100 word essay about social science and social studies

Essay On Importance Of Social Science

Title: Why social science research is necessary? Nowadays, social science study plays an important role in the development of a country that has knowledgeable society and healthy society. Social science refers to any scientific study about human interaction and action that focus on the behavior and thought which it is known as social. Research in social science is widely where it will bring benefits to the society. Research in social science provides several of information that influences the society in a country. Besides, research in social science will help in understands the problems and how the problem occurs in the society. Instead of advance in technology, research in social science will solve many major problems in the world especially in social problems. According to Ruttan (1982 & 1984), he claimed that research in social science is very important because it encourage the changes in …show more content…

This is because some of the researches in social science identify the lifestyle of the society. By doing research, it will identify unhealthy lifestyle in the community and research also can help in provides solutions for the unhealthy lifestyle which identify the living conditions needed for a healthy life. In addition, it also can develop knowledge to improve the care of individuals and families of the terminally ill. The research also will promote health in communities and individuals and make them aware to the importance of healthy lifestyles. Besides, social science research also can identify the public issue in health field such as gambling behavior which it is a mental health problem in an individual. The research in social science will identify the dietary needs and nutritious foods as well as enhance the physical and mental health in the community. In addition, by doing research also can help in study the drug abuse in older women and HIV education for teacher’s

Social Construction Essay

The topics of racism and identity are not brought to light often enough. Social construction, dehumanizing biases, discrimination, and social groups are important aspects that play big parts in day-to-day life whether or not you realize it. We must consider these concepts in our daily life. Social construction plays a large role in identity in relation to race.

Essay On Did American Run Out Of Professional Classroom Teachers

BEHS 210 Week 1 DB A very pressing social matter truly near and dear to my heart is the teacher shortage of 2023. Every time I think about this topic, my mind always questions, “at what point exactly did American run out of professional classroom teachers?” To help find an answer to my question, I used the learning resource’s definition of social science and what it does to help better our society. To breakdown the meaning behind the terminology, “social science is, in its broadest sense, the study of society and the manner in which people behave and influence the world around us (“What is Social Science?, n.d.”).”

Laredo Essay

Social studies tell us how we got here and everything that changed through the years. Social studies are basically what we see in the real world and what goes around our community and nation. It is important for students to be ready exposed to what is going on because they will be experiencing history in the future. There must be a way to incorporate social studies in any other subject such as reading, English, math and science. Social studies can be integrated in several subjects and does not interfere in the exams that students must take.

Scholar Academic Ideology

Social Reconstructionists, according to Schiro (2008) “assume that education, has the power to educate people, to analyze and understand social problems, envision a world in which those problems do not exist, and act so as to bring that vision into existence” (Schiro, 2008, pg 134). In other words, the aim of the Social Reconstruction Ideology is to have the Social Reconstructionist educator research real world issues, present them to the students, and have the students work together to create a solution to these problems. Besides the aim of Social Reconstruction, there are other elements of the ideology that requires further examination. While constructing curriculum, it is important to address the nature of knowledge, learning, teaching, the child, and

Emile Durkheim And The Marxist Theory Of Karl Marx

Introduction Great thinkers, including Plato and Aristotle opened the doors to studying society; they based their thoughts on creating an “ideal society”. The science of Sociology was later developed in the early 19th century by Auguste Comte, who coined the word “Sociology”. He began to study society, using “critical thinking”. Comte believed that only by really understanding society could we begin to change it.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Social Model Of Health

Social model often ensures physical and mental health and broader sphere of participating in active life. The model permits most understated discrimination of people that succeed to lead productive lives irrespective of physical damage. The disadvantage of social model is the approach that runs the threat of excessive breadth and to incorporate all life. Therefore, they do not differentiate among the state to become healthy the concerns of being healthy neither do they differentiate among “health” and “health determinants”.

Examples Of Theoretical Perspectives In Sociology

Sociology is the study of the society and human behavior whereas, the word perspective can be defines as a view of things in their true connection or importance. Hence, the social perspectives provide standpoints used to look at human behavior and interaction as they relate to individuals and groups within society. The social perspective emphasizes that to understand humans for not what is inside of them, but what’s influencing them that should be observed. There are four theoretical perspectives used to understand society and human behavior. The four discussed here are structure functional, consensus and conflict, the gender problem and symbolic interaction.

Differences Between Science And Pseudoscience

Modern science is typically subdivided into the natural sciences, which study the material world, the social sciences which study people and societies, and the formal sciences like mathematics. The formal sciences are often excluded as they do not depend on empirical observations.[5] We have to keep in mind that science helps us describe how the world is, but it cannot make any judgments about whether that state of affairs is right, wrong, good, or bad and individual people must make moral judgments.

Sociological Perspectives Essay

It includes the need to understand the past events; the connection to the society in which we live in and personal life experiences in a particular setting with define values and customs. Sociological is an important element as it allows the society and individuals to relate to various circumstances in their daily activities at local and international levels that are paramount to them. The lack of ability to relate to these situations individuals would be unable to perceive the societal elements that affect them and thus cannot make the changes that would be essential in their lives. Throughout history, different countries have obtained various levels of social imagination and thrived. However, some are yet to experience it while others have already lost it.

The Importance Of Social Class In Society

Social class is a hierarchy based on wealth, living standards, education level and occupation which impact people’s lives for better or worse. In this essay, I have chosen to explore the idea of how social classes affect the way we treat people. The four texts To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Me Before You by Jojo Moyes, The Help by Kathryn Stockett, and Water For Elephants by Sara Gruen all capture the idea in which social class can affect our lives. In each text, we see how social classes divide people from another, that most characters are aware of where they stand in their society because of social status, and how relationships across different social classes can be formed.

Argumentative Essay On A Healthy Diet

So, eating different sources of food with different nutrition will influence the body health that related to human daily life and

Importance Of Social Studies In The Early Childhood Curriculum

The key goals of social studies begins with fostering better attitudes and identify values, which speaks to the child’s beliefs and actions. If a child is told that he/she should be seen and not heard they show this belief in their action .Through social studies, children develop their understanding of the world by learning about

Essay On Social Problems In Society

Social Problems in Societies Social problems are issues which are considered to affect majority if not all members of a society either directly or indirectly. Whenever people come to live together in a social setting, conflict arises from their differences in opinions regarding political issues, religion, ethnic issues, cultural practices and other health and hygiene issues. In such a situation, we can say a society inevitably develops social problems. The various social issues present today vary from society to society, and as such, we cannot say that all societies face similar social issues.

The Importance Of Sociology Of Education

Sociology is the scientific study of human social relationships and interactions. Sociology 's subject matter is diverse. Subject matter for sociology ranges from the micro level of an individual and interaction to the macro level of systems and the social structure. At the society level, sociology examines and explains matters like crime and law, poverty and wealth, prejudice and discrimination, schools and education, business firms, urban community, and social movements. We can see these subject matters crystal clear as sociology ranges from crime to religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture and from social stability to radical change in whole societies.

Importance And Importance Of Sociology

Sociology is defined as the study of humans, societies and social groups within societies. It is also said to be the ‘science of society’. The subject of sociology tries to help us to understand why we act in certain ways and that what may come across as inevitable may perhaps be shaped and moulded by historical events and processes. It is important as it helps us gain knowledge of the world in which we live and why certain things happen within this world. Patterns may also develop from the study of sociology.

More about Essay On Importance Of Social Science

Related topics.

• Cultural studies
• Antipositivism
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How to Write a History or Social Studies Essay

Social studies classes are required in high school and college. In fact, you’ve probably taken several social studies courses throughout your school years. As you graduate into higher-level courses, you will be required to prepare research papers about various subjects. Most instructors require either MLA style or Chicago style for your social studies essay.

What Does Social Studies Mean?

Social studies cover a broad range of subjects. Even though high school students attend social studies classes, the term usually covers several subjects, such as civics and history. The National Council for the Social Studies identifies seven themes based on social science and history, plus three broadly-based subject areas:

• Culture (anthropology)
• Time, continuity, and change (history)
• People, places, and environment (geography)
• Individual development and identity (psychology)
• Individuals, groups, and institutions (sociology)
• Power, authority, and governance (political science)
• Production, distribution, and consumption (economics)
• Science, technology, and society
• Global connections
• Civic ideals and practice

Should I Use Chicago/Turabian Style?

Your teacher provides guidelines on writing format for your social studies essay; however, Chicago/Turabian style is a good choice for history, geography and sociology papers. If you use Chicago author-date style , you will prepare a bibliography of the sources you consulted to research and write your paper.

How Do I Organize My Essay?

Follow your teacher’s guidelines for format, page length, and citation style. From there, these basic steps will help you organize your social studies essay:

Select Your Topic

Common assignments in social studies classes are events in United States history, such as the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl. If you are assigned to write about the Dust Bowl, search for interesting stories about that era.

Choose an Essay Style

Will you write a persuasive essay? A compare and contrast essay? Or will you present an argument that you will support with your research? Many times, your teacher will define the type of essay for you.

Once you’ve decided on a main topic and essay style, you can zero in on exactly what your essay will be about. If you’re writing about the Dust Bowl, you might consider one of these ideas:

• A compare and contrast essay on how the dust bowl migrants’ journey compares to that of Central American migrants’ arrival in the United States at present
• An exploratory essay on one person’s experience during the migration
• A persuasive essay on how the dust bowl migration changed the course of California

Find Sources

After you decide on your topic, start searching for reliable, authoritative sources to develop your essay. One easy way to search is to start with secondary sources, such as encyclopedias, LibGuides , and educational institution websites. Once you find articles on your selected subject, then look through the bibliography or links to find primary sources.

• Primary: Original material/research
• Secondary: Material based on primary sources

Ask your school or public librarian for help finding primary sources.

Note: Use primary sources for your paper with a minimal number of secondary sources.

Helpful Sources

These authoritative websites are secondary sources that lead to primary sources on the Dust Bowl.

• University of Davis
• History.com
• University of Washington

This secondary source is a book about Caroline Henderson, a writer about the Dust Bowl.

• Henderson, Caroline Agnes.  Letters from the Dust Bowl . University of Oklahoma Press, 2001.

Also, these two sources will lead you to primary sources of Henderson’s original writings:

• Wikipedia entry
• College website

Prepare a Preliminary Bibliography

Use either the note card system or simply create a Word document for your bibliographic entries. Either way, be sure to keep track of every source you consult. Include these elements for each source:

• Author, Editor, Translator
• Date of Publication
• Publisher’s name
• Place of Publisher (location)

Organize Your Essay

Following your instructor’s guidance, create an outline for your paper. Although it seems strange, it is a good idea to write your introduction last. The outline helps you stay organized as you write your essay.

Complete Your Bibliography

A bibliography includes all the works you consulted, not just the ones you reference specifically in your paper. However, make sure that any quotes or other in-text citations are included in the bibliography. Alphabetize the bibliography using the letter by letter style and make sure your entries are formatted correctly in the Chicago/Turabian author-date style.

One Last Check

Once you’re done writing, review your MLA style or Chicago style assignment rubrics to make sure you’ve included everything that’s required. Then, re-read your essay for spelling and grammar errors. And finally, make sure your bibliography is formatted correctly. Now, you are ready to turn in your social studies school paper for top marks.

Making an Outline for Your School Essay in APA, MLA or Chicago

How to Write a Bibliography for a School Project

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Setting Up Dictionary Citations for Your Essay

How to add or insert citations in word quickly, how to do citations in google docs in simple steps, how to make an outline for your school essay.

The Critical Turkey

Essay Writing Hacks for the Social Sciences

What Should Be in a Social Science Essay? Fundamentals and Essential Techniques

This blogpost is also available as a PDF download , so it can be stored on your desktop and used as a checklist before submitting your essay.

The following is a condensed overview of the most important features of social science essay writing. Its aim is to cut through the noise, and focus on the most essential (and important) elements of essay writing. Read it carefully, and use it as a check-list once you have completed your essay.

Before we get into the details, however, be aware: The purpose of writing essays in the social and political sciences is not so much to just demonstrate your knowledge. Rather, it is about applying this knowledge, using it to make a well-informed, well-reasoned, independently-reflected argument that is based on verified (and verifiable) evidence. What should be in an essay, and how you should write it, is all informed by this purpose.

What’s in an Essay?

The main focus of an academic essay, article or book is to address a research or essay question. Therefore, make sure you have read the essay question carefully, think about what aspects of the topic you need to address, and organize the essay accordingly. Your essay should have three parts:

• Introduction
• Provide context to the question. Be specific (not ‘since the dawn of time, social scientists have been arguing…’, but ‘one of the key debates in the study of revolutions revolves around…’, ideally providing references to the key authors of said debate).
• It is almost always a good idea to formulate an argument – an arguable statement – in relation to the essay question (e.g. if the question is ‘Evaluate Weber and Marx’s accounts of capitalism’, an argument could be ‘I am going to argue that Weber is most insightful on X, but Marx is important for Y’). This builds a nice critical element into your essay, your own take on things, going beyond merely describing what others have written.
• Essay plan: Tell the reader about the points you are going to cover, and the order in which you are going to do this (e.g. ‘First, the essay looks at…, second… third…’ etc.). Think of it as a roadmap to the essay.
• Define key concepts as necessary for understanding. Do not use general dictionaries, as they often contain notions that social scientists try to challenge. Use definitions from the readings, and from sociological dictionaries.
• Length: Intro should be between 5 to 10%, and no more than about 10 per cent of the overall word count.
• Main Part / Body
• The structure of the essay body is informed by the research/essay question: What points do you need to include in order to address the question? What sub-questions are there to the big question? Concentrate on the ‘need-to-knows’ rather than the ‘nice-to-knows’ .
• The order in which you arrange these points depends on what makes the most convincing line of argument. This depends on the essay question, but as a rule of thumb you want to build up your argument, from the basics to the more elaborate points, from the weaker to the stronger, from what contradicts your argument to what supports it.
• The different points should be addressed in appropriate depth. Make sure you explain not just what something is, but also how it works, and use examples and illustration.
• There should be a coherent thread running through the essay and connecting the various points to one another and the overall argument. Indicate these connections in strategic places with appropriate signposting. These signpostings should also help you develop your argument as you proceed.
• Excellent essays often raise counter-arguments to the argument presented, and then provide arguments against those counter-arguments. Think about why and how someone might disagree about what you are saying, and how you would respond to them.
• Use peer-reviewed academic sources and present evidence for the points you make, using references, reliable statistics, examples etc. Any opinion you express should be built on reliable evidence and good reasoning.
• What, finally, is your answer to the question? Bring the various strings of the essay together, summarize them briefly in the context of the essay question, and round off by connecting to the bigger discussion that the essay question is part of. It is usually a good idea to have a differentiated conclusion, in which you e.g. agree with a statement to a certain extent or under specific circumstances (and explain which and why), but disagree with some other aspects of it, rather than making undifferentiated black-or-white statements. You can also contextualise your argument with your ideas from the introduction. It is normally not a good idea to introduce new material in the conclusion. You are wrapping up here, and rounding off, not starting new discussions.
• Conclusion should be about, and no longer than, 10 per cent of the overall word count.

Notes on Writing Style

• Find the right balance between formal and informal. Avoid being too informal and conversational on the one hand. But also don’t use overly convoluted and complicated language, as it makes your writing inaccessible, and can lead to a lack of clarity. You may at times encounter academic writing that seems deliberately obscure or overcomplicated, but those are not examples you should try to emulate.
• Clarity and specificity should indeed be a top priority. Are the words you are using expressing what you want to express? Is it clear who specifically is doing what or saying what? Pay attention to this when proofreading the essay. Could someone understand this differently? Avoid ambiguities.
• Key concepts should be clearly defined and  used throughout the essay in the way you defined them. Choose the definitions that are most useful for your discussion.
• Avoid hyperbole (don’t do ‘shocking statistics’ or ‘dire consequences’ etc.).

Notes on the Writing Process

• Proofreading: When you are first writing, don’t think of it as the final product, but treat it as a first draft. Go through several drafts until you are happy with it. At a minimum, proofread the entire essay once or twice. Don’t be perfectionist when you start out, as you can always come back and improve on whatever you’ve written.
• Small steps: Focussing on the small, concrete steps of your writing process rather than constantly thinking of the big task at hand will help you feel in control.
• Procrastination: Feeling overwhelmed, as well as being too perfectionist, are among the leading causes for procrastination. The two previous points should therefore help you address this issue as well. Don’t be too harsh on yourself when you do procrastinate – almost everyone does it to some extent .
• Over the years, keep addressing areas you want to improve on, and keep looking for information. Search online, for example ‘how to cite a book chapter in Harvard Sage’, ‘developing an argument’, ‘ using quotations ’, ‘memory techniques’, ‘how to read with speed’, ‘understanding procrastination’, or ‘ what does peer-reviewed mean ’. There is plenty of information, and some seriously good advice out there. See what works for you. Read the feedback you get on your writing, and incorporate it into your next essay.

Final Thoughts

Essay Writing skills are good skills to have in any situation (except maybe in a zombie apocalypse). They will make the studying process easier over time, and hopefully also more fun. But in a wider sense, they are general skills of critical engagement with the world around you, and will help you filter and prioritise the overload of information you are confronted with on an everyday basis. In that sense, they might actually even be helpful in a zombie apocalypse.

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Good Essay Writing: A Social Sciences Guide

Student resources, on this website, you will find a range of resources corresponding to the topics covered in each chapter. just click on links to the left..

Writing good essays is one of the most challenging aspects of studying in the social sciences. This simple guide provides you with proven approaches and techniques to help turn you into a well-oiled, essay-writing machine.

Good Essay Writing demonstrates how to think critically and formulate your argument as well as offering water-tight structuring tips, referencing advice and a word on those all-too-familiar common worries – all brought to life through real student examples from a range of subjects.

​This practical guide is an absolute must for everybody wanting – or needing – to brush up on their essay-writing skills and boost their grades.

Disclaimer:

This website may contain links to both internal and external websites. All links included were active at the time the website was launched. SAGE does not operate these external websites and does not necessarily endorse the views expressed within them. SAGE cannot take responsibility for the changing content or nature of linked sites, as these sites are outside of our control and subject to change without our knowledge. If you do find an inactive link to an external website, please try to locate that website by using a search engine. SAGE will endeavour to update inactive or broken links when possible.

• USC Libraries
• Research Guides

Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper

• 3. The Abstract
• Purpose of Guide
• Design Flaws to Avoid
• Independent and Dependent Variables
• Glossary of Research Terms
• Reading Research Effectively
• Narrowing a Topic Idea
• Broadening a Topic Idea
• Extending the Timeliness of a Topic Idea
• Academic Writing Style
• Choosing a Title
• Making an Outline
• Paragraph Development
• Research Process Video Series
• Executive Summary
• The C.A.R.S. Model
• Background Information
• The Research Problem/Question
• Theoretical Framework
• Citation Tracking
• Content Alert Services
• Evaluating Sources
• Primary Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Tiertiary Sources
• Scholarly vs. Popular Publications
• Qualitative Methods
• Quantitative Methods
• Insiderness
• Using Non-Textual Elements
• Limitations of the Study
• Common Grammar Mistakes
• Writing Concisely
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Footnotes or Endnotes?
• Further Readings
• Generative AI and Writing
• USC Libraries Tutorials and Other Guides
• Bibliography

An abstract summarizes, usually in one paragraph of 300 words or less, the major aspects of the entire paper in a prescribed sequence that includes: 1) the overall purpose of the study and the research problem(s) you investigated; 2) the basic design of the study; 3) major findings or trends found as a result of your analysis; and, 4) a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions.

Writing an Abstract. The Writing Center. Clarion University, 2009; Writing an Abstract for Your Research Paper. The Writing Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Koltay, Tibor. Abstracts and Abstracting: A Genre and Set of Skills for the Twenty-first Century . Oxford, UK: Chandos Publishing, 2010;

Importance of a Good Abstract

Sometimes your professor will ask you to include an abstract, or general summary of your work, with your research paper. The abstract allows you to elaborate upon each major aspect of the paper and helps readers decide whether they want to read the rest of the paper. Therefore, enough key information [e.g., summary results, observations, trends, etc.] must be included to make the abstract useful to someone who may want to examine your work.

How do you know when you have enough information in your abstract? A simple rule-of-thumb is to imagine that you are another researcher doing a similar study. Then ask yourself: if your abstract was the only part of the paper you could access, would you be happy with the amount of information presented there? Does it tell the whole story about your study? If the answer is "no" then the abstract likely needs to be revised.

Farkas, David K. “A Scheme for Understanding and Writing Summaries.” Technical Communication 67 (August 2020): 45-60;  How to Write a Research Abstract. Office of Undergraduate Research. University of Kentucky; Staiger, David L. “What Today’s Students Need to Know about Writing Abstracts.” International Journal of Business Communication January 3 (1966): 29-33; Swales, John M. and Christine B. Feak. Abstracts and the Writing of Abstracts . Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2009.

Structure and Writing Style

I.  Types of Abstracts

To begin, you need to determine which type of abstract you should include with your paper. There are four general types.

Critical Abstract A critical abstract provides, in addition to describing main findings and information, a judgment or comment about the study’s validity, reliability, or completeness. The researcher evaluates the paper and often compares it with other works on the same subject. Critical abstracts are generally 400-500 words in length due to the additional interpretive commentary. These types of abstracts are used infrequently.

Descriptive Abstract A descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the work. It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. It does incorporate key words found in the text and may include the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. Essentially, the descriptive abstract only describes the work being summarized. Some researchers consider it an outline of the work, rather than a summary. Descriptive abstracts are usually very short, 100 words or less. Informative Abstract The majority of abstracts are informative. While they still do not critique or evaluate a work, they do more than describe it. A good informative abstract acts as a surrogate for the work itself. That is, the researcher presents and explains all the main arguments and the important results and evidence in the paper. An informative abstract includes the information that can be found in a descriptive abstract [purpose, methods, scope] but it also includes the results and conclusions of the research and the recommendations of the author. The length varies according to discipline, but an informative abstract is usually no more than 300 words in length.

Highlight Abstract A highlight abstract is specifically written to attract the reader’s attention to the study. No pretense is made of there being either a balanced or complete picture of the paper and, in fact, incomplete and leading remarks may be used to spark the reader’s interest. In that a highlight abstract cannot stand independent of its associated article, it is not a true abstract and, therefore, rarely used in academic writing.

II.  Writing Style

Use the active voice when possible , but note that much of your abstract may require passive sentence constructions. Regardless, write your abstract using concise, but complete, sentences. Get to the point quickly and always use the past tense because you are reporting on a study that has been completed.

Abstracts should be formatted as a single paragraph in a block format and with no paragraph indentations. In most cases, the abstract page immediately follows the title page. Do not number the page. Rules set forth in writing manual vary but, in general, you should center the word "Abstract" at the top of the page with double spacing between the heading and the abstract. The final sentences of an abstract concisely summarize your study’s conclusions, implications, or applications to practice and, if appropriate, can be followed by a statement about the need for additional research revealed from the findings.

Composing Your Abstract

Although it is the first section of your paper, the abstract should be written last since it will summarize the contents of your entire paper. A good strategy to begin composing your abstract is to take whole sentences or key phrases from each section of the paper and put them in a sequence that summarizes the contents. Then revise or add connecting phrases or words to make the narrative flow clearly and smoothly. Note that statistical findings should be reported parenthetically [i.e., written in parentheses].

Before handing in your final paper, check to make sure that the information in the abstract completely agrees with what you have written in the paper. Think of the abstract as a sequential set of complete sentences describing the most crucial information using the fewest necessary words. The abstract SHOULD NOT contain:

• A catchy introductory phrase, provocative quote, or other device to grab the reader's attention,
• Lengthy background or contextual information,
• Redundant phrases, unnecessary adverbs and adjectives, and repetitive information;
• Acronyms or abbreviations,
• References to other literature [say something like, "current research shows that..." or "studies have indicated..."],
• Using ellipticals [i.e., ending with "..."] or incomplete sentences,
• Jargon or terms that may be confusing to the reader,
• Citations to other works, and
• Any sort of image, illustration, figure, or table, or references to them.

Abstract. Writing Center. University of Kansas; Abstract. The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper. Department of Biology. Bates College; Abstracts. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Borko, Harold and Seymour Chatman. "Criteria for Acceptable Abstracts: A Survey of Abstracters' Instructions." American Documentation 14 (April 1963): 149-160; Abstracts. The Writer’s Handbook. Writing Center. University of Wisconsin, Madison; Hartley, James and Lucy Betts. "Common Weaknesses in Traditional Abstracts in the Social Sciences." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 60 (October 2009): 2010-2018; Koltay, Tibor. Abstracts and Abstracting: A Genre and Set of Skills for the Twenty-first Century. Oxford, UK: Chandos Publishing, 2010; Procter, Margaret. The Abstract. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Riordan, Laura. “Mastering the Art of Abstracts.” The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 115 (January 2015 ): 41-47; Writing Report Abstracts. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Writing Abstracts. Writing Tutorial Services, Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning. Indiana University; Koltay, Tibor. Abstracts and Abstracting: A Genre and Set of Skills for the Twenty-First Century . Oxford, UK: 2010; Writing an Abstract for Your Research Paper. The Writing Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Writing Tip

Never Cite Just the Abstract!

Citing to just a journal article's abstract does not confirm for the reader that you have conducted a thorough or reliable review of the literature. If the full-text is not available, go to the USC Libraries main page and enter the title of the article [NOT the title of the journal]. If the Libraries have a subscription to the journal, the article should appear with a link to the full-text or to the journal publisher page where you can get the article. If the article does not appear, try searching Google Scholar using the link on the USC Libraries main page. If you still can't find the article after doing this, contact a librarian or you can request it from our free i nterlibrary loan and document delivery service .

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128 Social Science Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best social science topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on social science, 📑 interesting topics to write about social science, 🥇 simple & easy social science essay titles, ❓ essay questions about social science.

• Inductive and Deductive Approach in Social Science Therefore, the main difference between the inductive and deductive approaches consists in the way of expression of the arguments. In this example, the conclusions are based on the personal experience and moves from the particular […]
• Social Sciences as a Career Field With the help of social science, I can conduct research and come up with a logical finding. With the knowledge I have in social science, I can research our political system and patterns of leadership. We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts 808 writers online Learn More
• Max Weber: Natural and Social Sciences According to Honigsheim, the concept explains that the differences between natural and social science lies in the intentions of the researcher as opposed to inapplicability of empirical principles of research.
• Criminology as a Social Science In addition, as McClanahan and South note, the study of crime as a general phenomenon, the causes of crime, the personality of the offender, and crime prevention measures fall within the scope of sociology.
• Graphic Design: Fine Arts or Social Science? As it has been argued before, graphic design is a form of communication between people, and one has to understand the rules governing the process of communication in order to be a good designers.
• Discussion: Economics as a Social Science Economics proficiently utilizes scientific theories and constructs to justify the relationship between human behavioral patterns and the progressive ownership of property.
• Social Science Research Activities The research can publish the results of the scientific method. The researcher can publish the results of the scientific method on the data analysis and interpretation experiment.
• Concept and Theories of Sociology as a Social Science Sociological imagination is a critical field of criminology concerned with the relationship that exists between the beliefs of the society and the life as experienced in the society.
• “Citing data sources in the social sciences: Do authors do it?” by Hailey Mooney It is possible to note that the author addresses rather a narrow field which is one of the most important features of a successful research.
• Hypothesis Testing in Social Sciences Testing statistical hypotheses are the accepted standard for the analysis of empirical data in the social sciences if the resulting effects or relationships are not noticeable and an assessment of the reliability of statements about […]
• Justice Through the Lenses of Social Science and History In both social sciences and history lenses, the human factor predominates, that is, a person acts as the main source of both injustice and justice.
• Social Sciences: Racism Through Different Lenses A thorough analysis of diversity adds value to social interactions by informing human behavior through a deeper understanding of racism and its impacts on society. Using the humanities lens leads to a better understanding of […]
• Marge Percy’s The Emperor: Innovative Solutions in Social Sciences Imagery in the rhyme appears when the poet describes the obsessiveness of the current leadership regime when watching and manipulating the world.
• Globalization in Education Through Social Sciences Lens In this case, globalization in education will be analyzed using the lens of the social sciences, which focuses on how people act in their social environment, such as schools and universities.
• Social Sciences: The “Culture of Smartness” Involvement in the network of ideologies created as a result of the interaction of many institutions, processes, and American culture in general, is a key criterion of smartness.
• Applying Social Sciences to Address Core Problems To manage the concerns of the town of Nowhereboro in the scenario under analysis, one must investigate its socioeconomic and sociopolitical concerns from the standpoint of the disciplines of sociology, geography, political science, economics, and […]
• Practical Value of Social Sciences Social sciences are usually juxtaposed and compared with natural sciences in their practical applicability, and the former almost certainly lose as a result of such contrasting.
• Ethical Barriers in Social Science Research It is coupled with the problem of the extreme patriarchal nature of society in Ghana. To fulfill the requirements of ethical standards, researchers needed to confirm confidentiality and approve the study in healthcare services.
• Quantitative Data in Social Sciences At the early stages of the statistical analysis, the research was focused on defining the values of the independent variable of religious affiliation and the dependent variable of one’s sexuality.
• Ethical Issues in Social Sciences, Humanities, Law and Theology The purpose of this report is to study the topics of research ethics, their principles, and those ethical responsibilities that researchers have both to the participants in the experiment and society as a whole.
• Academic Research in Social Sciences After this phase of research is the selection of a methodology in terms of not philosophy but practical relevance and feasibility.
• Social Sciences: Car Safety Being Made for Men Moreover, women are much more likely to get serious injuries incompatible with life Also, in the same conditions, a representative of the fair sex has an average chance of dying in an accident by 20% […]
• Natural, Applied, and Social Sciences Implementation In conclusion, despite the differing purposes, the transgender issue in U.S.society is one of the most perspective fields of study in natural and applied sciences.
• Organizational Behavior: Social Science Types of Culture and Power as a Property Viewpoint: Power culture Role culture Task culture Person culture
• Strategies of Social Science Research As a method of investigation, ethnography is deeply reliant on subject observation, with the researcher being present in the context or with the study respondents, albeit in a trivial role, and making efforts to document […]
• Ethics in Social Science Study by Laud Humphreys The discussion’s basis is the dilemma between the need for free research and the need to respect the rights of the study participants.
• Sociology: Campaign for Social Sciences One of the sources, which contains comprehensive information regarding these initiatives, is the website of the Campaign for Social Sciences, and it is invaluable for conducting research in this respect.
• Agency vs. Stratification in Social Sciences The question of free will has been central to philosophy for thousands of years, and yet, the clash between free will and determinism has not been resolved to this day.
• Research Methods in Social Sciences The strategic random sampling method enhances the holistic representation of all demographic and social aspects of a population in the area of study.
• HIV From a Social Sciences Perspective In the US, the disease was initially associated with gays only but in the recent past, it is has been claiming many lives in the country and other parts of the world. The first social […]
• Qualitative Research in Health and Social Science Literature The reviewed study authors claim that their objective is “to obtain a snap-shot profile of the state of the qualitative literature research in health and social science”.
• Standards for Reporting on Empirical Social Science It involved the documentary evidence of the employees’ and leaders’ contributions, the meetings’ time, and focus groups and interviews by the end of the training assessment.
• Professional Endeavour in the Social Sciences: Medical IT System This study seeks to critically analyse the current state of knowledge in the field of Defence medical Information system, as a unique profession, which I have been a part of, for the past ten years.
• Social Sciences: Development in Adolescent Years The discussions about the universality of adolescence are generated at times from the studies of remnant documentation in the hominid line as well as on the similarities of human beings and non-human primates like chimpanzees.
• A Social Science Study of “The Namesake” The movie depicts a kaleidoscope of diversity differences, and how they may pose to be a stumbling block in promoting the welfare of the client; one notable client is Gogol.
• Social Science as the Area of Scientific and Academic Awareness The difference between natural and social science arises primarily due to the cognitive nature of the scientists instead of the inapplicable nature of the generalization methods used in science in relation to human actions.
• Ageing in the UK. Research Methods for Social Sciences Fully a third of the nation’s population will be 60 years of age or older, over one-fourth will be at least 65 and one in nine 80+ years in age.
• The Media Violence Debate and the Risks It Holds for Social Science On the other hand, research on the matter is inconclusive showing that the correlation between violence and aggression varies from null to weak.
• The Ethical Lessons of Social Sciences Ethical conduct, both within the company and outside of it, is essential to this process, as it is easier to ruin the company’s standing with a scandal than to rebuild its relationships.
• Social Science Literature in the 3rd and 5th Grades The author of the book is clever enough to provide the information that the students need to draw their conclusions about the French and the English language, the similarities, and differences between them, and at […]
• Power Definition in Social Sciences In this connection, it may be assumed that constructionism partially addresses and accounts for the impacts or rather the influence of power on the society.
• Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Exercise In this exercise, multiple regression analysis is carried out to investigate the impact of different factors including Usefulness, Male-Dominated Field, Tutor Attitudes, Confidence, and Age that are considered as the independent variables affecting the Self-Efficacy […]
• Cultural Standards in 9-12th Grade Social Science Curriculum The research has been guided by the critical race theory, whereby the subject of the research has been investigated and subsequently categorized. In considering the subject of the research, the interactive aspects of education has […]
• Inquiry-Based Learning in Social Science Classrooms In this way, students are prepared to deal with the presented information in a critical way by supplying the rationale for their conclusions and comprehending the basics of scientific inquiry.
• Social Science: Objectivity and Values The main question discussed in this work centers on the query of whether values undermine the objectivity of research. To what extent can values intrude with the objectivity of research?
• Erich Fromm’s Contributions to Social Sciences In particular, this notion can be described as the ability to reject conventions or restrictions. In contrast, other forms of orientation can profoundly impair the cognitive and ethical development of a person.
• Social Science Theory and Methodology The question chosen for analysis is “How do violent video games affect family members’ perceptions of teenagers?”This question will be particularly important to society because it might provide an explanation for increased separation of the […]
• Instagram as Tool for Social Science Research Another benefit of Instagram as a research tool is the ease in access to vast amounts of information. We decided to search for the information on a particular hash tag on Instagram.
• International Relations as Natural and Social Science This is because, even though that, during the course of recent decades, the operational principles of IR did undergo a rather drastic transformation, the innermost essence of how different countries relate to each other on […]
• Language and Time in the Social Sciences This is perhaps the reason why at the end, critics of time like Jose Luis Borges were forced to accept that time is real and that time is needed by all especially when it comes […]
• Survey and Interview Methods in Social Sciences In interviews, the respondent provides the primary data for the study and the views of the researcher are not important as most of the information comes from the respondent.
• The Power in Social Science He points out that the power-play going on in this kind of situation is based on the power to mobilize players and an assessment of the strength of all supporters in the agenda setting process.
• Social Science and Elementary Teaching Methods Holmes and Holmes postulate that teachers, “face the responsibilities and pressures of the accountability movement where the lessons they plan must continue the momentum of the curriculum required by the state, district, school and classroom […]
• Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences In order to assist the parents to become aware of the effectiveness of their partnering in education, teachers should involve dialogue with the parents early enough to discuss about the parents’ hopes and aspirations for […]
• Paradigms in Social Science A business only approach to the study of the viability of the oil pipeline will provide no insight to the extent of the social and economic cost of the proposed project.
• Social Science Theory and How it relates to Social Phenomena It is therefore in the light of this that the topic of gender and mass media must be examined in detail to determine that it is of social importance to individuals, communities and society.
• Social Science Theorist: Karl Marx According to Marx there are two major classes of people in a society; the ruling class and the subjects. Marx also used capitalism to define and study history and he concluded that all social conflicts […]
• Analysis of Michael Foucault’s ideas and methods in social sciences Michael addressed the struggle of individuals in the society and the existing institutions of power, giving an in depth analysis of the Marxist capitalist theory.
• Anti-Semitism and Progressive Era Social Science: The Case of John R. Commons
• Conducting Health-Related Social Science Research in Low-Income Settings
• Identifying Economics’ Place Amongst Academic Disciplines: A Science or a Social Science
• High-Ranked Social Science Journal Articles Can Be Identified From Early Citation Information
• Evaluating Social Science and Humanities Knowledge Production
• Why We Need Arts, Humanities, and Social Science Graduates?
• Analytical Sociology and Computational Social Science
• Employment Status and Job-Studies Relevance of Social Science Graduates
• Types and Mechanisms of Collaboration Between Science, Social Science, and Local Knowledge
• Conversion and Departure Between Science and Social Science
• Citizen Social Science for More Integrative and Effective Climate Action
• Humanizing Big Data: Marketing at the Meeting of Data, Social Science, and Consumer Insight
• Elementary Quantum Mechanical Principles and Social Science: Is There a Connection?
• From Individual Scientific Visibility to Collective Competencies: The Example of an Academic Department in Social Science
• Asian Social Science, Canadian Center of Science and Education
• Context, Social Construction, and Statistics: Regression, Social Science, and Human Geography
• Corrupt Research: The Case for Reconceptualizing Empirical Management and Social Science
• Gendered Citation Patterns Across Political Science and Social Science Methodology Fields
• Ben Fine Social Capital Versus Social Theory: Political Economy and Social Science at the Turn of the Millennium
• Cumulative Inequality Theory and Social Science
• Lewis Thomas’ Prescient 1983 Manifesto for the Humanity-Saving Value of Social Science
• Darwinism and the Standard Social Science Model
• Evolutionary Social Science and Universal Darwinism
• Human Behavior Paradox and a Social Science Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
• Epistemological, Methodological, and Socio-Cultural Constraints to Social Science
• Agent Zero: Toward Neurocognitive Foundations for Generative Social Science
• Citizen Science Practices for Computational Social Science Research
• Estimation and Inference Are Missing Data Problems: Unifying Social Science Statistics via Bayesian Simulation
• Bibliometric and Altmetric Analysis of Three Social Science Disciplines
• British Academy Report Highlights Best International Examples of Teaching Quantitative Skills in Social Science Degrees
• Actors, Agendas, Arenas and Institutional Change Processes: A Social Science Approach to Sustainability
• Development Studies and Cross-Disciplinarity: Research at the Social Science-Physical Science Interface
• Fighting Science With Social Science: Activist Scholarship in an International Resistance Project
• Correlation Between Sociology and Other Social Science Streams
• Agent-Based Computational Models and Generative Social Science
• Future-Proof Grads: New Study Pinpoints Arts, Humanities, and Social Science Graduates’ Skills
• Methodological Issues on Agent-Based Models for Analytical Social Science
• Cumulative Advantage and Disadvantage and the Life Course: Cross-Fertilizing Age and Social Science Theory
• Beyond BMI: The Value of More Accurate Measures of Fatness and Obesity in Social Science Research
• Health Policy and Healthy Populations: An Introduction to a Special Issue of the Social Science Quarterly
• What Are the Distinctive Emphases and Approaches of a Multicultural Philosophy of Social Science?
• How Are Social Science Fields Studied?
• What Is the Role of Social Science in the ‘Urban Age’?
• How Does Social Science Affect Education?
• Can Social Science Help Us to Understand Society?
• How Does Social Science Help in Improving Our Educational System?
• What Is Social Science?
• How Does Social Science Relate to Society?
• Is Social Science Scientific?
• Why Is Social Science Important in Schools?
• What Are the Points of Conversion and Departure Between Science and Social Science?
• How Can Social Science Theory Help Reduce Crime?
• What Are the Benefits of Social Science Research?
• Why Are Arts, Humanities, and Social Science Students Key to Our Future?
• From Where Do the Modern Social Sciences in America Come?
• What Do You Think Is the Most Important Aspect of Social Studies?
• Why Should Social Science Be Taught in Schools?
• What Is the Job of Social Science?
• Why Is Social Science Important in Our Life?
• How Did Social Science Change the World?
• What Will Happen if There Is No Social Science?
• How Do Social Studies Prepare Students for Life?
• Why Is Social Science Important as a School Subject?
• How Do the Applied Social Sciences Processes Affect Your Personal Life?
• What Is the Most Important Discipline of Social Science?
• Can Social Science Help Us to Better Understand Our Lives and the Lives of Others in Society?
• What Are the Benefits of Learning Social Studies?
• How Can Social Sciences Contribute to Solving Problems?
• What Do the Social Sciences Have in Common?
• How Does Applied Social Sciences Affect Your Community?
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1 What are the social sciences?

Learning Objectives for this Chapter

After reading this Chapter, you should be able to:

• understand what the social sciences are, including some fundamental concepts and values,
• understand and apply the concept of ‘phronesis’ to thinking about the purpose and value of the social sciences.

History and philosophy of the social sciences

Some of the earliest written and spoken accounts of human action, values, and the structure of society can be found in Ancient Greek, Islamic, Chinese and indigenous cultures. For example, Ibn Khaldoun , a 14th-century North African philosopher, is considered a pioneer in the field of social sciences. He wrote the book Muqaddimah , which is regarded as the first comprehensive work in the social sciences. It charts an attempt to create a universal history based on studying and explaining the economic, social, and political factors that shape society and discussed the cyclical rise and fall of civilisations. Moreover, indigenous peoples across the world have contributed in various and significant ways to the development of scientific knowledge and practices (e.g., see this recent article by Indigenous scholar, Jesse Popp – How Indigenous knowledge advances modern science and technology ). Indeed, contemporary social science has much to learn from indigenous knowledges and methodologies (e.g., Quinn 2022 ), as well as much reconciling to do in terms of its treatment of indigenous peoples the world over (see Coburn, Moreton-Robinson, Sefa Dei, and Stewart-Harawira, 2013 ).

Nevertheless, the dominant Western European narrative of the achievements of the enlightenment still tends to overlook and discredit much of this knowledge. Additionally, male thinkers have tended to dominate within the Western social sciences, while women have historically been excluded from academic institutions and their perspectives largely omitted from social science history and texts. Therefore, much of the history of the social sciences represent a predominantly white, masculine viewpoint. That is not to say that the concepts and theories developed by these male social scientists should be outright discredited. Nevertheless, in engaging with them we must understand this context; they are not the only voices, nor necessarily the most important. Indeed, it is crucial therefore that the history of the social sciences is continually re-examined through a critical lens, to identify gaps within social scientific knowledge bases and allow space for critical revisions that broaden existing concepts and theories beyond an exclusively masculine, Western-centric perspective. We seek to adopt such an approach throughout this book. However, to critique and question Western social scientific perspectives, we must first understand them.

Social sciences in the Western world

The study of the social sciences, as developed in the Western world, can be said to emerge from the Age of Enlightenment in the late 17th Century. Beginning with René Descartes (1596-1650), both the natural and social sciences developed from the concept of the rational, thinking individual. These early Enlightenment thinkers argued that human beings use reason to understand the world, rather than only referring to religion. Other thinkers around this time such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau  (1712-1778), M. de Voltaire (1694-1778) and Denis Diderot (1713-1784), began to develop different methodologies to scientifically explain processes in the body, the structure of society, and the limits of human knowledge. It was during this period that the social sciences grew out of moral philosophy, which asks ‘how people ought to live’, and political philosophy, which asks ‘what form societies ought to take’. Rather than only focusing on descriptive scientific questions about ‘how things are’, the social sciences also sought answers to normative questions about ‘how things could be’. This is one of the central differences between the natural sciences and the social sciences. This era of Enlightenment marked an important turning point in history that gave way to further developments in both the natural and social sciences.

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is often regarded as one of the most influential philosophers for the development of the social sciences. In his work, Kant develops an epistemology that accounts for the objective validity of knowledge, due to the capacities of the human mind. In other words, how can we as individual people come to know facts about the world that are true for all of us. Social scientists, such as Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) and Max Weber (1864-1920) critically developed the work of Kant to explain social relations between individuals.

Émile Durkheim prioritised the validity of social facts over the values themselves, continuing the tradition of ‘ positivism ‘ (an ontological position that we discuss later in this Chapter). Durkheim argued that there is a distinction between social facts and individual facts. Rather than viewing the structure of the human mind as the basis for knowledge like Kant, Durkheim argued that it is society itself that forms the basis for the social experience of individuals. Social facts should therefore, “be treated as natural objects and can be classified, compared and explained according to the logic of any natural science” (Rose, 1981: 19). Durkheim developed his methodology using analogies to the natural sciences. For example, he borrowed concepts from biology to understand society as a living organism.

TRIGGER WARNING

The following section contains content which may be triggering for certain people. It focuses on the sociology of suicide, including discussion of self-harm and different forms of suicide as it exists within society.

Durkheim and Suicide

Emile Durkheim’s 1879 text ‘Suicide: a Study in Sociology’ is a foundational work for the study of social facts. Durkheim explores the phenomenon of suicide across different time periods, nationalities, religions, genders, and economic groups. Durkheim argues that the problem of suicide can not be explained through purely biological, psychological or environmental means. Suicide must, he concludes, “necessarily depend upon social causes and be in itself a collective phenomenon” (Durkheim 1897: 97). It was and continues to be a work of great impact that demonstrates that, what most would consider an individual act is actually enmeshed in social factors.

In his text, Durkheim identifies some of the different forms suicide can take within society, four of which we discuss below.

Egoistic Suicide

Egoistic suicide is caused by what Durkheim terms “excessive individuation” (Durkheim 1897: 175). A lack of integration within a particular community or society at large leads human beings to feel isolated and disconnected from others. Durkheim argues that “suicide increases with knowledge”(Durkheim 1897: 123). This is not to say that a particular human being kills themselves because of their knowledge; rather it is because of the decline of organised religion that human beings desire knowledge outside of religion. It is thus, for Durkheim the weakening organisation of religion that detaches people from their (religious) community, increasing social isolation. According to Durkheim, the capacity of religion to prevent suicide does not result from a stricter prohibition of self-harm. Religion has the power to prevent someone from committing suicide because it is a community, or a ‘society’ in Durkheim’s words. The collective values of religion increases social integration and is just one example of the importance of community in decreasing rates of suicide. Isolation of individuals, for Durkheim, is a fundamental cause of suicide: “The bond attaching man [sic] to life relaxes because that attaching him [sic] to society is itself slack” (Durkheim 1897: 173).

Altruistic Suicide

Durkheim notes another kind of suicide that stems from “insufficient individuation” (Durkheim 1897: 173). This occurs in social situations where an individual identifies so strongly with their beliefs of a group that they are willing to sacrifice themselves for what they perceive to be the greater good. Examples of altruistic suicide include suicidal sacrifice in certain cultures to honour their particular God, soldiers who go to war and die in honour of their country, or the ancient tradition of Hara-kiri in Japan. As such, Durkheim notes that some people have even refused to consider altruistic suicide a form of self-destruction, because it resembles “some categories of action which we are used to honouring with our respect and even admiration”(Durkheim 1897: 199).

Anomic Suicide

The third kind of suicide Durkheim identifies is termed anomic suicide. This type is the result of the activity of human beings “lacking regulation”, and “the consequent sufferings” that are felt from this situation (Durkheim 1897: 219). Durkheim notes the similarities between egoistic and anomic suicide, however he notes an important distinction: “In egoistic suicide it is deficient in truly collective activity, thus depriving the latter of object and meaning. In anomic suicide, society’s influence is lacking in the basically individual passions, thus leaving them without a check-rein” (Durkheim 1897: 219). 

Fatalistic Suicide

There is a fourth type of suicide for Durkheim, one that has more historical meaning than current relevance. Fatalistic suicide is opposed to anomic, and is the result of  “excessive regulation, that of persons with futures pitilessly blocked and passions violently choked by oppressive discipline” (Durkheim 1897: 239). These regulations occur during moments of crises, including economic and social upheaval, that destabilise the individual’s sense of meaning.  It is the impact of external factors onto the individual, where meaning is thrown to the wind for the individual, that characterises fatalistic suicide.

Durkheim’s sociological study of suicide was a groundbreaking work for social sciences. His methodology, multivariate analysis, provided a way to understand numerous interrelated factors and how they relate to a particular social fact. His findings, particularly the higher suicide rates of Protestants, compared to Jewish and Catholic people, was correlated to the higher rates to individualised consciousness and the lower social control. This study, despite criticisms of the generalisations drawn from the results, has had a remarkable impact on sociology and remains a seminal text for those interested in the social sciences.

Max Weber was also influenced by the work of Kant. Unlike Durkheim, Weber “transformed the paradigm of validity and values into a sociology by giving values priority over validity” (Rose, 1981: 19). Culture is thus understood as a value that structures our understanding of the world. According to Weber, values cannot be spoken about in terms of their truth content. The separation between values and validity means that values can only be discussed in terms of faith rather than scientific reason. For Weber, only when a culture’s underpinning values are defined can facts about the social world be understood.

The philosophy of G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) also greatly shaped the development of the social sciences. As argued by Herbert Marcuse (1941: 251-257), Hegel instigated the shift from abstract philosophy to theories of society. According to Hegel, human beings are not restricted to the pre-existing social order and can understand and change the social world. Our natural ability to reason allows human beings to create theories about our world that are universal and true.

Karl Marx (1818-1883), often regarded as the founder of conflict theory, was deeply influenced by the philosophy of Hegel. For example, Hegel emphasises that labour and alienation are essential characteristics of human experience, and Marx applies this idea more concretely to a material analysis of society, dividing human history along the lines of the forces of production. In other words, Marx understood that labour was divided in capitalist society according to two classes that developed society through a perpetual state of conflict: the working class, or ‘ proletariat’ , and the class of ownership, or ‘ bourgeoisie’ (we talk more about Marx’s conflict theory in Chapter 3).

Overall, the social sciences have a long and complex history, influenced by many different philosophical perspectives. As alluded to earlier, however, any account of the historical beginnings of the social sciences must be understood to be embedded within dominant systems of power, including for example colonisation, patriarchy, and capitalism. Indeed, any history of the social sciences is already situated within a narrative, or ‘discourse’. Maintaining a critical lens will allow for a deeper understanding of the genesis of the social sciences, as well as the important ability to question social scientific approaches, understandings, findings, and methods. It is this disposition that we seek to cultivate throughout this book. After all, as Marx famously wrote, “The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways. The point, however, is to change it.”

Defining Key Terms

Descriptive : A descriptive claim or question seeks to explain how things work, what causes them to work that way, and how things relate to one another.

Normative : A normative claim or question seeks to explain how things ought to work, why they should work a certain way, and what should change for things to work differently.

Labour : For Marx, labour is the natural capacity of human beings to work and create things. Under capitalism, labour primarily produces profits for the ruling class. (Please note, we return to the notion of labour in later chapters, and explore other understandings and definitions of this term.)

Alienation : Workers, separated from the products of their labour and replaceable in the production process, become separated or ‘alienated’ from their creative human essence. (Please also see Chapter 3 for a further explanation of the concept of alienation under Marxism.)

What are the social sciences?

The social sciences are a ‘broad church’, including lots of different disciplinary and sub-disciplinary areas. These include, for example, sociology, anthropology, criminology, archaeology, social policy, human geography, and many more. At their core, they apply the ‘scientific method’ to the analysis of people, societies, power, and social change.

Before we move on, let’s touch briefly on what we mean by the scientific method . At its core, the scientific method is essentially a series of steps that scientists take in order to build and test scientific knowledge. These steps include:

• Observation :  Scientists observe the world around them, in order to better understand it. 
• Question :  Scientists ask ‘research questions’ about how the world works.
• Hypothesis: Scientists come up with ideas or theories about how they think the world works, which they then seek to test through their research.
• Experiment: In experimental research, scientists use a specific experimental design (which includes a control and experimental group) to test hypotheses. This is not always possible or desirable in the social sciences, so social scientists tend to rely on a broader array of methods to collect data that can help them test their hypotheses about the social world. 
• Analysis:  Scientists use various different approaches to analyse the data they collect; the approach to analysis depends on the kind of data collected, and what questions are being asked of the data. 
• Conclusions:  Scientists develop conclusions, based on the results of their analyses. They consider how these either reinforce or further develop existing knowledge and understandings, as well as what there is left to find out (the latter of which informs future research endeavours). 

Over time, social scientists have developed their own ontological and epistemological leanings, which in many ways represent a departure from the typical positivist approaches of the natural sciences. While the natural sciences tend to assume there are objective ‘truths’ waiting to be discovered through, for instance, sensory experience (seeing, looking), social scientists tend to understand truth as being socially constructed. Thus, social scientists tend to adopt interpretivist and constructivist approaches to understanding the world, seeing knowledge as being co-constructed, rooted in context, and an important source/expression of power.

Consolidate your learning: ‘Introduction to the social sciences’ video

To consolidate your understanding of the social sciences, watch the following short video – Introduction to the social sciences (YouTube, 8:34) .

Flyvbjerg (2001) referred to the ‘science wars’, by which he meant the ongoing battle between the natural and social sciences. Often in public and political discourse, the natural sciences are seen as being more ‘scientific’ and a source of ‘stronger’ or ‘more objective’ knowledge than the social sciences. However, the reality is that both have equally important but different things to offer. As Flyvbjerg (2001: 3) argued:

…the social sciences are strongest where the natural sciences are weakest: just as the social sciences have not contributed much to explanatory and predictive theory, neither have the natural sciences contributed to the reflexive analysis and discussion of values and interests…

As Flyvbjerg (2001) sees it, social scientists should not try to replicate the natural sciences but should instead embrace their ability to take a different ontological and epistemological outlook, which enables deep, reflexive, and contextualised analysis about people and societies as a point of departure for values-based action . He called this ‘phronetic social science’ (which we elaborate on later in the Chapter).

Defining key terms

‘Ontology’: Ontology is the study of reality and being. When we refer to ‘ontology’, we are not just talking about people’s views of the world, but also their lived experience and actual being in the world, as well as their beliefs and claims about the nature of their existence. Some key questions are ‘what and who exists in the world?’ and ‘what are the relationships between them’?

‘Epistemology’ : Epistemology concerns the origin and nature of knowledge, including how knowledge claims are built and made. Some key questions are ‘what is knowledge?’ and ‘how is knowledge acquired’?

Positivism: Positivism is an ontology that assumes there is an objective ‘truth’ waiting to be discovered. Positivism involves, therefore, the search for a universal/generalisable ‘truth’.

Constructivism: Constructivism is an ontology that assumes that there are multiple ‘truths’ that are subjective and socially constructed. Truths are not, therefore, universal but are instead rooted in social, historical, and geographical context. These ‘truths’ are also bound up with power. For instance, those who hold power get to say what is ‘true’ and what isn’t.

In addition to the above,  Argentine-Canadian philosopher Mario Bunge ‘s (2003: 285ff) glossary of key terms includes a range of ontological concepts used in the social sciences that are useful to think with:

“Definitions of Twelve Ontological Concepts

•   Ontology: The philosophical study of being and becoming.
•   Realism (ontological): The thesis that the world outside the student exists on its own.
•   Phenomenalism (ontological): The philosophical view that there are only phenomena (appearances to someone).
•   Constructivism (ontological): The view that the world is a human (individual or social) construction.
•   Dialectics: The ontological doctrine, due to Hegel and adopted by Marx and his followers, according to which every item is at once the unity and struggle of opposites.
•   Materialism: The family of naturalist ontologies according to which all existents are material.
•   Naturalism: The family of ontologies that assert that all existents are natural-hence none are supernatural.
•   Idealism. The family of ontologies according to which ideas pre-exist and dominate everything else.
•   Subjectivism. The family of philosophies according to which everything is in a subject’s mind (subjective idealism).
•     Holism: The family of doctrines according to which all things come in unanalyzable wholes.
•     Individualism: The view that the universe is an aggregate of separate individuals: that wholes and emergence are illusory.
•     Systemism (ontological): The view that everything is either a system or a component of some system.”

Source: Bunge, M. (2003). E mergence and Convergence: Qualitative Novelty and the Unity of Knowledge . University of Toronto Press. Pp. 285ff

Reflection exercise

Take a few moments to think about what you have read above. Then, write a short (~100 word) reflection explaining:

• primary ways in which the natural and social sciences differ, and
• some things that the social sciences offer that the natural sciences cannot.

Why study the social sciences?

In their 2019 publication, Carré asked, ‘what are the social sciences for’? In response, they propose a framework for thinking about the different approaches and contributions of social science research, which encompasses three continuums: 1) return on investment versus intrinsic value; 2) citizen (societal) relevance versus academic relevance; and 3) applied research versus basic research (see the Figure below, adapted from Carré [2019: 23]).

While Carré (2019) argues that social scientists move along these continuums, he also suggests that there is good justification for finding middle grounds between the extremes. For instance, while applied research will tend to focus on and find solutions for specific social issues (e.g. youth crime), ‘basic’ research tends to adopt a more high-level theoretical approach to shaping how we understand the world, which can lead to longer-term substantive change (such as changing the way we think about and understand youth crime). As Carré (2019: 22) explains: “either research is conducted to directly solve pressing social issues, or it takes a full step back from the social word, in order to reflect about it without directly meddling [and] being involved in its events and discussions.” However, both are incredibly useful for moving knowledge forward and making crucial contributions. Similarly, they can have important symbiotic relationships; applied research might be informed and guided by the knowledge created through basic research, and conversely, applied research studies might be meta-analysed (a type of combined analysis) to inform broader theoretical development that is often the purview of basic research.

A central question raised by Carré (2019) is, what should social science ‘give back’ to the society that supports it? Take a piece of paper and write down some responses to this, based on your own views and beliefs.

According to Flyvbjerg (2001), and as also covered by Schram (2012), the concept of ‘phronetic social science’ can help bring social scientists back to the central value of the social sciences, rather than seeing them try to emulate the natural sciences and their search for universal and generalisable theories and truths. Instead, phronetic social science recognises that ‘truth’ is dependent on context, is in constant flux, and is bound up with power. This is not to say that we live in a ‘post-truth’ world where anything goes, but merely that we need to interrogate how knowledge and truth are created and how societies and social structures can play a role in this. Famous sociologist, Michel Foucault (1926-1984) referred to this as a ‘politics of truth’: something we’ll continue to discuss in greater detail over coming chapters.

‘Phronetic’ social science

Phronetic social science draws on the concept of phronesis, a term coined by Aristotle (384-322 BC) to refer to practical wisdom that arises from experience. Thus, phronetic social science “is designed not to substitute for, but instead to supplement, practice wisdom and to do so in ways that can improve society” (Schram 2012: 16). In terms of improving society, phronetic social science is then also concerned with praxis, or the practical application of knowledge to the betterment of society. Finally, phronetic social science is not attached to particular methods (e.g. quantitative versus qualitative), instead being “open to relying on a diversity of data collection methods in order to best inform attempts to promote change related to the issues being studied” (Schram 2012: 20).

Schram (2012: 18-19) presents four justifications for phronetic social science as follows:

• “Given the dynamic nature of human interaction in the social world, social inquiry is best practiced when it does not seek general laws of action that can be used to predict courses of action, but instead offer a critical assessment of values, norms and structures of power and dominance. Social inquiry is better when it is linked to questions of the good life, that is, to questions of what we ought to do.
• While the social world is dynamic, social research is best seen as dialogical. Social inquiry is not a species of theoretical reason but of practical reason. Practical reason stays within a horizon of involvements in social life. For Flyvbjerg, this entails a context-dependent view of social inquiry that rests on the capacity for judgement. Understanding can never be grasped analytically; it is a holistic character. Understanding also has intrinsic subjective elements requiring researchers to forgo a disinterested position of detachment and enter into dialogue with those they study.
• As the study of dynamic social life, dialogical social inquiry is best practiced when we give up traditional notions of objectivity and truth and put aside the fact-value distinction. Instead, we should emphasise a contextual notion of truth that is pluralistic and culture-bound, further necessitating involvement with those we study.
• Dialogical social inquiry into a dynamic and changing social world provides a basis for emphasising that interpretation is itself a practice of power, one that if conducted publicly and in ways that engage the public can also challenge power and inform efforts to promote social change.”

This concept of phronetic social science is a helpful means of understanding how the social sciences differ to the natural sciences, and can add value in different ways. However, it doesn’t tell us  how  to do  social science, or how to  be  social scientists. What tools, for instance, might we use to undertake the sort of dialogical social inquiry that Schram refers to above? And how might we start ‘thinking’ like social scientists? We turn to these questions in the chapter that follows.

‘Phronesis’: Described by Aristotle as ‘practical wisdom’, and juxtaposed with techn é (‘know how’ of practice) and epistem é (abstract and universal knowledge).

‘Dialogical’: Exploring the meaning of things and creating knowledge through dialogue/conversation.

‘Quantitative’ : A term used to describe research methods that typically involve measurement and counting of phenomena, regularly involving numerical data.

‘Qualitative’: A term used to describe research methods that typically involve understanding and interpretation of lived experiences (how people think, feel, act), regularly involving textual data.

Think about the concept of phronetic social science. Write a short paragraph (~30-40 words) to explain it in your own words. Then read back over the content in this chapter content to check your understanding.

Resources to support further learning

Relevant readings:

• Gorton, W. ‘ The Philosophy of Social Science .’
• Flyvbjerg, B. 2001. ‘The science wars: a way out.’ In. Flyvbjerg, B. Making social science matter, chapter 1. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
• Carré, D. 2019. ‘ Social sciences, what for? On the manifold directions for social research .’ In. Valsiner, J. (Ed.) Social philosophy of science for the social sciences, pp. 13-29. Springer: Cham.
• Schram, S. 2012. ‘Phronetic social science: an idea whose time has come.’ In Flyvbjerg, B., Landman, T. and Schram, S. (Eds.) Real social science: applied phronesis. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
• Bunge, M. (2003). E mergence and Convergence: Qualitative Novelty and the Unity of Knowledge . University of Toronto Press.

Other resources:

• Video: Soomo, ‘An animated introduction to social science’ (YouTube, 4:35) .
• Video: ‘Introduction to the social sciences’ (YouTube, 8:34) .
• Podcast: Theory and Philosophy Podcast, ‘Bent Flyvbjerg – Making Social Science Matter’ (YouTube, 44:06) . (Note, discussion of  phronesis  starts at 7:51)
• Video: ‘Importance of social science with Professor Cary Cooper’ (YouTube, 4:13) .

Introduction to the Social Sciences Copyright © 2023 by The University of Queensland is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Based on evaluation, provide explanation of implications for social change..

Without knowing what two scenarios you selected, we cannot help you specifically evaluate the sample size , evaluate the statements for meaningfulness, critically evaluate the statements for statistical significance, or provide an explanation of the implications for social change.  We can, however, provide information to you about how you can make those evaluations.

Understanding how statistics work, especially in the context of science and social science research, is very important.  That is because you can have studies that seemingly show the same results, but actually contain very different information.  One important component of any type of statistic presented is....

What is the point of a normative theory essay?

Normative theory provides an absolutist framework for approaching philosophy and the soft sciences, and has a special application in philosophy, law, and the social sciences.  Normative theory states that some things are morally superior to other things.  They are concerned with right or wrong and have a goal of changing institutions, values, or norms to reflect the “right” or “good” perspective.  Obviously, since normative theory focuses on what is good, it also involves moral judgments of what is bad.

To understand normative theory, it may help to think about the concept of sin.  Even if you....

Need some topics for mixed method research in social sciences.

The social sciences refer to any academic discipline that deals with human behavior.  The fields that generally fall under this rubric include economics, anthropology, psychology , sociology, political science, historiography, as well as certain types of culture-specific studies.  Mixed method research refers to a research methodology that mixes traditional quantitative and qualitative research designs and discussing both types of evidence or data while considering the takeaways or conclusions of the research. 

Some topics for mixed method research in social sciences are:

Can you help me with some resources and bibliography for essay on assisted living

Example Bibliography for an essay on assisted living.

Writing about assisted living facilities can be challenging, because many of the sources that you will find online will be advertising for assisted living , rather than factual and informative pieces.  An assisted living facility is a housing facility for people who cannot or choose not to live independently.  They can range from facilities where there is a minimum amount of help to full-care nursing facilities.  In fact, many facilities offer a range of housing options, which are adaptable as a person’s ability to live independently....

Social Science Theory and Methodology

Social Science Theory & Methods MAIN STUDY QUESTION: What role does digital deception play in the establishment of trust, confidence and authenticity regarding the use of graphics and images in the online media sources we use? The world is getting more and more comfortable with the integration of technology into our lives. While we often pay attention to this in the way that we use certain types of equipment or access portals (such as cell phones or websites), in reality there are a great deal of other types of digital integration that can be just as important. For example, there may be growing levels of falsified graphics or manipulated images in the communications and news postings that we are exposed to in the various kinds of sites we use online. What does it mean when we see and accept false or altered pictures and information online as being true in settings where greater….

Johnston, C. (2003). Digital Deception. American Journalism Review. Viewable at  http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=2975 .

Loftus, G. (1991). On the tyranny of hypothesis testing in the social sciences. Book review of The Empire of Chance: How probability changed science and everyday life by Gerd Gigerenzer, Zeno Swijink, Theodore Porter, Lorraine Daston, John Beatty, and Lorenz Kruger, Cambridge University Press, 1989.

MailOnline (2009). Ban airbrushing in magazines and posters that ruins teen self-esteem, says Liberal Democrats. Viewable at  http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1204002/Ban-airbrushing-magazines-posters-ruins-teen-self-esteem-say-Liberal-Democrats.html .

Social Science 8382 Australia May Not Necessarily

Social Science 8382 Australia may not necessarily be a democracy The term democracy has been derived from a Greek word 'demokratia' that translates to 'rule of the people' (Liddell & Scott, 1996). Democracy was famously described by Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States of America, as the 'Government of the people, by the people, for the people'. As the translation itself defines, democracy is a form of government in a country which is governed by a group of representatives elected by the people of that country on their behalf. Each citizen of a democratic system has the freedom of speech, the right to practice their religion and an equal say in the matters and decisions affecting their lives. This say is exercised through the means of a vote, which the people cast to elect probable candidates from within themselves, to manage, control and make decisions for the country on….

Bibliography

Democracy Index 2010. Economist Intelligence Unit Limited.

DFAT. (2008, February). Australia's system of government. Retrieved from Australian Government: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT): http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/sys_gov.html

Evatt, H.V. (1943). LIFE: The Australian Way of Life. Time inc.

Liddell, H.G., & Scott, R. (1996). A Greek-English Lexicon: 9th Edition. UK: Oxford University Press.

Social Science Methods a Comparison of Social

Social Science Methods A Comparison of Social Science Methodologies Unlike the physical sciences, social science is intrinsically bound up in the complexities of human nature and interpersonal relationships. Because these can be defined and understood in a variety of different and sometimes conflicting ways, social science is subject to a degree of interpretation and disagreement that is not normally present in the other sciences. As a result of differing assumptions about the nature of human interaction and the purpose of a human science, three main methodologies have developed in social science: positivist, interpretive, and critical. Of these, the critical approach is the most complex, and is best understood in comparison to the other two. The least complex and most intuitively grasped of the three approaches is positivism. Positivist social science shares fundamental attributes with the physical sciences, and is in line with what most people think of as "science" in that it reduces….

Social Science Theory and Methodology Questions Generated for a Social Science Analysis Substantive Question. Significance of substantive question. This section describes the significance of a suitable substantive research question, formulated for social analysis. Categorically, the social science research topic for this paper is human psychological development. College students who have matriculated directly from high school typically exhibit behaviors indicative of their age and maturity levels that, if they endure in to adulthood, can cause difficulties in relationships, work environments, and detract from overall adjustment. In addition to providing educational opportunities for students, society expects that the college years will add to students' cognitive, behavioral, and emotional repertoire. In short, college students are expected to graduate as more mature individuals than they were as entering freshmen. This section explores the thinking behind application of the scientific method to a substantive question that addresses the psychological development of students during the college years that enables….

Perry, J.A. & Perry E.K. (2009). Contemporary society: An introduction to social science (12th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing.

Sydenstricker-Neto, J. (1997). Research design and mixed-method approach. In W.M.K. William and D.A. Land (1982). Designing designs for research, The Researcher, 1(1), 1-6. Retrieved March 22, 2011  http://www.socialresearchmethods.net  / tutorial/Sydenstricker/bolsa.html#Research%20Design

University of Alabama Huntsville (2011, March 9). Deforestation's impact on Mount Kilimanjaro calculated. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 9, 2011  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110305112136.htm

Social Sciences There Are Many Fields of

Social Sciences There are many fields of study that fall under the umbrella of the social sciences. Sociology is usually the first thing that comes to mind when the term is mentioned, but there are several other fields of study under social sciences. A person studying in this field could also study such things as anthropology, history, archeology, and geography to name a few. Since studying in these fields generally does not command the large salaries as say a degree in computer programming or finance might, many wonder why someone would study in any field under the social sciences umbrella. Even though studying in this field may not seem like a guarantee to a fast track career with a large paycheck, the social sciences offers a broad range of knowledge that can be used in almost any career field. A degree in the social sciences helps the student become a diverse, independently….

Gabbo, F. (2009). On metaphors, everyday diversity and intercultural education: Some further reflections. Intercultural Education, 20(4), 321-332.

Groeneveld, P.W., Heidenreich, P.A., Garber, A.M. (2005). Trends in implantable cardioverter-

defibrillator racial disparity. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 45(1), 72-

Social Sciences Why Are the

Still, this idea should also be supported by data about birth control use and an analysis of how often responsible attitudes towards sexuality are discussed in the media, rather than a deconstruction of a few ads. The issue of ethics in psychology and anthropology also requires a certain rigorous and rule-based methodology. To avoid exploiting or changing home cultures, anthropologists must maintain a proper distance from their subjects. Researchers in psychology cannot abuse subjects in a laboratory environment to prove a theory. The issue of 'common sense' inevitably plays some role in social science theory, given that researchers are human beings, and bring their own cultural assumptions to their studies and the construction of hypotheses. But common sense can never replace statistical, experimental, and recorded data about another culture. What constitutes common sense varies widely from culture to culture and era to era. 'Common sense' or cultural misconceptions may tell us….

Social Sciences Research Is the

Theories offer basic frameworks for research investigations. For example, a criminologist might work within a conflict theory framework; or a psychologist might work within the cognitive developmental theory framework. The theory guides the research design, the selection of subject and the selection of the population too. As a body of research grows, new theories may be devised that summarize or encapsulate the essence of an area of research. When studies corroborate previous findings, the theory is bolstered and supported. When studies expose flaws in prior research designs, a theory may be cast aside as easily as it was created. Theories can be proven and disproven more directly: as when larger-scale studies reveal a negligent effect that appeared in a smaller-scale one. Conducting studies remains a key concern for social scientists. Positive concerns include the trust in empirical research to promote a better understanding of human life. Negative concerns include such things….

Social Science Edu Research Resources

In general the PS website is one of the web's most valuable and useful for teachers. The social media integration for the activity packs might actually come in handy for teachers seeking to encourage a more educational function for social media platforms, and could be a useful teaching strategy. As a teacher of social studies and social science fields like sociology, I will use the PS website. The lesson plans are excellent, and are in subject areas that I never would have considered myself. This allows me to think outside the box when working with my students. The multimedia emphasis on the PS website lesson plans and activity packs will also be helpful for teachers that need a boost in their inclusion of new media to instructional design. yrne, R. (2010) "12 Resources All Social Studies Teachers Should Try." This page by social sciences educator yrne (2010) does not include any lesson….

Byrne, R. (2010, 04-06). 12 Resources All Social Studies Teachers Should Try. Retrieved 04-20, 2013, from Free Technology for Teachers:  http://www.freetech4teachers.com/2010/04/12-resources-every-social-studies.html#.UXG4bishKII 

McGraw-Hill. (1997, 0-0). Research Resources for the Social Sciences. Retrieved 04-20, 2013, from Research Resources for the Social Sciences: http://www.socsciresearch.com/

PBS. (n.d., n.d. n.d.). PBS Teachers Social Studies. Retrieved 04-20, 2013, from PBS Teachers:  http://www.pbs.org/teachers/socialstudies/

Social Science Is Composed of

With recent immigration and greater exposure to outside cultures, will the need for diversity arise? Will the need be reflected in media? There is evidence already of this happening thanks to reality shows and the news. Suggestions of hot and cold media point to the need for people to observe or escape. Hot media presents the user with a means to observe a world with limited to no interaction or a cool media outlet that present limitless interactions and meaning. (Haliday, 1978) Hot media although a staple in viewer ship, presents an either affirming or alienating standpoint to the consumer, whereas cool media reaches to the unknown and constantly changes as its interpreted. To find meaning in media such as is the study of social semiotics, technology may be viewed as a youth and male driven vehicle. What is known is that technology fuels the ever-changing dynamic of social media.….

Eco, Umberto (1983). The Name of the Rose. Harcourt.

Halliday, M.A.K. (1978). Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. Maryland. University Park Press.

Haraway, Donna (1991). "Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century." Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 1-85343-138-9

Hodge, R. And G. Kress. (1988). Social Semiotics. Cambridge: Polity

Social Science What Is the

4. Identify the independent and dependent variables, including how each is defined. On the surface, this study merely seeks to test two separate correlations (between self-perception and metaperception and between metaperception and other-perception, respectively), and so can be considered to have all "independent" variables; causation (dependence) is not technically an issue. However, given the larger SIT framework the authors are employing, self-image (self-perception) is viewed as dependent on perceptions of how the subject is perceived by others (metaperception), which are in turn dependent on the way others actually perceive the subject (other-perception). 5. Describe at least 2 findings from this study. The study revealed that while (1) adolescents and young adults tend to view themselves in similar terms to the way they believe their parents view them, (2) there is only marginal evidence that their perceptions of the way their parents view them actually line up with their parents' actual views. In general, both adolescents….

Cook, W.L. & Douglas, E.M. (1998). The looking-glass self in family context: A social relations analysis. Journal of Family Psychology 12(3), 299-309.

Social Psychology The Social Sciences

Thus, this aspect can multiply into many sub-genres that focus on one or more aspects of the social world as they contribute to influencing behaviors and innate thought processes. Focusing on the social means looking for more abstract concepts that relate to existence within a social world. Actually trying to predict later success in publication, "Predicting the future success of junior scholars is of great concern to academic hiring committees," (Haslam & Lamb 2009:144). Yet it is based within two correlating variables that can then be compared, "It is therefore reasonable to predict that publication success during graduate school may be associated with publication success later in people's academic careers," (Haslam & Lamb 2009:144). Although the subject is socially constructed, the method of analysis is still quantitatively measured. Even this study shows quantitative measurement use- using mathematical prediction models in analysis of data (Haslam & Lamb 2009). egression analysis,….

Haslam, Nick & Laham, Simon M. (2009). Ten years on: does graduate student promise predict later scientific achievement? Current Research in Social Psychology. 14(10):143-147.

Kearl, Michael C. (2009). Social psychology. Trinity University. Retrieved 28, October 2009 at  http://trinity.edu/~mkearl/socpsy.html 

New York University (2009). Infants able to identify humans as source of speech. Science Daily. Retrieved October 28, 2009 at  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091019162919.htm 

Smith, Eliot R. & Mackie, Diane M. (1999). Social Psychology. Routledge Press.

Social Science Research Silver Roxane

For this kind of research to be effective, researchers must gain the trust and confidence of these individuals. Careful planning, focus group research, and investigation may help to build this kind of trust, but all of those steps add time (and expenses) to the research process. c) Use of untested assumptions. Researchers may have their own assumptions about how people react to trauma, and these assumptions may negatively affect their own neutrality. Those assumptions may also impact the design of the study, through the types of questions being asked in the research to the way the researcher interacts with the subjects. Misconceptions about trauma are rampant, and in fact people react very differently to stresses in their lives. 5. Major Findings: Researchers discovered a great deal of variability in post-traumatic response among individuals in the immediate community where the trauma took place. Many of those closest to the trauma had the most….

Social Science Research What Is

Inductive reasoning occurs when one makes inferences from particular situations or scenarios to predict future situations. In this study, the authors seek to use information from particular youth's experiences of the transition to adulthood and apply it to the development of a general understanding of whether or not youth can overcome existing social class, gender and ethnic divisions (MacDonald et al., 2005). 5. Identify at least 4 major findings from this study. MacDonald et al. (2005) found that with few exceptions youth stayed within the community in which they were raised. The authors attributed this finding to the housing market but a more influential factor appears to be the preference of these youth to remain in their neighborhoods despite the presence of social exclusion. A key factor in this preference was the comfort that is provided through familiarity with the neighborhood (MacDonald et al., 2005). Within these neighborhoods, MacDonald et al.….

MacDonald, R., Shildrick, T., Webster, C., & Simpson, D. (2005). Growing up in poor

neighbourhoods: The significance of class and place in the extended transitions of 'socially excluded' young adults. Sociology, 39(5), 873-891.

HTMLCONTROL Forms.HTML:Hidden.1

Social Science Research Evans A And S

Social Science esearch Evans, A. And S. Frank. (2004). Adolescent Depression and Externalizing Problems: Testing Two Models of Comorbidity in an Inpatient Sample. Adolescence. 39 (153) [HIDDEN] etrieved from: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_153_39/ai_n6145265/ The Scientific Method, though requires data and data analysis to be effective. In its most basic outline, quantitative data is information that can be measured by numbers or numerical values. Quantitative inquiry is a method that is used in scientific methodology to gather a logical and provable manner of collecting and analyzing data. Qualitative research uses a less numerical and more open ended approach to data -- it investigates the why and how of decision making; whereas quantitative focuses more on the what, where, and when -- which are all numerically measurable. One method is not necessarily better than the other; it is entirely dependent upon the hypothesis that is being tested. Indeed, qualitative research is often used to form the hypothesis….

Evans, A. And S. Frank. (2004). Adolescent Depression and Externalizing Problems: Testing Two Models of Comorbidity in an Inpatient Sample. Adolescence. 39 (153) [HIDDEN] Retrieved from:  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_153_39/ai_n6145265/ 

Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59-82.

Social Science Research Discussion Question

Table of contents undergoes modification to accommodate the changes in the modern world. New volumes also elaborate on the changes or transformation within the sector of law enforcement agencies. Discussion Question 2 -- Errors in Human Inquiry Babbie Earl illustrates on numerous fallacies or errors that undermine the effectiveness and efficiency of human inquiry. These errors include assumed or made up information, overgeneralization, inaccurate observation, selective observation, premature closure, ego involvement, and mystification (Babbie, 2010). In order to avoid these errors, the author suggests accurate measures for each. In one occasion, a friend of mine came to me holding a piece of paper. Instead of checking out what the paper was about, I assumed that he was shedding the tear of joy having passed his test or something. Later it turned out that he was be evacuated from his apartment for failure to pay rent. During this judgment, error or fallacy….

Conser, J.A., Paynich, R., & Gingerich, T. (2012). Law enforcement in the United States.

Burlington, Mass: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Hess, K.M., Orthmann, C.M.H., & Cho, H.L. (2012). Introduction to law enforcement and criminal justice. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar/Cengage Learning.

Wrobleski, H.M., & Hess, K.M. (2006). Introduction to law enforcement and criminal justice.

Communication - Journalism

Social Science Theory & Methods MAIN STUDY QUESTION: What role does digital deception play in the establishment of trust, confidence and authenticity regarding the use of graphics and images in…

Social Science 8382 Australia may not necessarily be a democracy The term democracy has been derived from a Greek word 'demokratia' that translates to 'rule of the people' (Liddell & Scott,…

Social Science Methods A Comparison of Social Science Methodologies Unlike the physical sciences, social science is intrinsically bound up in the complexities of human nature and interpersonal relationships. Because these can…

Social Science Theory and Methodology Questions Generated for a Social Science Analysis Substantive Question. Significance of substantive question. This section describes the significance of a suitable substantive research question, formulated for social…

Social Sciences There are many fields of study that fall under the umbrella of the social sciences. Sociology is usually the first thing that comes to mind when the term…

Still, this idea should also be supported by data about birth control use and an analysis of how often responsible attitudes towards sexuality are discussed in the media,…

Theories offer basic frameworks for research investigations. For example, a criminologist might work within a conflict theory framework; or a psychologist might work within the cognitive developmental theory framework.…

Research Paper

In general the PS website is one of the web's most valuable and useful for teachers. The social media integration for the activity packs might actually come in…

With recent immigration and greater exposure to outside cultures, will the need for diversity arise? Will the need be reflected in media? There is evidence already of this…

Article Review

4. Identify the independent and dependent variables, including how each is defined. On the surface, this study merely seeks to test two separate correlations (between self-perception and metaperception and between…

Thus, this aspect can multiply into many sub-genres that focus on one or more aspects of the social world as they contribute to influencing behaviors and innate thought…

For this kind of research to be effective, researchers must gain the trust and confidence of these individuals. Careful planning, focus group research, and investigation may help to…

Inductive reasoning occurs when one makes inferences from particular situations or scenarios to predict future situations. In this study, the authors seek to use information from particular youth's…

Dissertation or Thesis complete

Social Science esearch Evans, A. And S. Frank. (2004). Adolescent Depression and Externalizing Problems: Testing Two Models of Comorbidity in an Inpatient Sample. Adolescence. 39 (153) [HIDDEN] etrieved from: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_153_39/ai_n6145265/ The…

Discussion Chapter

Criminal Justice

Table of contents undergoes modification to accommodate the changes in the modern world. New volumes also elaborate on the changes or transformation within the sector of law enforcement…

Interdisciplinarity

What I Have Learned from Social Science

I’ve spent my adult life in and around social science. Academically through studying psychology and linguistics (alongside philosophy), professionally through working at SAGE for over 30 years and personally through an abiding amateur interest in various fields sometimes expressed in my own writing of books or articles.

In light of my recent election as a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences. I’ve been reflecting on what social science has meant to me, and why my interest continues to this day.

These reflections are a quite personal take. They are not meant to be a ‘defence of social science’ or a comprehensive review of its impact in various domains, though when people who aren’t familiar with social science ask me what the point of it is I find myself responding in this kind of vein. It’s a personal view on why I think a social science imagination can benefit us as individuals and improve society more generally, especially at a time of such upheaval and reconfiguration.

The starting point for me is in human psychology, the subject of my undergraduate degree. In my first week in October 1985 as a fresher at Exeter University, I met Steve Reicher, who was assigned as my first-year tutor.  Steve was a ‘new blood’ lecturer at the time who had a year earlier published what was to become a seminal article analysing the St Paul’s riots in Bristol in April 1980. Through my encounters and discussions with Steve and other psychologists in the department I learned about certain features of human nature. While I didn’t go quite as far as Steve, who would say ‘the nature of human nature is its capacity to transcend itself’, and while the very idea of human nature is, I realise, contested and felt confusing to me initially, I started to learn how profoundly social that nature was.

While this may sound obvious to many – we are social animals who cooperate and learn from each other, of course – I nevertheless find it hard to see myself that way consistently. And I’ve learned that it’s not just me. While social science shows how our natures are deeply social it also explains why we don’t always see this fact that well. When not looking through a social science lens we (in the West at least) tend to see ourselves and our place in the world as more individual than that, like fish swimming around unaware of the environment in which they are suspended.

It’s not that the idea of the individual is a myth. Rather it is one of many identities, all shaped by historical and cultural forces, which tends in our daily lives to be overly emphasised. We see the figure more easily than the ground along which she walks. For instance, what’s known as the ‘fundamental attribution error’ leads me to look at someone’s behaviour and explain it too quickly in terms of their imagined individual characteristics and ignore the context. So if someone cuts me up in traffic I more easily think ‘selfish!’ rather than ‘maybe there’s an emergency’.

A key value of social science, it seems to me, is to counter-balance that self-image , to help us see the ground as well as we see the figure. We know when it comes to physical health that what we want and what is good for us are not always aligned. Well so it is for the social health of this social animal. Our interests, it seems to me, are best served by a more balanced understanding of human circumstances and contexts, but for all sorts of reasons evolutionists like to explore, we don’t do this as fully as we might. The tendency mentioned above for instance, to see the individual more easily than her circumstances, has deep consequences for the chances of human flourishing – for our attitudes toward each other – if left unchecked.

And this point, the need to see more context, can be extended in various ways. Here are 10 examples of tendencies we have which a social science imagination can and should help us to counter-balance, each of which have moral or political implications for how to organise ourselves and society better. This is not to say that each tendency is a problem in itself, or that we can’t reverse it under certain conditions, it’s that a social science imagination is useful in helping us do just that. 1 I’ve added a reference for each one to help provide a bit more insight for those who are interested. But as I say these reflections are personal and highly selective rather than anything systematic. For that you should talk to the experts! I’ve put these 10 into three broad buckets:

Those tendencies which assume we have more agency, more control over our circumstances, than we do, e.g.:

• Judgement over luck. It’s easier, thanks to the ‘just-world hypothesis’ and even the idea of meritocracy to assume people have more responsibility for their outcomes than they generally have. So people who end up worse off in life can be blamed for their individual failure to measure up.
• Cure over prevention. It’s easier to say ‘lock ’em up’ and harder to be tough on the causes of crime. The same goes for health interventions. We will typically pay more for treatment rather than preventative measures.
• The conscious over the unconscious. It’s easier to focus on explicit thoughts and feelings, and to assume we are rational and objective in our judgments while ignoring the less obvious underlying tendencies such as revealed by studies of unconscious bias.

Then there are those which favour the near over the far, whether in terms of time, space or social categories, such as:

• Short term over long term. It’s easier to spend now than to save for a pension. Similarly, we can underrate the significance of climate change for future generations.
• The near at hand over the far away. It’s easier to care about the incidence of COVID-19 in our own locale rather than further afield. There’s even evidence of a ‘propinquity effect’ which describes how we find people and things more appealing merely by being physically closer to us.
• Us over Them. What’s called ‘ingroup favouritism’ makes it easier to sympathise with people ‘like me’ than the members of an outgroup. The recent surge in political polarisation, from Brexit to the recent US election, bears on this tendency.

We have tendencies to oversimplify, to prefer the status quo and then to generalise, such as when we favour

• The dominant over the marginalised. It’s easier to see a tall, white middle class man as an authority figure than almost anybody else!
• The vivid example over statistical data . It’s easier to fear terrorism and plane crashes than driving cars. And remember the line often attributed to Stalin, that a single death is a tragedy, while a million deaths are a mere statistic.
• Choosing the status quo over alternative explanations. It’s easier to say ‘that’s just how things are’, than this is how they got this way and could be different. Much of what feels immutable is in fact socially constructed.
• The simple over the complex. It’s easier to skewer politicians on the journalistic jab of ‘answer the question yes or no’, than to accept a more nuanced response. Many social problems are known as ‘wicked’ and don’t always have right or wrong answers, though hopefully better or worse ones.

It’s a simple list which reveals my starting point in psychology, and others (from sociology, anthropology, political science etc) would choose different examples I’m sure. But I hope it shows that tending to think people have more freedom and agency than they do, or tending to favour the near over the far, or to see the social world as fixed rather than constructed comes easily to us, while hampering the possibilities of human progress in many ways.

A social science imagination helps us put a thumb on the scales to counter-balance those tendencies. This offers possibilities to recalibrate society to better suit our social natures than an individualistic essentialising view will be inclined to do. Meanwhile politicians, media outlets, and more generally people with power and wanting to hold on to it exploit these tendencies; and social science analyses that, too.

Social science has a hard time breaking through because it tends not to offer up easy answers and solutions (see point 10 above). But as one physicist pointed out, it is child’s play to understand theoretical physics compared to understanding child’s play. Understanding molecules offers more law-like generalisations and predictions than understanding people and culture. The problems addressed by social science are complex and often don’t have right or wrong answers, but hopefully offer better or worse ones. And often those answers depend on some mix of different levels of analysis.

The complexity of social science reflects the complexities of humanity at many scales and magnitudes. At a global level, scientists study wars and conflict, trans-national migration, cultures and religions, international cooperation and diplomacy between nations. Zoom into a country and they look at forms of government and how power is gained, how the economy works. Zoom further into policy domains and see social scientists looking at crime, aging, mental health, physical health (obesity, vaccine uptake, physical distancing), education, social care, the use of technology, the nature of work, the media, social cohesion, inequality and social injustice. You’ll find them analysing organizations like companies, political parties, schools, prisons, cities, football clubs, unions and the forms of organization that describe how they work, and don’t work, such as leadership, crowd behaviour, discrimination, power. Zoom in further to see them study interpersonal behaviour whether in groups, teams or relationships. Looking into family systems offers yet more levels of complexity even before turning to individual differences and subjective experiences (of love, loneliness, stress, addiction, emotion, memory, motivation) let alone those who dive into perception, cognition, the unconscious and more.

These levels are intersecting and overlapping as much as we are, and the study of them leads social science to interact with other disciplines, from natural sciences on the one side to humanities on the other.

Of course there’s good and bad, deep and trivial, applied and abstract work in social science as in all fields, and the mechanism of generating scholarship which translates to everyday impact and relevance is complex and sometimes badly broken through the many mixed incentives that come from trying to create academic reputations in higher education settings. As the social scientist Garry Brewer once pithily remarked ‘the world has problems while universities have departments’.

With all that said the cumulative intellectual labour of social scientists across the globe does have a powerful effect over time. And it is particularly satisfying watching Steve Reicher, now at St Andrews, commenting influentially on many of today’s political issues. Many of you will have seen his work on government responses to COVID-19 as part of the behavioural science advisory committee to what we call ‘the other SAGE’ and latterly independent SAGE.

But the moment that struck me most forcibly was after the death of George Floyd and the subsequent protests, one of which was the pulling down of the statue of Edward Colston in Bristol — the same city where the St Paul’s riots occurred 40 years before. Steve commented on how this event did not trigger riots this time around. And he gave particular credit to Chief Constable Andy Marsh, suggesting that if he had been there in 1980 there wouldn’t have been riots. But the police have evolved in their training and tactics since then in part thanks to social scientists like Steve and his PhD students, now professors themselves in UK universities and often advising police on their responses to handling protests to avoid them turning into riots. The key point being to see crowds not as mad or bad but as highly minded and acting with reasons, and in contexts partly shaped by how the police themselves intervene. 3 Here’s a representative article urging shifts in the police’s construals of crowds at the time of the poll tax riots:  https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199807/08)28:4%3C509::AID-EJSP877%3E3.0.CO;2-C Social science imagination in action! I don’t know if Steve’s, his colleagues’ and others’ impact has been obliterated through incorporation, but I can see the link through time.

This is just one example. Play it out over the various domains I described earlier and you might see why I’m incredibly grateful to the social scientists present and past who through their work have shaped and framed my way of thinking and a stance toward the world which I believe would, in countless ways, be much poorer for its absence.

Ziyad Marar

Ziyad Marar is an author and president of global publishing at SAGE Publishing. His books include Judged: The Value of Being Misunderstood (Bloomsbury, 2018), Intimacy: Understanding the Subtle Power of Human Connection (Acumen Publishing, 2012), Deception (Acumen Publishing, 2008), and The Happiness Paradox (Reaktion Books 2003). He tweets @ZiyadMarar.

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This is interesting, and thought-provoking reading; I am reading it as part of the content for my MA in Creative Writing at Kingston School of Art. I am interested in your example of the ‘fundamental attribution error’ where we instantly ‘frame’ someone in a negative light in traffic, and your exposition on how this feeds through into many other examples. I think it is a shame though that you framed this as ‘imagined’, and that the imagination is often blamed for instances like this. As elucidated in A Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), you will note that it is the …  Read more »

The most unkind remark made about the social sciences is that they are fuzzy science. Here in this article Ziyad Marar correctly explains that they are complex. And that they are infinitely worth pursueing. However, as Jordan Peterson and from a slightly different angle Douglas Murray might argue, there is a danger today that in this field the academic world has shifted so much to the left that University students are being misled in believing dismantelling statues for “righteous causes” is something brave and praiseworthy. I feel sure Mr. Marar would not be amongst those encouraging them, realising that different …  Read more »

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As a math professor who teaches students to use data to make informed decisions, I am familiar with common mistakes people make when dealing with numbers. The Dunning-Kruger effect is the idea that the least skilled people overestimate their abilities more than anyone else. This sounds convincing on the surface and makes for excellent comedy. But in a recent paper, my colleagues and I suggest that the mathematical approach used to show this effect may be incorrect.

Coping with Institutional Complexity and Voids: An Organization Design Perspective for Transnational Interorganizational Projects

Institutional complexity occurs when the structures, interests, and activities of separate but collaborating organizations—often across national and cultural boundaries—are not well aligned. Institutional voids in this context are gaps in function or capability, including skills gaps, lack of an effective regulatory regime, and weak contract-enforcing mechanisms.

Maintaining Anonymity In Double-Blind Peer Review During The Age of Artificial Intelligence

The double-blind review process, adopted by many publishers and funding agencies, plays a vital role in maintaining fairness and unbiasedness by concealing the identities of authors and reviewers. However, in the era of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data, a pressing question arises: can an author’s identity be deduced even from an anonymized paper (in cases where the authors do not advertise their submitted article on social media)?

Hype Terms In Research: Words Exaggerating Results Undermine Findings

The claim that academics hype their research is not news. The use of subjective or emotive words that glamorize, publicize, embellish or exaggerate results and promote the merits of studies has been noted for some time and has drawn criticism from researchers themselves. Some argue hyping practices have reached a level where objectivity has been replaced by sensationalism and manufactured excitement. By exaggerating the importance of findings, writers are seen to undermine the impartiality of science, fuel skepticism and alienate readers.

Five Steps to Protect – and to Hear – Research Participants

Jasper Knight identifies five key issues that underlie working with human subjects in research and which transcend institutional or disciplinary differences.

New Tool Promotes Responsible Hiring, Promotion, and Tenure in Research Institutions

Modern-day approaches to understanding the quality of research and the careers of researchers are often outdated and filled with inequalities. These approaches […]

There’s Something In the Air…But Is It a Virus? Part 1

The historic Hippocrates has become an iconic figure in the creation myths of medicine. What can the body of thought attributed to him tell us about modern responses to COVID?

Alison Gopnik on Care

Caring makes us human.  This is one of the strongest ideas one could infer from the work that developmental psychologist Alison Gopnik is discovering in her work on child development, cognitive economics and caregiving.

Tejendra Pherali on Education and Conflict

Tejendra Pherali, a professor of education, conflict and peace at University College London, researches the intersection of education and conflict around the world.

Safiya Noble on Search Engines

In an age where things like facial recognition or financial software algorithms are shown to uncannily reproduce the prejudices of their creators, this was much less obvious earlier in the century, when researchers like Safiya Umoja Noble were dissecting search engine results and revealing the sometimes appalling material they were highlighting.

Gamification as an Effective Instructional Strategy

Gamification—the use of video game elements such as achievements, badges, ranking boards, avatars, adventures, and customized goals in non-game contexts—is certainly not a new thing.

Harnessing the Tide, Not Stemming It: AI, HE and Academic Publishing

Who will use AI-assisted writing tools — and what will they use them for? The short answer, says Katie Metzler, is everyone and for almost every task that involves typing.

Immigration Court’s Active Backlog Surpasses One Million

In the first post from a series of bulletins on public data that social and behavioral scientists might be interested in, Gary Price links to an analysis from the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse.

Webinar Discusses Promoting Your Article

The next in SAGE Publishing’s How to Get Published webinar series focuses on promoting your writing after publication. The free webinar is set for November 16 at 4 p.m. BT/11 a.m. ET/8 a.m. PT.

Webinar Examines Open Access and Author Rights

The next in SAGE Publishing’s How to Get Published webinar series honors International Open Access Week (October 24-30). The free webinar is […]

Ping, Read, Reply, Repeat: Research-Based Tips About Breaking Bad Email Habits

At a time when there are so many concerns being raised about always-on work cultures and our right to disconnect, email is the bane of many of our working lives.

New Dataset Collects Instances of ‘Contentious Politics’ Around the World

The European Research Center is funding the Global Contentious Politics Dataset, or GLOCON, a state-of-the-art automated database curating information on political events — including confrontations, political turbulence, strikes, rallies, and protests

Matchmaking Research to Policy: Introducing Britain’s Areas of Research Interest Database

Kathryn Oliver discusses the recent launch of the United Kingdom’s Areas of Research Interest Database. A new tool that promises to provide a mechanism to link researchers, funders and policymakers more effectively collaboratively and transparently.

Watch The Lecture: The ‘E’ In Science Stands For Equity

According to the National Science Foundation, the percentage of American adults with a great deal of trust in the scientific community dropped […]

Watch a Social Scientist Reflect on the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

“It’s very hard,” explains Sir Lawrence Freedman, “to motivate people when they’re going backwards.”

Dispatches from Social and Behavioral Scientists on COVID

Has the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic impacted how social and behavioral scientists view and conduct research? If so, how exactly? And what are […]

Contemporary Politics Focus of March Webinar Series

This March, the Sage Politics team launches its first Politics Webinar Week. These webinars are free to access and will be delivered by contemporary politics experts —drawn from Sage’s team of authors and editors— who range from practitioners to instructors.

New Thought Leadership Webinar Series Opens with Regional Looks at Research Impact

Research impact will be the focus of a new webinar series from Epigeum, which provides online courses for universities and colleges. The […]

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Essay on my favorite subject - social science

In this essay, I am explaining about my favourite subject. It is my favourite subject because we study the relationship between individuals and society as well as the development of society. In this subject, we study society in the context of equality and diversity. We can learn about the culture in various communities and the world. It is understood as an important subject in today's interconnected international communities. When I grow up, I would like to be a social researcher.

The subjects that we are studying in social science

Why social science is my favourite subject.

Social science is the study of the social, economic, political, and historical activities of human beings. It indicates human rights and duties. By studying this subject excellent human society can be created. Social science studies are nowadays considered as a combination of both art and science because its subject is social but its method of study is scientific. It is dynamic in nature. Traditionally it has been considered a detailed account of social affairs but today it is being accepted as a scientific study.

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Free 100-Word Essay Samples

57 samples of this type

A 100-word essay is a short piece. It might be assigned by a school teacher to test the student’s knowledge of the topic and their ability to formulate thoughts concisely. The most common genres for texts of 100 to 150 words are a discussion board post and a personal statement for a college application.

NDNQI Contribution to Nursing Healthcare

It is important to note that NDNQI has been operating since 1998, making it one of the biggest and reliable databases to aid and improve nursing healthcare by providing relevant, research-based data on nursing care (Northwestern Medicine, n.d.). The research needs to be continued even after the patient’s departure. The...

The Sekmadienis Ltd. v. Lithuania Court Case

Sekmadienis Ltd. v. Lithuania concerned a lawsuit filed by the Lithuanian Government against the advertising company. According to the lawsuit, the religious feelings of believers were offended by promotional materials associated with Christianity. As a substantiation, the appeals of individual citizens were used. However, the plaintiff’s claims were biased under...

Watson’s Philosophy and Caring Science in Practice

Jean Watson’s theory consists of four steps and can apply to the fields of scientific research and medicine alike. At first, the person assesses the situation through observation, identification, and literature gathering. They conceptualize the framework and create a hypothesis. Then the planning stage can begin. During this step, the...

Reducing the Occurrence of Hypothermia in Newborns

In the post, the author brilliantly explores the use of the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle to reduce the occurrence of hypothermia in newborns by delaying baths to 24 hours after birth. The cycle is instrumental for implementing small but consistent quality improvement projects to bring changes in practice and reduce the occurrence...

Communist Manifesto vs. the Capital

The Communist Manifesto expresses Communist theories while Capital is a scholarly examination of the formation, collapse of an economic system. The Communist Manifesto gives a demand list on how to create communism while Capital is a political economy critical analysis showing exploitation of the working class. Communist Manifesto is a...

How Many Pages Is a 100-Word Essay?

A 100-word text usually takes about 1 page. All the major citation styles assume that an essay will take approximately 250 words per page. The most common format is double-spaced, Times New Roman, 12 pt. The details might differ – for instance, in MLA 9 and APA 7, Calibri and Arial are also accepted. However, 12-point Times New Roman remains preferable.

How Many Paragraphs Is a 100-Word Essay?

A 100-word essay should include 1 to 2 paragraphs. In academic writing, a paragraph should contain at least 50 words and three sentences.

How Does a 100-Word Essay Look Like?

A 100-word essay is quite a short piece. However, it should be properly planned. Your essay should contain four to five concise paragraphs. It is to consist of an introduction paragraph, two to three body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

How Long Does a 100-Word Essay Take?

It will take you about 2 to 4 minutes to type 100 words on your keyboard, depending on your typing speed. However, if you also need to perform research, make a reference list, add in-text citations, and graphic materials, you’ll need more time – not less than 20 minutes for 100 words.

How Many Body Paragraphs Are in a 100 Word Essay?

An average 100-word essay contains 1 to 2 paragraphs. Each paragraph should be 70 to 150 words long.

Writing Clarity: Paraphrasing Without Plagiarism

The clarity in writing is not just a virtue. It is the essence of communication between writer and reader. This is true whether one weaves a fable, explains complex philosophy, reveals scientific findings, or gives directions to a party. To be understood, the very best writing needs to be utterly...

“Top Challenges Facing the Healthcare Industry Today”: Three Challenges

As a dynamically developing industry, the healthcare system experiences several prominent challenges associated with its constant growth. In the video, the speaker defined three primary challenges for the modern healthcare industry: the cost of care, the quality of care, and data security (KonicaMinoltaUS, 2019). Thus, I think that the challenges...

Credit Analysis of Financial Position

Credit analyst scrutinizes historical financial data for companies and individuals seeking a loan from money lenders to verify the creditworthiness and possible risk associated with lending the funds. They approve loan application by determining the likelihood of repayment. The minimum qualification for the position is a bachelor’s degree in accounting,...

“Genius: Aretha”: Famous Singer Aretha Franklin

To embrace the complexity and impact of the past, it is essential to take retrospect on the key art pieces and artists that were relevant at the time since art serves as a means of reflecting the sociocultural environment of a specific time period. In her article, Mulligan (2021) describes...

Early Civil Rights Movement and Its Goals

The Civil Rights Movement encompasses the actions and strategies used by different groups in the United States between 1954 and 1968 (Smethurst 6). The pioneers of the movement had outlined three goals from the very beginning. These early objectives included the need to end racial inequality and segregation in the...

• International Organizations
• Marijuana Legalization

International Labor Organization (ILO)

International Labor Organization (ILO) is an institution that is devoted to promoting labor and human rights as well as social justice in order to ensure universal peace (“Mission and impact of the ILO,” 2020). It matters because ILO strategically focuses on four core principles, such as creating standards for one’s...

“Division of Labor” for Social Scientists

It is necessary to realize that social scientists are often presented with extremely difficult and intransigent problems. Just like any other branch of science, social science has had to use the division of labor approach in order to reduce the complexity of some issues by dividing them into parts. It...

“A Day in the Life at Parkview Health”: New Technologies in Nursing Management

This video talked about the use of modern logistics technologies in the supply of equipment, consumables and medicines to hospitals. Based on this role, people can see how the digitalization of the field of logistics simplifies and improves the efficiency of the hospital (Tecsys, 2019). For the manager of nursing...

Aggression Management and Coping Methods

Aggression is a perilous power as it can trigger an outburst of feelings, negative emotions and result in undesired consequences. For this reason, psychologists state that it is critical for a person to release his/her anger to preserve intellectual sobriety and avoid poor outcomes (Chester, 2017). There are different ways...

Managing an Organization of Different Culture: Concepts of International Human Resource Management

Introduction There are two concepts of culture that must be taken into consideration in the study of International Human Resource Management. These are the culture of the organization and the culture of the country to which the organization belongs. These two cultures influence successful management of human resource. Managing an...

Why iPhone Is Superior to Android?

iPhone is superior to Android because of its design, innovative technology used to build these phones, Apple’s operating system, and the company’s excellent service. Opponents may suggest that Android phones released recently are comparable in design to those by Apple. Moreover, Apple’s devices are recognized for their uniqueness and the...

Religion and Education Role in Socializing

Education not only passes on knowledge but also teaches an individual to take an active part in society’s life. Through education, a person learns about society’s history, political, and geographical position (Giddens et al., 2006). Moreover, this social institution provides an individual with credentials, allowing them to get a job...

The Northern Renaissance and the Reformation Bible

The Reformation has ultimately changed Christianity and people’s knowledge of the history of the Bible. The concept of the Northern Renaissance includes a period of cultural and social transition from the Middle Ages to modernity. As the Renaissance movement emerged in Italy, its ideas of humanism developed in Northern European...

Object Relations Theory and Nature-Nurture Debate

Object relations theory, although having some variations, focuses on the significance of early childhood experiences in a person’s adult life. It concentrates on the relations of a child with the most important people, mainly parents. Moreover, object relations theorists claim that “the child develops an unconscious representation of significant objects...

ASOS.com Company’s Success in Online Fashion Market

The success of ASOS.com Company is a result of its online advertising strategy. The internet offers a lot of potentials based on consumer trends. ASOS takes advantage of the fact that more people continue to rely on the internet to meet various needs. Some of the key elements in its...

• International Relations
• Civilization
• Relationship

Deviant Behavior: Defining Abnormality

Variance from a standard behavior can be measured by different psychological states. These may include deviations from the average acting and ideal model, a sense of personal distress and a lack of comfort, a weak daily performance, and a difference from legal conceptions. The deviant behavior of a patient cannot...

Implementations of 3D Printing

3D printing is a unique technology that allows treating diseases that cannot be treated in any other way. For example, 3D printing demonstrated unique capabilities in ophthalmology, particularly for the treatment of the front and back of the eye (Sommer & Blumenthal, 2019). The possibility of personalization for each patient...

Innovativeness Catalysts of Indian Firms

Innovativeness has become a crucial factor contributing to the firm’s success, and several factors enable it. First of all, innovations are promoted by knowledge and information, which have become a resource of vital importance (Nair et al., 2016). Indeed, today’s science and technology experience unprecedented development rates. The second factor...

“Philip Seymour Hoffman” by Nick Flynn: Poem Analysis

In “Philip Seymour Hoffman” by Nick Flynn, the narrative sets the former addict in front of a box with Vicodin, which he had put away for an emergency when he decided to stop using drugs. The author describes the thoughts and feelings of a person who struggles with addiction, demonstrating...

Dysphemism in Political Discourse Examples

In his inauguration speech, Donald Trump vowed to fight “radical Islamic terrorism” (Hizbullah and Al Makmun). This type of labeling offends the Muslim population. President Trump assigned a certain religion to terrorists. Terrorism should be considered separate from religion. President Trump often discussed his “America First” ideology with foreign representatives...

Object Relations Theory and Personality

Object relations theory states that psyche of a person is formed in relation to others in the environment during the childhood (American Psychological Association, 2010). In other words, all peoples responses to particular situations are stipulated by family experiences gained during the first stages of their lives. At the same...

“Are Neanderthals Human” Article Review

In the article “Are Neanderthals Human” written on September 20, 2012, Carl Zimmer suggests that there were numerous various species of human in the past, including Neanderthals, which helps modern scientists determine the nature of other species. The author reveals the story of anthropologic discoveries and describes the ideas of...

The National Correct Coding Initiative (NCCI): Functions and Aims

The National Correct Coding Initiative (NCCI), introduced by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), is used to control inappropriate coding procedures. The NCCI is used to detect and eliminate coding that may lead to improper payments. The related policies are based on specific conventions, which are described in...

Contract Law: 1861 Group, LLC v. Wild Oats Markets, Inc.

Facts: On March 3, when the plaintiff was asked by the defenders to enlarge the operations, the plaintiff disagreed alleging that it could incur expenses if at all it wanted to accommodate the defendant’s plan of which it was not ready. The defendants promised the plaintiff to help it negotiate...

Cellulitis, Its Prevention and Treatment

Cellulitis is a skin infection caused by bacteria called staphylococci and streptococci, which can manifest itself in the form of skin redness and swelling. Cellulitis usually affects the skin of lower legs, yet it can emerge anywhere on the body, including individuals’ faces (Rath et al., 2017). The common risk...

• Renaissance
• Environment

DNA Profiles in the Golden State Killer Case

How was DNA used to solve the Golden State Killer case? Is it ethical to obtain the results via this tool? One of the most recent tools available for crime investigations is a DNA match of one’s profile in a publicly available genealogy database. The initial idea of these websites...

Teaching Children With Neuromotor Disorders

The most common disorders of neuropsychiatric development are cerebral palsy and epilepsy. Therefore, it is important to identify the features of teaching children with these disorders in educational institutions (Hallahan et al., 2020). All the features of children with cerebral palsy depend on the severity of the disease. For children...

The Cuban Missile Crisis: New Insights

The John F. Kennedy administration was partly responsible for the crisis because it misled the public on facts of the crisis. The president told the public that the country had fewer missiles than its counterpart, the Soviet Union. However, the truth was that America had nine times as many nuclear...

Role of Social Responsibility Among Customers

Social responsibility is the reasonable and high-quality production of the goods or provision of the services. Moreover, it is the company’s responsible attitude towards customers, investors, employees, and the environment. Responsibility towards customers might be the most crucial area because it helps to increase loyalty and trust of customers. Customers...

Florence Nightingale’s Advocacy

Florence Nightingale had strong religious convictions and a profound vision of the potential of nursing, which helped her to alter the status of nursing from that of a domestic service to a profession. Nightingale utilized available opportunities, personal motivation, and the strength of her persona. One of the most effective...

Marijuana Legalization Study with Probability Sampling

Notes Discoveries recommend that news presented moderately steady informing about recreational marijuana policy, paying little attention to the news source. Description of Everything Observed It was found that dialogue on recreational marijuana was not national, yet rather focused on a few states. Inside the restricted public and provincial news inclusion...

Infections: Prevention, Control, and Obstacles

Infectious diseases pose a range of threats to public health, therefore, representing a major threat to be addressed. Thus, the measures aimed at curbing the rates of contracting infectious diseases and exposing vulnerable groups to them must be regarded as a crucial part of managing public health concerns. Presently, several...

Terrorism of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

The growing numbers of terrorist organizations pose a threat to the government and the residents at the location of their operations. For instance, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) is recognized as one of the most successful insurgent groups. Established by Velupillai Prabhakaran, it has organized many guerilla attacks...

Medicare for All: Advantages and Weaknesses

The existing healthcare system has a considerable disadvantage of high costs of services, and Medicare for All is a viable solution to this problem. According to Bernie Sanders, Medicare for All implies covering primary care, hospital visits, lab services, medical devices, dental and maternity care, and prescription drugs (Kliff, 2019)....

Cohesion in the Middle East: Khaldun’s “The Muqaddimah”

Chapter 4 describes the idea of the emergence of capitalism and sedentary culture within the territory of the Arabs and Berbers, which comes across as contradictory to the author’s idea of “group feeling.” Whereas the latter concept stands for solidarity and cohesion within the community, the development of agriculture and...

• Contract Law

The United States Foreign Policy Actors

It is prudent to approach the U.N., NATO, and E.U. as the foreign policy actors. The main reason for engaging these three actors is that they handle various issues (Smith, Hadfield & Dunne, 2016). Additionally, they have numerous member states, and this means that most of the policies that the...

The Intimate Relationships Development

According to Delamater et al. (2015), three factors play an essential role in how intimate relationships such as friendships and love develop between two people in determining whether the relationship will grow or die. The factors include self-disclosure, trust, and interdependence, which contribute to the level of mutuality between people...

Socrates as the Physician of the Soul

Socrates was one of the first Western philosophers whose thoughts and ideas were recognized around the globe. He left no definite philosophy, and most of his works were based on his followers’ retelling, like Plato or Xenophon. He believed that reasonable people would hardly harm themselves and support the possibility...

Training in Industry Workplace Environment

Introduction Training helps and teaches individuals what their work can or cannot do. Training in the workplace is a fantastic way to improve quality standards for business efficiency and sustainability. Types of Training in Industry Workplace Environment Induction training Refresher training Toolbox talks Who Needs Training in Industry Workplace Environment...

Utnapishtim’s Teaching About Immortality

The encounter between Gilgamesh and Uta-Utnapishtim teaches the protagonist to accept death’s inevitability and stop searching for eternal life. Afflicted by Enkidu’s death, Gilgamesh immerses into thoughts about his mortality and seeks Uta-Utnapishtim, who was granted everlasting life after the Deluge. Uta-Utnapishtim advises Gilgamesh to abandon the idea and demonstrates...

Discussion: Plasmodium Falciparum

The malaria essence is that parasites enter the liver through the blood and destroy red blood cells. Even though more than a century of international work and study has improved malaria prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, plasmodium falciparum still kills over 400 000 people annually (Talapko et al., 2019). The genetic...

Trustworthy Legal Authors – Gardner and Reece

In any field of knowledge, only those pieces of information that have credibility and guarantee honesty can be reputable data sources. This analytical article’s authors were two men who have both actual law enforcement practice and professorships at relevant universities under their belt (Gardner & Reece, 2012). In other words,...

EPA and Advocacy Letter: Free the Annals

Introduction. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The U.S. federal agency. It was created to protect and preserve the environment. Establishes and implements acts and laws. Monitors the U.S. organizations. Accepts people’s complaints. Issues Addressed to EPA EPA monitors complying with standards and laws. It cooperates with federal agencies. People appeal to...

Waste Pollution as a Global Environmental Problem

Consumption volumes are proliferating, which leads to an increase in waste pollution. Waste pollution is a global environmental problem that threatens life on Earth, as it is associated with the devastation of ecological resources, danger to humanity, and economic issues. First, garbage pollutes the environment and devastates its resources, creating...

The Meaning of Khaldun’s Words on Man’s Weakness

By stating that man is weak and deficient, Khaldun establishes the limits of his own knowledge and, consequently, of the book. He contrasts his awareness with the God’s, claiming the superiority of the latter. The author restricts his explorations to the Maghrib region specifically because of his inability to portray...

• Civil Rights Movement
• Social Responsibility

Shewanella Oneidensis: Analysis

While Shewanella oneidensis is a bacterium that does not require oxygen for existence, it is vital to point out that there is a number of such bacteria in this family. Nearly 70 varieties of heterotrophs with various respiratory capabilities belong to the genus Shewanella (Ikeda et al., 2021). Shewanella oneidensis...

Gandhi’s Concepts of “Civilization”, Passive Resistance

According to Gandhi, the concept of civilization means people’s ability to use resources and examples surrounding them, as well as their intelligence and ingenuity, to improve their living conditions to increase bodily welfare (32). For instance, better-built houses, airplanes, and various engines are the emblems of civilization. Gandhi believes that...

“What We Get Wrong About ‘A City on a Hill'” by Daniel Rogers for Washington Post

The article “What we get wrong about ‘a city on a hill’” by Daniel Rogers for Washington Post discusses how the notion of American moral supremacy appeared in the common discourse. Special attention is given to the metaphor “city on a hill,” which was allegedly coined by Gov. John Winthrop...

Discussion: Epstein Barr Virus

The Epstein-Barr virus report covered all of the virus’s main characteristics, including its prevalence among humans, as the only carriers (Aliosis & Salvetti, 2022). Although the virus is transmitted through bodily fluids, it is common because it can lie dormant for many years (Patel et al., 2022). The virus, its...

“Neighbors” Short Story by Raymond Carver

The story of the Millers presents fascinating attributes of families in contemporary societies. In many instances, people tend to copy what their fellows are doing with a perception that these other individuals have a better life, just like the Millers admired the Stones. Although Bill is portrayed as an outgoing...

Value and Non-Value-Added Costs

There are various costs that are associated with selling a particular product and its distribution. A value-added cost increases the benefits of a certain offering to customers (Kenton, 2019). At the same time, a non-value-added cost is a production expense that does not contribute to the increase in the amount...

Livy’s Consistent Attitude Towards Plebeians

Livy’s attitude towards the plebeians was consistent, as revealed in several instances. First, he was against what the Patricians were doing to the Plebeians, such as inequality in resource sharing. In particular, “not only was the belly nourished, but it also provided nourishment, since it supplied to all parts of...

Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Pay Ranges

When applying for a new job, there is often a choice between starting in the middle, or at the very top. People seek pay based on what is available while referring to their perceived skills at performing said jobs (Ledic, 2018). Different ranges offer a different set of advantages and...

Beautician Employment and Career Report

Introduction Career choice- What entails choosing a certain profession or career. Factors affecting Career choices- Possible issues of concern that hinder career choice. The beautician profession- What this profession entails, how it is viewed, and the current trend(Benac, 2010, p.1). International differences of the beautician profession The high demand for...

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