new thesis topics in forensic medicine

299+ Forensic Science Research Topics (Updated 2024)

Welcome to the world of Forensic Science Research Topics. Get ready to dive into a treasure of fascinating ideas that crack the mysteries behind crime-solving techniques. This year’s collection spans 15 stunning categories, each including 20 engaging topics.

From DNA Analysis uncovering secrets in genes to Ballistics & Firearms exploring the science behind bullets, these categories open doors to understanding how science solves puzzling cases. Cyber Forensics delves into the digital world of crime, while Forensic Anthropology examines the stories hidden within skeletal remains.

Explore Toxicology & Drug Analysis, diving into the science of poisons and medications, or journey into Wildlife Forensics, where nature meets investigation. Uncover the secrets of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis or delve into the linguistic clues in Forensic Linguistics.

Join us as we uncover the mysteries, piece by piece, and go on a thrilling journey into the captivating realm of Forensic Science Research for the year 2024.

Top 5 Applications of Forensic Science

Table of Contents

Forensic science stands as a crucial pillar in solving mysteries within the kingdoms of crime and justice. It includes various scientific disciplines applied to legal matters, providing key insights that aid investigations and legal proceedings. This multidisciplinary field plays a crucial role in solving crimes, identifying culprits, and bringing closure to victims’ families. Here are the top 5 applications of Forensic Science:

Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) : Forensic science’s foundation involves detailed examination of crime scenes. It encompasses evidence collection, analysis of fingerprints, bloodstains, fibers, and other trace evidence. This critical process helps reconstruct the sequence of events leading to a crime.
DNA Analysis : The advancement in DNA technology has revolutionized forensic science. DNA analysis helps identify individuals, link suspects to crime scenes, and exonerate innocent parties. It’s a powerful tool in criminal investigations and solving cold cases.
Toxicology & Drug Analysis : Forensic toxicology focuses on detecting drugs, poisons, or toxins in the body. It’s instrumental in determining causes of death or establishing impairment due to substances.
Ballistics & Firearms Analysis : This branch involves studying firearms, bullets, and cartridge cases. It assists in linking weapons to crimes, identifying shooting distances, and determining trajectories.
Digital Evidence Examination : In the digital age, forensic science extends into cyberspace. Experts analyze digital devices and data to recover, interpret, and present evidence pertinent to cybercrimes.

These five applications showcase how forensic science’s diverse toolkit and methodologies are instrumental in solving crimes, offering justice, and ensuring a safer society.

Top 299+ Forensic Science Research Topics

Now, join us in exploring these thought-provoking themes and be part of the thrilling journey where every clue leads to a new revelation in the field of forensic research. Let us start.

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Forensic Science Dissertation Topics

Published by Carmen Troy at January 4th, 2023 , Revised On May 3, 2024

Forensic science is a branch of science or an application that enables using scientific tools, techniques, and principles to solve a criminal act. The application of Forensic science lies in the criminal justice system, whereby scientists probe an event to disclose the actual occurrences of a crime event.

Choosing forensic science as a career is valuable in terms of its novelty, progression, and demand. It is a fairly new field that has a lot of room for progress and advancement, with advancing technology and is in demand to dig out the ground realities of a crime. When you practice forensic science, no two days will be the same, unlike other professions. One day, you may be testing samples and making assessments of the results other days.

But before you start practising, you are required to complete your degree which is conditioned by conditioned with writing a dissertation in the final year. If you are clueless about where to start your dissertation, you are not alone. Go through some of the dissertation topics related to forensic science given below, along with their research aim, and get an idea of how to begin your dissertation.

You may also want to start your dissertation by requesting a brief research proposal from our writers on any of these topics, which includes an introduction to the problem, research question , aim and objectives, literature review , along the proposed methodology of research to be conducted. Let us know if you need any help in getting started.

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Latest Forensic Science Dissertation Topics

Topic 1: investigating the challenges associated with pattern and impression evidence for recommending scientific foundations for accuracy, reliability and validity of forensic analysis.

Research Aim: The research aims to investigate the challenges associated with pattern and impression evidence to recommend scientific foundations for the accuracy, reliability, and validity of forensic analysis.

Objectives:

To critically analyse the challenges of pattern and impression evidence in forensics.
To evaluate the use of qualitative comparisons in forensic analysis of pattern evidence and impression to detect any scope of examiner bias.
To recommend measures for increasing the accuracy, reliability and validity of forensic analysis based on scientific foundations.

Topic 2: Investigating the impact of medical imaging technologies for determining the cause of and manner of sudden death to potentially interpret evidence of foul play

Research Aim: The research aims to investigate the impact of medical imaging technologies for determining the cause of and manner of sudden death to potentially interpret evidence of foul play

To analyse the forensic sciences used in the determination of sudden death.
To determine the role of medical imaging technologies in determining sudden death and foul play.
To evaluate the impact of medical imaging technologies in determining the cause and manner of sudden infant death.

Topic 3: An evaluation of the impact of forensic odontology on solving crimes and legal ethics.

Research Aim: The research aims to evaluate the impact of forensic odontology on solving crimes and the associated legal ethics.

To analyse the role of forensic odontology in the identification of unknown diseased individuals.
To analyse the impact of forensic odontology in solving medicolegal problems and providing expert testimony in criminal cases.
To investigate the efficacy with which forensic odontologists identify human remains from crime scenes and detect signs of abuse or neglect among children and the elderly.

Topic 4: Evaluation of the impact of forensic anthropology on the identification of age, gender and size of crime victims.

Research Aim: The research aims to evaluate the impact of forensic anthropology on the identification of age, gender and size of crime victims.

To contextualise the role application of forensic anthropology in solving criminal cases.
To analyse the work of forensic anthropologists and determine their role in crime scenes.
To investigate the role of forensic anthropology in identifying the age, gender and size of crime victims.

Topic 5: Determining the effectiveness of blood spatter studies in identifying the nature and timing of crime at crime scenes

Research Aim: The research aims to determine the effectiveness of blood spatter studies in identifying the nature and timing of crime at crime scenes

To determine the applications of blood spatter studies in forensic sciences.
To analyse the methods of detecting the nature and timing of crime at the crime scenes.
To investigate the effectiveness of blood spatter studies and the scientific basis in identifying the nature and timing of crime at crime scenes

Topic. 1: Forensic science in the 20th century and today

Research Aim: The research aim of the paper will be to find and analyse the differences between the forensic science that existed in the 20 th century and the forensic science that exists today. The research will also identify the basis for forensic science and identify the progress it has made in the time span.

Different methods can be employed to study the difference such as qualitative and quantitative analysis. In one way, forensic science’s conventional and modern methods and principles can be tested for accuracy and precision. In addition, forensic scientists can be interviewed about the differences that they have experienced in the testing methodologies.

Topic. 2: Case Study of the criminal cases and convictions resolved through forensic science

Research Aim: The aim of the research will be to study a couple or more cases that are resolved through forensic science. The research will identify in which capacity the forensic science was eminent in finding significant results, identifying the indicators, and thus disclosing the facts to resolve a complicated criminal case easily.

For more value, the researcher can study high-profile cases to identify the role of forensic science in resolving the most emphatic cases.

Topic. 3: Role of botany and entomology in the forensic science

Research Aim: Botany is the study of plants, and it is significantly related to forensic science. In forensic science, botany can be used to investigate a suspicious plant material at the crime scene. On the other hand, entomology is the study of insects. This study helps in finding the time since death and the source of the dead body.

The research will aim to find the wide importance of botany and entomology in forensic science. The researcher can examine the methods and principles of entomology and botany and identify their application in botany and entomology.

Topic. 4: The impact of swift changes and innovation in technology on the forensic science

Research Aim: Forensic science has improved and changed a lot from what it was twenty to thirty years ago. As innovations and advancements occur in the field of science, methods, techniques, tools, and principles are being modified and simplifie .

The main aim of the research will be to identify the changes and innovations in technology and find their significant impact on forensic science.

Topic. 5: Future of forensic science

Research Aim: The aim of the research will be to speculate on the future of forensic science while considering current aspects and trends. The researcher can study the opinions of forensic science researchers, examine trends, and reach a finding.

Topic. 6: Forensic science and ethical dilemmas

Research Aim: The application of forensic science is very vast, yet when it comes to ethical and moral ideologies, it has to stumble in some societies.

The aim of the research will be to identify the ethical dilemmas around forensic science in different regions of the world. The study may incorporate the assessment of cultural and religious values and examine the factors lying at the heart of the dilemmas.

Topic 7: Process of victim identification through skeletal remains

Research Aim: The research will find and discuss how a victim can be identified through skeletal remains and what steps they have to go through to find results. The research can also discuss the scope, significance, and progress made in the techniques and tools used for identification.

Topic 8: The future of forensic anthropology

Research Aim: Forensics is very useful in studying anthropology, which incorporates the scientific study of humans. The aim of the research will be to identify the future of forensic anthropology, considering to what extent forensics is applicable in anthropology today and how it will advance the study in the future if it does.

Topic 9: Value of crime scene photography in forensics

Research Aim: The research will carry out a scientific analysis of why crime scene photography is important in forensics. It will examine the cases with and without crime scene photography and their impact on forensics and, therefore on the results.

Topic. 10: Drugs and Forensics

Research Aim: The main aim of the research will be to identify the effects of opioids and other drugs on forensics and examine how they can halt or boost the examination process.

Topic. 11: Reliability of fingerprint and pattern impression evidence

Research Aim: The roots of forensics lie in the heart of fingerprint and pattern impressions.

The research will identify how reliable a fingerprint or other impression evidence is. It will find if it is easy to reach conclusive results with this evidence. And how wrong evidence can devastate the credibility of forensics.

Topic 12: The downsides of forensic science

Research Aim: While the scope of forensics is immense, we also need to identify the downside to it. The aim of the research will be to find the downsides of forensic science, its potential, and how it may affect the criminal justice system as a whole.

Topic. 13: Geographic forensic science

Research Aim: The research will aim to study and deeply analyse forensic geology. It will thoroughly study all four types of Geographic forensics: pedology, mineralogy and petrology; geophysics; natural geography and geoscience; remote sensing, location data and Geographic Information systems (GIS).

Topic. 14: Nuclear forensic science

Research Aim: Nuclear forensic science is the investigation and study of nuclear material to investigate the origin and history of the material.

The research will study and analyse Nuclear forensic science, its scope, implications, and future.

Topic. 15: Role of RNA in forensic science

Research Aim: Ribonucleic acid is a molecule in our body that is similar to DNA. While DNA plays a significant role in forensics, RNA also holds immense value.

The research will study the role of RNA in forensic science, its scope, and its principles for investigation.

Topic. 16: Role of Blood spatters in solving crimes

Research Aim: The research will aim to analyse and figure out the role of the blood spatters of the victim or culprit in investigating the time of death, the source that caused the blood spatters, and the identity of the victim or culprit.

Topic. 17: Forensic frauds and their penalties

Research Aim: Oftentimes, forensic reports are doctored to mislead the judiciary and save the real culprit. The research will find out if there are laws around handling forensic investigations and penalties for fraud around the world. The researcher can study the laws in a particular context—for example, Forensic frauds and their penalties in Europe, or the United Kingdom, etc.

Topic. 18: History of Forensic Science

Research Aim: The main research aim of the research will be to study and analyse the history of forensic science. The research will make significant, useful contrasts to understand the roots of forensics and its evolution.

Topic. 19: Understanding Antemortem, Perimortem, and Postmortem

Research Aim: Experts have to differentiate between antemortem, perimortem, and postmortem bone fracture to estimate the postmortem interval. The research aim will be to understand the concepts of antemortem, perimortem, and postmortem and their scope in forensics.

Topic. 20: Forensic science and facial recognition

Research Aim: The main aim of the research is to identify and analyse the scope of financial recognition in forensics. It will also discuss the developments and prospects in the field.

Topic 21: The Role of Forensic Anthropology in Mass Disaster Victim Identification.

Research Aim: This research investigates the role of forensic anthropology in the process of mass disaster victim identification. The study focuses on its methodologies, technologies, challenges, and advancements.

Topic 22: DNA Profiling and its Application in Forensic Investigations.

Research Aim: This study explores the principles, methodologies, and applications of DNA profiling in forensic investigations. It focuses on understanding its significance, challenges, and advancements. The research further aims to provide insights into improving forensic techniques.

Topic 23: Digital Forensics and Challenges and Innovations in Cybercrime Investigations.

Research Aim: This research examines the evolving landscape of digital forensics, including its methodologies, challenges, and innovative techniques, within the context of cybercrime investigations.

Topic 24: Forensic Entomology: Advancements in Estimating Postmortem Interval.

Research Aim: This study explores the latest advancements in forensic entomology for estimating postmortem interval (PMI), encompassing methodologies, technologies, and challenges, with the objective of enhancing the accuracy and reliability of PMI determination in forensic investigations.

Topic 25: The Effectiveness of Forensic Odontology in Human Identification.

Research Aim: This research assesses the effectiveness and reliability of forensic odontology in human identification, exploring its methodologies, techniques, limitations, and advancements to elucidate its role in forensic investigations.

Topic 26: The Use of Isotopic Analysis in Forensic Investigations.

Research Aim: To investigate the use of isotopic analysis in forensic investigations, examining its methodologies, applications, limitations, and advancements to understand its efficacy in tracing geographical origins, dietary habits, and movement patterns of individuals.

Topic 27: The Use of Geographical Profiling in Serial Crime Investigations.

Research Aim: To examine the effectiveness and applications of geographical profiling in serial crime investigations, exploring its methodologies, algorithms, limitations, and advancements, to understand its role in identifying offender spatial behaviour patterns, assisting law enforcement agencies in prioritising investigative resources, and enhancing the apprehension of serial offenders.

Topic 28: The Role of Forensic Genetics in Ancestry and Kinship Analysis.

Research Aim: To investigate the role of forensic genetics in ancestry and kinship analysis, exploring methodologies, technologies, challenges, and advancements to understand its utility in tracing familial relationships and ancestral origins, contributing to the resolution of criminal cases, and informing ethical considerations surrounding genetic privacy and identity.

Topic 29: Forensic Botany: Investigating Plant Evidence in Wildlife Crime Cases.

Research Aim: To explore the application of forensic botany in wildlife crime investigations, examining methodologies, techniques, challenges, and advancements, to understand its efficacy in analysing plant evidence, identifying species, and reconstructing crime scenes.

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Home > Eberly College of Arts and Sciences > Departments > Forensic and Investigative Science > Forensic and Investigative Science Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Forensic and Investigative Science Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2024 2024.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Crime Scene Measuring Techniques , Lauren M. Fagan

Use of Interlaboratory Studies for the Development of Consensus-Based Criteria for the Elemental Analysis of Electrical Tapes , Lacey M. Leatherland

Application of the expert algorithm for substance identification (EASI) to predict ASTM E1618-19 ignitable liquid classes from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data of ignitable liquid residues , Hannah L. McMillen

An investigation into secondary transfer of trace DNA to evidentiary items via nitrile gloves during crime scene examination , Molly G. Younker

Theses/Dissertations from 2023 2023

Strengthening the Interpretation of Glass and Paint Evidence Through the Study of Random Frequency of Occurrence and Analytical Information , Lauryn C. Alexander

Quantifying Variation in High-Quality Footwear Replicate Impressions , Samantha K. Brady

Development of a Mass Transfer Correction Factor in a Thermodynamic Model to Explain the Weathering Patterns of Ignitable Liquids on Household Substrates at Elevated Temperatures , Max T. Denn

The Influence of Instrumental Sources of Variance on Mass Spectral Comparison Algorithms , Isabel Cristina Galvez Valencia

Finite Element Modeling and Analysis of Breech Face Impressions , James A. Hamilton

An Assessment of the Forensic Aspects of Genetic Genealogy , Sarah Hester

Footwear Image Quality Classification: Using Subjective Assessments and Objective Image Metrics to Predict Impression Quality , En-Tni Lin

Interpretation of the Tandem Mass Spectrum of the Novel Psychoactive Substance 5F-APP-PINACA, PX-2 , Christopher S. Poulos

Computerized Trajectory Analysis for Firearms Examiners , Baillie E. Poulton

Enhancing the forensic comparison process of common trace materials through the development of practical and systematic methods , Meghan Nicole Prusinowski

Evaluating the Degradation Relationship Between Latent Print Impressions and Touch DNA Under Varying Environmental Conditions , Katrina M. Rupert B.S.

Estimate of the Random Match Frequency of Acquired Characteristics in a Forensic Footwear Database , Alyssa N. Smale

Analysis of ‘touch’ DNA recovered from metal substrates: an investigation into cfDNA-metal interactions and the efficacy of different collection techniques on DNA yield , Jessica E. Thornton

Analysis of the Effect of Rate of Fire on the Reproducibility of Breech Face Impressions , Kayla Ann Trimble

Assessment of Acquisition, Retention, and Evolution of Randomly Acquired Characteristics with Wear , Nathaniel Weston

Evaluation of emerging screening technologies for the on-site detection and identification of methamphetamine and its precursors in simulated clandestine lab operations , Alexis Nicole Wilcox

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Development of an Expert Algorithm for Substance Identification (EASI) to Discriminate between Spectrally Similar Fentanyl Analogs in Mass Spectrometry , Alexandra Adeoye

Evaluating the Validity and Reliability of Textile and Paper Fracture Characteristics in Forensic Comparative Analysis , Zachary Bailey Andrews

mtDNA Heteroplasmy in Hair Shafts versus Buccal Swabs for Forensic Applications , Sara R. Bodnar

Integration of Spectroscopic and Mass Spectrometric Tools for the Analysis of Novel Psychoactive Substances in Forensic and Toxicology Applications , Travon Cooman

Electrochemical and mass spectrometry methods for identification of gunshot residues (GSR) in forensic investigations , Kourtney A. Dalzell

Assessment of QuEChERS extraction protocol for the LC-MS/MS detection of emerging fentanyl analogs in biological specimens for clinical and forensic purposes , Kylea M. Morris

Analysis of Forensically Relevant Evidence Using Electrochemistry, Spectroscopy, and Mass Spectrometry Tools , Colby Edward Ott

Identifying and Minimizing Sources of Variability Within Modern Spectroscopic Techniques for the Forensic Analysis of Glass , Oriana Christy Ovide

Analyzing the viability of direct PCR for use in conjunction with cyanoacrylate enhanced fingerprints , Coral M. Smith

Expanding the Capabilities of Firearm Investigations: Novel Sampling and Analytical Methods for Gunshot Residue Evidence , Courtney Helen Vander Pyl

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Quantitation of Fentanyl and Metabolites from Blow Fly Tissue and Development Effects of Fentanyl on Lucilia sericata , Joseph Allen Cox

Characterization of Modern Ammunition and Background Profiles: A Novel Approach and Probabilistic Interpretation of Inorganic Gunshot Residue , Korina Layli Menking-Hoggatt

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Prevalence of Pores in Latent Fingerprints , Rachel E. Ball

Statistical Assessment of the Significance of Fracture Fits in Trace Evidence , Evie K. Brooks

American Population Study of Pigmentation Based Genotype Interpretation for Phenotypic Determination of Hair and Eye Color using HIrisPlex , Emma Leigh Combs

Structural Characterization of Emerging Synthetic Drugs , Jay Tyler Davidson

Validation of Fast Spectrochemical Screening Methods for the Identification of Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Packaging , Emily Ann Haase

Evaluating the Use of the M-Vac® Wet Vacuum System to Recover DNA from Cotton Fabric , Phillip Reilly Irion

Evaluating the Accuracy of Firearm Examiner Conclusions using Cartridge Case Reproductions , Eric Freeman Law

Evaluation of the Performance of Probabilistic Genotyping Software on Complex Mixture Samples , Kristen Newland

Statistical Evaluation of Randomly Acquired Characteristics on Outsoles with Implications Regarding Chance Co-Occurrence and Spatial Randomness , Nicole Richetelli

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Crime Incidents for Forensic Investigation , Jamie Spencer Spaulding

The Effects of Household Substrates on the Evaporation of Ignitable Liquids at Temperatures up to 210℃ , Caitlyn Wensel

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Immunomagnetic Beads Coupled with Anti-PH-20 Antibodies to Isolate Sperm from DNA Mixtures for Sexual Assault Kit Application , Kayla Becks

In vitro metabolism of the synthetic cannabinoids PX-1, PX-2, PX-3 and a comparison of their clearance rates in human liver microsomes , Travon Cooman

The Effects Hot Water Kill Time has on DNA Degradation and STR Profiling from Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Crop Contents , Nicholas Alexander Haas

Identification of Burnt Smokeless Gunpowders Through Physical Characteristics , Cameron Taylor Hartwig

Modeling Movement of Criminals through Burglary Scenes , Veronica L. Herrmann

The Evaluation of the RapidHITTM 200 on Degraded Biological Samples , Alice Kim

Screening Sexual Assault Evidence with Low Concentrations of Male DNA Utilizing the RapidHIT 200 and ParaDNA Intelligence Test , Taylor L. Koepfler

Electrochemical detection of fentanyl using screen-printed carbon electrodes with confirmatory analysis of fentanyl and its analogs in oral fluid using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry , Colby E. Ott

Assessing the reliability of physical end matching and chemical comparison of pressure sensitive tapes , Meghan Nicole Prusinowski

Chemical Analysis of Firearm Discharge Residues Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy , Courtney Helen Vander Pyl

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Understanding the Novice Decision-Making Process in Forensic Footwear Examinations: Accuracy and Decision Rules , Madonna A. Nobel

Inclusion of 9 mm Firearm Type Using Quantitative Class Characteristics , Young Wang

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

The Analysis of the Fatty Acid Content of Fingerprint Residues Using Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry , Ashley R. Cochran

The Analysis of 2,5-Dimethoxy-N-(N-methoxybenzyl) phenethylamine (NBOMe) Isomers Using Traditional and Fast Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , J. Tyler Davidson

Effect of Chamber Pressure on the Quality of Breech Face and Firing Pin Impressions , James A. Hamilton

AFIS Based Likelihood Ratios for Latent Fingerprint Comparisons , Shreya Sateesh Kamath

The Assessment of Fingerprint Quality for a More Effective Match Score in Minutiae-Based Matching Performers , Alyshia Meyers

Evidence Utility in Forensic Intelligence Models , Jamie S. Spaulding

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Determining the Angle of Impact from the Analysis of Bullets Following Perforation with Glass , Roger L. Jeffreys II

Determining the Number of Test Fires Needed to Represent the Variability Present Within a Firearm , Eric Law

The evaluation and interpretation of controls used in three commercially available quantification kits for forensic DNA analysis , Stephanie R. Schottke

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

How Well Are Your Police Doing?: The Relationship Between Fear of Crime and Perceptions of the Police , Erin Bixler

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Recovery Methods of Trace Evidence for Pollen Particles , Christie Cyktor

Estimation of changes in breech face and firing pin marks over consecutive discharges and its impact on 2D correlation systems , Justin Kirk

You Can't Fight City Hall: Organization and Success in West Virginia , Theodore Malone

Development and Evaluation of an Objective Method for Forensic Examination of Human Head Hairs Using Texture-Based Image Analysis , Allyce S. McWhorter

Social Structure and Clearance Rates: The Effect of Neighborhood Characteristics on Aggravated Assault Case Outcome , Brad Silberzahn

Digital Image Transformations and Image Stacking of Latent Prints Processed Using Multiple Physical and Chemical Techniques , Danielle Tague

"Man of the House": A Turning Point That Leads to Criminal Behavior? , Delia A. Trickett

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Quantifying the Limits of Fingerprint Variability , Michael Fagert

A Survey on the Microscopical and Chemical Analysis of Synthetic Wig Fibers , Theresa A. Joslin

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Reproducibility of Retention Indices Examining Column Type , Amanda M. Cadau

Swedish Legislation Targeting Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation and the Possibilities for Implementation in Estonia , Jennifer E. Lyall

Evaluating the Intra-variability and Inter-variability of Fibers in Cotton T-shirts using Microspectrophotometry , Brianne Miller

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Evaluation of the Use of Raman Spectroscopic Techniques in Ink Analyses , Patricia T. Elswick

Uncertainty Considerations with the GRIM , Eric L. Everts

Pre and Post Blast Chemical Comparison of the Intra- and Inter-Variability of Metal Pipes Commonly Used in Pipe Bombs , Mandi Hellested

Recovery of DNA Profiles from Fingerprints on Paper after the Application of Ninhydrin or DFO Given Certain Time Periods , Marco Colin Lovejoy

Evaluating the Ability of Different Weak Acids When Combined with Hydrogen Peroxide to Develop Latent Fingerprints on Post-Fired Cartridge Cases , Casey Nicholas Oleksa

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Preliminary Study on the Reliability of AFIX Tracker for Lip Print Examination , Kelli E. Edmiston

Transfer and Persistence of Gunshot Residue Particles , DeAnna M. Wallace

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Recent advances in forensic science research

For immediate release, acs news service weekly presspac: april 20, 2022.

Forensic scientists collect and analyze evidence during a criminal investigation to identify victims, determine the cause of death and figure out “who done it.” Below are some recent papers published in ACS journals reporting on new advances that could help forensic scientists solve crimes. Reporters can request free access to these papers by emailing newsroom@acs.org .

“Insights into the Differential Preservation of Bone Proteomes in Inhumed and Entombed Cadavers from Italian Forensic Caseworks” Journal of Proteome Research March 22, 2022 Bone proteins can help determine how long ago a person died (post-mortem interval, PMI) and how old they were at the time of their death (age at death, AAD), but the levels of these proteins could vary with burial conditions. By comparing bone proteomes of exhumed individuals who had been entombed in mausoleums or buried in the ground, the researchers found several proteins whose levels were not affected by the burial environment, which they say could help with AAD or PMI estimation.

“Carbon Dot Powders with Cross-Linking-Based Long-Wavelength Emission for Multicolor Imaging of Latent Fingerprints” ACS Applied Nanomaterials Jan. 21, 2022 For decades, criminal investigators have recognized the importance of analyzing latent fingerprints left at crime scenes to help identify a perpetrator, but current methods to make these prints visible have limitations, including low contrast, low sensitivity and high toxicity. These researchers devised a simple way to make fluorescent carbon dot powders that can be applied to latent fingerprints, making them fluoresce under UV light with red, orange and yellow colors.

“Proteomics Offers New Clues for Forensic Investigations” ACS Central Science Oct. 18, 2021 This review article describes how forensic scientists are now turning their attention to proteins in bone, blood or other biological samples, which can sometimes answer questions that DNA can’t. For example, unlike DNA, a person’s complement of proteins (or proteome) changes over time, providing important clues about when a person died and their age at death.

“Integrating the MasSpec Pen with Sub-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization for Rapid Chemical Analysis and Forensic Applications” Analytical Chemistry May 19, 2021 These researchers previously developed a “MasSpec Pen,” a handheld device integrated with a mass spectrometer for direct analysis and molecular profiling of biological samples. In this article, they develop a new version that can quickly and easily detect and measure compounds, including cocaine, oxycodone and explosives, which can be important in forensics investigations.

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Recent dissertation topics in forensic science.

This article serves as a compass, guiding readers through a diverse array of recent dissertation topics that encapsulate the multifaceted nature of forensic research. From digital forensics to forensic psychology, the chosen dissertation topics reflect the evolving challenges and advancements in solving complex legal puzzles. Forensic DNA Analysis: Digital Forensics: Forensic Anthropology: Forensic Toxicology: Forensic […]

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Omics era in forensic medicine: towards a new age

Ramazan akçan, burak taşteki̇n, mahmut şerif yildirim, halit canberk aydogan, necdet sağlam.

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* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

There is no conflict of interest between the authors concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.

Collection date 2020.

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

Background/aim

Forensic medicine and sciences is a multidisciplinary branch of science, which frequently benefit from novel technologies. State of the art omics technologies have begun to be performed in forensic medicine and sciences, particularly in postmortem interval, intoxication, drugs of abuse, diagnosis of diseases and cause of death. This review aims to discuss the role and use of great omics (metabolomics, proteomics, genomics and transcriptomics) in forensic sciences, in detail.

Materials and methods

A detailed review of related literature was performed, and studies were subdivided as per the type of omics.

Results and conclusion

Omics seems as a revolutionary step in forensic science and sure carries it towards a new age. The number of forensic studies utilizing omics steadily increases in last years. Omics strategies should be used together in order to gather more accurate and certain data. Additional studies need to be performed to incorporate omics into routine forensic methodology.

Keywords: Forensic medicine/science, omics, post-mortem interval, drugs of abuse

1. Introduction

The topic “forensic medicine and sciences” is a subdivision of science which is described as the practice of medical/paramedical scientific knowledge to establish facts in civil and criminal law [1]. Forensic medicine has a multidisciplinary structure in collaboration with other areas such as forensic chemistry, toxicology, biology, psychiatry, and genetics, etc. Since forensic sciences share a common scientific methodology with other science disciplines it is open to collaborate or benefit from novel technologies appeared in any scientific discipline. Therefore, omics emerges as a revolutionary step in forensic sciences and sure carries it towards a new age. The publications regarding omics in various disciplines have become a rising scientific trend worldwide, during the last decade. Furthermore, the number of forensic studies utilizing the methodology of omics has enormously increased in last years. In order to draw attention of forensic and medical professionals, and encourage new studies; the roles and benefits of omics in forensic medicine and sciences are discussed in this review.

Omics is a novel multidisciplinary field of various scientific methodologies. Omics defines the collective technologies that measure some characteristics (roles, relationships, and actions) of certain molecules like metabolites, proteins and genes, ending in -omics, as in metabolomics, proteomics, genomics, etc. In past years, omics technologies were applied to diverse fields, because of the ability to assess little changes in a large-scale data with exhaustive metabolite evaluation [2]. With the development of technology, omics-based strategies become cheaper, faster, and very informative, and offer potent alternatives to conventional technics. Furthermore, sample selection has a key role to success in target study. Various human samples can be used for analysis such as blood [3,4], urine [5], hair [6,7], nail [8–10], faeces[11,12], aqueous humour [13] etc. The interactions of omics with each other have been shown in Figure.

General scheme of relationship between omics and phenotype.

2.1. Metabolomics

2.1.1. definition of metabolomics.

Metabolomics comprises the studies that are focused on assessment of metabolites and related markers of an organism. Metabolomics is described as omics of the minor molecules, called metabolome, due to the low molecular weight of metabolites (<~1000 Da) such as amino acids, etc [14]. The word “metabolomics” can be attributed to Fiehn, who described the field in 2002 as a comprehensive and detailed analysis all of the metabolites in an organism.

The metabolomic study procedure consists of processes such as gathering sample, preparation of the samples, analysis, obtaining and interpreting data, respectively and also supplies specific opportunities to understand the status of organisms related to the metabolome [15]. Different metabolomics-based strategies are used for sample analysis methods like gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy (RS), direct injection mass spectrometry (DIMS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), etc. Recently, metabolomics has an increasing popularity in forensic medicine due to comprise faster and reproducible methods and picturing biological status of the organism [16].

2.1.2. Role of metabolomics in forensic medicine

2.1.2.1. postmortem interval (pmi).

Joshua Lederberg was first who describe the term “microbiome” as the “ecological community of microorganisms in human body” [17]. Most of the endogenous mammalian microorganisms live in the gastro-intestinal tract. After death, the microbiome causes bloating and, eventually, rupture of corpse [18]. After the death of host organisms, bacterial community rapidly turn into complex communities [19]. Furthermore, these communities begin to change the biochemical and metabolic profiles of body specimens. Metabolomic methods based on such profiles can supply important data about the postmortem interval and cause of death, if convenient markers are detected after death [20].

The use of metabolomics in PMI is not limited to the microbiome. In 2009, Hirakawa et al. [21] investigated metabolic alterations after death in rat muscles by proton (1H) NMR spectra. The results of the study suggested that the metabolic profiles of the tissues varied in accordance with the manner of death, and correlated with PMI, as well. Consequently, the authors reported that NMR-based metabolic profiling could supply beneficial data about the estimation of PMI and cause of death.

Not only NMR was useful for achieving postmortem metabolic profile, MS methods are also highly convenient in this area [14, 22–27]. In 2005, Sato et al. sacrificed 36 rats by suffocation, collected their blood at certain times of postmortem period and detected 70 metabolites using GC-MS/MS [26]. The authors identified diverse endogenous metabolites altered with time since death. Thus, plasma metabolic profiling succeeded to predict PMI in the presence of some conditions. Researchers from Seoul combined ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS) based metabolomics in order to analyze metabolite changes in rat livers related to the PMI, in 2012 [27]. After acquiring the data, statistical methods were performed to detect the significantly increasing and decreasing metabolites which allowed to classify samples for PMI prediction.

2.1.2.2. Intoxication and abuse of drugs

Intoxication and abuse of drugs have become an international public health problem, particularly with increasing numbers of new substances entering the drug market. Holmes et al. [28] introduces a new trend “xenometabolome” and describe it as “the multivariate description of the xenobiotic metabolite profile of an individual or sample from an individual that has been exposed to drugs through any route, environmental pollutants or dietary components that cannot be completely catabolized by endogenous metabolic enzyme systems”, in 2007. They had used routinely detected drugs in urine and utilized statistical methods to determine relations of metabolites. Their method achieved quick identification of drug metabolites. Thus, their study paved the way in forensic medicine by considering all the possible pharmacokinetic of a drug, which might be used to find out the time of intake of drug and PMI. Shima et al. [29] used MS-based metabolomics to determine the relationship of fundamental intoxication mechanism and metabolic networks on urine and plasma in 2011. The authors conducted this study by sacrificing 24 methamphetamine-intoxicated rats. The results of the study provided an explanation for main mechanism of various effects of intoxication. Additionally, intoxication process was objectively demonstrated by using biological fluid-based diagnostic and forensic methods. In 2013, Tsai et al. used UPLC/Q-TOF MS based metabolomics for screening and confirmation of a total of sixty-two drugs of abuse and their metabolites in urine [5]. They achieved much better accuracy by using UPLC/Q-TOF MS than conventional immunoassay methods.

Besides, urine and blood, hair and nails can also be used in the metabolomics experiments in order to detect metabolites abused drugs or exposed toxic agents. The detectability time of metabolites in hair and nails is relatively long, typically months in hair and months/years in nails. When the drug and its metabolites have been removed from commonly analyzed body fluids such as urine or blood, long detection time makes metabolomics the most convenient alternative for interpretation of forensic cases. A study by Kim et al. [7] aimed to develop a new strategy for hair analysis in drug-facilitated crime cases by UHPLC-MS/MS, in 2016. They injected a mixture of zolazepam and tiletamine, and shaved 10 rats. Five weeks after the injection, they collected the hair of rats. Results of their study showed that even after a single exposure detection of the drugs is feasible in study objects, which can consequently be performed in crime cases. Krumbiegel et al. [30] collected nails from 70 postmortem cases and analyzed samples by LC/Q-TOF MS, in which eighty-nine different analytes have been detected in specimens. In conclusion, they suggested that when the enough amount of hair is not available, using nail samples provides comparable results in point of determining the long-term exposure.

An up-to-date review dealing with various implementations of metabolomics methods for determination of abuse of drugs based on biomarker research was published in 2019. It is also a summary of present information about metabolomic methods used for possible biomarkers displaying abuse [31].

2.1.2.3. Diagnosis of disease and cause of death

The metabolomics have ability to reveal a clear picture of metabolic profile and status of organisms and also can be utilized for diagnosis of a disease or cause of death. Metabolic profiles have been established for certain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease [32], Parkinson’s disease [33], preeclampsia [34], intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) [35], anaphylaxis [36, 37], and etc.

Ghauri et al. obtained cerebrospinal fluid from 12 autopsy cases of neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer’s disease and detected reduction in citrate levels in comparison of control samples by 1H NMR spectra [38].

The metabolomics has facilitated monitoring of metabolic changes in anaphylaxis and understand its pathophysiological processes in 2012 [37]. Hu et al. aimed to obtain metabolic profile of anaphylaxis in animal models and search for possible markers via GC-MS. The authors achieved to determine major metabolic alterations and detected the metabolites associated with “energy metabolism and signal transduction in anaphylaxis”.

Based on abovementioned scientific suggestions and facts metabolomics can be an alternative and a new method for diagnostics and establishing the cause of death.

2.2. Proteomics

2.2.1. definition of proteomics.

Proteome contains totally more than 100.000 expressed protein in a cell of organism, which can be affected by environmental conditions and gene activity. Proteomic approach studies on the proteome. The word “proteomics” was first described by Marc Wilkins in 1995 as an entire organism’s protein complement. His idea was screening and determining all the proteins produced by the DNA of an organism [17]. Proteomic markers are related to the phenotype, so it takes an advantage compared to genomics and transcriptomics markers. Proteomics compasses the determination of amino acid sequence, modifications, structure and possible pathways in the cell. Various proteomics-based strategies such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), mass spectrometric immunoassay (MSIA), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI), LC-MS/MS, and etc. can be used [39–42]. Proteomics-based methods allow many applications in forensic medicine, such as the determination origin of biological samples without any damaging effect to DNA [43].

2.2.2. Role of proteomics in forensic medicine

2.2.2.1. detection of the biological fluids.

The proteomics-based strategies have been developed to detect and identify the proteins of biological fluids such as blood, saliva, lacrimal fluid, seminal fluid, vaginal fluid, sweat, and urineon a surface during scene investigation or on a body part. These strategies are applicable without any destruction of the DNA and it is the most important advantage of this method. In a crime scene, firstly presumptive tests can be used, such as luminol for blood, specific light sources for saliva and semen. In the next step, these traces need to be verified via immunochemical methods or ELISA. On the other hand, MS-based proteomic approaches introduced to detect the origin of specimens and identification of body samples. A review was published about analysis of body fluids by Virkler and Lednev in 2009 and summarized all current and older tests to detect human body fluids as a list [43].

2.2.2.2. Postmortem interval

Pittner at al. [44] tried to detect PMI with a novel approach, postmortem degradation of skeletal muscle proteins in 2015. For this purpose, they studied in porcine muscles using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), western blot and casein zymography. Results of study showed that some of the muscle proteins (desmin, titin, nebulin, cardiac troponin-T, and SERCA1) decreased regularly and predictably. In a following study, in 2016, Pittner et al. [45] analyzed human postmortem skeletal muscle samples, which revealed similar results to previously conducted porcine study, and showed a predictable protein degradation processes in human muscle. Recently a study by Choi et al. [46] investigated the ability of usage unbiased protein analysis to find out the postmortem protein changes and detect new possible markers for PMI estimation. They used proteomic profiling of rat and mouse skeletal muscle samples using MS-based proteomic method. Thus, the authors totally analyzed postmortem changes, and consequently they focused on two proteins (eEF1A2 and GAPDH) because of consistently degradation postmortem in both rats and mice. Their results showed that eEF1A2 and GAPDH proteins appeared to be useful indicators for PMI delimitation.

Handke et al. [47] aimed to use bacterial identification as PMI indicators by proteomics-based approach in 2017. The authors placed pieces of pork outside and took surface swabs at six different time points up to 60 days. Proteomic analyses were performed with MALDI-TOF and LC-MS/MS, and they partially achieved the detection of bacteria that colonized the body after various PMI. Shotgun metaproteomics, which brings a new perspective in microbiome research, enables the characterization of both microbial and host proteins simultaneously in terms of microbiome [48].

In a study, Procopio et al. [49] investigated the usability of bone proteomics to estimate PMI in 2018 for the first time. They found several new potential markers, such as biglycan which plays a role in the bone growth and mineralization. In 2019, Prieto-Bonete et al. [50] used 40 femur bones of cadavers and found 48 proteins by proteomic-based approach using LC-MS/MS method to estimate PMI. According to their proteomic profile results, these can only supply a relative estimate of PMI.

2.2.2.3. Intoxication and abuse of drugs

In a study regarding experimental chronic Methylmercury (MeHg) intoxication by intragastric gavage, Bittencourt et al. [51], assessed proteomic profile and analyzed mercury levels in rat salivary glands. Their results showed that the exposure to MeHg has strong relationship with alterations in proteomic profile of salivary glands.

In 2018, a review regarding human hair proteomics in terms of its diagnostic ability and therapeutic potentials was published and critically discussed about identification of possible biomarkers of diseases utilizing hair as a substrate [52]. They suggested that further investigations were needed to establish “a disease-specific human hair proteome database”.

2.2.2.4. Diagnosis of disease and cause of death

Breakthroughs in “-omics” carry a promising potential to assess risk factors and find out pathophysiological mechanisms in sudden unexplained death (SUD), in early period of life. Broadbelt at al. focused on hypothesis suggesting proteomics might unveil unknown abnormal protein concentrations related to tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2) and serotonin (5-HT) regulation in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) cases using an MS-based proteomic strategy [53]. The authors detected a considerable reduction out of the groups of 14-3-3 signal proteins in the gigantocellularis of the medullary 5-HT system among SIDS cases compared to control cases that were also suffered from decrease in TPH2 and 5-HT levels.

Proteomic studies may be supportive in determining the anaphylaxis related cause of death. In a several studies evaluating postmortem blood concentrations of tryptase and ß-tryptase were detected very high in contrast medium anaphylaxis [54], less in food anaphylaxis [55], and intermediate in insect bites-related anaphylaxis [56]. On the other hand, cases as heroin-related deaths [57], or posttraumatic deaths and hearth diseases [54] were not clearly related to ß-tryptase levels. Eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) is a basic protein located in the eosinophil and ECP is released during degranulation of eosinophils. But the ECP shows lack of specificity in anaphylaxis because of its high concentrations detected even in deaths of asthma patients and in heroin-related deaths [57, 58]. Consequently, if specific IgE, high blood tryptase levels, high ECP concentrations, and degranulation of mast cells in tissues are evaluated together, the cause of anaphylaxis-related deaths may be established with a high precision.

2.3. Genomics

2.3.1. definition of genomics.

The human genome comprises over three billion bases and over 30.000 genes that coding proteins. Genomics studies on the genome of an organism include all of the genome-related functions, as well. Dr. Thomas H. Roderick, a geneticist, was the first to use the term “genomics”, in 1986 [59]. Diversity of genetic material between two people is approximately 1%. This variation makes each of human being different. Various genomic-based strategies can be used such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), MALDI-TOF, microarray and next generating sequencing.

2.3.2. Role of genomics in forensic medicine

2.3.2.1. detection of the biological specimens.

The analysis of DNA has contributed to matching a suspect to a scene of crime through identification of body fluids. Nakanishi et al. investigated Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in order to identify feces of different individuals by using RT-PCR. They detected the gene sequences of these bacteria in different samples, such as feces, blood, and saliva, etc. The authors detected either Bacteriodes uniformis or Bacteriodes vulgatus in all fecal specimens. Thus, the results showed that if a sample contains Bacteriodes uniformis or Bacteriodes vulgatus, the sample contains feces.

The microbial flora is a significant clue for key parameters of forensic investigations. These genomic approaches in microbial flora considered as extremely promising and will potentially play a more valuable role in the near future’s forensic applications.

2.3.2.2. Postmortem interval

Bacterial community becomes a complex community after the host organisms dies. This “epinecrotic” bacterial communities can be used in estimation of PMI. Pechal et al. [19] discussed the necrobiome, and organisms associated with the decomposition of remains. They detected a significant correlation for overall microbiome as decomposition progressed and developed a statistical model. The authors’ new method of using high throughput metagenomic sequencing has significant potential to estimate PMI in forensic medicine.

2.3.2.3. Intoxication and abuse of drugs

Personalized medicine is a novel approach towards the evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of a patient. It has some features such as personalized, predictive, preventive, participative and precision medicine [60]. Beside personalized medicine, Wong [61] introduced a new term for the first time, personalized justice. According to Wong, personalized justice complements a collaboration of translational and personalized medicine. Therefore, pharmacogenomic and toxicogenomic methods may protect someone from being charged. In accordance with this, Sallaee et al. [62] published a report of nine-years old boy that was on medications such as methylphenidate, clonidine, and fluoxetine due to a number of psychiatric conditions. After 10 months, he developed some complications, such as gastrointestinal toxicity, disorientation, incoordination, and seizures. Later patient died of cardiac arrest following a status epilepticus. Postmortem toxicologic analysis of deceased showed that severalfold higher fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentrations. Therefore, child’s parents investigated because of possible fluoxetine intoxication. However, pharmacogenomic and toxicogenomic studies of deceased revealed that boy had a poor P450 CYP2D metabolizer genotype, resulting in accumulation of fluoxetine. Thus, child’s parents were acquitted of the charges.

In 2007, Ikematsu et al. [63] exposed rats to toluene and used a PCR method to detect the consequently expressed genes in rat brain. They detected 20 DNAs by toluene inhalation. Their results contributed to show the patho-physiological effects of toluene inhalation on rat brain.

Saito et al. [64] investigated agranulocytosis/granulocytopenia (CIAG) secondary to clozapine-related genetic risk by genomics-based approach, by assessing possible single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) survey in Japanese population, in 2016. They utilized a genome-wide pharmacogenomic and toxicogenomic analysis to evaluate subjects. Their results revealed “HLA-B*59:01” as a risk factor for CIAG.

2.3.2.4. Diagnosis of disease and cause of death

Implementation of genomics is of high importance in order to find out and assess the etiology/cause and mechanisms resulting in death at molecular-level, which is commonly defined as “molecular autopsy”. Genomics approaches may be added in routine investigation in combination with conventional autopsy, which might be useful for detection of cause and mechanism of death [65, 66]. Cardiac molecular autopsy has ability to provide a physio-pathological basis for sudden unexpected death (SUD). In 2004, Tester et al. [67] performed a molecular autopsy of 49 SUD cases. In their study, a pathogenic cardiac channel mutation detected in 35% of SUD cases. RyR2 mutation was present in 1 of every 7 cases of SUD. In 2006, Tester and Ackerman [65] published a review regarding the key role of molecular autopsy inconventional autopsy-negative SUD cases through focusing on studies dealing with unexplained sudden cardiac death cases underwent a molecular autopsy.

Genomics-based methods are also convenient in the diagnosis and estimation of tendency to fatal thromboembolic and hypertensive cases. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) takes place among the most common causes of SUD. The correlation between SNPs and increased risk for VTE has been comprehensively investigated [68]. SNPs in several genes are responsible for the risk up to 10-fold for hypertension and related clinical events, such as acute coronary syndrome, left ventricular hypertrophy and preeclampsia [69–71].

In forensic medicine, genomics-based approach aims to detect the genomic risk of the individual, establish the basis, causes and mechanisms of death, thus provide an evidence-based, unbiased approach to death assessment [72,73]. Furthermore, it is of high importance to feedback decedents’ relatives for the similar genomic risk and direct them to a clinician to onset of appropriate prevention strategies.

2.4. Transcriptomics

2.4.1. definition of transcriptomics.

Transcriptome is the whole set of RNA transcripts produced by entire genome. Transcriptomics defines novel technologies focusing on “studying the transcriptome of an organism”, which utilize microarray analyses and PCR as common analytical methods.

2.4.2. Role of transcriptomics in forensic medicine

2.4.2.1. postmortem interval.

The transcriptomic approach carries a potential to explain cell or tissue viability during the process towards local necrosis or death, and analysis of mRNA has ability to provide quantitative evidence [74]. Oehmichen et al. [75] aimed to detect “synthesis rates of RNA and DNA” from a site of injury. The authors made experimental wounds to rats’ both ears and obtained biopsies intravital and postmortem. As a promising finding, they found that DNA synthesis continues after death, which showed that determination the age of a wound after death. Takamiya et al. [76] studied mRNA expression of basic fibroblast growth factor to detect the age of wound in various wound locations of mice. They found that the time-dependent expression of basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA in skin and cerebrum is useful for detection of wound age.

2.4.2.2. Diagnosis of disease and cause of death

The application of transcriptomics in specimens obtained in early postmortem period shows promising results for future studies. Miller et al. [77] aimed in their study to understand the study of prenatal human brain development and neurodevelopmental disorders, in 2014. Ramaker et al. [78] investigated brain samples of twenty-four schizophrenic, bipolar, and depressive patients, and twenty-four control cases by using RNA sequencing through which they find out the profile of postmortem transcriptome for these psychiatric illnesses. In 2019, Selley et al. [79] reviewed omics-based researches of biodiesel exhaust induced pulmonary toxicity and aimed how “healthy” is biodiesel blends instead of fossil diesel.

3. Advantages and novelty of the usage of omics

With the increasing use of omics methods in forensic science, it will be possible to conduct a more efficient investigation of the complicated situations that might be encountered in the future. Cooperative studies, especially in the field of proteomics, metabolomics and genomics, continue to progress in parallel to the technological developments. The excess of the obtained data and data processing are significant in this regard. In this context, cooperative studies with bioinformatics and biostatistics are essential and necessary. Nowadays, in the evaluation of forensic cases, doctors, geneticists, chemists, biologists and toxicologists work in a multidisciplinary manner; they analyze, evaluate and interpret and reconstruct the big picture together.

The use of conventional methods in forensic sciences, particularly in analytical procedures, in the new age decreases over time, by invention and presentation of each novel method. Studies should be carried out to develop new generation sequencing and mass spectrometry applications in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. In the last ten years, the use of metabolomics for the determination of drug toxicity, epigenomic studies to understand molecular mechanisms such as sudden cardiac death and identifying new biomarkers for drug toxicity are a few examples of the new era studies about omics. Finally, the more studies on this topic, the sooner it will enter the medico-legal system for justice [80, 81]. Use of omics approach and related methods, in forensic medicine, is summarized in Table.

Use of omics approach and related methods in forensic medicine.

4. Conclusion

Metabolomics, proteomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and theirs subdivisions interact with each other. This close relationship among the omics provides more reliable and useful information when they used in combination of data achieved from least two omics. These novel approaches in forensic medicine and sciences are of high importance to promote and reinforce evidence-based evaluation of medico-legal questions in trauma cases, crime scene related issues, the cause, mechanism and the manner of death. Further studies need to be performed to incorporate into routine medico-legal applications and death assessment as well as autopsy cases.

Disclaimers/Conflict of interest

No funds were received in support of this work. This study was presented in Taiwan-Turkey Science Summit that was held in Ankara, Turkey, on 1–4 April 2018.

Informed consent

There is no need informed consent about this work.

This study was presented at the Taiwan-Turkey Science Summit entitled “Translation of Cells, Nanomaterials and Signaling Molecules into Regenerative Medicine” between April 1 to 3, 2018.

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