A clear and succinct description of your research.
A brief explanation of what you propose to research, why the research is of value and how you propose to go about it. Your introduction should summarise your problem statement, motivation and original approach in a way that can readily communicate why it is worth pursuing. You can think of the introduction as the equivalent of abstracts in research articles.
A thorough examination of key pieces of research relating to your topic. You should use the literature review to identify gaps in, or problems with, existing research to justify why further or new research is required.
A detailed presentation of your proposed project and study. Building upon the previous section, in this part you develop your thoughts and arguments on the research problem or question you identified. You should explain why your proposed work is novel and significant and you should provide details on how you propose to go about developing it. You may want to provide a chapter summary or a roadmap of your investigation.
A clear description of your choice of methodology, including details of research questions, methods of data collection, sampling and analytical strategy. A time schedule showing key activities would be useful.
Any literature cited in the proposal should be listed at the end of the document. Use of Harvard or OSCOLA referencing is recommended.
*Word count excludes footnotes.
Structure of the proposal.
A proposal should proceed along the following steps:
(1) a clear problem statement is formulated;
(2) the significance of the problem is explained;
(3) a clear research question is formulated;
(4) an answer or solution to the problem is suggested;
(5) the originality of the answer or solution is indicated through a literature survey;
(6) the way in the which the argument will be substantiated in the bulk of the dissertation is outlined;
(7) the method used (and its suitability) to answer or solve the problem is explained;
(8) any definitional issues are clarified; and
(9) a bibliography of materials used is supplied.
A proposal commences with a clear problem statement.
These building blocks are very important because they are again reflected in the chapters, where argument is substantiated. Vital to a successful dissertation is a narrowly defined problem. As a research paper is confined to 18 000 words, the issue must be much more limited than that for a mini-dissertation (30 000), full thesis (50 000) or a doctoral dissertation (100 000).
As you will be spending a considerable amount of time on the dissertation, you have to justify this endeavour to yourself, your supervisor and your examiners. Moreover, if the problem is significant, the solution or answer to the problem will be equally important. The significance of the problem may lie in a number of areas. In the case of divergent judgments on an issue, the conflict creates confusion and conflict in practice. The importance could lie in poor service delivery because of badly designed governance structures. Overall, the aim is to state the importance of the research that you will be doing.
Given the problem outlined and having shown its significance, a research question must be formulated that it captures the problem statement. What is the issue or problem that you want to answer? This is a short, concise statement that hones the problem statement into one or more questions.
Very important is that this research question must have a legal focus. It is the legal question you want to answer. Although sub-questions may include issues of development, etc., the main focus must be on some form of law/regulation,etc.
This should also be a measurable question. Indicating your research question as "Examining the effectiveness of insider trading legislation" is not feasible. How will you measure the effectiveness of this legislation?
Having done the reading of the relevant materials you have by now developed a tentative argument or an answer to the problem. You need to state upfront how you will be addressing the problem, what will be the answer or solution. This argument is what binds the dissertation together – providing the central measuring rod in deciding whether any material is relevant or not.
When you start off the proposal writing, you will have some idea of what the answer / argument will be. However, as you develop and substantiate the argument in the various chapters through your thorough engagement with the materials, you may find that the argument is refined, adapted, or changed. This is totally acceptable and even expected. Therefore, while the proposal signals the commencement of the dissertation (and is chapter 1 of the dissertation), it may also be last piece that you write in order to reflect the refinement and reshaping of the argument that occurred along the way.
The criterion by which you will be measured is whether your dissertation has added or contributed to knowledge on the topic. What is the point of the dissertation if the problem has already been solved or the issue addressed?
You must demonstrate the originality of the argument by showing how it compares with the existing literature on the issue. This is done by reading extensively around the issue to determine what other authors have written. In some cases, when you have described the literature on the topic (who wrote and what did they say – not a listing of article or book titles!), you may conclude that no one has yet addressed the particular issue, and therefore, you will provide a unique contribution. Even if you find that the issue has been addressed, you may conclude that it was wrongly or inadequately done. You may argue, for example, that the academic interpretation of a line of court judgments was wrong. The academic enterprise is about challenging accepted views and doctrines.
The focus in the literature survey is on “literature”, namely what other scholars have written. This is not the place to describe the Constitution, legislation or court cases.
The main purpose of the literature survey is to:
(A) Indicate what has been written on the subject and
(B) What will your contribution be? ie, What has not been covered by the literature? How will you contribute?
The bulk of the dissertation is devoted to substantiating the argument. This is done through breaking down your argument into its basic components and devoting a chapter to each component. In the proposal the chapters are outlined, showing how each form part of the argument and contributes to the answer or solution. This is not done by just providing chapter headings. You have to indicate whatthe purpose is of each chapter and what will be argued in that chapter. The emphasis falls on the logical flow of the argument and how each chapter contributes to that flow.
This should be done by way of a brief paragraph description of what will be covered in each proposed chapter.
Having outlined how the argument will be substantiated in the various chapters, you have to show how you will go about this task. What are the materials that you will rely on? What is the methodology that you will follow? If you are analysing court judgments, your primary source of information are case reports. A further primary source of information is legislation, official documents, policies, notices, etc. A secondary source is what other authors have written about the same cases or legislation in the relevant field. As all these materials are found in a library or the internet you may refer to it as a desktop study.
You may want to use empirical data in substantiating your argument. There are a variety ways of collecting such data. Official sources may be used. Newspapers may also be referred to. You may even venture out and collect your own data by, for example, conducting interviews, or inspecting court records. In the case of interviews you need ethical clearance from the University’s Senate Research Committee.
If you are going to do a comparative research, you must explain why, indicate your comparators (comparative countries, etc.) and you must explain why you are using these specific comparators.
In the context of your proposal (and later in chapter 1 of the dissertation), it may be necessary to define some key concepts that will be used in the chapters. This is done to provide the necessary clarity when confusion and ambiguity may be present.
All the materials referred to in the proposal must be listed alphabetically in the bibliography. Use the following main headings:
How to write a phd proposal.
We are delighted to consider applications for PhD research. We have a fantastic, diverse and energetic student body who are making the most of fabulous resources for postgraduate students. We welcome you to join us.
In order to help you with your application, the information below aims to give some guidance on how a typical research proposal might look.
Please be aware that if you are applying for ESRC funding then the proposal must be no longer than 1,300 words , and if you are applying for University of Bristol Postgraduate Research Scholarship then the proposal must be no longer than 1,000 words (incl. footnotes).
Your aim here is to showcase your ability to carry out postgraduate research. PhD research often travels and what you apply to study for may differ from your ultimate PhD. It is perfectly acceptable for research to move over time in response to findings or changes in preference/supervision.
Please note: we do not generally have the expertise to supervise PhD proposals that are exclusively in a jurisdiction outside UK, EU or international law. We have many expert supervisors in comparative, international and regional law but if your proposal is only to study the law in your home country, we may not be able to offer you supervision even if you meet the admission requirements.
Title. A short, indicative title is best.
Abstract. This is a succinct summary of your research proposal that will present a condensed outline, enabling the reader to get a very quick overview of your proposed project, lines of inquiry and possible outcomes. An abstract is often written last, after you have written the proposal and are able to summarise it effectively.
Rationale for the research project. This might include a description of the question/debate/phenomenon of interest, and the context(s) and situation in which you think the research will take place; an explanation of why the topic is of interest to you; and an outline of the reasons why the topic should be of interest to research and/ or practice (the 'so what?' question).
Issues and initial research question. What legal or governance question(s) do you intend to investigate? (This may be quite imprecise at the application stage); what might be some of the key literatures that might inform the issues (again, indicative at the application stage); and, as precisely as you can, what is the question you are trying to answer? A research proposal can and should make a positive and persuasive first impression and demonstrate your potential to become a good researcher. In particular, you need to demonstrate that you can think critically and analytically as well as communicate your ideas clearly.
Intended methodology. How do you think you might go about answering the question? At Bristol we supervise an incredibly wide range of PhDs, including doctrinal, theoretical, empirical, historical, comparative or policy-focused work. Even if your methods are, for example, doctrinal, please do make this clear and give some indication why you think this is the best methodology for your proposed study. If you have a key theorist in mind, do please outline this in your application, together with some understanding of any critiques that have been raised. If you are planning to do empirical work, do please give some indication of what your methods might be (quantitative (surveys, statistics etc); qualitative (interviews, ethnography etc)
Expected outcomes and impact. How do you think the research might add to existing knowledge; what might it enable organisations or interested parties to do differently? Increasingly in academia (and this is particularly so for ESRC-funded studentships) PhD students are being asked to consider how their research might contribute to both academic impact and/or economic and societal impact . This is well explained on the ESRC website if you would like to find out more.
Timetable. What is your initial estimation of the timetable of the dissertation? When will each of the key stages start and finish (refining proposal; literature review; developing research methods; fieldwork; analysis; writing the draft; final submission). There are likely to overlaps between the stages.
Why Bristol? Why –specifically - do you want to study for your PhD at Bristol? How would you fit into our research themes and research culture (please see the ’10 reasons to study for a PhD at Bristol’ section on the website for more information). You do not need to identify supervisors at the application stage.
Bibliography. Do make sure that you cite what you see as the key readings in the field. This does not have to be comprehensive but you are illustrating the range of sources you might use in your research.
A number of scholarships are available to study for a PhD at Bristol. You can see more information regarding scholarships on our fees and funding page. If you have any questions about which scholarship to apply for and how your research might fit in please contact the PGR Director, Yvette Russell [email protected] .
Preliminary analysis, organization, secondary sources, primary sources, updating research, identifying an end point, getting help, about this guide.
This guide will walk a beginning researcher though the legal research process step-by-step. These materials are created with the 1L Legal Research & Writing course in mind. However, these resources will also assist upper-level students engaged in any legal research project.
Legal research must be comprehensive and precise. One contrary source that you miss may invalidate other sources you plan to rely on. Sticking to a strategy will save you time, ensure completeness, and improve your work product.
Running Time: 3 minutes, 13 seconds.
Make sure that you don't miss any steps by using our:
If you get stuck at any time during the process, check this out:
A legal question often originates as a problem or story about a series of events. In law school, these stories are called fact patterns. In practice, facts may arise from a manager or an interview with a potential client. Start by doing the following:
Legal rules will vary depending on where geographically your legal question will be answered. You must determine the jurisdiction in which your claim will be heard. These resources can help you learn more about jurisdiction and how it is determined:
This map indicates which states are in each federal appellate circuit:
Once you have begun your research, you will need to keep track of your work. Logging your research will help you to avoid missing sources and explain your research strategy. You will likely be asked to explain your research process when in practice. Researchers can keep paper logs, folders on Westlaw or Lexis, or online citation management platforms.
Tracking with paper or excel.
Many researchers create their own tracking charts. Be sure to include:
Consider using the following research log as a starting place:
Westlaw and Lexis offer options to create folders, then save and organize your materials there.
For long term projects, platforms such as Zotero, EndNote, Mendeley, or Refworks might be useful. These are good tools to keep your research well organized. Note, however, that none of these platforms substitute for doing your own proper Bluebook citations. Learn more about citation management software on our other research guides:
There are three different types of sources: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary. When doing legal research you will be using mostly primary and secondary sources. We will explore these different types of sources in the sections below.
Secondary sources often explain legal principles more thoroughly than a single case or statute. Starting with them can help you save time.
Secondary sources are particularly useful for:
Consider the following when deciding which type of secondary source is right for you:
For a deep dive into secondary sources visit:
Legal dictionaries.
Legal dictionaries are similar to other dictionaries that you have likely used before.
Legal encyclopedias contain brief, broad summaries of legal topics, providing introductions and explaining terms of art. They also provide citations to primary law and relevant major law review articles.
Here are the two major national encyclopedias:
Treatises are books on legal topics. These books are a good place to begin your research. They provide explanation, analysis, and citations to the most relevant primary sources. Treatises range from single subject overviews to deep treatments of broad subject areas.
It is important to check the date when the treatise was published. Many are either not updated, or are updated through the release of newer editions.
To find a relevant treatise explore:
American Law Reports (ALR) contains in-depth articles on narrow topics of the law. ALR articles, are often called annotations. They provide background, analysis, and citations to relevant cases, statutes, articles, and other annotations. ALR annotations are invaluable tools to quickly find primary law on narrow legal questions.
This resource is available in both Westlaw and Lexis:
Law reviews are scholarly publications, usually edited by law students in conjunction with faculty members. They contain both lengthy articles and shorter essays by professors and lawyers. They also contain comments, notes, or developments in the law written by law students. Articles often focus on new or emerging areas of law and may offer critical commentary. Some law reviews are dedicated to a particular topic while others are general. Occasionally, law reviews will include issues devoted to proceedings of panels and symposia.
Law review and journal articles are extremely narrow and deep with extensive references.
To find law review articles visit:
Restatements are highly regarded distillations of common law, prepared by the American Law Institute (ALI). ALI is a prestigious organization comprised of judges, professors, and lawyers. They distill the "black letter law" from cases to indicate trends in common law. Resulting in a “restatement” of existing common law into a series of principles or rules. Occasionally, they make recommendations on what a rule of law should be.
Restatements are not primary law. However, they are considered persuasive authority by many courts.
Restatements are organized into chapters, titles, and sections. Sections contain the following:
To access restatements visit:
Primary authority is "authority that issues directly from a law-making body." Authority , Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Sources of primary authority include:
Access to primary legal sources is available through:
Statutes (also called legislation) are "laws enacted by legislative bodies", such as Congress and state legislatures. Statute , Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).
We typically start primary law research here. If there is a controlling statute, cases you look for later will interpret that law. There are two types of statutes, annotated and unannotated.
Annotated codes are a great place to start your research. They combine statutory language with citations to cases, regulations, secondary sources, and other relevant statutes. This can quickly connect you to the most relevant cases related to a particular law. Unannotated Codes provide only the text of the statute without editorial additions. Unannotated codes, however, are more often considered official and used for citation purposes.
For a deep dive on federal and state statutes, visit:
Want to learn more about the history or legislative intent of a law? Learn how to get started here:
Regulations are rules made by executive departments and agencies. Not every legal question will require you to search regulations. However, many areas of law are affected by regulations. So make sure not to skip this step if they are relevant to your question.
To learn more about working with regulations, visit:
In many areas, finding relevant caselaw will comprise a significant part of your research. This Is particularly true in legal areas that rely heavily on common law principles.
Running Time: 3 minutes, 10 seconds.
Up to 86% of federal case opinions are unpublished. You must determine whether your jurisdiction will consider these unpublished cases as persuasive authority. The Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure have an overarching rule, Rule 32.1 Each circuit also has local rules regarding citations to unpublished opinions. You must understand both the Federal Rule and the rule in your jurisdiction.
Each state also has its own local rules which can often be accessed through:
Headnotes show the key legal points in a case. Legal databases use these headnotes to guide researchers to other cases on the same topic. They also use them to organize concepts explored in cases by subject. Publishers, like Westlaw and Lexis, create headnotes, so they are not consistent across databases.
Headnotes are organized by subject into an outline that allows you to search by subject. This outline is known as a "digest of cases." By browsing or searching the digest you can retrieve all headnotes covering a particular topic. This can help you identify particularly important cases on the relevant subject.
Running Time: 4 minutes, 43 seconds.
Each major legal database has its own digest:
Start by identifying a relevant topic in a digest. Then you can limit those results to your jurisdiction for more relevant results. Sometimes, you can keyword search within only the results on your topic in your jurisdiction. This is a particularly powerful research method.
After following the steps above, you will have identified some relevant cases on your topic. You can use good cases you find to locate other cases addressing the same topic. These other cases often apply similar rules to a range of diverse fact patterns.
to focus on the terms of art or key words in a particular headnote. You can use this feature to find more cases with similar language and concepts.
A citator is "a catalogued list of cases, statutes, and other legal sources showing the subsequent history and current precedential value of those sources. Citators allow researchers to verify the authority of a precedent and to find additional sources relating to a given subject." Citator , Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).
Each major legal database has its own citator. The two most popular are Keycite on Westlaw and Shepard's on Lexis.
This video answers common questions about citators:
For step-by-step instructions on how to use Keycite and Shepard's see the following:
Citators serve three purposes: (1) case validation, (2) better understanding, and (3) additional research.
Is my case or statute good law?
Has the law in this area changed?
Who is citing and writing about my case or statute?
For more guidance on when to stop your research see:
Automated services can check your work and ensure that you are not missing important resources. You can learn more about several automated brief check services. However, these services are not a replacement for conducting your own diligent research .
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Parth Indalkar
Sidharth Chauhan
This is the plan for a required course titled 'Research Methods and Legal Writing' that was taught during the July-October 2019 term at NALSAR Hyderabad for postgraduate students in the One-Year LL.M. programme. It was co-taught by Dr. Chimirala Uma Maheshwari and Sidharth Chauhan.
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Legal Research Methodology: Guide to Scientific Approach for Nigerian Law Institutions" was developed to fill the perceived methodology gaps I encountered during the process of writing my LL.B project. This book offers an exhaustive assessment of the scientific and methodological aspects of legal research, underscoring its significance to contemporary legal investigators. The book examines all aspects of legal writing and is designed to be a hands-on guide for law researchers at different academic stages, including LL.B, LL.M (Masters), PhD, and those writing for journals and conferences. It primarily aims to illuminate the scientific aspects of legal research, facilitating their application to scholarly inquiries, and rendering legal research more systematic, universally acceptable, and enduring.
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Generally, research means to search again. Research is an investigation that is based on the source of law. Legal research is not only about reading books, principles, regulations, etc but the whole idea behind doing research is to dig more deeply and examine a subject that you need to know. The research report acts as Skelton of that particular research that includes the all-important aspect of that research. This paper discusses the basic elements of the research report and how to prepare and present a legal research report
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Writing a research proposal.
Preparing your research proposal is the important first step to becoming a postgraduate research student at the School of Law.
The focus of your proposal will be slightly different depending on whether you wish to do a PhD or an LLM by research, but the principles of what to include and who to contact for advice are the same.
Before you write your detailed research proposal, you may wish to contact a member of our research staff with knowledge of the subject area. They who should be able to advise you whether or not your proposed topic is feasible.
This can be done prior to a formal application.
If you are not sure who is the best person to contact, an initial enquiry can be made to our Postgraduate Administrator, Susan Holmes .
A proposal for an LLM by research or a PhD should not exceed 15 pages in length and is unlikely to be less than 8 pages in length.
Check the limit specified by the funding body to which you are applying.
It should include the following:
The research context.
This is the background against which your research will be carried out.
It should be a brief introduction outlining the general area of study and identifying the subject area within which your study falls. You should also refer to the current state of knowledge (i.e. what research has been done to date) and any recent debates on the subject.
You need to reference this in the same way as you would do if you were writing an essay e.g. any articles or books you refer to should have a footnote with the full details of author, title, publication date, etc.
Outline the contribution that your research will make. It is normally best to do this in the form of specific aims or research questions or issues.
Demonstrate how your research fills a gap in existing research, by showing that it hasn’t been done before.
Explain why your research is important. It is not enough to say that this has not been studied previously, you need to explain why it is important or interesting enough to be studied.
Here you need to explain how you will obtain the information necessary to write your thesis.
For most law students, you will probably rely on documentary sources – information that already exists in some form e.g. journal articles, case reports, legislation, treaties, historical records.
In this case you need to say a little about how you will access these (bearing in mind that as a student of the University you will be provided with access to legal databases including Westlaw and LexisLibrary).
If yours is a comparative or international study, you will need to explain how you will obtain the relevant international materials and whether or not this will involve travel.
Some studies, however, might involve empirical research – information that is gathered through direct interaction with people and processes such as interviews, questionnaires, court observation or analysis of private records.
If you plan to undertake empirical research, you need to explain why this is an appropriate research method and give details of your planned methodology (e.g. who you hope to interview, how many interviews you will carry out).
In this section, you should also explain any special skills you have that will assist you in obtaining information, for example, if you plan to look at French law and you can read or speak French.
You should provide a very approximate timetable for the research.
For example, the timetable for a research LLM thesis comparing French law and Scots law might be:
When choosing a subject for your thesis, consider the requirements for a relevant degree and whether you can stick within the time and word limits. A PhD thesis must be from 70,000 to 100,000 words including footnotes.
Consider how your study will demonstrate originality. It is not enough simply to reproduce existing knowledge. There are many ways in which you can do this – it does not necessarily require you to study something that has never been studied before in any way, shape or form. For example, you could:
You also need to make sure your topic is not too broad. It is inappropriate to write a thesis that reads like a textbook. This is not sufficiently advanced work and your treatment will be too superficial. You need to choose something that will give you the scope both to describe and critically analyse the law. For example, a thesis on “the law relating to criminal defences inScotland” or “a review of EC law governing the enforcement of European law in national courts of member states” would be too broad. You would have to narrow down your topic to consideration of one particular aspect of the topic (e.g. one specific defence or one specific aspect of European law).
Recent and current PhD thesis topics have included:
For an LLM by research, your study should still be critical rather than simply describing the law in a particular area.
The field of study is likely to be significantly narrower than for a PhD, as it has a 30,000 word limit.
Recent and current LLM by research thesis topics have included:
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on November 21, 2023.
A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.
The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:
Literature review.
While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.
Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research proposals.
Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .
In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.
Show your reader why your project is interesting, original, and important. | |
Demonstrate your comfort and familiarity with your field. Show that you understand the current state of research on your topic. | |
Make a case for your . Demonstrate that you have carefully thought about the data, tools, and procedures necessary to conduct your research. | |
Confirm that your project is feasible within the timeline of your program or funding deadline. |
The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.
One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.
Download our research proposal template
Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.
Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:
The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.
Your introduction should:
To guide your introduction , include information about:
As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.
In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:
Following the literature review, restate your main objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.
? or ? , , or research design? | |
, )? ? | |
, , , )? | |
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To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.
For example, your results might have implications for:
Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .
Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.
Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.
Download our research schedule template
Research phase | Objectives | Deadline |
---|---|---|
1. Background research and literature review | 20th January | |
2. Research design planning | and data analysis methods | 13th February |
3. Data collection and preparation | with selected participants and code interviews | 24th March |
4. Data analysis | of interview transcripts | 22nd April |
5. Writing | 17th June | |
6. Revision | final work | 28th July |
If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.
Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:
To determine your budget, think about:
If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Methodology
Statistics
Research bias
Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .
Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.
I will compare …
A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.
Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.
A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.
A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.
A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.
All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.
Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.
Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.
The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.
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In addition to the general guidelines for all applicants, please also consider the following points when framing your research proposal for studies in the Law Department.
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Are we participating collectively in the violation of human rights, constructing legal discourse at the un security council related to refugee crisis and countries’ refusal to enter migrants., introduction.
It is difficult to pinpoint the precise origin of the recent migration crisis that is currently engulfing Europe. Still, the migrant that fell from the sky on 9th September 20101 to enter Europe and then later on the images of Aylan Kurdi, a three-year-old boy washed up on a Turkish beach in 20152 foreshadowed a phenomenal crisis of a much larger scale which has presumably shaken European integration at its very centre.
According to the recent reports United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, there is currently a mass movement of millions of refugees and migrants attempting to flee from conflict areas such as Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq into European countries since 20153. The migrant crisis has generated an excessive disruption and disunity in the European Union and its member states to handle ongoing arrivals.
However, the crisis is primarily and principally a humanitarian cataclysm of a kind that Europe has not witnessed since the 1930s and 1940s4. Images from Greece and Turkey portray the magnitude and enormity of the human costs related to the growing crisis at a drastic rate even at this writing5. This paper proposes to argue that this particular humanitarian crisis and the methods with which European Union (EU) member states are dealing with the situation points to collectively violating human rights.
The collective violation of such human rights for migrants and refugees stems from deeply embedded and unresolved EU’s governance issues. As the EU and its member states are struggling with the pressure of mass migration of displaced persons, the treatment of these refugees and migrants exposes what can only be seen as the calamity of core European values. The
1 “Heathrow Stowaway Who Fell to Death Identified as Mozambican Migrant | World News | The Guardian” <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/10/heathrow-stowaway-who-fell-to-death-identified-as-mozambican-migrant> accessed November 22, 2016.
2 “Image of Drowned Syrian Boy Echoes Around World – WSJ” <http://www.wsj.com/articles/image-of-syrian-boy-washed-up-on-beach-hits-hard-1441282847> accessed November 22, 2016.
3 Eurostat, “Asylum Quarterly Report – Statistics Explained” https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Asylum_quarterly_report accessed November 22, 2016.
4 Justin Borg-Barthet and Carole Lyons, “The European Union Migration Crisis” (2016) 20 Edinburgh Law Review 230.
5 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (“UNHCR”), Refugees/Migrants Emergency Response- Mediterranean (20 November 2016) http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/country.php?id=83; accessed November 21, 2016.
Treatment of such people exposes the shortcomings in implementing fundamental European rights and humanitarian law, international human rights, and EU’s neighbourhood policy.
The migrant crisis in Europe is ongoing and will continue to grow until and unless policy measures are taken by the EU and the United Nations General Council. The UN Security Council plays a more active role in the crisis and its root cause. Therefore, the major research questions that arise include the following;
Is the International community, specifically the EU and UK, collectively violate human rights against refugees?.
Subsequent questions that build upon the main research question are;
1. Are the measures implemented by EU member states and UK governments that limit refugees’ movement legal?
2. What is the distinction between refugees and migrants? What term is best to describe the individuals involved in the EU and the UK’s mass movement?
3. Do “migrant caps” violate international law?
4. What is the impact of interpretations of Article 33 of the 1951 Refugee Convention6 regarding refugee rights and protection against refoulement7?
5. How can the UN Security Council play an active role in enforcing international law protecting refugees while also resolving the root cause of the issue leading to the migrant crisis?
6. How can legal discourse be developed with the UN Security Council to tackle refugees’ refusal to EU countries?
The proposed research aims to follow the characteristics of descriptive study methodology while utilising the positivist approach as a research paradigm. This research method accurately describes a given phenomenon and determines associations between different dimensions of the phenomena8. A descriptive study is concerned with describing the characteristics of a specific
6 Duncan Sim, “Experiences of ‘Post-Status’ Refugees: Evidence from Glasgow” (2012) 79 (First Serie Scottish Affairs 82.
7 Nikola Stojanovic, “Crisis in the Mediterranean Neighbourhood: A Test for the European Union Migration Policy” (2015) 67 Medjunarodni problem 328
8 CG Wren and JR Wren, “Teaching of Legal Research, The” [1988] Law Libr. J.
Individual or phenomenon with the aim of the detailed description of different aspects of it9. It is often defined as a fact-finding study coupled with adequate interpretation using presupposed prior knowledge of the issues being investigated.
The method of conducting legal research is also implemented to conduct the proposed study, which includes the following steps;
1. Preliminary Analysis
2. Investigation of Secondary Sources
3. Locating and Analysing Primary Authorities
4. Interpretations of Sources
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Principle Issues: Ethical, Moral, and Legal Issues One of the main ethical issues that arise from the refugee crisis is the moral obligation of developed countries in accepting refugees. The current study analyses this moral obligation using deontological ethics and the United Nations Convention Relations to the Status of Refugees (1951)12.
The Refugee convention sets up two normative obligations for states:
1. Obligations related to actions required by the states when asylum seekers arrive on their territory13.
2. Obligations towards refugees who have fled home countries and currently reside in refugee camps or informal settlements14.
Based on the preliminary review of available literature, there is an asymmetrical view of the two sets of obligations. The former is stronger and widely recognized than the latter. This is because signatories of the Refugee Convention have no obligation to fund refugees’ protection, and any contribution to the issue is considered strictly voluntary15. This voluntary stance needs to be analyzed based on international law and ethical theories such as deontology to comprehend how this stance leads to the collective violation of human rights, defined and legally agreed upon. There is also the absence of moral and legal obligations to refugees that reach EU states, specifically regarding discrepancies arising from burden-sharing.
9 L Sossin, “Discourse Politics: Legal Research and Writing’s Search for a Pedagogy of Its Own” [1994] New Eng. L. Rev.
10 C Alexander and AJ Burke, “How to Locate Educational Information and Data.”
11 CG Wren and JR Wren,” Teaching of Legal Research, Th” [1988] Law Libr. J.
12 Resolution 2198 (XXI), United Nations General Assembly
13 Catherine Dauvergne, Making People Illegal: What Globalization Means for Migration and Law (reprint, Cambridge University Press 2008) p. 125
14 Ibid. p. 126
15 Anna Sergeevna Matveevskaya,””Modern Trends of EuropeanUnion’ss Migration Polic”” (2016) 0 Krasnoyarsk Science 29.
16 Sergio Carrera, Leonhard D Hertog, and Joanna Parkin,” EU Migration Policy in the Wake of the Arab Spring: What Prospects for EU-Southern Mediterranean Relations” ”
Burden sharing refers to the Global South17 playing a larger role in hosting refugees than Western democracies responsible for essentially funding this scheme in which 87 percent of refugees are hosted in the Global South. In contrast, less than one percent of refugees are resettled in Western countries18. Lastly, there is no morally or legally accepted obligation to resettle refugees, with a majority remaining in protracted refugee situations in the Global South, primarily in the long-term encampment, which has turned into a de facto solution to the global refugee crisis.
The proposed study can be defined as interdisciplinary in terms of combining international law with political science, international relations, and human rights to explore and discuss the current issues faced under the refugee crisis. Political science and international relations theories give rise to four primary schools of thought: realism, liberalism, institutionalism, and constructivism19. These four mains schools examine through an interdisciplinary approach to examine the content of legal rules and institutions to explain legal institutions” origins and their effectiveness.
The methods have resulted in legal scholars reconceptualizing international law from a more general perspective. The proposed study uses the international legal process theories to conduct research and answer the developed research questions. The classical global legal technique is studying how international law is practically applied, functions with international policy, and studies how international law can be improved.
According to O’Connell (1999)20, the classical International Legal Proces” “concentrates not so much on the exposition of rules and their content regarding how makers of foreign policy national legal rule”.” This particular theory is also used to measure the extent to which individuals are held accountable for abuses in international conflicts. The proposed study will base its premises most heavily on liberalism, the school of thought which revolves around three interrelated principles;
1. Rejection of power politics as the only possible result of internal relations while also questioning realism principles, especially security and warfare21.
2. Emphasize mutual benefits and international cooperation22.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256031941_EU_Migration_Policy_in_the_Wake_of_the_Arab_Spring_What_Prospects_for_EU-Southern_Mediterranean_Relations
17 Reference to countries of the rest of the world mostly located in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Turkey, which holds the largest refugee population as of 2016.
18 Yasin Kerem Gumus” “What Explains Differences iCountries’s’ Migration Policie”?” (2016) 4 International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) 51.
19 J Samue Barkin, “Realist Constructivism” (2003) 5 International Studies Review 325.
20 Ibid. p. 326
21 M La Caze” “At the Intersection: Kant, Derrida, and the Relation Between Ethics and Politi”s” (2007) 35 Political theory 781.
22 Ibid. p. 781
3. Uses international organizations and non-governmental actors for shaping state preferences and policy choices23. Under this thought, international institutions such as the UN Security Council, a primary component for the current study, play a crucial role in cooperation among states. The present study will also implement the theory of institutional liberalism to formulate arguments. This modern international relations theory claims that international institutions such as United Nations and European Union can increase and aid cooperation between states24. Using this theory, states will be treated as rational actors operating in an international political system while no hierarchy is enforced.
23 Ibid. p. 782 24 Ibid. p. 782
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Bibliography.
Alexander C and Burke A “How to Locate Educational Information and Data” <http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201300333537> [Accessed 10th November 2016]
Anna Sergeevna Matveevskaya, “Modern Trends of European Union’s Migration Policy” (2016). Krasnoyarsk Science 29.
Barkin JS, “Realist Constructivism” (2003) 5 International Studies Review 325
Berring R and Heuvel K, “Legal Research: Should Students Learn It or Wing It” (1989). Law Libr. J. <http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/llj81§ion=44> [Accessed 15th November 2016]
Borg-Barthet J and Lyons C, “The European Union Migration Crisis” (2016). 20 Edinburgh Law Review 230
Catherine Dauvergne, Making People Illegal: What Globalization Means for Migration and Law (reprint, Cambridge University Press 2008)
Carrera S, Hertog LD and Parkin J, “EU Migration Policy in the Wake of the Arab Spring: What Prospects for EU-Southern Mediterranean Relations?”
Cohen M, Berring R and Olson K, “How to Find the Law” (1983)
Duncan Sim, “Experiences of ‘Post-Status’ Refugees: Evidence from Glasgow” (2012). 79 (First Serie Scottish Affairs 82.
Eurostat,“Asylum Quarterly Report – Statistics Explained” https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Asylum_quarterly_report accessed November 22, 2016 Gumus YK, “What Explains Differences in Countries’ Migration Policies?” (2016).
Gumus YK, “What Explains Differences in Countries’ Migration Policies?” (2016). 4 International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) 51
“Heathrow Stowaway Who Fell to Death Identified as Mozambican Migrant | World News | The Guardian” (2016) <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/10/heathrow-stowaway-who-fell-to-death-identified-as-mozambican-migrant> [Accessed 20th November 2016]
“Image of Drowned Syrian Boy Echoes Around World – WSJ” (2016). <http://www.wsj.com/articles/image-of-syrian-boy-washed-up-on-beach-hits-hard-1441282847> [Accessed 14th November 2016]
La Caze M, “At the Intersection: Kant, Derrida, and the Relation Between Ethics and Politics” (2007). 35 Political theory 781
Matveevskaya AS, “Modern Trends of European Union’s Migration Policy” (2016). Krasnoyarsk Science 29
Shores L. and Focke H., “Basic Reference Sources” <http://alagappauniversity.ac.in/downloads/examinations/modelQP/Dec2010DDE/CCLIS.doc> [Accessed 10th November 2016]
Sossin L, “Discourse Politics: Legal Research and Writing’s Search for a Pedagogy of Its Own” (1994). New Eng. L. Rev.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (“UNHCR”), Refugees/Migrants Emergency Response- Mediterranean https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean?id=83 [Accessed 18th November 2016]
Wren C and Wren J, “Teaching of Legal Research, The” (1988). Law Libr. J.
How to write an undergraduate dissertation proposal.
To write an undergraduate dissertation proposal:
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An research proposal examples on law is a prosaic composition of a small volume and free composition, expressing individual impressions and thoughts on a specific occasion or issue and obviously not claiming a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.
Some signs of law research proposal:
The goal of an research proposal in law is to develop such skills as independent creative thinking and writing out your own thoughts.
Writing an research proposal is extremely useful, because it allows the author to learn to clearly and correctly formulate thoughts, structure information, use basic concepts, highlight causal relationships, illustrate experience with relevant examples, and substantiate his conclusions.
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The statement of your research proposal should be: 1. a short descriptive title of the project. (This does not have to be exactly the same as the title eventually given to the thesis.) 2. a statement of the broad goal or goals of the project (ie. the general ideas) to be explored/discussed.
Developing a Paper Proposal and Preparing to Write. Keep this list next to you as you develop your paper idea to help guide your research and writing process. LL.M. students should be sure to use this in combination with other guidance and resources on paper writing provided by the Graduate Program. Pick a topic and approach.
3. Research Proposal Entails. Any legal research shall be written once a proposal submitted to the organised institution and approved. Research proposal is an intellectual effect which specifies what a researcher wants to do, and how the intended work will interpret the results.
The best research proposals tend to focus on discrete and well-confined subject areas. Relying upon a comparison to provide the intellectual component of the proposal, whether that is a comparison between different institutions, different bodies of law or different countries. Comparative research proposals are worthy if properly thought out.
The idea, here, is to also assist you in choosing and refining your own. research area/question(s), as well as place your investigation within the general research already carried out. It is essential that the proposal should set out the central aims and the key research question(s) that will guide your research in a justified and logical manner.
This is particularly relevant for socio-legal orientated studies where law reform is being suggested. Avoid being vague in your research proposal with phrases such as 'try to', 'see if' and 'have a look act'. Instead, make positive statements such as 'examine', 'evaluate', 'analyse' and 'assess'. You may need to ...
The research proposal: Centre for Applied Human Rights1. Your research proposal will be carefully considered by the Centre's faculty. The main purposes of the proposal are (a) to allow the admissions team to check the feasibility and potential originality of the research; (b) to ensure that we are able to allocate each successful applicant to ...
a degree in a research graduate program can feel dauntingly different to what you've been doing for the last little while. This guide focuses on how to prepare for the most important part of an application - the research proposal. We also give you some information about Osgoode Hall Law School's research graduate programs (LLM and PhD).
Writing a research proposal. As part of the process of applying for a research degree, you will need to prepare an outline of your proposed research. Please see our guidance on what to include below, including word count: Key Elements. Content. Title (up to 20 words) Your research topic A clear and succinct description of your research ...
The Law Proposal and Dissertation Writing Guide is a comprehensive and invaluable resource designed to assist law students and researchers in the complex and demanding process of conceiving, developing, and completing a successful law dissertation or thes ... Very important is that this research question must have a legal focus. It is the legal ...
Abstract. This is a succinct summary of your research proposal that will present a condensed outline, enabling the reader to get a very quick overview of your proposed project, lines of inquiry and possible outcomes. An abstract is often written last, after you have written the proposal and are able to summarise it effectively.
About This Guide. This guide will walk a beginning researcher though the legal research process step-by-step. These materials are created with the 1L Legal Research & Writing course in mind. However, these resources will also assist upper-level students engaged in any legal research project.
A sample 2:1 law dissertation proposal to critically explore how UK law approaches corporate crime, and whether improvements may be made in the quest to hold companies accountable. ... The research will be based primarily on qualitative data, using primary sources such as legislation and case law, and secondary sources such as journals ...
PhD Research Proposal Guidance for Law. Your research proposal should be no more than 2000 words in length, including any references to existing research. References may be made in footnotes or endnotes. Take time to write your proposal as clearly and concisely as possible and remember to proofread your proposal before submitting it.
State the central question/hypothesis of your proposed research. Eg ZThis thesis asks… or This thesis examines the hypothesis that….. 3. Key aims of the research (max 200 words) Set out a number of specific aims (3-5) of the research which indicate the intended contribution and impact of the PhD.
l dissertation (100 000). Step 2: Significance of problem or issueAs you will be spending a considerable amount of time on the dissertation, you have to j. tify this endeavour to yourself, your supervisor and your examiners. Moreover, if the problem is signifi. ant, the solution or answer to the problem will be equally im.
This article addresses the essential elements which are required for writing reference with specific focus to the legal research proposal. An author intends to articulate organised structure and methods as required to appear in to any legal proposal research which at the end of the intended work; a student shall be able to present findings and conclusion through broken and clear steps which ...
THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL (Note, this is an extract from p 8ff of the fuller document entitled "The preliminary research and proposal phase") Introduction . All LLM and PhD candidates must submit a detailed research proposal, which will initially be scrutinised and approved by their supervisors. Supervisors may require
Writing a research proposal. Preparing your research proposal is the important first step to becoming a postgraduate research student at the School of Law. The focus of your proposal will be slightly different depending on whether you wish to do a PhD or an LLM by research, but the principles of what to include and who to contact for advice are ...
Research proposal examples. Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: "A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management".
Specify your methodology. In law many theses are based upon reading primary sources (cases, statutes, treaties) and consulting secondary sources. This kind of black letter law research is welcomed, although during your studies you will be exposed to other types of methodologies (e.g. using law and economics). If you feel more comfortable in ...
Sample PHD Law Dissertation Proposal. Here is a sample that showcases why we are one of the world's leading academic writing firms. This assignment was created by one of our expert academic writers and demonstrated the highest academic quality. Place your order today to achieve academic greatness. View a different grade.
An research proposal examples on law is a prosaic composition of a small volume and free composition, expressing individual impressions and thoughts on a specific occasion or issue and obviously not claiming a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject. Some signs of law research proposal: the presence of a specific topic or question.
The European Commission has adopted a set of proposals to make the EU's climate, energy, transport and taxation policies fit for reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels.More information on Delivering the European Green Deal.. Discover the European Green Deal visual story