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A Review and Progress of Research on Autonomous Drone in Agriculture, Delivering Items and Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

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Applications of Drones in Smart Agriculture

• First Online: 09 March 2023

Cite this chapter

• Satya Prakash Kumar 9 ,
• A. Subeesh 9 ,
• Bikram Jyoti 9 &
• C. R. Mehta 9  

Part of the book series: Advanced Technologies and Societal Change ((ATSC))

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The application of drones in agriculture has opened-up a new horizon to increase the agriculture outputs and real-time access to high-quality information. Crop monitoring has become a simple task with the emergence of drone-based data collection, replacing the traditional labor-intensive and time-consuming data collection. Drones can assist in precision agriculture by performing variety of agricultural tasks including soil health monitoring, seed planting, fertilizer application, crop stress management, irrigation schedule planning, weed management, crop yield management, and weather analysis. Drones with infrared, multispectral, and hyperspectral sensors can analyze crop health and soil conditions precisely and accurately. Spraying drones can help to reduce operator exposure while also improving the capacity to distribute chemicals in a timely and spatially resolved manner. Farmers can save time and water by recognizing areas that need a lot of water. At the same time, precision farming techniques can increase crop yield and quality. Drones can offer various solutions in many areas of agriculture and allied sciences such as yield monitoring, scouting and bird scaring in horticulture, crop health monitoring, forest diseases mapping, monitoring fish farm and livestock population, and mapping feed and fodder grasses in livestock management. The plethoras of drone-based applications in agriculture on spatiotemporal scales make it a promising futuristic technology to address the challenge of growing food insecurity.

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Kumar, S.P., Subeesh, A., Jyoti, B., Mehta, C.R. (2023). Applications of Drones in Smart Agriculture. In: Pakeerathan, K. (eds) Smart Agriculture for Developing Nations. Advanced Technologies and Societal Change. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8738-0_3

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Powerful Role of Drones in Agriculture

While aiming to produce enough food and remain sustainable, agriculture is facing significant changes. In the new agricultural era, farmers are able to use various high-tech sensing devices based on GPS, variable rate application, steering systems and remote sensing, as well as  farm management software . The introduction and the use of modern and  precise farm technologies  brings revolutionary changes into farming. In other words, modern farm technology revolutionizes  the way in which farmers work.

By using precise technology, farmers are able to  optimize both farm productivity and profitability based on real-time field information thus protecting the environment , which can be a turning point to success.

“Drones can monitor any type of crop during its growing season, in any area.”

What Are Drones?

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), commonly named drones, are small aerial platforms weighing up to 20 kg (50 lbs). Due to their size, they  cannot be boarded by a human body  (yet). Drones can be operated in two ways;  directly,  in which a human has complete control of the vehicle by wireless remote; and  autonomously,  in which the vehicle is able to control itself and follow a route based on the data from GPS or other sensors.

There are many different kinds of unmanned aerial vehicles and can be categorized into the following groups:

• Fixed wing ; very simple vehicle to control. It has some form of a non-movable wing and a propeller that facilitates forward movement. Due to its construction, it must always be moving relative to the air around it to stay aloft. Hence, it’s operation can be greatly affected by the wind. Another limiting factor is that larger drones require some kind of runway area that can be used for deployment and retrieval, while smaller ones can be hand launched and retrieved by landing on a soft surface.

• Rotary wing ; the most common drone type. It looks like a small helicopter since it has multiple rotors (typically 4-8). Due to its rotary system, the drone has the ability to hover and can be vertically deployed and retrieved. The rotary wing vehicle has some advantages over the other types. It is  small and easily transportable and less liable to mechanical failure . The main disadvantages, though, are its limitation in cargo it can carry, as well as its battery life, which is limited to allow only 15 minutes or less of flight.

• Tethered vehicle  is a common drone tethered to a wire to eliminate the need for a remote controller. Drone movement is therefore confined according to the tether. Moreover, tethered drones have many different variations. They can range from a standard drone moved according to the tether to a drone tethered with a microfilament wire with an installed power system for unlimited flight.

• Lighter-than-air (LTA)  vehicles include blimps and other typical helium-filled crafts tethered to some kind of wire. Their main disadvantages are the difficulty in transporting because of their size, and the fact that they cannot tolerate even moderate wind speeds. Therefore, LTA drones are used less in farming.

Crop Data Delivered from the Air with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

Drones are small and light aerial vehicles which may fly at extremely high altitudes and carry various  navigation systems  or  recording devices such as RGB cameras, infrared cameras, and other sensors . Due to their ability to deploy various sensors and capture high-resolution and low-cost images of crop conditions, drones are very useful in farming.

Initially used for chemical spraying, today drones are a great tool for capturing aerial imagery with platform mounted cameras and sensors. Images can range from  simple visible-light photographs to multi-spectral imagery  that can be used to assess different aspects of plant health, weeds, and assets.

Drones collect raw data and translate it with  algorithms into useful information . Therefore, they can be used for various applications in farming, such as the monitoring of the following parameters:

• Crop health ; damage made by pests, color change due to pest infection
• Vegetation indices ; leaf area, anomaly detection, treatment efficacy, phenology, yield
• Plant height ; plant height and density
• Plant scouting ; plant size, plot statistics, stand number, compromised plots, planter skips
• Water needs ; water-stressed parts of the field/orchard in need of watering
• Soil analysis ; nutrient availability for plant nutrient management

To summarize, drones help farmers  optimize the use of inputs  such as seeds, fertilizers, water, and pesticides more  efficiently. This allows timely protection of crops  from pests,  saves time for crop scouting, reduces overall cost  in farm production, and  secures high yield and quality crops .

“Drones help farmers optimize the use of inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, water, and pesticides more efficiently.”

From Raw Data to Useful Information

Flying over the field, the drone takes high-resolution pictures with a camera or sensor. Based on a measured parameter, these images are captured in different bands from visible (color), near-infrared to infrared spectrum.  The collected images are raw data which requires further interpretation.  Immediately after capturing the image, the images are directly sent to the cloud/software where  different prescription maps are created  depending on the operation the farmer wants to perform on the field. The maps can then be uploaded to the specific farm equipment which will  adjust the number of inputs  (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides) that would need to be applied to the field accordingly.

“Drones capture images of crop conditions and create Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) maps.”

In the era of precision farming, drones are acting as an  essential technology that will take farming to a completely new level . They are a cost-effective way to collect data about various crop conditions in a relatively short period of time. Drones have also shown great potential in the ability to  provide sustainable farming, improve yield, and increase overall farm profitability. 

Technology in farming is constantly evolving. Collecting accurate and reliable georeferenced data based on GPS coordinates and automated steering systems, along with the use of remote sensing (drones), is an essential part of precision farming which can optimize both farm productivity and profitability.

Although there are some risks and limitations,  precision farming and related technology  have  great potential in dealing with the challenges of a modern farm production  and at the same time protecting natural resources.

Text sources:  UKY  ||  GRDC  || Tethered Drones

Image sources: Unmanned Aerial Online ||  Kapshop  || sourceable.net ||  Unmanned Aerial Online

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Essay On the Role of drone technology in Agriculture

Hello My Dear Friend, In this post “ Essay On the Role of drone technology in Agriculture “, We will be going to read about the Role of drone technology in Agriculture as an Essay in detail. So…

Let’s Start…

Introduction

Technology improvements have revolutionized several industries throughout the years, including agriculture. Drone technology is one significant innovation that has recently gained recognition.

Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are self-flying devices that can be remotely controlled or designed to function independently.

Drones have emerged as a game-changing instrument in agriculture, revolutionizing farming practices and enhancing efficiency.

This paper investigates the role of drone technology in agriculture, emphasizing its advantages, applications, and possible impact on the industry.

Benefits of Drone Technology in Agriculture

1. precision farming:.

Precision farming entails the use of technology to collect data and make informed judgments about farming practices.

Drones outfitted with a variety of sensors and cameras can collect high-resolution imagery as well as real-time data on crops, soil conditions, and weather patterns.

This data enables farmers to monitor their fields, predict possible difficulties such as pests or illnesses, and optimize fertilizer and irrigation use.

2. Improved Crop Monitoring:

Farmers used to have to manually inspect their fields to monitor crop health, which was a time-consuming and labor-intensive operation.

Drones with thermal or multispectral cameras may record detailed photographs of crops, detecting minute variations in plant health that the naked eye may miss.

This allows for the early diagnosis of illnesses, nutrient deficits, and irrigation issues, allowing for timely intervention and preventing crop losses.

3. Crop Spraying:

Crop spraying is another important application of drones in agriculture. Drones-carrying sprayers may precisely apply pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers to crops, minimizing waste and impact on the environment.

Drones can travel fields more efficiently than traditional methods, such as tractor-mounted sprayers, reaching difficult-to-access regions while minimizing soil compaction.

4. Livestock Monitoring:

Drones outfitted with cameras and sensors can also be used to keep an eye on livestock. They can survey wide tracts of grazing pasture, detect abnormal animal behavior, and locate injured or missing animals.

This type of monitoring enables farmers to treat health issues quickly, enhance pasture management, and maintain the overall well-being of their cattle.

5. Time and Cost Savings:

Drones can considerably cut the time and expense associated with certain farming activities.

Farmers may discover problem areas more rapidly with rapid data collection and analysis, leading to tailored treatments and lowering the need for extensive treatment.

Furthermore, the usage of drones eliminates the need for manual labor in operations like field inspection and crop spraying, saving time and resources.

Applications of Drone Technology in Agriculture

1. field mapping:.

Drones outfitted with GPS technology and mapping software may provide precise, high-resolution maps of fields.

These maps contain useful information about field boundaries, soil changes, and topography, allowing farmers to better plan planting methods, optimize resource allocation, and adopt precision agriculture techniques.

2. Crop Health Assessment:

Drones can take comprehensive imagery of crops, allowing farmers to analyze crop health and identify stress causes.

Drones equipped with multispectral cameras can detect fluctuations in plant reflectance, revealing early indicators of disease or nutrient deficits.

Farmers can take prompt corrective adjustments by analyzing this data, decreasing crop losses, and increasing yields.

3. Irrigation Management:

Thermal cameras on drones may detect changes in plant temperature, suggesting water stress.

This data assists farmers in identifying parts of the field that require irrigation adjustments, resulting in more efficient water use and better irrigation management.

4. Weed Detection and Management:

Drones can help with weed detection and management by recording high-resolution photos and utilizing image processing algorithms to identify and map weed-infested areas.

This enables farmers to target specific weed management regions, lowering reliance on chemicals and minimizing environmental effects.

5. Yield Estimation: By analyzing crop data collected

Farmers can more accurately estimate crop yields using drones. This data is useful for crop planning, harvest timing, and market forecasting, allowing for better decision-making and resource management.

Potential Impact and Future Outlook

Drone technology integration in agriculture has enormous potential to alter the business.

Drones can help farmers enhance production, reduce environmental impact, and increase profitability by enabling accurate and data-driven farming practices.

Furthermore, the deployment of drones can improve safety by limiting human exposure to potentially dangerous jobs such as chemical spraying or checking inaccessible locations.

Further advances in drone technology, such as extended flight time, improved sensors, and enhanced data analytics, will open up new opportunities for agriculture in the future.

Integration with other technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning can improve drone capabilities, allowing them to make more precise and autonomous decisions based on real-time data.

Drone technology’s importance in agriculture cannot be overstated. Drones have shown the ability to revolutionize farming practices ranging from precision farming and crop monitoring to crop spraying and livestock management.

Drones provide farmers with vital insights by collecting massive volumes of data, allowing them to make educated decisions and optimize their operations.

Drones are poised to play an increasingly important role in defining the future of agriculture, leading to more sustainable and efficient farming practices as technology advances.

Finally, Thanks For Reading “ Essay On the Role of drone technology in Agriculture “.

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