to 35.9 billion USD in 2021.

Key Components and Functionalities of a Hospital Management System:

1. patient registration and management:.

• Facilitates the efficient registration and management of patient information, including personal details, medical history, and contact information.

• Enables the creation of unique patient identifiers for accurate record-keeping and easy retrieval of patient information.

2. Appointment Scheduling:

• Allows healthcare providers to manage and schedule patient appointments, ensuring efficient utilization of resources and minimizing waiting times.

• Sends automated reminders and notifications to patients, reducing appointment no-shows and enhancing patient satisfaction.

3. Electronic Medical Records (EMR):

• Digitizes and centralizes patient medical records, replacing paper-based documentation.

• Provides secure and easy access to patient data, facilitating comprehensive and up-to-date information for healthcare professionals.

• Enables efficient recording, retrieval, and sharing of medical information across different departments and healthcare providers.

4. Billing and Financial Management:

• Streamlines the billing and financial processes, including insurance claims, invoicing, and payment tracking.

• Integrates with financial systems to optimize revenue cycles, minimize errors, and enhance financial management.

• Generates reports and analytics related to financial performance and revenue streams.

5. Pharmacy and Inventory Management:

• Manages and tracks medication inventory, ensuring optimal stock levels and reducing medication errors.

• Automates prescription management, dispensing, and tracking, promoting efficient pharmacy operations.

6. Laboratory and Diagnostic Integration:

• Integrates with laboratory and diagnostic equipment to facilitate the seamless transmission of test results to the HMS.

• Enables healthcare professionals to access and interpret test results, promoting efficient diagnosis and treatment decisions.

Benefits of a Hospital Management System:

A Hospital Management System (HMS) promotes effective communication among healthcare teams, facilitates data-driven decision-making, and enhances the overall efficiency of healthcare delivery.

A Hospital Management System (HMS) promotes effective communication among healthcare teams, facilitates data-driven decision-making, and enhances the overall efficiency of healthcare delivery. Implementing a Hospital Management System offers numerous benefits to healthcare organizations, including:

• Enhanced Efficiency : Automation of administrative tasks reduces manual effort, paperwork, and time spent on routine processes, enabling healthcare professionals to focus more on patient care.

• Improved Patient Care and Outcomes : Centralized access to comprehensive and up-to-date patient information facilitates accurate diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring, resulting in better patient outcomes and enhanced safety.

• Cost Savings and Financial Management : Streamlining billing, financial processes, and inventory management minimizes errors, reduce administrative costs, optimizes revenue cycles, and improves financial management.

• Better Decision-Making : Real-time data, analytics, and reporting capabilities enable healthcare professionals to make informed decisions, identify trends, and implement evidence-based practices.

• Enhanced Communication and Collaboration : HMS promotes effective communication and collaboration among different departments, healthcare professionals, and even patients, fostering seamless care coordination and timely information exchange.

Impact of Hospital Management Systems on the Healthcare Industry

The impact of Hospital Management Systems (HMS) on the healthcare industry has been significant, revolutionizing the way healthcare organizations operate and deliver care. Here are several key ways in which HMS has influenced the healthcare industry:

• Improved Access to Healthcare : HMS has played a vital role in improving access to healthcare services. Through digital platforms and online portals, patients can schedule appointments, access their medical records, and communicate with healthcare providers remotely. This enables individuals to receive timely care regardless of their geographical location, reducing barriers to access and enhancing patient satisfaction.

• Advancements in Medical Research and Public Health : Hospital Management Systems support medical research and contribute to public health initiatives. By storing vast amounts of patient data, HMS enables researchers to analyze trends, study disease patterns, and identify potential areas for intervention. This data-driven approach aids in advancing medical knowledge, improving public health strategies, and promoting evidence-based policymaking.

• Interoperability and Seamless Data Exchange : Interoperable HMS systems facilitate the seamless exchange of patient information and data across different healthcare providers. This interoperability ensures that healthcare professionals have access to comprehensive and up-to-date patient records, regardless of the specific healthcare facility or department involved. It promotes continuity of care, reduces redundant tests or procedures, and enhances care coordination among providers.

• Streamlined Administrative Processes : Hospital Management Systems streamline administrative processes and reduce paperwork. Tasks such as patient registration, appointment scheduling, billing, and insurance claim processing are automated, minimizing manual effort and potential errors. This results in more efficient operations, cost savings, and improved resource allocation within healthcare organizations.

• Enhanced Patient Care and Safety : HMS enables healthcare professionals to access complete and accurate patient information, including medical history, test results, and treatment plans. This comprehensive view of patient data improves diagnostic accuracy, facilitates timely interventions, and enhances patient safety. Additionally, HMS systems often include decision support tools, alert systems, and reminders that help healthcare providers make informed decisions and prevent medical errors.

• Efficient Resource Management : Hospital Management Systems optimize resource management within healthcare organizations. By tracking inventory levels, medication usage, and equipment maintenance schedules, HMS ensures that resources are allocated efficiently. This results in cost savings, reduced wastage, and better utilization of hospital facilities and equipment.

• Enhanced Data Security and Privacy : HMS systems prioritize data security and patient privacy. Patient information is stored electronically, reducing the risk of physical record loss or unauthorized access. HMS platforms implement robust security measures, such as encryption and user authentication, to safeguard sensitive patient data, ensuring compliance with privacy regulations such as HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act).

• Continuous Quality Improvement : Hospital Management Systems support a culture of continuous quality improvement within healthcare organizations. By generating comprehensive reports and analytics, HMS enables healthcare administrators to monitor key performance indicators, identify areas for improvement, and implement evidence-based practices. This data-driven approach helps drive quality improvement initiatives, enhance patient satisfaction, and ensure adherence to regulatory standards.

• As per Statista, the digital health market is expected to reach around 660 billion dollars by 2025 .

the digital health market is expected to reach around 660 billion dollars by 2025

Key Considerations in Implementing a Hospital Management System

Implementing a Hospital Management System (HMS) requires careful consideration of several key factors. Firstly, selecting the right HMS is essential. It should align with the specific needs and requirements of the healthcare organization, offering the necessary features and functionalities to enhance operations. Scalability and customization options are crucial to accommodate future growth and adaptability. Secondly, seamless integration with existing systems and infrastructure is vital to ensure smooth data exchange and avoid disruptions in workflows. Compatibility with other software and hardware components is crucial for efficient information sharing. Adequate training and change management strategies should be implemented to ensure user acceptance and adoption of the new system. This involves training staff members on how to effectively utilize the HMS and managing the transition process to minimize resistance. Finally, data security and privacy considerations are paramount. The HMS must comply with relevant regulations and standards to protect patient information. Robust security measures should be in place, including encryption, access controls, and regular audits. By carefully considering these factors, healthcare organizations can successfully implement an HMS, optimize their operations, and deliver improved patient care.

Successful Case Studies: Real-world Examples of HMS Implementation

• How HMS Saved Lives During the COVID-19 Pandemic : A Case Study
• Evolution, Prospects, and Challenges in Hospital Management Information Systems : A Case Study

Future Trends and Innovations in Hospital Management Systems

The future of Hospital Management Systems (HMS) holds exciting possibilities with the emergence of innovative trends and advancements. Artificial intelligence integration, Internet of Things (IoT) adoption, telehealth, predictive analytics, blockchain technology, mobile applications, and advanced data analytics are shaping the landscape of healthcare management. These trends aim to revolutionize patient care, optimize operational efficiency, and facilitate personalized medicine.

Let’s study these trends one  by one:

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning : AI and machine learning technologies are increasingly being integrated into HMS to automate processes, analyze vast amounts of data, and generate actionable insights. AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants can assist with patient inquiries and appointment scheduling, while machine learning algorithms can support predictive analytics for disease diagnosis and treatment planning.

• Internet of Things (IoT) Integration : IoT devices are being integrated with HMS to enable real-time monitoring of patients, equipment, and environmental conditions. Connected devices such as wearables and remote sensors can capture and transmit vital health data, allowing healthcare providers to monitor patients remotely, detect abnormalities, and intervene promptly.

• Telehealth and Remote Patient Monitoring : Telehealth services, facilitated by HMS, are becoming increasingly popular, allowing patients to consult with healthcare providers remotely. HMS platforms support secure video conferencing, remote monitoring of vital signs, and electronic communication, enabling healthcare professionals to provide virtual care and monitor patients’ health status from a distance.

• Predictive Analytics and Personalized Medicine : With the help of advanced analytics and machine learning, HMS can leverage patient data to predict disease patterns, identify high-risk patients, and tailor treatment plans accordingly. By analyzing historical data and combining it with real-time information, HMS can support personalized medicine approaches and improve patient outcomes.

• Blockchain Technology : Blockchain technology offers enhanced security, transparency, and interoperability in healthcare data management. By decentralizing and encrypting data, HMS integrated with blockchain can provide secure access to patient records, enable seamless data exchange between healthcare providers, and ensure data integrity.

• Mobile Applications and Patient Engagement : Mobile applications integrated with HMS empower patients to actively engage in their healthcare journey. These apps allow patients to access their medical records, schedule appointments, receive medication reminders, and communicate with healthcare providers. Mobile health applications promote patient empowerment, self-management, and improved communication between patients and healthcare teams.

• Data Analytics and Business Intelligence : HMS is incorporating robust data analytics and business intelligence tools to generate actionable insights for healthcare organizations. These tools provide valuable information on operational efficiency, patient outcomes, resource allocation, and financial performance. Data-driven decision-making allows healthcare administrators to identify areas for improvement, optimize workflows, and drive strategic planning.

In conclusion, the detailed introduction of Hospital Management Systems (HMS) has shed light on the transformative impact these systems have on the healthcare industry. By streamlining administrative processes, enhancing patient care and safety, optimizing resource management, and promoting data-driven decision-making, HMS has revolutionized the way healthcare organizations operate. With the advent of future trends and innovations such as AI, IoT integration, telehealth, and personalized medicine, the potential for HMS to further improve healthcare delivery is immense. As healthcare organizations embrace these advancements, the future of HMS holds great promise in delivering efficient, patient-centered care and driving positive transformation within the healthcare industry. By harnessing the power of technology, HMS paves the way for a more interconnected, data-driven, and patient-centric healthcare system that benefits both healthcare professionals and patients alike.

Contact BharatLogic today to know more!

Website: https://bharatlogic.com

Email: [email protected]

Phone: +91-9811350409

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Hospital Management System - React + Redux +Thunk

Master4Novice/hms

Folders and files.

Repository files navigation

This project was bootstrapped with Create React App .

Below you will find some information on how to perform common tasks. You can find the most recent version of this guide here .

Table of Contents

Updating to new releases, sending feedback, folder structure, npm run build, npm run eject, supported language features and polyfills, syntax highlighting in the editor, displaying lint output in the editor, debugging in the editor, formatting code automatically, changing the page <title>, installing a dependency, importing a component, code splitting, adding a stylesheet, post-processing css, adding a css preprocessor (sass, less etc.), adding images, fonts, and files, changing the html, adding assets outside of the module system, when to use the public folder, using global variables, using a custom theme, adding flow, referencing environment variables in the html, adding temporary environment variables in your shell, adding development environment variables in .env, can i use decorators, ruby on rails, "invalid host header" errors after configuring proxy, configuring the proxy manually, configuring a websocket proxy, using https in development, generating dynamic <meta> tags on the server, pre-rendering into static html files, injecting data from the server into the page, filename conventions, command line interface, version control integration, writing tests, testing components, using third party assertion libraries, initializing test environment, focusing and excluding tests, coverage reporting, continuous integration, disabling jsdom, snapshot testing, editor integration, getting started with storybook, getting started with styleguidist, opting out of caching, offline-first considerations, progressive web app metadata, analyzing the bundle size, static server, other solutions, serving apps with client-side routing, building for relative paths, github pages, s3 and cloudfront, advanced configuration, npm start doesn’t detect changes, npm test hangs on macos sierra, npm run build exits too early, npm run build fails on heroku, npm run build fails to minify, moment.js locales are missing, something missing.

Create React App is divided into two packages:

• create-react-app is a global command-line utility that you use to create new projects.
• react-scripts is a development dependency in the generated projects (including this one).

You almost never need to update create-react-app itself: it delegates all the setup to react-scripts .

When you run create-react-app , it always creates the project with the latest version of react-scripts so you’ll get all the new features and improvements in newly created apps automatically.

To update an existing project to a new version of react-scripts , open the changelog , find the version you’re currently on (check package.json in this folder if you’re not sure), and apply the migration instructions for the newer versions.

In most cases bumping the react-scripts version in package.json and running npm install in this folder should be enough, but it’s good to consult the changelog for potential breaking changes.

We commit to keeping the breaking changes minimal so you can upgrade react-scripts painlessly.

We are always open to your feedback .

After creation, your project should look like this:

For the project to build, these files must exist with exact filenames :

• public/index.html is the page template;
• src/index.js is the JavaScript entry point.

You can delete or rename the other files.

You may create subdirectories inside src . For faster rebuilds, only files inside src are processed by Webpack. You need to put any JS and CSS files inside src , otherwise Webpack won’t see them.

Only files inside public can be used from public/index.html . Read instructions below for using assets from JavaScript and HTML.

You can, however, create more top-level directories. They will not be included in the production build so you can use them for things like documentation.

Available Scripts

In the project directory, you can run:

Runs the app in the development mode. Open http://localhost:3000 to view it in the browser.

The page will reload if you make edits. You will also see any lint errors in the console.

Launches the test runner in the interactive watch mode. See the section about running tests for more information.

Builds the app for production to the build folder. It correctly bundles React in production mode and optimizes the build for the best performance.

The build is minified and the filenames include the hashes. Your app is ready to be deployed!

See the section about deployment for more information.

Note: this is a one-way operation. Once you eject , you can’t go back!

If you aren’t satisfied with the build tool and configuration choices, you can eject at any time. This command will remove the single build dependency from your project.

Instead, it will copy all the configuration files and the transitive dependencies (Webpack, Babel, ESLint, etc) right into your project so you have full control over them. All of the commands except eject will still work, but they will point to the copied scripts so you can tweak them. At this point you’re on your own.

You don’t have to ever use eject . The curated feature set is suitable for small and middle deployments, and you shouldn’t feel obligated to use this feature. However we understand that this tool wouldn’t be useful if you couldn’t customize it when you are ready for it.

This project supports a superset of the latest JavaScript standard. In addition to ES6 syntax features, it also supports:

• Exponentiation Operator (ES2016).
• Async/await (ES2017).
• Object Rest/Spread Properties (stage 3 proposal).
• Dynamic import() (stage 3 proposal)
• Class Fields and Static Properties (stage 2 proposal).
• JSX and Flow syntax.

Learn more about different proposal stages .

While we recommend to use experimental proposals with some caution, Facebook heavily uses these features in the product code, so we intend to provide codemods if any of these proposals change in the future.

Note that the project only includes a few ES6 polyfills :

• Object.assign() via object-assign .
• Promise via promise .
• fetch() via whatwg-fetch .

If you use any other ES6+ features that need runtime support (such as Array.from() or Symbol ), make sure you are including the appropriate polyfills manually, or that the browsers you are targeting already support them.

To configure the syntax highlighting in your favorite text editor, head to the relevant Babel documentation page and follow the instructions. Some of the most popular editors are covered.

Note: this feature is available with [email protected] and higher. It also only works with npm 3 or higher.

Some editors, including Sublime Text, Atom, and Visual Studio Code, provide plugins for ESLint.

They are not required for linting. You should see the linter output right in your terminal as well as the browser console. However, if you prefer the lint results to appear right in your editor, there are some extra steps you can do.

You would need to install an ESLint plugin for your editor first. Then, add a file called .eslintrc to the project root:

Now your editor should report the linting warnings.

Note that even if you edit your .eslintrc file further, these changes will only affect the editor integration . They won’t affect the terminal and in-browser lint output. This is because Create React App intentionally provides a minimal set of rules that find common mistakes.

If you want to enforce a coding style for your project, consider using Prettier instead of ESLint style rules.

This feature is currently only supported by Visual Studio Code and WebStorm .

Visual Studio Code and WebStorm support debugging out of the box with Create React App. This enables you as a developer to write and debug your React code without leaving the editor, and most importantly it enables you to have a continuous development workflow, where context switching is minimal, as you don’t have to switch between tools.

Visual Studio Code

You would need to have the latest version of VS Code and VS Code Chrome Debugger Extension installed.

Then add the block below to your launch.json file and put it inside the .vscode folder in your app’s root directory.

Note: the URL may be different if you've made adjustments via the HOST or PORT environment variables .

Start your app by running npm start , and start debugging in VS Code by pressing F5 or by clicking the green debug icon. You can now write code, set breakpoints, make changes to the code, and debug your newly modified code—all from your editor.

You would need to have WebStorm and JetBrains IDE Support Chrome extension installed.

In the WebStorm menu Run select Edit Configurations... . Then click + and select JavaScript Debug . Paste http://localhost:3000 into the URL field and save the configuration.

Start your app by running npm start , then press ^D on macOS or F9 on Windows and Linux or click the green debug icon to start debugging in WebStorm.

The same way you can debug your application in IntelliJ IDEA Ultimate, PhpStorm, PyCharm Pro, and RubyMine.

Prettier is an opinionated code formatter with support for JavaScript, CSS and JSON. With Prettier you can format the code you write automatically to ensure a code style within your project. See the Prettier's GitHub page for more information, and look at this page to see it in action .

To format our code whenever we make a commit in git, we need to install the following dependencies:

Alternatively you may use yarn :

• husky makes it easy to use githooks as if they are npm scripts.
• lint-staged allows us to run scripts on staged files in git. See this blog post about lint-staged to learn more about it .
• prettier is the JavaScript formatter we will run before commits.

Now we can make sure every file is formatted correctly by adding a few lines to the package.json in the project root.

Add the following line to scripts section:

Next we add a 'lint-staged' field to the package.json , for example:

Now, whenever you make a commit, Prettier will format the changed files automatically. You can also run ./node_modules/.bin/prettier --single-quote --write "src/**/*.{js,jsx}" to format your entire project for the first time.

Next you might want to integrate Prettier in your favorite editor. Read the section on Editor Integration on the Prettier GitHub page.

You can find the source HTML file in the public folder of the generated project. You may edit the <title> tag in it to change the title from “React App” to anything else.

Note that normally you wouldn’t edit files in the public folder very often. For example, adding a stylesheet is done without touching the HTML.

If you need to dynamically update the page title based on the content, you can use the browser document.title API. For more complex scenarios when you want to change the title from React components, you can use React Helmet , a third party library.

If you use a custom server for your app in production and want to modify the title before it gets sent to the browser, you can follow advice in this section . Alternatively, you can pre-build each page as a static HTML file which then loads the JavaScript bundle, which is covered here .

The generated project includes React and ReactDOM as dependencies. It also includes a set of scripts used by Create React App as a development dependency. You may install other dependencies (for example, React Router) with npm :

This works for any library, not just react-router .

This project setup supports ES6 modules thanks to Babel. While you can still use require() and module.exports , we encourage you to use import and export instead.

For example:

DangerButton.js

Be aware of the difference between default and named exports . It is a common source of mistakes.

We suggest that you stick to using default imports and exports when a module only exports a single thing (for example, a component). That’s what you get when you use export default Button and import Button from './Button' .

Named exports are useful for utility modules that export several functions. A module may have at most one default export and as many named exports as you like.

Learn more about ES6 modules:

• When to use the curly braces?
• Exploring ES6: Modules
• Understanding ES6: Modules

Instead of downloading the entire app before users can use it, code splitting allows you to split your code into small chunks which you can then load on demand.

This project setup supports code splitting via dynamic import() . Its proposal is in stage 3. The import() function-like form takes the module name as an argument and returns a Promise which always resolves to the namespace object of the module.

Here is an example:

This will make moduleA.js and all its unique dependencies as a separate chunk that only loads after the user clicks the 'Load' button.

You can also use it with async / await syntax if you prefer it.

With React Router

If you are using React Router check out this tutorial on how to use code splitting with it. You can find the companion GitHub repository here .

This project setup uses Webpack for handling all assets. Webpack offers a custom way of “extending” the concept of import beyond JavaScript. To express that a JavaScript file depends on a CSS file, you need to import the CSS from the JavaScript file :

This is not required for React but many people find this feature convenient. You can read about the benefits of this approach here . However you should be aware that this makes your code less portable to other build tools and environments than Webpack.

In development, expressing dependencies this way allows your styles to be reloaded on the fly as you edit them. In production, all CSS files will be concatenated into a single minified .css file in the build output.

If you are concerned about using Webpack-specific semantics, you can put all your CSS right into src/index.css . It would still be imported from src/index.js , but you could always remove that import if you later migrate to a different build tool.

This project setup minifies your CSS and adds vendor prefixes to it automatically through Autoprefixer so you don’t need to worry about it.

For example, this:

becomes this:

If you need to disable autoprefixing for some reason, follow this section .

Generally, we recommend that you don’t reuse the same CSS classes across different components. For example, instead of using a .Button CSS class in <AcceptButton> and <RejectButton> components, we recommend creating a <Button> component with its own .Button styles, that both <AcceptButton> and <RejectButton> can render (but not inherit ).

Following this rule often makes CSS preprocessors less useful, as features like mixins and nesting are replaced by component composition. You can, however, integrate a CSS preprocessor if you find it valuable. In this walkthrough, we will be using Sass, but you can also use Less, or another alternative.

First, let’s install the command-line interface for Sass:

Then in package.json , add the following lines to scripts :

Note: To use a different preprocessor, replace build-css and watch-css commands according to your preprocessor’s documentation.

Now you can rename src/App.css to src/App.scss and run npm run watch-css . The watcher will find every Sass file in src subdirectories, and create a corresponding CSS file next to it, in our case overwriting src/App.css . Since src/App.js still imports src/App.css , the styles become a part of your application. You can now edit src/App.scss , and src/App.css will be regenerated.

To share variables between Sass files, you can use Sass imports. For example, src/App.scss and other component style files could include @import "./shared.scss"; with variable definitions.

To enable importing files without using relative paths, you can add the --include-path option to the command in package.json .

This will allow you to do imports like

At this point you might want to remove all CSS files from the source control, and add src/**/*.css to your .gitignore file. It is generally a good practice to keep the build products outside of the source control.

As a final step, you may find it convenient to run watch-css automatically with npm start , and run build-css as a part of npm run build . You can use the && operator to execute two scripts sequentially. However, there is no cross-platform way to run two scripts in parallel, so we will install a package for this:

Then we can change start and build scripts to include the CSS preprocessor commands:

Now running npm start and npm run build also builds Sass files.

Why node-sass-chokidar ?

node-sass has been reported as having the following issues:

node-sass --watch has been reported to have performance issues in certain conditions when used in a virtual machine or with docker.

Infinite styles compiling #1939

node-sass has been reported as having issues with detecting new files in a directory #1891

node-sass-chokidar is used here as it addresses these issues.

With Webpack, using static assets like images and fonts works similarly to CSS.

You can import a file right in a JavaScript module . This tells Webpack to include that file in the bundle. Unlike CSS imports, importing a file gives you a string value. This value is the final path you can reference in your code, e.g. as the src attribute of an image or the href of a link to a PDF.

To reduce the number of requests to the server, importing images that are less than 10,000 bytes returns a data URI instead of a path. This applies to the following file extensions: bmp, gif, jpg, jpeg, and png. SVG files are excluded due to #1153 .

This ensures that when the project is built, Webpack will correctly move the images into the build folder, and provide us with correct paths.

This works in CSS too:

Webpack finds all relative module references in CSS (they start with ./ ) and replaces them with the final paths from the compiled bundle. If you make a typo or accidentally delete an important file, you will see a compilation error, just like when you import a non-existent JavaScript module. The final filenames in the compiled bundle are generated by Webpack from content hashes. If the file content changes in the future, Webpack will give it a different name in production so you don’t need to worry about long-term caching of assets.

Please be advised that this is also a custom feature of Webpack.

It is not required for React but many people enjoy it (and React Native uses a similar mechanism for images). An alternative way of handling static assets is described in the next section.

Using the public Folder

Note: this feature is available with [email protected] and higher.

The public folder contains the HTML file so you can tweak it, for example, to set the page title . The <script> tag with the compiled code will be added to it automatically during the build process.

You can also add other assets to the public folder.

Note that we normally encourage you to import assets in JavaScript files instead. For example, see the sections on adding a stylesheet and adding images and fonts . This mechanism provides a number of benefits:

• Scripts and stylesheets get minified and bundled together to avoid extra network requests.
• Missing files cause compilation errors instead of 404 errors for your users.
• Result filenames include content hashes so you don’t need to worry about browsers caching their old versions.

However there is an escape hatch that you can use to add an asset outside of the module system.

If you put a file into the public folder, it will not be processed by Webpack. Instead it will be copied into the build folder untouched. To reference assets in the public folder, you need to use a special variable called PUBLIC_URL .

Inside index.html , you can use it like this:

Only files inside the public folder will be accessible by %PUBLIC_URL% prefix. If you need to use a file from src or node_modules , you’ll have to copy it there to explicitly specify your intention to make this file a part of the build.

When you run npm run build , Create React App will substitute %PUBLIC_URL% with a correct absolute path so your project works even if you use client-side routing or host it at a non-root URL.

In JavaScript code, you can use process.env.PUBLIC_URL for similar purposes:

Keep in mind the downsides of this approach:

• None of the files in public folder get post-processed or minified.
• Missing files will not be called at compilation time, and will cause 404 errors for your users.
• Result filenames won’t include content hashes so you’ll need to add query arguments or rename them every time they change.

Normally we recommend importing stylesheets , images, and fonts from JavaScript. The public folder is useful as a workaround for a number of less common cases:

• You need a file with a specific name in the build output, such as manifest.webmanifest .
• You have thousands of images and need to dynamically reference their paths.
• You want to include a small script like pace.js outside of the bundled code.
• Some library may be incompatible with Webpack and you have no other option but to include it as a <script> tag.

Note that if you add a <script> that declares global variables, you also need to read the next section on using them.

When you include a script in the HTML file that defines global variables and try to use one of these variables in the code, the linter will complain because it cannot see the definition of the variable.

You can avoid this by reading the global variable explicitly from the window object, for example:

This makes it obvious you are using a global variable intentionally rather than because of a typo.

Alternatively, you can force the linter to ignore any line by adding // eslint-disable-line after it.

Adding Bootstrap

You don’t have to use React Bootstrap together with React but it is a popular library for integrating Bootstrap with React apps. If you need it, you can integrate it with Create React App by following these steps:

Install React Bootstrap and Bootstrap from npm. React Bootstrap does not include Bootstrap CSS so this needs to be installed as well:

Import Bootstrap CSS and optionally Bootstrap theme CSS in the beginning of your src/index.js file:

Import required React Bootstrap components within src/App.js file or your custom component files:

Now you are ready to use the imported React Bootstrap components within your component hierarchy defined in the render method. Here is an example App.js redone using React Bootstrap.

Sometimes you might need to tweak the visual styles of Bootstrap (or equivalent package). We suggest the following approach:

• Create a new package that depends on the package you wish to customize, e.g. Bootstrap.
• Add the necessary build steps to tweak the theme, and publish your package on npm.
• Install your own theme npm package as a dependency of your app.

Here is an example of adding a customized Bootstrap that follows these steps.

Flow is a static type checker that helps you write code with fewer bugs. Check out this introduction to using static types in JavaScript if you are new to this concept.

Recent versions of Flow work with Create React App projects out of the box.

To add Flow to a Create React App project, follow these steps:

• Run npm install --save flow-bin (or yarn add flow-bin ).
• Add "flow": "flow" to the scripts section of your package.json .
• Run npm run flow init (or yarn flow init ) to create a .flowconfig file in the root directory.
• Add // @flow to any files you want to type check (for example, to src/App.js ).

Now you can run npm run flow (or yarn flow ) to check the files for type errors. You can optionally use an IDE like Nuclide for a better integrated experience. In the future we plan to integrate it into Create React App even more closely.

To learn more about Flow, check out its documentation .

Adding Custom Environment Variables

Note: this feature is available with [email protected] and higher.

Your project can consume variables declared in your environment as if they were declared locally in your JS files. By default you will have NODE_ENV defined for you, and any other environment variables starting with REACT_APP_ .

The environment variables are embedded during the build time . Since Create React App produces a static HTML/CSS/JS bundle, it can’t possibly read them at runtime. To read them at runtime, you would need to load HTML into memory on the server and replace placeholders in runtime, just like described here . Alternatively you can rebuild the app on the server anytime you change them.

Note: You must create custom environment variables beginning with REACT_APP_ . Any other variables except NODE_ENV will be ignored to avoid accidentally exposing a private key on the machine that could have the same name . Changing any environment variables will require you to restart the development server if it is running.

These environment variables will be defined for you on process.env . For example, having an environment variable named REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE will be exposed in your JS as process.env.REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE .

There is also a special built-in environment variable called NODE_ENV . You can read it from process.env.NODE_ENV . When you run npm start , it is always equal to 'development' , when you run npm test it is always equal to 'test' , and when you run npm run build to make a production bundle, it is always equal to 'production' . You cannot override NODE_ENV manually. This prevents developers from accidentally deploying a slow development build to production.

These environment variables can be useful for displaying information conditionally based on where the project is deployed or consuming sensitive data that lives outside of version control.

First, you need to have environment variables defined. For example, let’s say you wanted to consume a secret defined in the environment inside a <form> :

During the build, process.env.REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE will be replaced with the current value of the REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE environment variable. Remember that the NODE_ENV variable will be set for you automatically.

When you load the app in the browser and inspect the <input> , you will see its value set to abcdef , and the bold text will show the environment provided when using npm start :

The above form is looking for a variable called REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE from the environment. In order to consume this value, we need to have it defined in the environment. This can be done using two ways: either in your shell or in a .env file. Both of these ways are described in the next few sections.

Having access to the NODE_ENV is also useful for performing actions conditionally:

When you compile the app with npm run build , the minification step will strip out this condition, and the resulting bundle will be smaller.

Note: this feature is available with [email protected] and higher.

You can also access the environment variables starting with REACT_APP_ in the public/index.html . For example:

Note that the caveats from the above section apply:

• Apart from a few built-in variables ( NODE_ENV and PUBLIC_URL ), variable names must start with REACT_APP_ to work.
• The environment variables are injected at build time. If you need to inject them at runtime, follow this approach instead .

Defining environment variables can vary between OSes. It’s also important to know that this manner is temporary for the life of the shell session.

Windows (cmd.exe)

(Note: the lack of whitespace is intentional.)

Linux, macOS (Bash)

To define permanent environment variables, create a file called .env in the root of your project:

.env files should be checked into source control (with the exclusion of .env*.local ).

What other .env files are can be used?

Note: this feature is available with [email protected] and higher .

• .env : Default.
• .env.local : Local overrides. This file is loaded for all environments except test.
• .env.development , .env.test , .env.production : Environment-specific settings.
• .env.development.local , .env.test.local , .env.production.local : Local overrides of environment-specific settings.

Files on the left have more priority than files on the right:

• npm start : .env.development.local , .env.development , .env.local , .env
• npm run build : .env.production.local , .env.production , .env.local , .env
• npm test : .env.test.local , .env.test , .env (note .env.local is missing)

These variables will act as the defaults if the machine does not explicitly set them. Please refer to the dotenv documentation for more details.

Note: If you are defining environment variables for development, your CI and/or hosting platform will most likely need these defined as well. Consult their documentation how to do this. For example, see the documentation for Travis CI or Heroku .

Many popular libraries use decorators in their documentation. Create React App doesn’t support decorator syntax at the moment because:

• It is an experimental proposal and is subject to change.
• The current specification version is not officially supported by Babel.
• If the specification changes, we won’t be able to write a codemod because we don’t use them internally at Facebook.

However in many cases you can rewrite decorator-based code without decorators just as fine. Please refer to these two threads for reference:

Create React App will add decorator support when the specification advances to a stable stage.

Integrating with an API Backend

These tutorials will help you to integrate your app with an API backend running on another port, using fetch() to access it.

Check out this tutorial . You can find the companion GitHub repository here .

Proxying API Requests in Development

People often serve the front-end React app from the same host and port as their backend implementation. For example, a production setup might look like this after the app is deployed:

Such setup is not required. However, if you do have a setup like this, it is convenient to write requests like fetch('/api/todos') without worrying about redirecting them to another host or port during development.

To tell the development server to proxy any unknown requests to your API server in development, add a proxy field to your package.json , for example:

This way, when you fetch('/api/todos') in development, the development server will recognize that it’s not a static asset, and will proxy your request to http://localhost:4000/api/todos as a fallback. The development server will only attempt to send requests without a text/html accept header to the proxy.

Conveniently, this avoids CORS issues and error messages like this in development:

Keep in mind that proxy only has effect in development (with npm start ), and it is up to you to ensure that URLs like /api/todos point to the right thing in production. You don’t have to use the /api prefix. Any unrecognized request without a text/html accept header will be redirected to the specified proxy .

The proxy option supports HTTP, HTTPS and WebSocket connections. If the proxy option is not flexible enough for you, alternatively you can:

• Configure the proxy yourself
• Enable CORS on your server ( here’s how to do it for Express ).
• Use environment variables to inject the right server host and port into your app.

When you enable the proxy option, you opt into a more strict set of host checks. This is necessary because leaving the backend open to remote hosts makes your computer vulnerable to DNS rebinding attacks. The issue is explained in this article and this issue .

This shouldn’t affect you when developing on localhost , but if you develop remotely like described here , you will see this error in the browser after enabling the proxy option:

Invalid Host header

To work around it, you can specify your public development host in a file called .env.development in the root of your project:

If you restart the development server now and load the app from the specified host, it should work.

If you are still having issues or if you’re using a more exotic environment like a cloud editor, you can bypass the host check completely by adding a line to .env.development.local . Note that this is dangerous and exposes your machine to remote code execution from malicious websites:

We don’t recommend this approach.

Note: this feature is available with [email protected] and higher.

If the proxy option is not flexible enough for you, you can specify an object in the following form (in package.json ). You may also specify any configuration value http-proxy-middleware or http-proxy supports.

All requests matching this path will be proxies, no exceptions. This includes requests for text/html , which the standard proxy option does not proxy.

If you need to specify multiple proxies, you may do so by specifying additional entries. You may also narrow down matches using * and/or ** , to match the path exactly or any subpath.

When setting up a WebSocket proxy, there are a some extra considerations to be aware of.

If you’re using a WebSocket engine like Socket.io , you must have a Socket.io server running that you can use as the proxy target. Socket.io will not work with a standard WebSocket server. Specifically, don't expect Socket.io to work with the websocket.org echo test .

There’s some good documentation available for setting up a Socket.io server .

Standard WebSockets will work with a standard WebSocket server as well as the websocket.org echo test. You can use libraries like ws for the server, with native WebSockets in the browser .

Either way, you can proxy WebSocket requests manually in package.json :

Note: this feature is available with [email protected] and higher.

You may require the dev server to serve pages over HTTPS. One particular case where this could be useful is when using the "proxy" feature to proxy requests to an API server when that API server is itself serving HTTPS.

To do this, set the HTTPS environment variable to true , then start the dev server as usual with npm start :

Note that the server will use a self-signed certificate, so your web browser will almost definitely display a warning upon accessing the page.

Since Create React App doesn’t support server rendering, you might be wondering how to make <meta> tags dynamic and reflect the current URL. To solve this, we recommend to add placeholders into the HTML, like this:

Then, on the server, regardless of the backend you use, you can read index.html into memory and replace __OG_TITLE__ , __OG_DESCRIPTION__ , and any other placeholders with values depending on the current URL. Just make sure to sanitize and escape the interpolated values so that they are safe to embed into HTML!

If you use a Node server, you can even share the route matching logic between the client and the server. However duplicating it also works fine in simple cases.

If you’re hosting your build with a static hosting provider you can use react-snapshot to generate HTML pages for each route, or relative link, in your application. These pages will then seamlessly become active, or “hydrated”, when the JavaScript bundle has loaded.

There are also opportunities to use this outside of static hosting, to take the pressure off the server when generating and caching routes.

The primary benefit of pre-rendering is that you get the core content of each page with the HTML payload—regardless of whether or not your JavaScript bundle successfully downloads. It also increases the likelihood that each route of your application will be picked up by search engines.

You can read more about zero-configuration pre-rendering (also called snapshotting) here .

Similarly to the previous section, you can leave some placeholders in the HTML that inject global variables, for example:

Then, on the server, you can replace __SERVER_DATA__ with a JSON of real data right before sending the response. The client code can then read window.SERVER_DATA to use it. Make sure to sanitize the JSON before sending it to the client as it makes your app vulnerable to XSS attacks.

Running Tests

Note: this feature is available with [email protected] and higher. Read the migration guide to learn how to enable it in older projects!

Create React App uses Jest as its test runner. To prepare for this integration, we did a major revamp of Jest so if you heard bad things about it years ago, give it another try.

Jest is a Node-based runner. This means that the tests always run in a Node environment and not in a real browser. This lets us enable fast iteration speed and prevent flakiness.

While Jest provides browser globals such as window thanks to jsdom , they are only approximations of the real browser behavior. Jest is intended to be used for unit tests of your logic and your components rather than the DOM quirks.

We recommend that you use a separate tool for browser end-to-end tests if you need them. They are beyond the scope of Create React App.

Jest will look for test files with any of the following popular naming conventions:

• Files with .js suffix in __tests__ folders.
• Files with .test.js suffix.
• Files with .spec.js suffix.

The .test.js / .spec.js files (or the __tests__ folders) can be located at any depth under the src top level folder.

We recommend to put the test files (or __tests__ folders) next to the code they are testing so that relative imports appear shorter. For example, if App.test.js and App.js are in the same folder, the test just needs to import App from './App' instead of a long relative path. Colocation also helps find tests more quickly in larger projects.

When you run npm test , Jest will launch in the watch mode. Every time you save a file, it will re-run the tests, just like npm start recompiles the code.

The watcher includes an interactive command-line interface with the ability to run all tests, or focus on a search pattern. It is designed this way so that you can keep it open and enjoy fast re-runs. You can learn the commands from the “Watch Usage” note that the watcher prints after every run:

By default, when you run npm test , Jest will only run the tests related to files changed since the last commit. This is an optimization designed to make your tests run fast regardless of how many tests you have. However it assumes that you don’t often commit the code that doesn’t pass the tests.

Jest will always explicitly mention that it only ran tests related to the files changed since the last commit. You can also press a in the watch mode to force Jest to run all tests.

Jest will always run all tests on a continuous integration server or if the project is not inside a Git or Mercurial repository.

To create tests, add it() (or test() ) blocks with the name of the test and its code. You may optionally wrap them in describe() blocks for logical grouping but this is neither required nor recommended.

Jest provides a built-in expect() global function for making assertions. A basic test could look like this:

All expect() matchers supported by Jest are extensively documented here . You can also use jest.fn() and expect(fn).toBeCalled() to create “spies” or mock functions.

There is a broad spectrum of component testing techniques. They range from a “smoke test” verifying that a component renders without throwing, to shallow rendering and testing some of the output, to full rendering and testing component lifecycle and state changes.

Different projects choose different testing tradeoffs based on how often components change, and how much logic they contain. If you haven’t decided on a testing strategy yet, we recommend that you start with creating simple smoke tests for your components:

This test mounts a component and makes sure that it didn’t throw during rendering. Tests like this provide a lot value with very little effort so they are great as a starting point, and this is the test you will find in src/App.test.js .

When you encounter bugs caused by changing components, you will gain a deeper insight into which parts of them are worth testing in your application. This might be a good time to introduce more specific tests asserting specific expected output or behavior.

If you’d like to test components in isolation from the child components they render, we recommend using shallow() rendering API from Enzyme . To install it, run:

You can write a smoke test with it too:

Unlike the previous smoke test using ReactDOM.render() , this test only renders <App> and doesn’t go deeper. For example, even if <App> itself renders a <Button> that throws, this test will pass. Shallow rendering is great for isolated unit tests, but you may still want to create some full rendering tests to ensure the components integrate correctly. Enzyme supports full rendering with mount() , and you can also use it for testing state changes and component lifecycle.

You can read the Enzyme documentation for more testing techniques. Enzyme documentation uses Chai and Sinon for assertions but you don’t have to use them because Jest provides built-in expect() and jest.fn() for spies.

Here is an example from Enzyme documentation that asserts specific output, rewritten to use Jest matchers:

All Jest matchers are extensively documented here . Nevertheless you can use a third-party assertion library like Chai if you want to, as described below.

Additionally, you might find jest-enzyme helpful to simplify your tests with readable matchers. The above contains code can be written simpler with jest-enzyme.

To enable this, install jest-enzyme :

Import it in src/setupTests.js to make its matchers available in every test:

We recommend that you use expect() for assertions and jest.fn() for spies. If you are having issues with them please file those against Jest , and we’ll fix them. We intend to keep making them better for React, supporting, for example, pretty-printing React elements as JSX .

However, if you are used to other libraries, such as Chai and Sinon , or if you have existing code using them that you’d like to port over, you can import them normally like this:

and then use them in your tests like you normally do.

If your app uses a browser API that you need to mock in your tests or if you just need a global setup before running your tests, add a src/setupTests.js to your project. It will be automatically executed before running your tests.

src/setupTests.js

You can replace it() with xit() to temporarily exclude a test from being executed. Similarly, fit() lets you focus on a specific test without running any other tests.

Jest has an integrated coverage reporter that works well with ES6 and requires no configuration. Run npm test -- --coverage (note extra -- in the middle) to include a coverage report like this:

Note that tests run much slower with coverage so it is recommended to run it separately from your normal workflow.

By default npm test runs the watcher with interactive CLI. However, you can force it to run tests once and finish the process by setting an environment variable called CI .

When creating a build of your application with npm run build linter warnings are not checked by default. Like npm test , you can force the build to perform a linter warning check by setting the environment variable CI . If any warnings are encountered then the build fails.

Popular CI servers already set the environment variable CI by default but you can do this yourself too:

On CI servers

• Following the Travis Getting started guide for syncing your GitHub repository with Travis. You may need to initialize some settings manually in your profile page.
• Add a .travis.yml file to your git repository.
• Trigger your first build with a git push.
• Customize your Travis CI Build if needed.

Follow this article to set up CircleCI with a Create React App project.

On your own environment

The test command will force Jest to run tests once instead of launching the watcher.

If you find yourself doing this often in development, please file an issue to tell us about your use case because we want to make watcher the best experience and are open to changing how it works to accommodate more workflows.

The build command will check for linter warnings and fail if any are found.

By default, the package.json of the generated project looks like this:

If you know that none of your tests depend on jsdom , you can safely remove --env=jsdom , and your tests will run faster:

To help you make up your mind, here is a list of APIs that need jsdom :

• Any browser globals like window and document
• ReactDOM.render()
• TestUtils.renderIntoDocument() ( a shortcut for the above)
• mount() in Enzyme

In contrast, jsdom is not needed for the following APIs:

• TestUtils.createRenderer() (shallow rendering)
• shallow() in Enzyme

Finally, jsdom is also not needed for snapshot testing .

Snapshot testing is a feature of Jest that automatically generates text snapshots of your components and saves them on the disk so if the UI output changes, you get notified without manually writing any assertions on the component output. Read more about snapshot testing.

If you use Visual Studio Code , there is a Jest extension which works with Create React App out of the box. This provides a lot of IDE-like features while using a text editor: showing the status of a test run with potential fail messages inline, starting and stopping the watcher automatically, and offering one-click snapshot updates.

Developing Components in Isolation

Usually, in an app, you have a lot of UI components, and each of them has many different states. For an example, a simple button component could have following states:

• In a regular state, with a text label.
• In the disabled mode.
• In a loading state.

Usually, it’s hard to see these states without running a sample app or some examples.

Create React App doesn’t include any tools for this by default, but you can easily add Storybook for React ( source ) or React Styleguidist ( source ) to your project. These are third-party tools that let you develop components and see all their states in isolation from your app .

You can also deploy your Storybook or style guide as a static app. This way, everyone in your team can view and review different states of UI components without starting a backend server or creating an account in your app.

Storybook is a development environment for React UI components. It allows you to browse a component library, view the different states of each component, and interactively develop and test components.

First, install the following npm package globally:

Then, run the following command inside your app’s directory:

After that, follow the instructions on the screen.

Learn more about React Storybook:

• Screencast: Getting Started with React Storybook
• GitHub Repo
• Documentation
• Snapshot Testing UI with Storybook + addon/storyshot

Styleguidist combines a style guide, where all your components are presented on a single page with their props documentation and usage examples, with an environment for developing components in isolation, similar to Storybook. In Styleguidist you write examples in Markdown, where each code snippet is rendered as a live editable playground.

First, install Styleguidist:

Then, add these scripts to your package.json :

Learn more about React Styleguidist:

Making a Progressive Web App

By default, the production build is a fully functional, offline-first Progressive Web App .

Progressive Web Apps are faster and more reliable than traditional web pages, and provide an engaging mobile experience:

• All static site assets are cached so that your page loads fast on subsequent visits, regardless of network connectivity (such as 2G or 3G). Updates are downloaded in the background.
• Your app will work regardless of network state, even if offline. This means your users will be able to use your app at 10,000 feet and on the Subway.
• On mobile devices, your app can be added directly to the user's home screen, app icon and all. You can also re-engage users using web push notifications . This eliminates the need for the app store.

The sw-precache-webpack-plugin is integrated into production configuration, and it will take care of generating a service worker file that will automatically precache all of your local assets and keep them up to date as you deploy updates. The service worker will use a cache-first strategy for handling all requests for local assets, including the initial HTML, ensuring that your web app is reliably fast, even on a slow or unreliable network.

If you would prefer not to enable service workers prior to your initial production deployment, then remove the call to serviceWorkerRegistration.register() from src/index.js .

If you had previously enabled service workers in your production deployment and have decided that you would like to disable them for all your existing users, you can swap out the call to serviceWorkerRegistration.register() in src/index.js with a call to serviceWorkerRegistration.unregister() . After the user visits a page that has serviceWorkerRegistration.unregister() , the service worker will be uninstalled. Note that depending on how /service-worker.js is served, it may take up to 24 hours for the cache to be invalidated.

Service workers require HTTPS , although to facilitate local testing, that policy does not apply to localhost . If your production web server does not support HTTPS, then the service worker registration will fail, but the rest of your web app will remain functional.

Service workers are not currently supported in all web browsers. Service worker registration won't be attempted on browsers that lack support.

The service worker is only enabled in the production environment , e.g. the output of npm run build . It's recommended that you do not enable an offline-first service worker in a development environment, as it can lead to frustration when previously cached assets are used and do not include the latest changes you've made locally.

If you need to test your offline-first service worker locally, build the application (using npm run build ) and run a simple http server from your build directory. After running the build script, create-react-app will give instructions for one way to test your production build locally and the deployment instructions have instructions for using other methods. Be sure to always use an incognito window to avoid complications with your browser cache.

If possible, configure your production environment to serve the generated service-worker.js with HTTP caching disabled . If that's not possible— GitHub Pages , for instance, does not allow you to change the default 10 minute HTTP cache lifetime—then be aware that if you visit your production site, and then revisit again before service-worker.js has expired from your HTTP cache, you'll continue to get the previously cached assets from the service worker. If you have an immediate need to view your updated production deployment, performing a shift-refresh will temporarily disable the service worker and retrieve all assets from the network.

Users aren't always familiar with offline-first web apps. It can be useful to let the user know when the service worker has finished populating your caches (showing a "This web app works offline!" message) and also let them know when the service worker has fetched the latest updates that will be available the next time they load the page (showing a "New content is available; please refresh." message). Showing this messages is currently left as an exercise to the developer, but as a starting point, you can make use of the logic included in src/registerServiceWorker.js , which demonstrates which service worker lifecycle events to listen for to detect each scenario, and which as a default, just logs appropriate messages to the JavaScript console.

By default, the generated service worker file will not intercept or cache any cross-origin traffic, like HTTP API requests , images, or embeds loaded from a different domain. If you would like to use a runtime caching strategy for those requests, you can eject and then configure the runtimeCaching option in the SWPrecacheWebpackPlugin section of webpack.config.prod.js .

The default configuration includes a web app manifest located at public/manifest.json , that you can customize with details specific to your web application.

When a user adds a web app to their homescreen using Chrome or Firefox on Android, the metadata in manifest.json determines what icons, names, and branding colors to use when the web app is displayed. The Web App Manifest guide provides more context about what each field means, and how your customizations will affect your users' experience.

Source map explorer analyzes JavaScript bundles using the source maps. This helps you understand where code bloat is coming from.

To add Source map explorer to a Create React App project, follow these steps:

Then in package.json , add the following line to scripts :

Then to analyze the bundle run the production build then run the analyze script.

npm run build creates a build directory with a production build of your app. Set up your favourite HTTP server so that a visitor to your site is served index.html , and requests to static paths like /static/js/main.<hash>.js are served with the contents of the /static/js/main.<hash>.js file.

For environments using Node , the easiest way to handle this would be to install serve and let it handle the rest:

The last command shown above will serve your static site on the port 5000 . Like many of serve ’s internal settings, the port can be adjusted using the -p or --port flags.

Run this command to get a full list of the options available:

You don’t necessarily need a static server in order to run a Create React App project in production. It works just as fine integrated into an existing dynamic one.

Here’s a programmatic example using Node and Express :

The choice of your server software isn’t important either. Since Create React App is completely platform-agnostic, there’s no need to explicitly use Node.

The build folder with static assets is the only output produced by Create React App.

However this is not quite enough if you use client-side routing. Read the next section if you want to support URLs like /todos/42 in your single-page app.

If you use routers that use the HTML5 pushState history API under the hood (for example, React Router with browserHistory ), many static file servers will fail. For example, if you used React Router with a route for /todos/42 , the development server will respond to localhost:3000/todos/42 properly, but an Express serving a production build as above will not.

This is because when there is a fresh page load for a /todos/42 , the server looks for the file build/todos/42 and does not find it. The server needs to be configured to respond to a request to /todos/42 by serving index.html . For example, we can amend our Express example above to serve index.html for any unknown paths:

If you’re using Apache HTTP Server , you need to create a .htaccess file in the public folder that looks like this:

It will get copied to the build folder when you run npm run build .

If you’re using Apache Tomcat , you need to follow this Stack Overflow answer .

Now requests to /todos/42 will be handled correctly both in development and in production.

On a production build, and in a browser that supports service workers , the service worker will automatically handle all navigation requests, like for /todos/42 , by serving the cached copy of your index.html . This service worker navigation routing can be configured or disabled by eject ing and then modifying the navigateFallback and navigateFallbackWhitelist options of the SWPreachePlugin configuration .

By default, Create React App produces a build assuming your app is hosted at the server root. To override this, specify the homepage in your package.json , for example:

This will let Create React App correctly infer the root path to use in the generated HTML file.

Note : If you are using react-router@^4 , you can root <Link> s using the basename prop on any <Router> . More information here . For example:

Serving the Same Build from Different Paths

If you are not using the HTML5 pushState history API or not using client-side routing at all, it is unnecessary to specify the URL from which your app will be served. Instead, you can put this in your package.json :

This will make sure that all the asset paths are relative to index.html . You will then be able to move your app from http://mywebsite.com to http://mywebsite.com/relativepath or even http://mywebsite.com/relative/path without having to rebuild it.

See this blog post on how to deploy your React app to Microsoft Azure .

Install the Firebase CLI if you haven’t already by running npm install -g firebase-tools . Sign up for a Firebase account and create a new project. Run firebase login and login with your previous created Firebase account.

Then run the firebase init command from your project’s root. You need to choose the Hosting: Configure and deploy Firebase Hosting sites and choose the Firebase project you created in the previous step. You will need to agree with database.rules.json being created, choose build as the public directory, and also agree to Configure as a single-page app by replying with y .

Now, after you create a production build with npm run build , you can deploy it by running firebase deploy .

For more information see Add Firebase to your JavaScript Project .

Note: this feature is available with [email protected] and higher.

Step 1: Add homepage to package.json

The step below is important! If you skip it, your app will not deploy correctly.

Open your package.json and add a homepage field:

Create React App uses the homepage field to determine the root URL in the built HTML file.

Step 2: Install gh-pages and add deploy to scripts in package.json

Now, whenever you run npm run build , you will see a cheat sheet with instructions on how to deploy to GitHub Pages.

To publish it at https://myusername.github.io/my-app , run:

Add the following scripts in your package.json :

The predeploy script will run automatically before deploy is run.

Step 3: Deploy the site by running npm run deploy

Step 4: ensure your project’s settings use gh-pages.

Finally, make sure GitHub Pages option in your GitHub project settings is set to use the gh-pages branch:

Step 5: Optionally, configure the domain

You can configure a custom domain with GitHub Pages by adding a CNAME file to the public/ folder.

Notes on client-side routing

GitHub Pages doesn’t support routers that use the HTML5 pushState history API under the hood (for example, React Router using browserHistory ). This is because when there is a fresh page load for a url like http://user.github.io/todomvc/todos/42 , where /todos/42 is a frontend route, the GitHub Pages server returns 404 because it knows nothing of /todos/42 . If you want to add a router to a project hosted on GitHub Pages, here are a couple of solutions:

• You could switch from using HTML5 history API to routing with hashes. If you use React Router, you can switch to hashHistory for this effect, but the URL will be longer and more verbose (for example, http://user.github.io/todomvc/#/todos/42?_k=yknaj ). Read more about different history implementations in React Router.
• Alternatively, you can use a trick to teach GitHub Pages to handle 404 by redirecting to your index.html page with a special redirect parameter. You would need to add a 404.html file with the redirection code to the build folder before deploying your project, and you’ll need to add code handling the redirect parameter to index.html . You can find a detailed explanation of this technique in this guide .

Use the Heroku Buildpack for Create React App . You can find instructions in Deploying React with Zero Configuration .

Resolving Heroku Deployment Errors

Sometimes npm run build works locally but fails during deploy via Heroku. Following are the most common cases.

"Module not found: Error: Cannot resolve 'file' or 'directory'"

If you get something like this:

It means you need to ensure that the lettercase of the file or directory you import matches the one you see on your filesystem or on GitHub.

This is important because Linux (the operating system used by Heroku) is case sensitive. So MyDirectory and mydirectory are two distinct directories and thus, even though the project builds locally, the difference in case breaks the import statements on Heroku remotes.

"Could not find a required file."

If you exclude or ignore necessary files from the package you will see a error similar this one:

In this case, ensure that the file is there with the proper lettercase and that’s not ignored on your local .gitignore or ~/.gitignore_global .

To do a manual deploy to Netlify’s CDN:

Choose build as the path to deploy.

To setup continuous delivery:

With this setup Netlify will build and deploy when you push to git or open a pull request:

• Start a new netlify project
• Pick your Git hosting service and select your repository
• Click Build your site

Support for client-side routing:

To support pushState , make sure to create a public/_redirects file with the following rewrite rules:

When you build the project, Create React App will place the public folder contents into the build output.

now offers a zero-configuration single-command deployment. You can use now to deploy your app for free.

Install the now command-line tool either via the recommended desktop tool or via node with npm install -g now .

Build your app by running npm run build .

Move into the build directory by running cd build .

Run now --name your-project-name from within the build directory. You will see a now.sh URL in your output like this:

Paste that URL into your browser when the build is complete, and you will see your deployed app.

Details are available in this article.

See this blog post on how to deploy your React app to Amazon Web Services S3 and CloudFront .

Install the Surge CLI if you haven’t already by running npm install -g surge . Run the surge command and log in you or create a new account.

When asked about the project path, make sure to specify the build folder, for example:

Note that in order to support routers that use HTML5 pushState API, you may want to rename the index.html in your build folder to 200.html before deploying to Surge. This ensures that every URL falls back to that file .

You can adjust various development and production settings by setting environment variables in your shell or with .env .

Troubleshooting

When you save a file while npm start is running, the browser should refresh with the updated code. If this doesn’t happen, try one of the following workarounds:

• If your project is in a Dropbox folder, try moving it out.
• If the watcher doesn’t see a file called index.js and you’re referencing it by the folder name, you need to restart the watcher due to a Webpack bug.
• Some editors like Vim and IntelliJ have a “safe write” feature that currently breaks the watcher. You will need to disable it. Follow the instructions in “Adjusting Your Text Editor” .
• If your project path contains parentheses, try moving the project to a path without them. This is caused by a Webpack watcher bug .
• On Linux and macOS, you might need to tweak system settings to allow more watchers.
• If the project runs inside a virtual machine such as (a Vagrant provisioned) VirtualBox, create an .env file in your project directory if it doesn’t exist, and add CHOKIDAR_USEPOLLING=true to it. This ensures that the next time you run npm start , the watcher uses the polling mode, as necessary inside a VM.

If none of these solutions help please leave a comment in this thread .

If you run npm test and the console gets stuck after printing react-scripts test --env=jsdom to the console there might be a problem with your Watchman installation as described in facebookincubator/create-react-app#713 .

We recommend deleting node_modules in your project and running npm install (or yarn if you use it) first. If it doesn't help, you can try one of the numerous workarounds mentioned in these issues:

• facebook/jest#1767
• facebook/watchman#358
• ember-cli/ember-cli#6259

It is reported that installing Watchman 4.7.0 or newer fixes the issue. If you use Homebrew , you can run these commands to update it:

You can find other installation methods on the Watchman documentation page.

If this still doesn’t help, try running launchctl unload -F ~/Library/LaunchAgents/com.github.facebook.watchman.plist .

There are also reports that uninstalling Watchman fixes the issue. So if nothing else helps, remove it from your system and try again.

It is reported that npm run build can fail on machines with limited memory and no swap space, which is common in cloud environments. Even with small projects this command can increase RAM usage in your system by hundreds of megabytes, so if you have less than 1 GB of available memory your build is likely to fail with the following message:

The build failed because the process exited too early. This probably means the system ran out of memory or someone called kill -9 on the process.

If you are completely sure that you didn't terminate the process, consider adding some swap space to the machine you’re building on, or build the project locally.

This may be a problem with case sensitive filenames. Please refer to this section .

If you use a Moment.js , you might notice that only the English locale is available by default. This is because the locale files are large, and you probably only need a subset of all the locales provided by Moment.js .

To add a specific Moment.js locale to your bundle, you need to import it explicitly. For example:

If import multiple locales this way, you can later switch between them by calling moment.locale() with the locale name:

This will only work for locales that have been explicitly imported before.

You may occasionally find a package you depend on needs compiled or ships code for a non-browser environment. This is considered poor practice in the ecosystem and does not have an escape hatch in Create React App. To resolve this:

• Open an issue on the dependency's issue tracker and ask that the package be published pre-compiled (retaining ES6 Modules).
• Fork the package and publish a corrected version yourself.
• If the dependency is small enough, copy it to your src/ folder and treat it as application code.

If you have ideas for more “How To” recipes that should be on this page, let us know or contribute some!