gandhi ji full biography

• History Classics
• Your Profile
• Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window)
• Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window)
• Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window)
• Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window)
• Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window)
• This Day In History
• History Podcasts
• History Vault

Mahatma Gandhi

By: History.com Editors

Updated: June 6, 2019 | Original: July 30, 2010

Revered the world over for his nonviolent philosophy of passive resistance, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was known to his many followers as Mahatma, or “the great-souled one.” He began his activism as an Indian immigrant in South Africa in the early 1900s, and in the years following World War I became the leading figure in India’s struggle to gain independence from Great Britain. Known for his ascetic lifestyle–he often dressed only in a loincloth and shawl–and devout Hindu faith, Gandhi was imprisoned several times during his pursuit of non-cooperation, and undertook a number of hunger strikes to protest the oppression of India’s poorest classes, among other injustices. After Partition in 1947, he continued to work toward peace between Hindus and Muslims. Gandhi was shot to death in Delhi in January 1948 by a Hindu fundamentalist.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, at Porbandar, in the present-day Indian state of Gujarat. His father was the dewan (chief minister) of Porbandar; his deeply religious mother was a devoted practitioner of Vaishnavism (worship of the Hindu god Vishnu), influenced by Jainism, an ascetic religion governed by tenets of self-discipline and nonviolence. At the age of 19, Mohandas left home to study law in London at the Inner Temple, one of the city’s four law colleges. Upon returning to India in mid-1891, he set up a law practice in Bombay, but met with little success. He soon accepted a position with an Indian firm that sent him to its office in South Africa. Along with his wife, Kasturbai, and their children, Gandhi remained in South Africa for nearly 20 years.

Did you know? In the famous Salt March of April-May 1930, thousands of Indians followed Gandhi from Ahmadabad to the Arabian Sea. The march resulted in the arrest of nearly 60,000 people, including Gandhi himself.

Gandhi was appalled by the discrimination he experienced as an Indian immigrant in South Africa. When a European magistrate in Durban asked him to take off his turban, he refused and left the courtroom. On a train voyage to Pretoria, he was thrown out of a first-class railway compartment and beaten up by a white stagecoach driver after refusing to give up his seat for a European passenger. That train journey served as a turning point for Gandhi, and he soon began developing and teaching the concept of satyagraha (“truth and firmness”), or passive resistance, as a way of non-cooperation with authorities.

The Birth of Passive Resistance

In 1906, after the Transvaal government passed an ordinance regarding the registration of its Indian population, Gandhi led a campaign of civil disobedience that would last for the next eight years. During its final phase in 1913, hundreds of Indians living in South Africa, including women, went to jail, and thousands of striking Indian miners were imprisoned, flogged and even shot. Finally, under pressure from the British and Indian governments, the government of South Africa accepted a compromise negotiated by Gandhi and General Jan Christian Smuts, which included important concessions such as the recognition of Indian marriages and the abolition of the existing poll tax for Indians.

In July 1914, Gandhi left South Africa to return to India. He supported the British war effort in World War I but remained critical of colonial authorities for measures he felt were unjust. In 1919, Gandhi launched an organized campaign of passive resistance in response to Parliament’s passage of the Rowlatt Acts, which gave colonial authorities emergency powers to suppress subversive activities. He backed off after violence broke out–including the massacre by British-led soldiers of some 400 Indians attending a meeting at Amritsar–but only temporarily, and by 1920 he was the most visible figure in the movement for Indian independence.

Leader of a Movement

As part of his nonviolent non-cooperation campaign for home rule, Gandhi stressed the importance of economic independence for India. He particularly advocated the manufacture of khaddar, or homespun cloth, in order to replace imported textiles from Britain. Gandhi’s eloquence and embrace of an ascetic lifestyle based on prayer, fasting and meditation earned him the reverence of his followers, who called him Mahatma (Sanskrit for “the great-souled one”). Invested with all the authority of the Indian National Congress (INC or Congress Party), Gandhi turned the independence movement into a massive organization, leading boycotts of British manufacturers and institutions representing British influence in India, including legislatures and schools.

After sporadic violence broke out, Gandhi announced the end of the resistance movement, to the dismay of his followers. British authorities arrested Gandhi in March 1922 and tried him for sedition; he was sentenced to six years in prison but was released in 1924 after undergoing an operation for appendicitis. He refrained from active participation in politics for the next several years, but in 1930 launched a new civil disobedience campaign against the colonial government’s tax on salt, which greatly affected Indian’s poorest citizens.

A Divided Movement

In 1931, after British authorities made some concessions, Gandhi again called off the resistance movement and agreed to represent the Congress Party at the Round Table Conference in London. Meanwhile, some of his party colleagues–particularly Mohammed Ali Jinnah, a leading voice for India’s Muslim minority–grew frustrated with Gandhi’s methods, and what they saw as a lack of concrete gains. Arrested upon his return by a newly aggressive colonial government, Gandhi began a series of hunger strikes in protest of the treatment of India’s so-called “untouchables” (the poorer classes), whom he renamed Harijans, or “children of God.” The fasting caused an uproar among his followers and resulted in swift reforms by the Hindu community and the government.

In 1934, Gandhi announced his retirement from politics in, as well as his resignation from the Congress Party, in order to concentrate his efforts on working within rural communities. Drawn back into the political fray by the outbreak of World War II , Gandhi again took control of the INC, demanding a British withdrawal from India in return for Indian cooperation with the war effort. Instead, British forces imprisoned the entire Congress leadership, bringing Anglo-Indian relations to a new low point.

Partition and Death of Gandhi

After the Labor Party took power in Britain in 1947, negotiations over Indian home rule began between the British, the Congress Party and the Muslim League (now led by Jinnah). Later that year, Britain granted India its independence but split the country into two dominions: India and Pakistan. Gandhi strongly opposed Partition, but he agreed to it in hopes that after independence Hindus and Muslims could achieve peace internally. Amid the massive riots that followed Partition, Gandhi urged Hindus and Muslims to live peacefully together, and undertook a hunger strike until riots in Calcutta ceased.

In January 1948, Gandhi carried out yet another fast, this time to bring about peace in the city of Delhi. On January 30, 12 days after that fast ended, Gandhi was on his way to an evening prayer meeting in Delhi when he was shot to death by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu fanatic enraged by Mahatma’s efforts to negotiate with Jinnah and other Muslims. The next day, roughly 1 million people followed the procession as Gandhi’s body was carried in state through the streets of the city and cremated on the banks of the holy Jumna River.

Sign up for Inside History

Get HISTORY’s most fascinating stories delivered to your inbox three times a week.

By submitting your information, you agree to receive emails from HISTORY and A+E Networks. You can opt out at any time. You must be 16 years or older and a resident of the United States.

More details : Privacy Notice | Terms of Use | Contact Us

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi was the primary leader of India’s independence movement and also the architect of a form of non-violent civil disobedience that would influence the world. He was assassinated by Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse.

(1869-1948)

Who Was Mahatma Gandhi?

Mahatma Gandhi was the leader of India’s non-violent independence movement against British rule and in South Africa who advocated for the civil rights of Indians. Born in Porbandar, India, Gandhi studied law and organized boycotts against British institutions in peaceful forms of civil disobedience. He was killed by a fanatic in 1948.

Early Life and Education

Indian nationalist leader Gandhi (born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Kathiawar, India, which was then part of the British Empire.

Gandhi’s father, Karamchand Gandhi, served as a chief minister in Porbandar and other states in western India. His mother, Putlibai, was a deeply religious woman who fasted regularly.

Young Gandhi was a shy, unremarkable student who was so timid that he slept with the lights on even as a teenager. In the ensuing years, the teenager rebelled by smoking, eating meat and stealing change from household servants.

Although Gandhi was interested in becoming a doctor, his father hoped he would also become a government minister and steered him to enter the legal profession. In 1888, 18-year-old Gandhi sailed for London, England, to study law. The young Indian struggled with the transition to Western culture.

Upon returning to India in 1891, Gandhi learned that his mother had died just weeks earlier. He struggled to gain his footing as a lawyer. In his first courtroom case, a nervous Gandhi blanked when the time came to cross-examine a witness. He immediately fled the courtroom after reimbursing his client for his legal fees.

Gandhi’s Religion and Beliefs

Gandhi grew up worshiping the Hindu god Vishnu and following Jainism, a morally rigorous ancient Indian religion that espoused non-violence, fasting, meditation and vegetarianism.

During Gandhi’s first stay in London, from 1888 to 1891, he became more committed to a meatless diet, joining the executive committee of the London Vegetarian Society, and started to read a variety of sacred texts to learn more about world religions.

Living in South Africa, Gandhi continued to study world religions. “The religious spirit within me became a living force,” he wrote of his time there. He immersed himself in sacred Hindu spiritual texts and adopted a life of simplicity, austerity, fasting and celibacy that was free of material goods.

Gandhi in South Africa

After struggling to find work as a lawyer in India, Gandhi obtained a one-year contract to perform legal services in South Africa. In April 1893, he sailed for Durban in the South African state of Natal.

When Gandhi arrived in South Africa, he was quickly appalled by the discrimination and racial segregation faced by Indian immigrants at the hands of white British and Boer authorities. Upon his first appearance in a Durban courtroom, Gandhi was asked to remove his turban. He refused and left the court instead. The Natal Advertiser mocked him in print as “an unwelcome visitor.”

Nonviolent Civil Disobedience

A seminal moment occurred on June 7, 1893, during a train trip to Pretoria, South Africa, when a white man objected to Gandhi’s presence in the first-class railway compartment, although he had a ticket. Refusing to move to the back of the train, Gandhi was forcibly removed and thrown off the train at a station in Pietermaritzburg.

Gandhi’s act of civil disobedience awoke in him a determination to devote himself to fighting the “deep disease of color prejudice.” He vowed that night to “try, if possible, to root out the disease and suffer hardships in the process.”

From that night forward, the small, unassuming man would grow into a giant force for civil rights. Gandhi formed the Natal Indian Congress in 1894 to fight discrimination.

Gandhi prepared to return to India at the end of his year-long contract until he learned, at his farewell party, of a bill before the Natal Legislative Assembly that would deprive Indians of the right to vote. Fellow immigrants convinced Gandhi to stay and lead the fight against the legislation. Although Gandhi could not prevent the law’s passage, he drew international attention to the injustice.

After a brief trip to India in late 1896 and early 1897, Gandhi returned to South Africa with his wife and children. Gandhi ran a thriving legal practice, and at the outbreak of the Boer War, he raised an all-Indian ambulance corps of 1,100 volunteers to support the British cause, arguing that if Indians expected to have full rights of citizenship in the British Empire, they also needed to shoulder their responsibilities.

In 1906, Gandhi organized his first mass civil-disobedience campaign, which he called “Satyagraha” (“truth and firmness”), in reaction to the South African Transvaal government’s new restrictions on the rights of Indians, including the refusal to recognize Hindu marriages.

After years of protests, the government imprisoned hundreds of Indians in 1913, including Gandhi. Under pressure, the South African government accepted a compromise negotiated by Gandhi and General Jan Christian Smuts that included recognition of Hindu marriages and the abolition of a poll tax for Indians.

Return to India

In 1915 Gandhi founded an ashram in Ahmedabad, India, that was open to all castes. Wearing a simple loincloth and shawl, Gandhi lived an austere life devoted to prayer, fasting and meditation. He became known as “Mahatma,” which means “great soul.”

Opposition to British Rule in India

In 1919, with India still under the firm control of the British, Gandhi had a political reawakening when the newly enacted Rowlatt Act authorized British authorities to imprison people suspected of sedition without trial. In response, Gandhi called for a Satyagraha campaign of peaceful protests and strikes.

Violence broke out instead, which culminated on April 13, 1919, in the Massacre of Amritsar. Troops led by British Brigadier General Reginald Dyer fired machine guns into a crowd of unarmed demonstrators and killed nearly 400 people.

No longer able to pledge allegiance to the British government, Gandhi returned the medals he earned for his military service in South Africa and opposed Britain’s mandatory military draft of Indians to serve in World War I.

Gandhi became a leading figure in the Indian home-rule movement. Calling for mass boycotts, he urged government officials to stop working for the Crown, students to stop attending government schools, soldiers to leave their posts and citizens to stop paying taxes and purchasing British goods.

Rather than buy British-manufactured clothes, he began to use a portable spinning wheel to produce his own cloth. The spinning wheel soon became a symbol of Indian independence and self-reliance.

Gandhi assumed the leadership of the Indian National Congress and advocated a policy of non-violence and non-cooperation to achieve home rule.

After British authorities arrested Gandhi in 1922, he pleaded guilty to three counts of sedition. Although sentenced to a six-year imprisonment, Gandhi was released in February 1924 after appendicitis surgery.

He discovered upon his release that relations between India’s Hindus and Muslims devolved during his time in jail. When violence between the two religious groups flared again, Gandhi began a three-week fast in the autumn of 1924 to urge unity. He remained away from active politics during much of the latter 1920s.

Gandhi and the Salt March

Gandhi returned to active politics in 1930 to protest Britain’s Salt Acts, which not only prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt—a dietary staple—but imposed a heavy tax that hit the country’s poorest particularly hard. Gandhi planned a new Satyagraha campaign, The Salt March , that entailed a 390-kilometer/240-mile march to the Arabian Sea, where he would collect salt in symbolic defiance of the government monopoly.

“My ambition is no less than to convert the British people through non-violence and thus make them see the wrong they have done to India,” he wrote days before the march to the British viceroy, Lord Irwin.

Wearing a homespun white shawl and sandals and carrying a walking stick, Gandhi set out from his religious retreat in Sabarmati on March 12, 1930, with a few dozen followers. By the time he arrived 24 days later in the coastal town of Dandi, the ranks of the marchers swelled, and Gandhi broke the law by making salt from evaporated seawater.

The Salt March sparked similar protests, and mass civil disobedience swept across India. Approximately 60,000 Indians were jailed for breaking the Salt Acts, including Gandhi, who was imprisoned in May 1930.

Still, the protests against the Salt Acts elevated Gandhi into a transcendent figure around the world. He was named Time magazine’s “Man of the Year” for 1930.

Gandhi was released from prison in January 1931, and two months later he made an agreement with Lord Irwin to end the Salt Satyagraha in exchange for concessions that included the release of thousands of political prisoners. The agreement, however, largely kept the Salt Acts intact. But it did give those who lived on the coasts the right to harvest salt from the sea.

Hoping that the agreement would be a stepping-stone to home rule, Gandhi attended the London Round Table Conference on Indian constitutional reform in August 1931 as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The conference, however, proved fruitless.

DOWNLOAD BIOGRAPHY'S MAHATMA GANDHI FACT CARD

Protesting "Untouchables" Segregation

Gandhi returned to India to find himself imprisoned once again in January 1932 during a crackdown by India’s new viceroy, Lord Willingdon. He embarked on a six-day fast to protest the British decision to segregate the “untouchables,” those on the lowest rung of India’s caste system, by allotting them separate electorates. The public outcry forced the British to amend the proposal.

After his eventual release, Gandhi left the Indian National Congress in 1934, and leadership passed to his protégé Jawaharlal Nehru . He again stepped away from politics to focus on education, poverty and the problems afflicting India’s rural areas.

India’s Independence from Great Britain

As Great Britain found itself engulfed in World War II in 1942, Gandhi launched the “Quit India” movement that called for the immediate British withdrawal from the country. In August 1942, the British arrested Gandhi, his wife and other leaders of the Indian National Congress and detained them in the Aga Khan Palace in present-day Pune.

“I have not become the King’s First Minister in order to preside at the liquidation of the British Empire,” Prime Minister Winston Churchill told Parliament in support of the crackdown.

With his health failing, Gandhi was released after a 19-month detainment in 1944.

After the Labour Party defeated Churchill’s Conservatives in the British general election of 1945, it began negotiations for Indian independence with the Indian National Congress and Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s Muslim League. Gandhi played an active role in the negotiations, but he could not prevail in his hope for a unified India. Instead, the final plan called for the partition of the subcontinent along religious lines into two independent states—predominantly Hindu India and predominantly Muslim Pakistan.

Violence between Hindus and Muslims flared even before independence took effect on August 15, 1947. Afterwards, the killings multiplied. Gandhi toured riot-torn areas in an appeal for peace and fasted in an attempt to end the bloodshed. Some Hindus, however, increasingly viewed Gandhi as a traitor for expressing sympathy toward Muslims.

Gandhi’s Wife and Kids

At the age of 13, Gandhi wed Kasturba Makanji, a merchant’s daughter, in an arranged marriage. She died in Gandhi’s arms in February 1944 at the age of 74.

In 1885, Gandhi endured the passing of his father and shortly after that the death of his young baby.

In 1888, Gandhi’s wife gave birth to the first of four surviving sons. A second son was born in India 1893. Kasturba gave birth to two more sons while living in South Africa, one in 1897 and one in 1900.

Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

On January 30, 1948, 78-year-old Gandhi was shot and killed by Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse, who was upset at Gandhi’s tolerance of Muslims.

Weakened from repeated hunger strikes, Gandhi clung to his two grandnieces as they led him from his living quarters in New Delhi’s Birla House to a late-afternoon prayer meeting. Godse knelt before the Mahatma before pulling out a semiautomatic pistol and shooting him three times at point-blank range. The violent act took the life of a pacifist who spent his life preaching nonviolence.

Godse and a co-conspirator were executed by hanging in November 1949. Additional conspirators were sentenced to life in prison.

Even after Gandhi’s assassination, his commitment to nonviolence and his belief in simple living — making his own clothes, eating a vegetarian diet and using fasts for self-purification as well as a means of protest — have been a beacon of hope for oppressed and marginalized people throughout the world.

Satyagraha remains one of the most potent philosophies in freedom struggles throughout the world today. Gandhi’s actions inspired future human rights movements around the globe, including those of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. in the United States and Nelson Mandela in South Africa.

Martin Luther King

"],["

Winston Churchill

Nelson Mandela

"]]" tml-render-layout="inline">

QUICK FACTS

• Name: Mahatma Gandhi
• Birth Year: 1869
• Birth date: October 2, 1869
• Birth City: Porbandar, Kathiawar
• Birth Country: India
• Gender: Male
• Best Known For: Mahatma Gandhi was the primary leader of India’s independence movement and also the architect of a form of non-violent civil disobedience that would influence the world. Until Gandhi was assassinated in 1948, his life and teachings inspired activists including Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela.
• Civil Rights
• Astrological Sign: Libra
• University College London
• Samaldas College at Bhavnagar, Gujarat
• Nacionalities
• Interesting Facts
• As a young man, Mahatma Gandhi was a poor student and was terrified of public speaking.
• Gandhi formed the Natal Indian Congress in 1894 to fight discrimination.
• Gandhi was assassinated by Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse, who was upset at Gandhi’s tolerance of Muslims.
• Gandhi's non-violent civil disobedience inspired future world leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela.
• Death Year: 1948
• Death date: January 30, 1948
• Death City: New Delhi
• Death Country: India

We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us !

CITATION INFORMATION

• Article Title: Mahatma Gandhi Biography
• Author: Biography.com Editors
• Website Name: The Biography.com website
• Url: https://www.biography.com/political-figures/mahatma-gandhi
• Access Date:
• Publisher: A&E; Television Networks
• Last Updated: September 4, 2019
• Original Published Date: April 3, 2014
• An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind.
• Victory attained by violence is tantamount to a defeat, for it is momentary.
• Religions are different roads converging to the same point. What does it matter that we take different roads, so long as we reach the same goal? In reality, there are as many religions as there are individuals.
• The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.
• To call woman the weaker sex is a libel; it is man's injustice to woman.
• Truth alone will endure, all the rest will be swept away before the tide of time.
• A man is but the product of his thoughts. What he thinks, he becomes.
• There are many things to do. Let each one of us choose our task and stick to it through thick and thin. Let us not think of the vastness. But let us pick up that portion which we can handle best.
• An error does not become truth by reason of multiplied propagation, nor does truth become error because nobody sees it.
• For one man cannot do right in one department of life whilst he is occupied in doing wrong in any other department. Life is one indivisible whole.
• If we are to reach real peace in this world and if we are to carry on a real war against war, we shall have to begin with children.

Assassinations

The Manhunt for John Wilkes Booth

Indira Gandhi

Alexei Navalny

Martin Luther King Jr.

James Earl Ray

Malala Yousafzai

Who Killed JFK? You Won’t Believe Us Anyway

Lee Harvey Oswald

John F. Kennedy

Abraham Lincoln

Talk to our experts

1800-120-456-456

• Mahatma Gandhi Biography and Political Career

Biography of Mahatma Gandhi (Father of Nation)

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , more popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi . His birth place was in the small city of Porbandar in Gujarat (October 2, 1869 - January 30, 1948). Mahatma Gandhi's father's name was Karamchand Gandhi, and his mother's name was Putlibai Gandhi. He was a politician, social activist, Indian lawyer, and writer who became the prominent Leader of the nationwide surge movement against the British rule of India. He came to be known as the Father of The Nation. October 2, 2023, marks Gandhi Ji’s 154th birth anniversary , celebrated worldwide as International Day of Non-Violence, and Gandhi Jayanti in India.

Gandhi Ji was a living embodiment of non-violent protests (Satyagraha) to achieve independence from the British Empire's clutches and thereby achieve political and social progress. Gandhi Ji is considered ‘The Great Soul’ or ‘ The Mahatma ’ in the eyes of millions of his followers worldwide. His fame spread throughout the world during his lifetime and only increased after his demise. Mahatma Gandhi , thus, is the most renowned person on earth.

Education of Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi's education was a major factor in his development into one of the finest persons in history. Although he attended a primary school in Porbandar and received awards and scholarships there, his approach to his education was ordinary. Gandhi joined Samaldas College in Bhavnagar after passing his matriculation exams at the University of Bombay in 1887.

Gandhiji's father insisted he become a lawyer even though he intended to be a docto. During those days, England was the centre of knowledge, and he had to leave Smaladas College to pursue his father's desire. He was adamant about travelling to England despite his mother's objections and his limited financial resources.

Finally, he left for England in September 1888, where he joined Inner Temple, one of the four London Law Schools. In 1890, he also took the matriculation exam at the University of London.

When he was in London, he took his studies seriously and joined a public speaking practice group. This helped him get over his nervousness so he could practise law. Gandhi had always been passionate about assisting impoverished and marginalised people.

Mahatma Gandhi During His Youth

Gandhi was the youngest child of his father's fourth wife. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the dewan Chief Minister of Porbandar, the then capital of a small municipality in western India (now Gujarat state) under the British constituency.

Gandhi's mother, Putlibai, was a pious religious woman.Mohandas grew up in Vaishnavism, a practice followed by the worship of the Hindu god Vishnu, along with a strong presence of Jainism, which has a strong sense of non-violence.Therefore, he took up the practice of Ahimsa (non-violence towards all living beings), fasting for self-purification, vegetarianism, and mutual tolerance between the sanctions of various castes and colours.

His adolescence was probably no stormier than most children of his age and class. Not until the age of 18 had Gandhi read a single newspaper. Neither as a budding barrister in India nor as a student in England nor had he shown much interest in politics. Indeed, he was overwhelmed by terrifying stage fright each time he stood up to read a speech at a social gathering or to defend a client in court.

In London, Gandhiji's vegetarianism missionary was a noteworthy occurrence. He became a member of the executive committee in joined the London Vegetarian Society. He also participated in several conferences and published papers in its journal. Gandhi met prominent Socialists, Fabians, and Theosophists like Edward Carpenter, George Bernard Shaw, and Annie Besant while dining at vegetarian restaurants in England.

Political Career of Mahatma Gandhi

When we talk about Mahatma Gandhi’s political career, in July 1894, when he was barely 25, he blossomed overnight into a proficient campaigner . He drafted several petitions to the British government and the Natal Legislature signed by hundreds of his compatriots. He could not prevent the passage of the bill but succeeded in drawing the attention of the public and the press in Natal, India, and England to the Natal Indian's problems.

He still was persuaded to settle down in Durban to practice law and thus organised the Indian community. The Natal Indian Congress was founded in 1894, and he became the unwearying secretary. He infused a solidarity spirit in the heterogeneous Indian community through that standard political organisation. He gave ample statements to the Government, Legislature, and media regarding Indian Grievances.

Finally, he got exposed to the discrimination based on his colour and race, which was pre-dominant against the Indian subjects of Queen Victoria in one of her colonies, South Africa.

Mahatma Gandhi spent almost 21 years in South Africa. But during that time, there was a lot of discrimination because of skin colour. Even on the train, he could not sit with white European people. But he refused to do so, got beaten up, and had to sit on the floor. So he decided to fight against these injustices, and finally succeeded after a lot of struggle.

It was proof of his success as a publicist that such vital newspapers as The Statesman, Englishman of Calcutta (now Kolkata) and The Times of London editorially commented on the Natal Indians' grievances.

In 1896, Gandhi returned to India to fetch his wife, Kasturba (or Kasturbai), their two oldest children, and amass support for the Indians overseas. He met the prominent leaders and persuaded them to address the public meetings in the centre of the country's principal cities.

Unfortunately for him, some of his activities reached Natal and provoked its European population. Joseph Chamberlain, the colonial secretary in the British Cabinet, urged Natal's government to bring the guilty men to proper jurisdiction, but Gandhi refused to prosecute his assailants. He said he believed the court of law would not be used to satisfy someone's vendetta.

Political Teacher of Mahatma Gandhi

Gopal Krishna Gokhale was one of the prominent political teachers and mentors of Mahatma Gandhi. Gokhale, a renowned Indian nationalist leader, played a significant role in shaping Gandhi's political ideology and approach to leadership. He emphasized the importance of nonviolence, constitutional methods, and constructive work in achieving social and political change. Gandhi referred to Gokhale as his political guru and credited him with influencing many of his principles and strategies in the Indian freedom struggle. Gokhale's teachings and guidance had a profound impact on Gandhi's development as a leader and advocate for India's independence.

Death of Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi's death was a tragic event and brought clouds of sorrow to millions of people. On the 29th of January, a man named Nathuram Godse came to Delhi with an automatic pistol. About 5 pm in the afternoon of the next day, he went to the Gardens of Birla house, and suddenly, a man from the crowd came out and bowed before him.

Then Godse fired three bullets at his chest and stomach, who was Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi was in such a posture that he to the ground. During his death, he uttered: “Ram! Ram!” Although someone could have called the doctor in this critical situation during that time, no one thought of that, and Gandhiji died within half an hour.

How Shaheed Day is Celebrated at Gandhiji’s Samadhi (Raj Ghat)?

As Gandhiji died on January 30, the government of India declared this day as ‘Shaheed Diwas’.

On this day, the President, the Vice-President, the Prime Minister, and the Defence Minister every year gather at the Samadhi of Mahatma Gandhi at the Raj Ghat memorial in Delhi to pay tribute to Indian martyrs and Mahatma Gandhi, followed by a two-minute silence.

On this day, many schools host events where students perform plays and sing patriotic songs. Martyrs' Day is also observed on March 23 to honour the lives and sacrifices of Sukhdev Thapar, Shivaram Rajguru, and Bhagat Singh.

Gandhi believed it was his duty to defend India's rights. Mahatma Gandhi had a significant role in attaining India's independence from the British. He had an impact on many individuals and locations outside India. Gandhi also influenced Martin Luther King, and as a result, African-Americans now have equal rights. Peacefully winning India's independence, he altered the course of history worldwide.

FAQs on Mahatma Gandhi Biography and Political Career

1. What was people's reaction after Nathuram Godse killed Mahatma Gandhi?

When Nathuram Godse killed Mahatma Gandhi, people shouted to kill Nathuram. After killing Mahatma Gandhi, Nathuram Godse tried to kill himself but could not do so since the police seized his weapons and took him to jail. After that, Gandhiji's body was laid in the garden with a white cloth covered on his face. All the lights were turned off in honour of him. Then on the radio, honourable Prime minister Pandit Nehru Ji declared sadly that the Nation's Father was no more.

2. How vegetarianism impacted Mahatma Gandhi’s time in London?

During the three years he spent in England, he was in a great dilemma with personal and moral issues rather than academic ambitions.

The sudden transition from Porbandar's half-rural atmosphere to London's cosmopolitan life was not an easy task for him. And he struggled powerfully and painfully to adapt himself to Western food, dress, and etiquette, and he felt awkward.

His vegetarianism became a continual source of embarrassment and was like a curse to him; his friends warned him that it would disrupt his studies, health, and well-being. Fortunately, he came across a vegetarian restaurant and a book providing a well-defined defence of vegetarianism.

His missionary zeal for vegetarianism helped draw the pitifully shy youth out of his shell and gave him a new and robust personality. He also became a member of the London Vegetarian Society executive committee, contributing articles to its journal and attending conferences.

3. Who was the first person to write a biography of Mahatma Gandhi (Father of The Nation)?

Christian missionary Joseph Doke had written the first biography of Bapu. The best part is that Gandhiji had still not acquired the status of Mahatma when this biography was written.

4. Who was Gandhiji’s favorite writer?

Gandhiji’s favorite writer was Leo Tolstoy.

5. What is Mahatma Gandhi’s date of birth?

Mahatma Gandhi's date of birth is October 2, 1869. We celebrate every year on October 2nd as Mahatma Gandhi Jayanti.

6. Which are the famous Mahatma Gandhi books?

Mahatma Gandhi authored several influential books and writings that have left a lasting impact on the world. Some of his famous books include:

Autobiography

Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule

Satyagraha in South Africa

Young India

The Essential Gandhi

These books reflect Gandhi's deep commitment to nonviolence, truth, and social justice, making them essential reads for those interested in his life and principles.

Biography Online

Mahatma Gandhi Biography

Mahatma Gandhi was a prominent Indian political leader who was a leading figure in the campaign for Indian independence. He employed non-violent principles and peaceful disobedience as a means to achieve his goal. He was assassinated in 1948, shortly after achieving his life goal of Indian independence. In India, he is known as ‘Father of the Nation’.

“When I despair, I remember that all through history the ways of truth and love have always won. There have been tyrants, and murderers, and for a time they can seem invincible, but in the end they always fall. Think of it–always.”

Short Biography of Mahatma Gandhi

Around this time, he also studied the Bible and was struck by the teachings of Jesus Christ  – especially the emphasis on humility and forgiveness. He remained committed to the Bible and Bhagavad Gita throughout his life, though he was critical of aspects of both religions.

Gandhi in South Africa

On completing his degree in Law, Gandhi returned to India, where he was soon sent to South Africa to practise law. In South Africa, Gandhi was struck by the level of racial discrimination and injustice often experienced by Indians. In 1893, he was thrown off a train at the railway station in Pietermaritzburg after a white man complained about Gandhi travelling in first class. This experience was a pivotal moment for Gandhi and he began to represent other Indias who experienced discrimination. As a lawyer he was in high demand and soon he became the unofficial leader for Indians in South Africa. It was in South Africa that Gandhi first experimented with campaigns of civil disobedience and protest; he called his non-violent protests satyagraha . Despite being imprisoned for short periods of time, he also supported the British under certain conditions. During the Boer war, he served as a medic and stretcher-bearer. He felt that by doing his patriotic duty it would make the government more amenable to demands for fair treatment. Gandhi was at the Battle of Spion serving as a medic. An interesting historical anecdote, is that at this battle was also Winston Churchill and Louis Botha (future head of South Africa) He was decorated by the British for his efforts during the Boer War and Zulu rebellion.

Gandhi and Indian Independence

After 21 years in South Africa, Gandhi returned to India in 1915. He became the leader of the Indian nationalist movement campaigning for home rule or Swaraj .

Gandhi also encouraged his followers to practise inner discipline to get ready for independence. Gandhi said the Indians had to prove they were deserving of independence. This is in contrast to independence leaders such as Aurobindo Ghose , who argued that Indian independence was not about whether India would offer better or worse government, but that it was the right for India to have self-government.

Gandhi also clashed with others in the Indian independence movement such as Subhas Chandra Bose who advocated direct action to overthrow the British.

Gandhi frequently called off strikes and non-violent protest if he heard people were rioting or violence was involved.

In 1930, Gandhi led a famous march to the sea in protest at the new Salt Acts. In the sea, they made their own salt, in violation of British regulations. Many hundreds were arrested and Indian jails were full of Indian independence followers.

“With this I’m shaking the foundations of the British Empire.”

– Gandhi – after holding up a cup of salt at the end of the salt march.

However, whilst the campaign was at its peak some Indian protesters killed some British civilians, and as a result, Gandhi called off the independence movement saying that India was not ready. This broke the heart of many Indians committed to independence. It led to radicals like Bhagat Singh carrying on the campaign for independence, which was particularly strong in Bengal.

In 1931, Gandhi was invited to London to begin talks with the British government on greater self-government for India, but remaining a British colony. During his three month stay, he declined the government’s offer of a free hotel room, preferring to stay with the poor in the East End of London. During the talks, Gandhi opposed the British suggestions of dividing India along communal lines as he felt this would divide a nation which was ethnically mixed. However, at the summit, the British also invited other leaders of India, such as BR Ambedkar and representatives of the Sikhs and Muslims. Although the dominant personality of Indian independence, he could not always speak for the entire nation.

Gandhi’s humour and wit

During this trip, he visited King George in Buckingham Palace, one apocryphal story which illustrates Gandhi’s wit was the question by the king – what do you think of Western civilisation? To which Gandhi replied

“It would be a good idea.”

Gandhi wore a traditional Indian dress, even whilst visiting the king. It led Winston Churchill to make the disparaging remark about the half naked fakir. When Gandhi was asked if was sufficiently dressed to meet the king, Gandhi replied

“The king was wearing clothes enough for both of us.”

Gandhi once said he if did not have a sense of humour he would have committed suicide along time ago.

Gandhi and the Partition of India

After the war, Britain indicated that they would give India independence. However, with the support of the Muslims led by Jinnah, the British planned to partition India into two: India and Pakistan. Ideologically Gandhi was opposed to partition. He worked vigorously to show that Muslims and Hindus could live together peacefully. At his prayer meetings, Muslim prayers were read out alongside Hindu and Christian prayers. However, Gandhi agreed to the partition and spent the day of Independence in prayer mourning the partition. Even Gandhi’s fasts and appeals were insufficient to prevent the wave of sectarian violence and killing that followed the partition.

Away from the politics of Indian independence, Gandhi was harshly critical of the Hindu Caste system. In particular, he inveighed against the ‘untouchable’ caste, who were treated abysmally by society. He launched many campaigns to change the status of untouchables. Although his campaigns were met with much resistance, they did go a long way to changing century-old prejudices.

At the age of 78, Gandhi undertook another fast to try and prevent the sectarian killing. After 5 days, the leaders agreed to stop killing. But ten days later Gandhi was shot dead by a Hindu Brahmin opposed to Gandhi’s support for Muslims and the untouchables.

Gandhi and Religion

Gandhi was a seeker of the truth.

“In the attitude of silence the soul finds the path in a clearer light, and what is elusive and deceptive resolves itself into crystal clearness. Our life is a long and arduous quest after Truth.”

Gandhi said his great aim in life was to have a vision of God. He sought to worship God and promote religious understanding. He sought inspiration from many different religions: Jainism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism and incorporated them into his own philosophy.

On several occasions, he used religious practices and fasting as part of his political approach. Gandhi felt that personal example could influence public opinion.

“When every hope is gone, ‘when helpers fail and comforts flee,’ I find that help arrives somehow, from I know not where. Supplication, worship, prayer are no superstition; they are acts more real than the acts of eating, drinking, sitting or walking. It is no exaggeration to say that they alone are real, all else is unreal.”

– Gandhi Autobiography – The Story of My Experiments with Truth

Citation: Pettinger, Tejvan . “ Biography of Mahatma Gandhi” , Oxford, UK.  www.biographyonline.net 12th Jan 2011. Last updated 1 Feb 2020.

The Essential Gandhi

The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas at Amazon

Gandhi: An Autobiography – The Story of My Experiments With Truth at Amazon

Related pages

Indian men and women involved in the Independence Movement.

• Nehru Biography

He stood out in his time in history. Non violence as he practised it was part of his spiritual learning usedvas a political tool. How can one say he wasn’t a good lawyer or he wasn’t a good leader when he had such a following and he was part of the negotiations thar brought about Indian Independance? I just dipped into this ti find out about the salt march.:)

• February 09, 2019 9:31 AM
• By Lakmali Gunawardena

mahatma gandhi was a good person but he wasn’t all good because when he freed the indian empire the partition grew between the muslims and they fought .this didn’t happen much when the british empire was in control because muslims and hindus had a common enemy to unite against.

I am not saying the british empire was a good thing.

• January 01, 2019 3:24 PM
• By marcus carpenter

Dear very nice information Gandhi ji always inspired us thanks a lot.

• October 01, 2018 1:40 PM

FATHER OF NATION

• June 03, 2018 8:34 AM

Gandhi was a lawyer who did not make a good impression as a lawyer. His success and influence was mediocre in law religion and politics. He rose to prominence by chance. He was neither a good lawyer or a leader circumstances conspired at a time in history for him to stand out as an astute leader both in South Africa and in India. The British were unable to control the tidal wave of independence in all the countries they ruled at that time. Gandhi was astute enough to seize the opportunity and used non violence as a tool which had no teeth but caused sufficient concern for the British to negotiate and hand over territories which they had milked dry.

• February 09, 2018 2:30 PM
• By A S Cassim

By being “astute enough to seize the opportunity” and not being pushed down/ defeated by an Empire, would you agree this is actually the reason why Gandhi made a good impression as a leader? Also, despite his mediocre success and influence as you mentioned, would you agree the outcome of his accomplishments are clearly a demonstration he actually was relevant to law, religion and politics?

• November 23, 2018 12:45 AM

Culture History

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) was a key leader in India’s struggle for independence against British rule. He is renowned for his philosophy of nonviolent resistance, advocating civil disobedience as a powerful force for social and political change. Gandhi’s efforts played a pivotal role in India gaining independence in 1947. He is often referred to as the “Father of the Nation” in India.

Early Life and Education

Mahatma Gandhi’s early life and education laid the foundation for his transformative journey as a leader of India’s struggle for independence. Born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, a coastal town in the state of Gujarat, India, Gandhi was named Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. His birth into a modest family of the Vaishya, or business caste, was characterized by a strong influence of religious and moral values.

Gandhi’s father, Karamchand Gandhi, served as the diwan, or chief minister, of Porbandar. Despite his official position, Karamchand was known for his simplicity and integrity. These traits left a lasting impression on the young Gandhi, instilling in him a sense of duty and a commitment to truthfulness from an early age. Gandhi’s mother, Putlibai, was deeply religious and played a significant role in shaping his spiritual development.

Growing up in a devout Hindu household, Gandhi was exposed to the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita, the Ramayana, and other religious texts. The concept of ahimsa, or nonviolence, was ingrained in his upbringing, setting the stage for the principles that would later define his philosophy of resistance. His early exposure to the Jain principle of ‘live and let live’ also contributed to the formation of his nonviolent worldview.

In 1876, at the age of six, Gandhi entered primary school. A reserved and somewhat timid child, he struggled with the early years of formal education. His difficulties in expressing himself verbally and his fear of public speaking marked the beginning of a personal journey to overcome these challenges, ultimately leading him to become one of the most influential communicators in history.

At the age of thirteen, Gandhi was married to Kasturba Makhanji, also known as Ba. This early marriage was a common practice in his community, and Gandhi and Kasturba would go on to have four children together. This aspect of Gandhi’s life reflected the traditions and societal norms prevalent in 19th-century India.

In 1888, at the age of 18, Gandhi left India to pursue legal studies in London. This marked a significant departure from his cultural and familial environment, exposing him to Western thought and lifestyle. Studying law was not merely a career choice for Gandhi; it was a means to gain a deeper understanding of justice and to empower himself to address the injustices he would later encounter.

His time in London was transformative, not only academically but also culturally and spiritually. Gandhi embraced vegetarianism and delved into various religious and philosophical texts, including the Bible and works by Tolstoy and Thoreau. It was during this period that he developed a keen interest in social and political issues, setting the stage for his future activism.

After completing his legal studies, Gandhi faced a dilemma. He was offered a position to practice law in London, but he chose a different path. In 1893, Gandhi accepted an offer to work in South Africa, setting the stage for a pivotal chapter in his life. Little did he know that his experiences in South Africa would shape his philosophy of resistance and pave the way for his leadership in India’s struggle for independence.

Gandhi’s experiences in South Africa were marked by the harsh realities of racial discrimination. His confrontation with the deeply entrenched prejudices against Indians, particularly in the province of Natal, became a catalyst for his activism. The incident on a train journey from Durban to Pretoria, where he was ejected from a first-class compartment due to his skin color, became a turning point. This injustice fueled Gandhi’s resolve to fight against racial discrimination through nonviolent means.

In 1894, Gandhi founded the Natal Indian Congress in South Africa, aimed at addressing the rights and grievances of the Indian community. Over the next two decades, he led numerous campaigns against discriminatory laws such as the Asiatic Registration Act, which required all Indians to register and carry passes. These early struggles in South Africa laid the groundwork for the development of his philosophy of Satyagraha, or truth-force.

The concept of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and nonviolence in confronting injustice. It was not merely a political strategy but a way of life for Gandhi. This philosophy, influenced by his deep spiritual convictions, formed the core of his approach to social and political change.

Gandhi’s early activism in South Africa brought him into contact with a diverse array of people, both Indian and non-Indian, who would become instrumental in shaping his understanding of humanity and justice. The struggles in South Africa also honed his skills as a leader and strategist, setting the stage for his return to India in 1915 as a seasoned activist and leader.

South Africa Years

Mahatma Gandhi’s years in South Africa were transformative, laying the groundwork for his philosophy of nonviolent resistance and shaping his identity as a leader. Arriving in South Africa in 1893 to work as a lawyer, Gandhi’s initial experiences were marked by the harsh realities of racial discrimination, sparking a personal and political awakening.

Gandhi’s first significant confrontation with discrimination occurred during a train journey from Durban to Pretoria in 1893. Despite holding a first-class ticket, he was ejected from the compartment due to his Indian heritage. This incident became a catalyst for his activism, prompting him to challenge the unjust treatment of Indians in South Africa.

In response to the discriminatory laws targeting the Indian community, Gandhi founded the Natal Indian Congress in 1894. This organization became a platform for advocating the rights of Indians and opposing oppressive legislation. One of the early campaigns led by Gandhi was against the Asiatic Registration Act of 1906, which required all Indians, including women and children, to register and carry passes at all times. This marked the beginning of Gandhi’s engagement in civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance.

Gandhi’s approach to activism in South Africa was rooted in his evolving philosophy of Satyagraha. The term, meaning “truth-force” or “soul-force,” encapsulated his belief in the transformative power of nonviolence and the pursuit of truth. Satyagraha became more than a political tool; it was a way of life for Gandhi, emphasizing moral courage, self-discipline, and a commitment to justice.

The year 1906 proved to be a pivotal moment in Gandhi’s South African journey. In protest against the oppressive Asiatic Registration Act, he organized a gathering of Indians in Johannesburg. During this meeting, he introduced the practice of taking a collective vow to resist unjust laws through nonviolent means. This marked the formal inception of Satyagraha as a method of protest.

Gandhi’s commitment to nonviolence was further tested during the Bambatha Rebellion in 1906. The British colonial authorities called on Indians to assist in suppressing the Zulu uprising, a request that Gandhi initially supported. However, as the violence escalated, he realized the contradiction between advocating nonviolence and participating in armed conflict. This realization deepened his commitment to the principles of Satyagraha.

The years in South Africa also saw Gandhi’s emergence as a leader who transcended narrow communal boundaries. He recognized the need for unity among different racial and religious groups facing oppression. Gandhi’s efforts extended beyond the Indian community, as he sought alliances with other marginalized groups, including black South Africans. His engagement with various communities laid the foundation for his later endeavors to bridge religious and ethnic divides in India.

Gandhi’s philosophy of Satyagraha gained international attention during the Indian community’s struggle against the repressive Transvaal Asiatic Ordinance in 1908. Through nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience, Gandhi and his followers protested the imposition of fingerprinting and registration. The campaign garnered support not only within South Africa but also from sympathizers worldwide, marking Gandhi’s emergence as a global figure.

As Gandhi’s influence grew, he faced challenges and opposition from both the British authorities and some members of the Indian community. His commitment to nonviolence and truth often clashed with the prevailing attitudes and expectations. However, Gandhi’s unwavering conviction and personal sacrifices, including imprisonment, solidified his position as a symbol of resistance.

The culmination of Gandhi’s efforts in South Africa was the conclusion of negotiations with the British government in 1914. The agreement, known as the Gandhi–Smuts Agreement, marked a significant victory for the Indian community, securing certain rights and recognition. Having achieved his objectives, Gandhi decided to return to India in 1915, bringing with him the lessons and principles forged during his years in South Africa.

Philosophy of Nonviolence (Ahimsa)

Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence, or Ahimsa, stands as one of the most influential and enduring contributions to the principles of social and political change. Rooted in ancient Indian philosophies, particularly Jainism and Hinduism, Gandhi elevated Ahimsa to a guiding force in his life and activism. This philosophy went beyond mere abstention from physical violence; it encompassed a profound commitment to truth, love, and the pursuit of justice.

Ahimsa, in its broadest sense, is the principle of avoiding harm or violence to any living being, both in thought and action. For Gandhi, it was not just a moral principle but a dynamic force capable of transforming individuals and societies. His interpretation of Ahimsa went beyond the passive avoidance of violence; it involved active engagement in the pursuit of justice through nonviolent means.

The roots of Gandhi’s commitment to nonviolence can be traced back to his childhood and upbringing. Growing up in a devout Hindu household, he was exposed to the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita, which extolled the virtues of selfless action and the renunciation of the fruits of one’s actions. The Gita also emphasized the concept of Dharma, or righteous duty, which played a pivotal role in shaping Gandhi’s understanding of ethical behavior.

Gandhi’s engagement with Jainism, particularly its emphasis on nonviolence and the interconnectedness of all life, further deepened his commitment to Ahimsa. The Jain principle of ‘live and let live’ resonated with him, laying the groundwork for the expansive scope of his philosophy. Gandhi’s interpretation of Ahimsa was not limited to personal conduct; it extended to social, economic, and political realms.

The practical application of Gandhi’s philosophy began during his years in South Africa, where he confronted racial discrimination and injustice. The incident on a train in 1893, when he was forcibly removed from a first-class compartment due to his Indian heritage, marked a turning point. Instead of responding with violence or hatred, Gandhi chose to resist the injustice through nonviolent means. This event planted the seed of his philosophy of Satyagraha, which became synonymous with his broader commitment to Ahimsa.

Satyagraha, meaning “truth-force” or “soul-force,” was Gandhi’s method of nonviolent resistance. It involved the pursuit of truth through nonviolence, emphasizing the transformative power of love and compassion. Central to Satyagraha was the idea that the opponent is not an enemy to be defeated but a person with whom one seeks understanding and reconciliation.

Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence manifested in various campaigns and movements, each designed to challenge oppressive systems and bring about positive change. The Champaran and Kheda movements in India, where he championed the cause of indigo farmers and peasants affected by crop failure, respectively, showcased his commitment to social justice through nonviolent action. In both cases, he urged the people to resist injustice peacefully, promoting the idea that the power of truth and nonviolence could overcome the might of oppressive regimes.

The Salt March of 1930 became an iconic demonstration of Gandhi’s philosophy in action. In protest against the British monopoly on salt, Gandhi led a 240-mile march to the Arabian Sea, symbolically producing salt from seawater. The act, while seemingly minor, highlighted the broader issues of colonial exploitation and economic injustice. The Salt March exemplified the power of nonviolent resistance to mobilize people, capture global attention, and inspire similar movements worldwide.

Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence extended beyond the political sphere to encompass personal and interpersonal relationships. His commitment to Ahimsa influenced his lifestyle choices, including vegetarianism, and his advocacy for simplicity and self-sufficiency. Gandhi believed that individuals should strive to align their lives with the principles of nonviolence, fostering harmony with both humanity and the natural world.

The concept of “Sarvodaya,” meaning the welfare of all, was another expression of Gandhi’s commitment to nonviolence. He envisioned a society where the well-being of every individual was considered, emphasizing social and economic equality. The pursuit of Sarvodaya required a rejection of violence and exploitation in all its forms, urging people to live in harmony and mutual respect.

Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence faced challenges and criticisms, both from within and outside the independence movement. Some questioned the efficacy of nonviolence in the face of brutal repression, while others argued that it was an impractical ideal. Gandhi acknowledged the difficulties but remained steadfast in his belief that nonviolence was not a sign of weakness but a potent force capable of transforming societies.

The Quit India movement of 1942 marked another crucial moment for Gandhi’s philosophy. As the call for immediate independence echoed, he emphasized nonviolent non-cooperation as the means to achieve it. The movement faced severe repression from the British authorities, leading to the arrest of Gandhi and many other Congress leaders. The sacrifices made during this period underscored the resilience and enduring power of nonviolence as a force for change.

Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence was not limited to political activism; it sought to address the root causes of conflict and injustice. His efforts to unite Hindus and Muslims, as well as his advocacy for the rights of the untouchables (Dalits), demonstrated a commitment to social harmony and inclusivity. Gandhi believed that true nonviolence required addressing the underlying prejudices and inequalities within society.

In the aftermath of India’s independence in 1947, Gandhi continued to advocate for communal harmony and worked towards preventing the violence that accompanied the partition. His commitment to nonviolence was tested in the face of deep-rooted religious animosities, and he resorted to fasting as a means of urging people to embrace peace and unity.

On January 30, 1948, Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist who opposed Gandhi’s conciliatory stance towards Muslims. Gandhi’s death was a tragic irony, as the apostle of nonviolence fell victim to violence. However, his legacy endured, inspiring subsequent generations of leaders and movements committed to nonviolent resistance.

Return to India and Nationalist Movement

Mahatma Gandhi’s return to India in 1915 marked a pivotal moment in the country’s struggle for independence and set the stage for his leadership in the nationalist movement. Having honed his skills and philosophy of nonviolence in South Africa, Gandhi brought a unique perspective and a steadfast commitment to Satyagraha, or truth-force, to the Indian political landscape. His return coincided with a time of heightened nationalist fervor, and Gandhi quickly emerged as a central figure in shaping the course of India’s fight against British colonial rule.

Upon his return, Gandhi was greeted by a country grappling with socio-economic challenges and aspirations for self-governance. The First World War had created economic hardships, and the demands for greater Indian participation in governance were growing louder. Gandhi’s initial foray into Indian politics involved addressing the issues of indigo farmers in Champaran and peasants in Kheda, where he applied his philosophy of nonviolent resistance to champion the causes of the oppressed.

The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 saw Gandhi leading a campaign against the exploitative practices of British indigo planters. Through nonviolent protests and civil disobedience, he sought justice for the indigo farmers who were burdened with unfair taxation. The success of this movement not only improved the conditions of the farmers but also showcased the potential of nonviolent resistance in achieving social and economic justice.

Gandhi’s involvement in the Kheda Satyagraha later in 1918 further solidified his position as a leader committed to the welfare of the common people. In Kheda, he supported the peasants who were facing crop failures due to floods. Advocating for the waiver of land revenue, he used nonviolent means to draw attention to the plight of the farmers. The British administration, under the influence of his principled resistance, eventually relented, granting relief to the affected peasants.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919 became a turning point that galvanized the Indian populace against British rule. The brutal killing of hundreds of unarmed civilians by British troops in Amritsar on April 13, 1919, shocked the nation and intensified the demand for self-rule. Gandhi, deeply disturbed by the massacre, called for a nationwide protest and non-cooperation with the British government.

The Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhi in 1920 aimed at boycotting British institutions, courts, schools, and products. It represented a significant departure from conventional forms of political agitation, emphasizing nonviolence and non-cooperation as the means to achieve political objectives. Millions of Indians participated in the movement, making it a powerful expression of the collective will for independence.

However, in 1922, the Non-Cooperation Movement faced an abrupt end when a violent incident occurred in the town of Chauri Chaura. A group of protestors turned violent, resulting in the death of police officers. In response to the escalation of violence, Gandhi, true to his commitment to nonviolence, decided to call off the movement, acknowledging that the people were not yet fully prepared for the path of nonviolent resistance.

The suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement led to a period of reflection and strategic reevaluation for Gandhi. During this time, he delved into constructive programs aimed at socio-economic upliftment. He advocated for self-reliance, Khadi (hand-spun cloth), and the removal of untouchability. The emphasis on constructive work was not only a response to the setbacks in political agitation but also a reflection of Gandhi’s belief that true independence required the transformation of individuals and society.

In 1930, Gandhi launched one of the most iconic episodes of the nationalist movement—the Salt March. In protest against the British monopoly on salt, he embarked on a 240-mile march from Sabarmati Ashram to the Arabian Sea, symbolically producing salt from seawater. The Salt March captured the imagination of the nation and the world, becoming a symbol of nonviolent resistance against unjust colonial laws.

The civil disobedience that accompanied the Salt March marked the beginning of the broader Civil Disobedience Movement. Indians across the country defied the salt laws, boycotted British goods, and refused to pay taxes. The movement, characterized by its nonviolent nature, aimed to exert economic and political pressure on the British government. Although it led to mass arrests, including that of Gandhi, and widespread repression, it significantly intensified the demand for independence.

The Round Table Conferences in London, held in 1930-1932, provided a platform for negotiations between Indian leaders and the British government. Gandhi, representing the Indian National Congress, attended the conferences with the hope of finding a constitutional solution for India’s future. However, the discussions failed to produce a consensus, and the gap between the Indian National Congress and the British government widened.

The Quit India movement of 1942 marked another crucial chapter in the nationalist movement. Frustrated by the failure of negotiations and inspired by the global context of World War II, Gandhi called for the immediate withdrawal of British colonial rule. The movement received widespread support, with millions participating in strikes, protests, and acts of civil disobedience. The British response was harsh, leading to the arrest of Gandhi and other Congress leaders.

The Quit India movement, while facing severe repression, demonstrated the resilience of the Indian people’s desire for freedom. It also highlighted the changing dynamics of global politics, with the British government recognizing the need for post-war reforms. The post-war period witnessed a weakened British Empire and a recognition that continued colonial rule was unsustainable.

India’s independence in 1947 was a culmination of decades of struggle, sacrifice, and determination. The partition of India into two independent nations, India and Pakistan, brought about communal tensions and mass migrations. Gandhi, deeply distressed by the communal violence, undertook fasts and walked through riot-torn areas, urging people to embrace peace and unity. His efforts were a testament to his commitment to inter-religious harmony and his belief in nonviolence as a means of resolving conflicts.

On January 30, 1948, Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist who opposed Gandhi’s conciliatory stance towards Muslims. His death was a tragic end to a life dedicated to nonviolence and the pursuit of truth. However, Gandhi’s legacy endured, influencing global movements for civil rights and inspiring leaders committed to justice through peaceful means.

Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha

Mahatma Gandhi’s involvement in the Champaran and Kheda Satyagrahas during the early years of his return to India marked the beginning of his leadership in the country’s struggle for independence. These two movements were pivotal in shaping Gandhi’s approach to nonviolent resistance and establishing the foundations of Satyagraha as a potent force for social and economic justice.

The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was Gandhi’s first major campaign in India. It unfolded in the Champaran district of Bihar, where indigo farmers faced oppressive conditions imposed by British indigo planters. The farmers were compelled to cultivate indigo on a portion of their land, a crop that yielded significant profits for the planters but left the farmers in abject poverty.

Gandhi’s involvement in Champaran was a response to the plight of these farmers, who were burdened with exorbitant taxes and forced labor. The British authorities had imposed the ‘Tinkathia’ system, requiring a certain portion of land to be dedicated to indigo cultivation. This system left the farmers with minimal land for their own sustenance, and they were often forced to grow indigo against their will.

Upon arriving in Champaran, Gandhi immersed himself in understanding the grievances of the indigo farmers. His approach was not confrontational but investigative, seeking to comprehend the issues at the grassroots level. He held meetings with the farmers, heard their stories, and documented the injustices they faced.

The Champaran Satyagraha, unlike conventional agitations, was characterized by its nonviolent and cooperative nature. Gandhi emphasized the importance of truth and nonviolence in confronting oppression. He urged the farmers to withhold payment of taxes and to resist the unjust demands peacefully. This approach was a precursor to Gandhi’s philosophy of Satyagraha, where the pursuit of truth through nonviolent means became a powerful tool for social and political change.

Gandhi’s call for nonviolent resistance in Champaran resonated with the masses. The farmers, inspired by his leadership and philosophy, began to withhold payments to the planters. The British authorities responded with arrests and legal action against Gandhi, but he remained steadfast in his commitment to nonviolence and the pursuit of justice.

The success of the Champaran Satyagraha was multi-faceted. Through negotiations and legal battles, Gandhi was able to secure concessions for the indigo farmers. The ‘Tinkathia’ system was abolished, and the farmers gained more control over their land. The Champaran movement showcased the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance in challenging oppressive policies and was a harbinger of Gandhi’s future campaigns.

Following the triumph in Champaran, Gandhi turned his attention to the Kheda district in Gujarat. The Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 was prompted by the economic distress faced by peasants due to crop failures and a devastating famine. The British administration, insensitive to the plight of the farmers, insisted on the collection of land revenue, exacerbating the suffering of the already distressed population.

In Kheda, Gandhi applied the lessons learned from Champaran, emphasizing nonviolent resistance and the power of collective action. He called for a boycott of the payment of land revenue as a form of protest against the unjust policies of the British government. The movement gained momentum as peasants, both Hindu and Muslim, united under the banner of nonviolent resistance.

Gandhi’s approach in Kheda was characterized by constructive work alongside the Satyagraha. He encouraged villagers to focus on self-reliance, urging them to cultivate their own food and adopt measures to withstand the economic hardships imposed by the British policies. This emphasis on constructive work became a recurring theme in Gandhi’s philosophy, reflecting his belief that true independence required socio-economic transformation at the grassroots level.

The British administration, faced with the resilience of the Kheda Satyagrahis, entered into negotiations with Gandhi. Despite the severe economic conditions, the peasants stood firm in their commitment to nonviolence. Eventually, a settlement known as the ‘Kheda Pact’ was reached. The British agreed to suspend the collection of land revenue in Kheda for a year, providing much-needed relief to the distressed farmers.

The Champaran and Kheda Satyagrahas were instrumental in shaping Gandhi’s evolving philosophy of nonviolent resistance. These movements were not merely protests against specific grievances; they were experiments in the application of Satyagraha as a method of social and economic change. Gandhi’s emphasis on nonviolence, truth, and the empowerment of the oppressed became defining features of his leadership style.

The success of Champaran and Kheda also demonstrated the potential of nonviolent resistance in awakening the collective conscience of the masses. The movements were not driven by a desire for revenge or retaliation; rather, they sought to transform the oppressor by appealing to a shared sense of humanity and justice. This approach marked a departure from conventional forms of political agitation, setting Gandhi apart as a leader committed to principles that transcended mere political objectives.

The Champaran and Kheda Satyagrahas laid the groundwork for Gandhi’s subsequent involvement in larger national movements. The lessons learned from these early campaigns informed his strategies during the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India movement. The emphasis on nonviolence, constructive work, and the pursuit of truth became integral components of the broader struggle for India’s independence.

Non-Cooperation Movement

The Non-Cooperation Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, was a watershed moment in India’s struggle for independence. This movement marked a departure from conventional forms of political agitation, as it advocated nonviolent non-cooperation with British authorities as a means to achieve political objectives. The Non-Cooperation Movement, with its emphasis on nonviolence, mass participation, and constructive work, reshaped the dynamics of India’s fight against colonial rule.

The backdrop of the Non-Cooperation Movement was a nation disillusioned by the aftermath of World War I and seeking avenues for greater participation in governance. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919, where British troops killed hundreds of unarmed civilians in Amritsar, had intensified the demand for self-rule. The oppressive Rowlatt Act, enacted by the British government, further fueled resentment and discontent among Indians.

Mahatma Gandhi, who had already established himself as a leader during the Champaran and Kheda Satyagrahas, recognized the need for a more expansive and inclusive movement. The Non-Cooperation Movement was conceived as a response to the growing discontent and the desire for Indians to assert their rights. Gandhi believed that nonviolent non-cooperation would be a potent weapon to express popular discontent and compel the British government to address Indian demands for self-governance.

Launched on August 1, 1920, the Non-Cooperation Movement had a broad agenda. It called for the non-cooperation with British institutions, including educational, legislative, and administrative bodies. Indians were urged to boycott government schools, colleges, and offices. The movement also advocated the surrender of titles and honors bestowed by the British government, encouraging Indians to resign from government jobs and the army.

One of the central elements of the Non-Cooperation Movement was the boycott of foreign goods. Indians were asked to discard foreign-made clothes, especially British textiles, and embrace Khadi—the hand-spun, handwoven fabric symbolizing self-reliance and resistance to economic exploitation. The spinning wheel, or charkha, became an iconic symbol of the movement, representing the economic independence and self-sufficiency that Gandhi envisioned.

The call for nonviolent non-cooperation resonated across the length and breadth of the country. The movement garnered widespread support from various sections of society, cutting across religious, caste, and economic lines. The participation of women in large numbers also added a new dimension to the struggle for independence. The involvement of all segments of society reflected the inclusive nature of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

The mass participation in the Non-Cooperation Movement was particularly evident in the large-scale protests and demonstrations that swept across India. Millions took to the streets, expressing their refusal to cooperate with the British authorities. The movement provided a platform for ordinary Indians to voice their grievances and aspirations for self-rule. It demonstrated the power of collective nonviolent action in challenging the might of the British Empire.

One of the notable aspects of the Non-Cooperation Movement was its emphasis on nonviolence. Gandhi, committed to the philosophy of Satyagraha, believed that true freedom could only be achieved through nonviolent means. The movement aimed at transforming not just the political landscape but also the hearts and minds of the people. Nonviolence was not merely a tactical choice but a moral and spiritual imperative.

The movement faced its share of challenges and opposition. The British government responded with repression, arrests, and punitive measures. Despite the peaceful nature of the protests, instances of violence did occur in some places, and clashes with the authorities took place. Gandhi, true to his commitment to nonviolence, would call off the movement if it deviated from its nonviolent principles.

One of the defining moments of the Non-Cooperation Movement was the incident at Chauri Chaura in 1922. A peaceful protest in the town turned violent, resulting in the death of police officers. Distraught by the violence, Gandhi decided to suspend the movement, realizing that the people were not yet fully prepared for the path of nonviolent resistance. This decision demonstrated Gandhi’s unwavering commitment to nonviolence and his refusal to compromise on its principles.

The suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement led to a period of reflection and strategic reevaluation for Gandhi. During this time, he focused on constructive programs aimed at socio-economic upliftment. The emphasis on Khadi, village industries, and self-reliance became integral components of Gandhi’s vision for an independent India. The constructive work aimed at transforming the lives of ordinary Indians and fostering a sense of self-respect and dignity.

While the Non-Cooperation Movement did not achieve its immediate political objectives, it had far-reaching consequences. The widespread participation in the movement brought Indians together across different regions and communities, fostering a sense of national unity. It laid the groundwork for future mass movements and instilled a spirit of self-confidence and empowerment among the people.

The Non-Cooperation Movement also left a lasting impact on the international stage. The sight of millions of Indians peacefully resisting colonial rule captured the attention of the global community. It inspired movements for independence and civil rights in various parts of the world. The principles of nonviolence and non-cooperation, championed by Gandhi, became a source of inspiration for leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela.

The Non-Cooperation Movement, though suspended, paved the way for subsequent phases of the independence struggle. It laid the foundation for the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Quit India movement, both of which would further test the resilience of nonviolent resistance against British colonialism. The lessons learned from the Non-Cooperation Movement remained embedded in the ethos of India’s struggle for freedom.

Salt March and Civil Disobedience

The Salt March and the subsequent Civil Disobedience Movement, initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in the early 1930s, stand as powerful episodes in India’s struggle for independence. These movements were characterized by their commitment to nonviolent resistance and their ability to mobilize mass participation. The Salt March, in particular, became an iconic symbol of defiance against British colonial rule, while the Civil Disobedience Movement expanded the scope of nonviolent protest, challenging oppressive laws and policies.

The Salt March, which commenced on March 12, 1930, was a response to the British monopoly on salt production and distribution. Salt was a basic commodity, and the British levied a heavy tax on its production and sale, disproportionately affecting the poorest sections of Indian society. Gandhi saw the salt tax as a symbol of economic exploitation and a clear instance of an unjust law that could be challenged through nonviolent means.

Gandhi, along with a small group of followers, embarked on a 240-mile journey from Sabarmati Ashram to the Arabian Sea in the coastal town of Dandi. The march itself was a deliberate and strategic act of civil disobedience, symbolizing the defiance of British laws. Along the way, the group grew in numbers as people joined the march, transforming it into a mass movement.

The Salt March was a visual spectacle that captured the imagination of the nation and the world. Gandhi, dressed in his simple loincloth and shawl, led a diverse group of marchers, including men and women from various backgrounds and regions. The march drew attention to the injustices faced by ordinary Indians and exemplified the power of nonviolent resistance.

Upon reaching Dandi on April 6, 1930, Gandhi and his followers ceremoniously defied the salt laws by picking up salt from the shores of the Arabian Sea. This symbolic act was replicated across the country as people began to make salt in violation of the British monopoly. The campaign urged Indians to reject British-made salt, boycott foreign goods, and participate in mass civil disobedience.

The Salt March and the subsequent salt-making protests had a profound impact on the Indian psyche. It united people from different walks of life, transcending barriers of caste, religion, and region. The British response was one of repression, with arrests and police action, but the movement continued to gather momentum.

The international community, too, took notice of the Salt March. The march and the civil disobedience campaign garnered sympathy and support from around the world. The simple act of making salt became a powerful symbol of resistance against colonial oppression, inspiring similar movements for civil rights and independence in other parts of the world.

The success of the Salt March lay not only in its ability to mobilize mass participation but also in its impact on the British administration. The campaign exposed the vulnerability of the colonial system to nonviolent resistance. The defiance of the salt laws, coupled with the widespread boycott of British goods, led to a significant economic impact. The British government, facing global scrutiny and internal dissent, was compelled to negotiate with Indian leaders.

The Round Table Conferences held in London between 1930 and 1932 provided a platform for discussions between Indian leaders and the British government. However, the negotiations did not yield substantial results, and the impasse intensified the demand for a more radical form of protest. The failure of the conferences laid the groundwork for the next phase of the independence movement—the Civil Disobedience Movement.

In 1932, Gandhi, along with other leaders, launched the Civil Disobedience Movement, which aimed to challenge specific laws and policies through nonviolent resistance. The movement urged Indians to refuse to obey certain laws, withhold taxes, and participate in acts of civil disobedience. Unlike the Non-Cooperation Movement of the early 1920s, the Civil Disobedience Movement targeted specific laws and policies rather than rejecting all cooperation with the British administration.

One of the prominent aspects of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the widespread defiance of the salt laws, reminiscent of the Salt March. Indians across the country violated the salt laws by making salt or buying contraband salt, leading to mass arrests. The movement also targeted other unjust laws, including those related to land revenue, forest laws, and taxes.

The Civil Disobedience Movement witnessed the active participation of various sections of society, including women. Women played a crucial role in the movement, breaking social norms and actively participating in acts of civil disobedience. The movement also emphasized the importance of constructive work, with an emphasis on Khadi and the promotion of village industries.

One of the most notable incidents during the Civil Disobedience Movement was the historic Dharasana Salt Satyagraha of 1930. Led by Sarojini Naidu and other leaders, a group of nonviolent protesters marched towards the Dharasana salt works in Gujarat. Despite facing brutal police baton charges, the marchers remained nonviolent, highlighting the moral force of their resistance. The incident drew global attention and intensified the pressure on the British government.

The Civil Disobedience Movement, like its predecessor, faced repression from the British authorities. Thousands were arrested, including prominent leaders. The movement also brought about internal debates within the Indian National Congress, with differing views on the extent of civil disobedience and the use of nonviolent methods. Despite these challenges, the movement continued to challenge the legitimacy of British rule.

In 1931, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India. The pact marked a temporary truce, with the British agreeing to release political prisoners and Indians agreeing to suspend civil disobedience. Gandhi attended the Second Round Table Conference in London but returned dissatisfied with the lack of progress.

The years following the Civil Disobedience Movement witnessed a shift in the dynamics of the independence movement. The Poona Pact of 1932 addressed the issue of separate electorates for Dalits, a cause championed by B.R. Ambedkar. The government of India Act of 1935 introduced limited constitutional reforms, expanding provincial autonomy.

The outbreak of World War II in 1939 halted political negotiations and increased repression in India. In 1942, against the backdrop of the global conflict, Mahatma Gandhi launched the Quit India movement, a mass protest demanding an end to British rule. The movement faced severe repression, and many leaders, including Gandhi, were arrested.

Round Table Conferences and Negotiations

Mahatma Gandhi’s role during the Round Table Conferences in the early 1930s marked a crucial phase in India’s quest for independence. These conferences, held in London, aimed to discuss constitutional reforms and the political future of India. Gandhi’s participation, especially in the Second Round Table Conference, brought attention to the complexities of India’s diverse political landscape and the challenges of reconciling conflicting demands for self-rule.

The Round Table Conferences were initiated by the British government as a response to the demands for constitutional reforms and increased Indian participation in decision-making processes. The failure of the Simon Commission, perceived as a British initiative without Indian representation, had intensified the call for a more inclusive approach. The three conferences, held in 1930-1932, sought to address key issues such as the structure of government, distribution of power, and the question of separate electorates.

The First Round Table Conference, held from November 1930 to January 1931, saw the absence of the Indian National Congress, the leading political force in India at the time. Gandhi and the Congress chose to boycott the conference, expressing dissatisfaction with the lack of a clear agenda for self-rule. Despite this, representatives from various communities and princely states attended, discussing issues related to communal representation and constitutional reforms.

The Second Round Table Conference, convened from September to December 1931, witnessed the active participation of Mahatma Gandhi. The decision to invite Gandhi was a recognition of his significant influence in Indian politics and his ability to mobilize mass support. The conference aimed to build consensus on constitutional reforms, especially regarding communal representation, but deep-seated differences persisted.

Gandhi’s approach to the Second Round Table Conference was rooted in his commitment to nonviolence and the pursuit of truth. Prior to his departure for London, he negotiated with the British government and signed the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931. The pact included the suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement, the release of political prisoners, and an agreement to attend the conference. Gandhi’s interactions with Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and other British leaders aimed to find common ground while upholding the principles of nonviolence.

During the conference, Gandhi presented the Congress’s viewpoint, advocating for a united India with dominion status and self-rule. He emphasized the need for a fair and just representation of all communities in the political structure. However, the central point of contention remained the issue of separate electorates, especially for Muslims. The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, staunchly defended separate electorates as a means to protect the political rights of Muslims.

The communal divide on the question of separate electorates posed a significant challenge to the proceedings. Despite efforts at negotiation and dialogue, a consensus proved elusive. Gandhi’s commitment to a united India clashed with the demands for communal representation, setting the stage for continued debates on the nature of political representation in a diverse and pluralistic society.

The failure to reach an agreement at the Second Round Table Conference highlighted the complexities of Indian politics and the deep-seated divisions on key issues. The communal question, exacerbated by competing demands for separate electorates, hindered progress toward a unified constitutional framework. The British government, faced with the lack of a comprehensive agreement, issued the White Paper in 1933, outlining proposals for constitutional reforms based on the discussions.

The Third Round Table Conference, held in November 1932, aimed to revisit the constitutional proposals and seek a final agreement. However, the absence of the Congress, which chose to boycott the conference once again, limited the effectiveness of the discussions. The Congress’s decision reflected ongoing dissatisfaction with the proposed reforms and the failure to address key issues.

Despite the challenges and limited success of the Round Table Conferences, Gandhi’s participation had far-reaching implications. His commitment to nonviolence, truth, and the pursuit of justice remained central to his interactions with British leaders. The principles of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, emphasizing nonviolence and dialogue, set the tone for the negotiations during the conferences.

Gandhi’s engagement with the British leadership also showcased the power of moral force in political negotiations. His interactions with Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and others aimed to convey the moral imperative of India’s demand for self-rule. Gandhi’s insistence on a united India, free from communal divisions, reflected his vision of a pluralistic and inclusive nation.

The Round Table Conferences, while falling short of achieving a comprehensive agreement, contributed to the evolving discourse on India’s political future. The issues discussed laid the groundwork for the Government of India Act of 1935, which introduced some constitutional reforms, including provincial autonomy and a federal structure. However, the communal question remained unresolved, and the act did not fully meet the aspirations of various political groups.

Quit India Movement

The Quit India Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8, 1942, stands as one of the pivotal chapters in India’s struggle for independence. This mass protest marked a significant shift in the approach towards achieving freedom, with Gandhi calling for the immediate withdrawal of British colonial rule from India. The Quit India Movement, characterized by its nonviolent resistance and the active participation of millions of Indians, played a crucial role in hastening the end of British colonialism in India.

The backdrop of the Quit India Movement was the escalating turmoil of World War II. The war had drained the resources of the British Empire, and India, as a key colony, was expected to contribute significantly to the war effort. The British government, under pressure, sought Indian cooperation but was hesitant to grant India the self-governance it had been demanding for decades.

In this context, Mahatma Gandhi, frustrated by the lack of progress in negotiations with the British and inspired by the spirit of national unity, decided to launch the Quit India Movement. The demand for an immediate end to British rule became the rallying cry, and the movement aimed to achieve this goal through nonviolent means.

On August 8, 1942, Gandhi delivered the famous “Quit India” speech at the Gowalia Tank Maidan (now August Kranti Maidan) in Mumbai. In this historic address, he called on the Indian people to “Do or Die” in the cause of freedom. The speech outlined the reasons for launching the movement and emphasized the imperative of nonviolence in the struggle against British rule.

The Quit India Movement witnessed widespread participation from people across different regions, communities, and socioeconomic backgrounds. The call for nonviolent resistance echoed throughout the country, leading to mass demonstrations, strikes, and acts of civil disobedience. The movement gained momentum as people from various walks of life joined hands in the quest for immediate independence.

The British response to the Quit India Movement was swift and severe. Within hours of Gandhi’s speech, prominent leaders, including Gandhi himself, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, and others, were arrested. The British authorities sought to crush the movement through mass arrests, censorship, and the use of force. However, the repression only fueled the determination of the Indian people to demand their right to self-rule.

One of the notable aspects of the Quit India Movement was the role of young leaders and students. Many young Indians, inspired by the call to “Do or Die,” actively participated in protests and demonstrations. Students played a crucial role in organizing strikes, rallies, and acts of civil disobedience. The youth, driven by a fervent desire for freedom, became a dynamic force within the movement.

The movement also witnessed the emergence of underground activities and parallel governments in some regions. With the established leadership in jail, local leaders and activists took charge, organizing protests, maintaining communication networks, and challenging the British administration. The underground resistance demonstrated the resilience of the Indian people in the face of adversity.

Despite the mass participation and the spirit of nonviolent resistance, the Quit India Movement faced challenges. The British government, intent on suppressing the movement, employed repressive measures, including curfews, arrests, and the use of force. The absence of key leaders, imprisoned at the outset of the movement, presented organizational challenges. The internal divisions among Indian political groups also posed obstacles to presenting a united front.

The Quit India Movement coincided with the global context of World War II, and the British government, preoccupied with the war effort, faced challenges in dealing with the intensifying unrest in India. The movement, coupled with the naval mutiny by Indian sailors, contributed to an atmosphere of widespread discontent.

As the movement gained momentum, the British government began to reassess its stance. Realizing the growing unpopularity of colonial rule and the need to focus on post-war reconstruction, the British authorities sought a way to defuse the situation. In 1942, the Cripps Mission, led by Sir Stafford Cripps, was sent to India with proposals for constitutional reforms. However, these proposals were met with skepticism and were ultimately rejected by both the Congress and the Muslim League.

The Quit India Movement, despite facing challenges and repression, left an indelible impact on the Indian political landscape. It demonstrated the power of mass mobilization and nonviolent resistance in challenging the might of the British Empire. The movement also brought to the forefront the aspirations of the Indian people for immediate independence, transcending the earlier demands for constitutional reforms.

As World War II progressed, the global situation prompted the British government to reassess its colonial policies. The need for Indian support during the war and the realization that maintaining control over India was increasingly untenable led to a shift in British attitudes. In 1945, the Labour government in Britain, led by Prime Minister Clement Attlee, began the process of decolonization.

The naval mutiny of 1946, known as the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny, further underscored the disaffection among Indian forces. The mutiny, characterized by strikes and protests by Indian sailors, was a significant factor in convincing the British government that its hold on India was no longer sustainable.

The Quit India Movement, with its emphasis on immediate independence and nonviolent resistance, played a crucial role in shaping the narrative of India’s journey towards freedom. While the movement did not lead directly to the immediate exit of the British, it accelerated the process of decolonization and contributed to the eventual transfer of power in 1947.

Legacy and Global Influence

Mahatma Gandhi’s legacy and global influence extend far beyond the boundaries of India. As a symbol of nonviolent resistance, moral leadership, and the pursuit of justice, Gandhi’s impact has reverberated across the world, inspiring movements for civil rights, freedom, and social change. His principles of truth, nonviolence (Ahimsa), and the pursuit of Swaraj (self-rule) have left an enduring mark on the collective consciousness of humanity.

Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence, or Ahimsa, was a cornerstone of his approach to social and political change. Rooted in ancient Indian traditions, Ahimsa advocates for resolving conflicts through peaceful means and emphasizes the interconnectedness of all living beings. Gandhi applied Ahimsa not only as a strategic tool in the struggle against British colonialism but also as a way of life. His commitment to nonviolence extended to personal conduct, interpersonal relations, and societal transformation.

The global influence of Gandhi’s philosophy is perhaps most evident in the civil rights movement in the United States . Figures like Martin Luther King Jr. drew inspiration from Gandhi’s teachings on nonviolence and applied them to the fight against racial segregation and discrimination. King, deeply moved by Gandhi’s principles, adopted nonviolent resistance as a guiding principle in the struggle for African American civil rights. The Montgomery Bus Boycott, the March on Washington, and other pivotal moments in the U.S. civil rights movement were deeply influenced by the Gandhian philosophy of nonviolence.

In a letter to his followers, King wrote, “While the Montgomery boycott was going on, India’s Gandhi was the guiding light of our technique of nonviolent social change.” The impact of Gandhi’s philosophy resonated not only with King but also with a generation of civil rights activists who recognized the moral force embedded in nonviolent resistance.

Gandhi’s influence also reached South Africa, where he spent a significant portion of his early adulthood. His experiences there, particularly during the struggle against discriminatory laws, shaped his commitment to nonviolence and his dedication to fighting injustice. Nelson Mandela , who would later lead South Africa out of apartheid, acknowledged Gandhi as a source of inspiration. Mandela’s commitment to reconciliation, forgiveness, and peaceful transition reflected the Gandhian values that had left an indelible mark on his worldview.

Beyond the realms of politics, Gandhi’s principles found resonance in various social justice movements and advocacy for human rights. His emphasis on the dignity of every individual, regardless of caste, creed, or color, provided a moral compass for those striving to create a more just and equitable world. The anti-apartheid movement in South Africa and the global movements for equality and justice owe a debt to Gandhi’s teachings on human dignity and equality.

Gandhi’s influence also extended to environmental and sustainable living movements. His advocacy for simple living, self-reliance, and the use of local resources found echoes in the global environmental consciousness. The emphasis on Swadeshi (self-sufficiency) and sustainable practices became central tenets of the environmental movements that emerged in the latter half of the 20th century.

In the realm of international diplomacy, Gandhi’s legacy continued to inspire leaders and movements seeking peaceful resolutions to conflicts. The Dalai Lama , the spiritual leader of Tibet, has expressed admiration for Gandhi’s philosophy, particularly his approach to conflict resolution through nonviolent means. The idea of resolving disputes through dialogue, understanding, and empathy has found resonance in various peace-building efforts globally.

The principles of Satyagraha, a term coined by Gandhi to describe the power of truth and nonviolent resistance, have influenced movements for democracy and human rights around the world. In Eastern Europe, during the late 20th century, activists against oppressive regimes drew inspiration from Gandhi’s methods. The Solidarity movement in Poland, for instance, embraced nonviolence as a means to challenge authoritarian rule.

In contemporary times, Gandhi’s legacy is invoked in movements advocating for social justice, democratic values, and freedom. His teachings are a source of strength for those confronting oppressive regimes, advocating for minority rights, and seeking to address systemic inequalities. The global resonance of slogans like “Be the change you wish to see in the world” reflects the enduring relevance of Gandhi’s ideas in shaping ethical leadership and personal responsibility.

In the realm of education, Gandhi’s philosophy has found its way into curricula, inspiring students to engage with ideas of justice, nonviolence, and social responsibility. His autobiography, “The Story of My Experiments with Truth,” continues to be a widely read and studied work that introduces new generations to his philosophy and life.

While Gandhi’s legacy has left an indelible mark, it is important to acknowledge the complexity of his ideas and their interpretation. Gandhi’s views on certain social issues, including caste and gender, have been critiqued for being conservative. The Gandhian approach to these issues is a subject of ongoing debate and reflection, underscoring the need to critically engage with historical figures and their ideas.

The global celebration of October 2nd as the International Day of Non-Violence by the United Nations is a testament to the enduring impact of Gandhi’s legacy. On this day, the world honors his commitment to nonviolence as a powerful means to address social, political, and economic challenges.

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

You must be logged in to post a comment.

Lasted Stories

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi   Biography

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was a Hindu thinker, lawyer, and politician, born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, India . He was called against his will by the poet Rabindranath Tagore, “Mahatma” which means Great Soul.

Gandhi led India to independence from the British Raj without using violence. His name will be eternally associated with the doctrine of peaceful resistance.

Gandhi had a great influence since he was little, and he learned from a very young age to fast to purify himself, to not harm any living being, to tolerate other religious beliefs, and to be a vegetarian. He was the youngest of the three sons of the union between Karamchand Gandhi and Putlibai.

Gandhi was a withdrawn young man, silent and not at all brilliant in school. At the age of thirteen, his parents, following the Hindu custom, married him to a girl of his age called Kasturbai, with whom from the age of six he was already committed without having any idea.

In 1884, his father, Karamchand Gandhi, died, and his mother would die six years later.

As Gandhi’s school grades did not improve, in 1888, his family decided to send him to London to obtain a law degree; he was nineteen years old and had just been a father for the first time. In the English capital, he began to frequent the Theosophists, who initiated him in the reading of the first Indian classic, the Bhagavad Gita – which is part of the Mahabharata, the sacred book of the Hindus – which he would consider “the best book to find the truth” for the knowledge of the truth. In London, Gandhi also began to know about Christ, and for a time he was fascinated by the Christian belief and even hesitated between Hinduism and it. “The Sermon on the Mount” by Jesus inspired his ideals of nonviolence.

In 1893, Gandhi sailed to South Africa to work. Gandhi always said that the most decisive experience of his life, which led him to be a political leader of the first magnitude and a tenacious defender of human equality and fraternity, was while traveling on a train from Durban to Pretoria, in South Africa. In the middle of the tour, a white man entered his inn and ordered him to go to the baggage car, which was the place reserved for the “Blacks” Gandhi, who had a first-class ticket, refused. The man called the police and Gandhi was expelled from the train in the middle of the night. Since then, Mahatma Gandhi decided to fight against any form of colonialism and racism with the weapons of nonviolence.

After his work, Gandhi was about to return to India when he learned about the law to withdraw the right of suffrage to Hindus, so he decided to delay his departure for a month to organize the resistance of his countrymen. Gandhi trained his countrymen in the doctrine of Satyagraha (The Creed of Nonviolence). The Satyagraha would be edited sometime later to achieve the political force that showed in the fight for the independence of India.

Gandhi entered politics because he believed that religion was the foundation of everything and wanted to use his moral principles to all aspects of life. That is why he was so extreme in the defense of nonviolence, as his phrase shows:

“My national service is part of my training to free my soul from the bondage of the body.” Mahatma Gandhi

His way of thinking must have been influenced by his family and social context in which he grew up and developed. Despite his failures, Gandhi became one of the most important historical figures of the twentieth century. His example inspired several leaders that looked for freedom such as Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King. Most of Gandhi’s ideas and practices continue to be analyzed and used throughout the world by environmental groups and anti-globalization organizations.

In 1906, he made his vow of sexual abstinence, and also he started a passive resistance and spent four months in jail. Seven years later, in 1913, he received another nine months in prison for the epic march of Natal (South Africa). After Gandhi left South Africa, the politicians who had battled strongly started admiring him. Even today, thanks to Gandhi’s legacy, the South African Indians enjoy privileges that the black population has not been able to achieve.

The return of Mahatma Gandhi to India in 1915 coincides with the outbreak of the First World War. It was then that Europe experienced the peak of the political violence of Hitler and Mussolini when Gandhi sowed in his campaigns of civil disobedience one of the greatest political successes of the twentieth century: the peaceful independence of India. Gandhi used his fine psychology, to his extensive knowledge of the British mentality: in the name of Fair Play, he renounces fighting against the English while the war lasts. While announcing his intention not to fight against England, he creates a farm in the city of Ahmedabad, an apparently almost monastic institution where he gathers his disciples. Wherever those peaceful communities of vegetarian mystics emerge, it appears later under the direction of Gandhi, a gigantic revolution.

Since the American Civil War, England is left without cotton and India becomes the first exporter of this product. India exports raw cotton and Britain converts it into cloth, thus giving work to the English working population. When an Indian purchases Western dresses, he is paying the price in gold for the cotton he grows. That is why Gandhi fought against the British textile industry; that is why he asked for the return of the craftsman yarn, which is why he forbids the use of Western garments. That is why he created the farm in Ahmedabad, that monasticism that is the powder keg of a great revolution.

The end of the First World War brought an essential change in the policy of British colonies. If in the Bihar campaign all the proposals of Gandhi had been heard in favor of the peasants, the scene was very different by 1919. Many Indians were imprisoned, and in the province of Punjab, a strong terrorist movement was organized. From that year Gandhi increased his political campaign, showing decidedly his intention to achieve independence.

Years after the massacre, Gandhi became the undisputed nationalist leader, achieving the presidency of the Indian National Congress. The great campaigns of civil disobedience were launched. Thousands of Indians filled the prisons and Gandhi himself was arrested in March 1922. Ten days later he started “the Great Judgment”; the British judge had to sentence him to six years in prison. Gandhi on the other hand, accepts “As an honor” the sentence. When he became ill in prison, in 1923, the entire European press launched a campaign in his favor, and the viceroy decided to let him go free.

The “Salt March ” was Gandhi’s first great battle for independence. On March 12, 1930, in which, along with 78 worshipers, he left Sabarmati and traveled 390 km by walking for 24 days, followed by a growing number of admirers. He reached the sea and grabbed a handful of salt, symbolic act with which he invited the population to oppose the British monopoly of salt. Thus began the campaign of civil disobedience. And from the prison of Yervada, where he had been exiled again, he made in 1932 a “fast unto death.” The outbreak of the Second World War in the year 1939-1945. Britain pressured and exhausted by the United States, in February 1947 trusted the cousin of King George VI and great-grandson of Queen Victoria, Lord Mountbatten, the negotiation of Indian independence with Jinnah (head of the Muslim League) and Gandhi. In just seven months, India regained the freedom they had lost three centuries ago. Mahatma Gandhi had several attacks by fanatical Hindu and Muslim extremists. During his last days in Delhi he made a fast to reconcile the two communities, which was affecting his health. Even so, he left again in public a few days before his death.

On January 30, 1948, when Gandhi was addressing the crowd in New Delhi, Hindu extremist Nathuram V. Godse came up to him and took advantage of the confusion and shot him three times. Gandhi muttered “Hei, Rama” (Oh, God) and died.

THE NINE GUIDELINES OF THE SATYAGRAHA

• A Satyagrahi , that is, a civilian resistance, will not feel anger.
• He will suffer the rage of his opponent.
• By doing so, he will withstand the assaults of his opponent, he will never retreat; but he will not submit, for fear of punishment or something similar, to any order expressed with anger.
• When any person with authority tries to arrest a civilian resistant, he will voluntarily lend himself to arrest, and will not resist the theft of his property when the authorities want to confiscate it.
• If a civilian resistant has some property in his possession as trustee, he will refuse to surrender it, although in defending it he may lose his life. In no case shall he retaliate.
• No retaliation includes insulting and cursing.
• Therefore, a civilian resistant will never insult his opponent, and therefore he will not take part in any of the new insults that are contrary to the spirit of Ahimsa.
• A civilian resistant will not salute the United Kingdom flag, nor insult her or the officers, English or Indians.
• In the course of the fight, if someone insults or assaults an officer, the resistant civilian should protect said officer or officers from the insult or the attack even with his life.

“I am just a poor lost soul who strives to be totally good. ” Mahatma Gandhi

You may like

Robert Oppenheimer

Nancy Pelosi

Camille Vasquez

Kamala Harris

Robert Oppenheimer Biography

Julius Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was a physicist widely acknowledged as the father of atomic bomb . He was born in New York City, United States. Oppenheimer is renowned for his pivotal role in the development of the Manhattan Project during World War II, which culminated in the creation of the first atomic bombs.

Early years

Robert Oppenheimer was an American theoretical physicist, scientist, and university professor. He was the son of German-born Julius S. Oppenheimer and artist Ella Friedman. Coming from a wealthy and educated family in New York, his father was a Jewish owner of a significant fortune amassed through his textile factory. This allowed Oppenheimer to enjoy certain comforts and attend the best schools in the city.

In this regard, he was educated at the Ethical Culture School in New York, where he excelled as the top student, with some teachers even asserting that he was better than many of them. Upon graduating from school, he enrolled at Harvard University , where he stood out in all areas, from chemistry to Eastern philosophy, Greek, and Latin, completing his studies at the age of 21.

After some time, Robert Oppenheimer decided to delve into the world of physics, capitalizing on both his aptitude for the subject and its burgeoning prominence across Europe. He moved to England, where he worked with Ernest Rutherford and J. J. Thomson. Alongside these two great scientists, he felt somewhat inadequate, as he believed his performance did not meet the required standards. However, Oppenheimer did not give up.

With the passage of time, he learned from his mentors, and by 1925, feeling more adapted, he began researching atomic energy and secondary-atomic particle energy processes at the Cavendish Laboratory.

A year later, he was at the University of Göttingen , collaborating with Max Born to develop his classical contribution to molecular quantum theory, known in physics as the “Born-Oppenheimer method”. He returned to his home country to teach theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology and the University of Berkeley between 1929 and 1942. Oppenheimer was a highly political person. Therefore, in the 1930s, he decided to align himself with communist students to support the Republic during the Spanish Civil War, but certain actions led to the demise of his sympathy for the Communist Party.

Contribution to the Manhattan Project

General Leslie Groves alongside Oppenheimer in the development of the Manhattan Project (Circa 1944)

The civil and political situation in Europe was becoming increasingly dangerous. By 1939, Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard warned the U.S. government about the dangers of nuclear energy falling into the hands of the Nazis. In response, President Franklin Roosevelt initiated the project for creating the atomic bomb, which was initially under military control, led by General Leslie Groves, an engineer known for overseeing construction projects, including the Pentagon. Later, Oppenheimer was brought on board to manage the administration of the project, which culminated in the construction of the atomic bomb by 1945.

Oppenheimer’s most significant contribution to the Manhattan Project was his leadership and effective coordination among diverse teams of scientists. His vision and problem-solving skills were crucial in overcoming the scientific and technological challenges involved in building an atomic bomb. He supervised the design and testing of the first atomic bombs, including the successful detonation of the plutonium bomb at the Trinity test site in New Mexico on July 16, 1945.

This American physicist had the support of many prominent figures in science, such as the great scientist Werner Heisenberg , Erwin Schrödinger, Max Born, Wolfgang Pauli, Paul Dirac, and Enrico Fermi , with whom he also developed close friendships. The work carried out by these scientists on quantum physics provided significant support for his own research. He gained valuable insights into quantum and relativistic physics, which kept him abreast of new scientific developments. He made contributions to the application of quantum theory to the concept of electron spin.

In his role as the director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, he fostered discussion and research in quantum and relativistic physics. In 1953, his past ties with the Communist Party led to certain defamation issues. As a result, he was called to a security hearing where the accusation was dismissed, but his access to military secrets was still prohibited. One of the institutions that attacked the scientist the most was the Federation of American Scientists. Oppenheimer was humiliated, and his communications were monitored. Nine years later, President John F. Kennedy , in an effort to rectify this mistake, awarded him the Enrico Fermi Award , granted by the Atomic Energy Commission , which he received from President Johnson himself.

“Now I Am Become Death, the Destroyer of Worlds”.

Oppenheimer, confessed to President Harry Truman, that he was not entirely comfortable with the fate of the atomic bomb. After some time, the Cold War erupted, and the Soviet Union announced its possession of an atomic weapon. In response, the United States decided to develop an even more powerful weapon. They approached Oppenheimer to lead the Atomic Energy Commission, but he declined the offer, resulting in his removal from the position. However, he remained the director at the Institute for Advanced Study, thanks to the support given by Einstein , Von Neumann , and Bohr.

After this event, his life took a different turn as he decided to distance himself from the laboratories and leaned towards writing about the studies conducted throughout his scientific career. Notable works include “Science and the Common Understanding” (1954) and a book related to electrodynamics (published posthumously in 1970). In the aftermath of the events in Japan and the grave consequences the atomic bomb had on humanity, he made several proposals aimed at internationally regulating the use of atomic energy to ensure peace.

He staunchly opposed the creation of the hydrogen bomb. However, despite his efforts and those of the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission , its development continued. Disheartened, Oppenheimer made the decision to retire from Princeton in 1966 . A year later, on February 18, 1967, he passed away from throat cancer.

Filmography

Visual works inspired by Robert Oppenheimer:

• “Fat Man and Little Boy” (1989): Oppenheimer was portrayed by Dwight Schultz in this film.
• “One Day” (1989): The scientist was portrayed by David Strathairn.
• “Oppenheimer” (2023): The biography of Julius Robert Oppenheimer was brought to the screen in this movie, based on the biographical work “American Prometheus” by author Kai Bird. The character of Julius Robert Oppenheimer was played by Cillian Murphy and directed by Christopher Nolan.

History of Threads

Threads (July 5, 2023) is an application and social media developed by the Meta group, designed to compete with Twitter. While it shares some features with Twitter, it has its own distinctive approach. This application has been specifically designed to share text-based updates and engage in interactive public conversations.

What is Threads?

Threads is a new application and social network created by the Instagram team, which is part of the Meta group, led by billionaire entrepreneur Mark Zuckerberg . The launch of Threads has had a positive impact on the market, as Meta’s stocks experienced an increase of nearly 3% during an unfavorable session on Wall Street. Furthermore, in after-hours trading, the stocks continued to rise, increasing by almost 1%. This indicates a favorable reception from investors and the market.

The application has been specifically designed to share moments through text-based updates. It provides a unique and standalone space for real-time posting and engaging in public conversations. With the new application, you have the opportunity to follow and connect with friends and creators who share your same or similar interests, including the people you follow on Instagram.

Threads has been developed with the aim of competing with Twitter and presents features and similarities that go beyond simple text sharing. Just like on Twitter, in this new app, users can create threads, share photos, videos, and links. The application is currently available for launch on iOS and Android devices. It is worth noting that currently, an Instagram account is required to access the app.

Mark Zuckerberg and his Meta team have taken advantage of the recent changes in Twitter following the acquisition by Elon Musk . Twitter has reduced some of its security options, reserving them exclusively for users who purchase Twitter Blue. Meta has identified this gap and has seized the opportunity to attract users to join Threads. The new application stands out for maintaining a wide variety of security controls and providing a safe experience for users.

“The idea is to build an open and friendly space for communities”- Adam Mosseri.

Differences between Threads and Twitter

• Threads currently follows the same security policies as Instagram.
• In Threads , it is not possible to save posts as drafts. You must share posts immediately or delete them.
• Threads does not have a set limit on the number of posts that can be viewed. There is no maximum limit on viewed posts in Threads, unlike the recent limitation imposed by Twitter of 600 posts.
• The new social media does not yet have direct messaging, unlike Twitter.

How to create an account on Threads?

To get started, you need to go to the mobile device’s app store and search for “Instagram Threads”. Once found, click on download and install the application. Once installed, open the app and access Threads using your Instagram username.

Next, complete your personal information and adjust the security options according to your preferences. Once this process is done, you will be ready to explore the application, change your profile picture, and start following people and topics that interest you.

It should be noted that automatically, anyone under the age of 16, or under the age of 18 in certain countries, their profile will be set to private when joining Threads.

When Instagram users sign up for this new social network, they receive a Threads badge on their Instagram profile. This badge displays a number indicating the sequence in which they created their account on this new app.

How is Threads used?

Threads offers a user interface similar to that of Twitter, allowing users to interact with other users’ posts from the “Home” section. Additionally, through the search icon, it is possible to find other users on this red social.

In the “Home” section, you will find posts from the people you follow, as well as recommended content from new creators that you have yet to discover. Posts have a limit of 500 characters and can include links, photos, and videos up to five minutes in length. Additionally, you have the option to easily share a Threads post to your Instagram Story or share it as a link on the platform of your choice.

To create a thread in this app, simply click on the notebook icon. Once you have written your message, publish it and continue with the text at the bottom. Just like on Instagram, the heart icon shows recent activity on your account, allowing you to see feedback and interaction with your posts.

Similarly, it is important to note that if you block an account on Threads, the same account will also be blocked on Instagram. This means that blocking actions are applied collectively on both platforms.

How to delete an account on Threads?

It is important for users to note that if they wish to delete their account on Threads, it is likely that their Instagram account will also be deleted. Currently, the only available option is to temporarily deactivate the account on this application, but it can only be permanently deleted if you delete your Instagram account.

Metallica history

Metallica is an American thrash metal band from Los Angeles and based in San Francisco. It is considered one of the leading groups in the subgenre and throughout its 35-year career it has won numerous awards, including 9 Grammys, 2 American Music Awards, 2 MTV awards, 2 Billboard awards, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

1980 – Beginnings

The history of the band begins in 1980 when Lars Ulrich, the son of tennis player Torben Ulrich, placed an ad in the magazine Recycler looking for a guitarist for a metal band influenced by the British New Wave of Heavy Metal. James Hetfield responded to the ad and joined Ulrich as the first members of the band. Ron McGovney joined as bassist and Lloyd Grant as lead guitarist. With this first formation, the band recorded its first demo, Hit the Lights, considered one of the first thrash metal songs. However, they soon realized that the lineup was not working and Lloyd was replaced by Dave Mustaine.

Despite the early disastrous performances due to the lack of experience of the members, the band continued and released No Life ’till Leather, showing a more aggressive sound. Additionally, Ron McGovney was replaced by Cliff Burton as bassist and Dave Mustaine was replaced by Kirk Hammett due to his alcohol addiction. Since then, James Hetfield has taken on both the role of rhythm guitarist and singer.

1983 – Release of ‘Kill ‘Em All’

With this new lineup and having Johnny Zazula as their manager, t he band released in 1983 Kill ‘Em All, which gained notoriety in the metal scene and sold more than 300,000 copies. After a tour of the United States and a concert in Holland where they reached their largest audience to date, with 5,000 people, the band released the album Ride the Lightening with Megaforce Records in 1984, which received critical acclaim for its melodic sound.

“1991 – Release of the ‘The Black Album'”

After this work, the band released Master of Puppets in 1986 and embarked on a promotional tour that was cut short by an accident in which the bassist Cliff Burton died. After reflecting on their future, the band incorporated Jason Newsted and recorded …And Justice for All, an album with a denser sound that, despite its commercial success and a Grammy nomination, received criticism for being unoriginal and moving away from heavy metal. However, it wouldn’t be until the release of their album Metallica in 1991, known as The Black Album, that they reached great success, selling half a million copies in the first week of sales in the United States and reaching the top of the Billboard chart. This work led to two similar albums, Load in 1996 and ReLoad in 1997, which received negative reviews for their proximity to alternative rock and their distance from traditional heavy metal, disappointing their older fanbase.

“2001 – Documentary, Tours, Awards”

In 2001, Jason Newsted left the band and Metallica struggled to find a suitable replacement for some time. Therefore, they had to record their next album, St. Anger, with their producer Bob Rock playing bass. However, Robert Trujillo soon joined the band’s lineup. Three years later, the documentary Some Kind of Monster was released, which portrays the recording process of the last album and the internal conflicts that the band had with Dave Mustaine. After a tour in 2006 in which they played Master of Puppets again to celebrate its 20th anniversary, and the release of a compilation of their videos titled The Videos, Metallica was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Later, they released Death Magnetic in 2008 and the conceptual album Lulu in 2011, which was poorly received by their fans. In 2012, the band founded their own record label, Blackened, and performed a concert in Antarctica to raise awareness about polar melting and environmental crisis . In 2016, they released Hardwired… to Self-Destruct. Currently, the band is still active.

Biography of Cleopatra

Cleopatra (69 BC – August 12, 30 BC) was the last Queen of Egypt, belonging to the Ptolemaic dynasty. She was born in Alexandria, Egypt. Her father was Ptolemy XII and her mother was Cleopatra V Tryphena. Cleopatra married her brother Ptolemy XIII, as a strategy to maintain the reign, then they both inherited the throne in 51 BC. Cleopatra is said to have possessed exceptional beauty. Her father was not well-liked by his people as he showed little interest in the problems of the Egyptian people, He was a corrupt ruler who squandered the kingdom’s money on lavish parties.

She was able to maintain her throne thanks to the Roman help she received in exchange for her continuous bribes and promises of various tributes. The Romans supported the king because he promised them easy access to the gold and wealth of Egypt. In each conflict, Rome played the role of arbitrator in the popular uprising, Ptolemy, went to Rome in search of military aid to suppress it. His wife Cleopatra and one of her daughters were left as regents of the country, then his wife died. The Alexandrians placed Queen Berenice IV on the throne and sent a delegation to Rome to arbitrate the conflict between father and daughter.

Soon after, Ptolemy XII was able to defeat the army of Archelaus, second husband of Berenice IV, and was returned to the throne. To ensure power, he had his daughter Berenice executed, it was the year 55 BC. The king died four years later, leaving the throne to his daughter Cleopatra VII Philopator and his son Ptolemy XIII Dionysus II. Cleopatra was the first of this dynasty to learn to speak the Egyptian language; she also learned Greek, Hebrew, Syrian and Aramaic and possibly Latin. She was also educated in literature, music, political science, mathematics, astronomy and medicine.

The situation in Egypt was becoming worse, farmers suffered severe famines, the Egyptian currency was weakening and the slow bureaucracy was hindering recovery: the country was becoming increasingly dependent on Rome. In response, farmers staged uprisings and created bands of outlaws that caused great harm; Additionally, the royal family also did not have good relations. Her younger sister Arsinoe, disagreed with her policy of helping the Romans and wanted to reach the throne. Ptolemy XIII, very young and manipulable, was practically handled by three advisors who forced him to expel his sister from the throne by overthrowing her with a command led by his advisors Potino and Aquilas.

Cleopatra attempted to regain power, gathering a good army for this purpose, although she did not succeed. Soon conflicts broke out between the two brothers and spouses, which led to the overthrow of Cleopatra. However, when the Roman civil wars began: Julius Caesar went to Egypt and helped Cleopatra in the conflict with her brother. During the Alexandrian War, both Pompey and Ptolemy XIII died, and the legendary Alexandria Library was burned.

Cleopatra was first and foremost a solution for Julius Caesar, and also his lover, she tried to use her influence over Caesar to restore Egypt’s hegemony in the Eastern Mediterranean as an ally of Rome; the situation intensified when she had a son with Julius Caesar: Caesarion. When Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, Cleopatra attempted to seduce his immediate successor: consul Mark Antony. Being allies, they imposed their force in the East, creating a new Hellenistic kingdom that managed to conquer Armenia in 34.

Cleopatra, in addition to being a skilled ruler, was also known for her beauty and intelligence. She was fluent in several languages, including Egyptian, Greek, Hebrew, Syrian, and Aramaic, and was well-educated in literature, music, politics, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. She used her charm and wit to strategically seduce powerful men in order to maintain control of her kingdom. She had a son, Cesarian, with Julius Caesar and later became the lover of Mark Antony. However, after the defeat of their alliance and the death of Antony, she was captured by Augustus and brought to Rome as a war trophy.

In the face of this situation, Cleopatra had herself bitten by an asp to end her life. Augustus took advantage of the situation to also murder her son Cesarión, thus extinguishing the Ptolemaic dynasty and later annexing Egypt to the Roman Empire. Cleopatra’s life inspired many writers, painters, sculptors and filmmakers. For example, between 1540 and 1905, over 200 plays, five operas and five ballets emerged. Let’s mention some important literary works: Cleopatra and Mark Antony (1606) by William Shakespeare, All for Love (1678) by the Englishman John Dryden and Caesar and Cleopatra (1901) by George Bernard Shaw. Even one of the comics of the popular Asterix the Gaul was dedicated to her.

Cleopatra has been the subject of many paintings and sculptures. Additionally, her life has been depicted in films, such as Cléopâtre (1899) and the famous and controversial 1963 production directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz: Cleopatra, starring Elizabeth Taylor. Another production, Marco Antonio y Cleopatra was released in 1972. A more recent, less ambitious film was Cleopatra (1999). Later, the British Museum dedicated an exhibition to Cleopatra, sparking an interesting debate about her beauty.

Grupo Firme

History of Grupo Firme

Grupo Firme is a musical group of Mexican regional music from Tijuana . It was created in 2014 and its members are: Eduin Cazares (leader and vocalist); Joaquín Ruiz (bass guitar); Jhonny Caz (vocalist), Abraham Hernández (second voice); Christian Téllez (bass); Dylan Camacho (accordion); and Fito Rubio (drums). Initially they made themselves known on social networks with some covers and in 2017 they made their debut with their first album Past, Present, Future. In 2018, their first hits, Pídeme, El Roto and Juro Por Dios came out and a year later they became famous with the hit El Amor No Fue Pa’ Mi, among other hits. Currently they are seen as the new fashionable group.

The beginnings

United by their love of music and coming from different parts of Mexico, the seven members of the group met in Tijuana. They grew up and began their careers in this city as members of different groups, although they knew each other from their work in the artistic industry. The founders of the group were Eduin and Joaquín , who coincidentally joined various groups before founding the group in early 2013 or 2014.

Joaquín and Eduin started in the group Reto Sierreño, then moved on to the groups Aventado2 de Tijuana and Los 4 de la frontera, and finally coincidentally joined the group Fuerza Oculta. This last group became, after some changes, the Grupo Firme , although it was initially called Grupo Fuerza. Because many groups had the same name, the members decided to opt for a synonym and chose “Firme”.

This is how Grupo Firme was born, with Eduin as the vocalist and leader, Joaquín on the bass guitar, Abraham and Jhonny as second voice, Christian on the bass, Dylan on the accordion, and Fito on the drums.

With the help of their manager and representative Isael Gutiérrez, who is also the head of the Music VIP Entertainment label, the group took its first steps in bars and events. At the same time, they made themselves known on social networks and other platforms by uploading covers of recognized artists, such as Los Tigres del Norte , José Alfredo Jiménez, Los Tucanes de Tijuana, and others. Often, the group uploaded songs at the request of the public, so they didn’t take long to have their own fanbase.

Grupo Firme: debut and career

In April 2017, after three years of performances and covers on social media, the group released its debut album, “Past, Present, Future” . This album consisted of twelve songs, highlighting “De Sol a Sol”, “Metas Cumplidas”, “Perdóname”, and “El de los Huaraches”. Although the album was not very successful, it managed to make the group known. A few months later, the group returned with “El Barco” (2017) , a fifteen-song album with the tracks “El Bueno de Tijuana”, “Dile”, “Gente de Verdad”, and “La Interezada”.

In addition, that year, the group collaborated with Los Buitres de Culiacán Sinaloa on the album “En Vivo Desde Tijuana los Buitrones y los Firmes” (2017). Success finally arrived in 2018 with the singles “Pídeme”, “El Roto”, and “Juro Por Dios”. That year, the group was quite active, releasing singles, collaborations, and making several appearances. They even went to Colombia, where they were well received and recorded their “En Vivo desde Medellín Colombia” (2018). The album, which included the tracks “El Teclas”, “El Peña”, and “El Flaquito”, was quite popular within and outside of Mexico.

The group finally achieved fame in 2019 thanks to the releases of “Me Cansé de Amarte” and the hit “El Amor No Fue Pa’ Mí” (ft. Banda Coloso). Later came the successful “El Muelas”, “En Realidad” with Banda Coloso, “Lujos y Secretos” with Quinto V Imperio, and “Porque Te Quiero” with Luis Alfonso Partida “El Yaki”. They also released that year the singles “Qué Me Vas A Dar Si Vuelvo”, “El Panal”, and “A Ti Te Conviene” with Calibre 50 .

The successes continued in 2020. The group began the year by releasing the single “La Estoy Pasando Mal” , and later collaborating with Enigma Norteño on the song “Mi Pretexto de Borracho”. Later they appeared on the single “Yo Diría” by Uziel Payan and collaborated with Marca MP on “El Güero”. In March, “Acábame de Matar” was released and in April they premiered “Quiero Pistear” with Luis Ángel “El Flaco”.

Their second live album, “En Vivo Desde Anaheim, CA”, was released in July of this year , including their biggest hits: “Pídeme”, “Que Me Vas a Dar Si Vuelvo”, “El Roto”, “Descuide”, “Porque Te Quiero”, “El Amor No Fue Pa’ Mí”, among others.

In 2022, the news is released that the band, Grupo Firme, breaks the attendance record with more than 280,000 people in Mexico City’s Zócalo. In this way, this renowned band surpasses the record that belonged to Vicente Fernández, who had 217,000 people. Prior to these last two, Justin Bieber and Shakira had the record, with the attendance of 210,000 people present in the Zócalo.

Celebrities

Nicola Porcella

Nicola Porcella Biography Nicola Emilio Porcella Solimano (February 5, 1988), better known as Nicola Porcella, is an actor and TV...

Wendy Guevara

Wendy Guevara Biography Wendy Guevara Venegas (August 12, 1993), better known as Wendy Guevara, is an influencer, actress, singer, and...

Paris Hilton

Paris Hilton Biography Paris Whitney Hilton (February 17, 1981), better known as Paris Hilton, is a socialite, businesswoman, model, DJ,...

Leonardo DiCaprio

Biography of Leonardo DiCaprio Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio is a renowned actor and film producer who has won numerous awards within...

Denzel Washington

Biography of Denzel Washington Denzel Washington is an African American actor born on December 28, 1954 in Mount Vernon, New...

Ryan Reynolds

Biography of Ryan Reynolds Ryan Rodney Reynolds was born on October 23, 1976 in Vancouver, Canada, and he is a...

Biography of Brad Pitt William Bradley Pitt, better known as Brad Pitt, was born on December 18, 1963 in Shawnee,...

Entrepreneurs

Luciano Benetton

Luciano Benetton Biography Luciano Benetton (May 13, 1935) Born in Ponzano, Treviso, Italy. An Italian businessman and fashion designer, co-founder...

Louis Vuitton

Louis Vuitton Biography Louis Vuitton (August 4, 1821 – February 25, 1892) businessman and fashion designer. Founder of the leather...

Peter Drucker

Peter Drucker biography Peter Drucker (November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005) writer, consultant, entrepreneur, and journalist. He was born...

Paul Allen biography Paul Gardner Allen (January 21, 1953) entrepreneur, business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He was born in Seattle,...

Nik Powell biography Nik Powell (November 4, 1950) businessman and co-founder of the Virgin Group. He was born in Great...

Most Popular

Henri Fayol

Walt Disney

Taiichi Ohno

Philip B. Crosby

Kaoru Ishikawa

Ariana Grande

Adolf Hitler

• Skip to primary navigation
• Skip to main content
• Skip to primary sidebar

UPSC Coaching, Study Materials, and Mock Exams

Enroll in ClearIAS UPSC Coaching Join Now Log In

Call us: +91-9605741000

Mahatma Gandhi: The Father of the Nation

Last updated on October 2, 2022 by ClearIAS Team

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi is popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi.

Gandhi was a lawyer, nationalist, and anti-colonial activist. He led a non-violent mass movement against the British rule of India which ultimately resulted in Indian independence .

Mahatma Gandhi is revered in India as the Father of the Nation.

Table of Contents

The early life of Mahatma Gandhi: Birth and Family

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 nd October 1869, in Porbandar in the princely state of Kathiawar in Gujarat.

His father was Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi who served as a dewan of Porbandar state. His mother was Putlibai who came from Junagadh. Mohandas was the youngest of four children. He had two brothers and a sister.

At age of 13, Mohandas was married to 14-year-old Kastubai Makhanji Kapadia as was the custom at that time.

His father passed away in 1885, and the same year he and his wife lost their first child. The Gandhi couple later had four sons over the years.

Education of Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi Ji received his primary education in Rajkot where his father had relocated as dewan to the ruler Thakur Sahib. He went to Alfred high school in Rajkot at the age of 11.

In 1887, at the age of 18, Gandhi Ji graduated from a high school in Ahmedabad. He later enrolled at a college in Bhavnagar but dropped out later. He had also joined and eventually dropped out of a college in Bombay.

He then went to London in 1888 to pursue law at the university college. After completing his studies, he was invited to be enrolled at Inner temple to become a barrister.

He returned to India in 1891 at the age of 22 after his mother passed away.

He failed to establish a successful law career both in Rajkot and Bombay.

In 1893, he moved to Durban, South Africa, on a one-year contract to sort out the legal problems of Abdullah, a Gujarati merchant.

South Africa during the 1800s

The British had colonized and settled in the Natal and Cape provinces of South Africa during the 1840s and 50s. Transvaal and Orange Free State were independent Boer (British and Dutch settlers) ruled states. Boer means farmer settler in Dutch and Afrikaans. The governance of colonial regions (Natal and Cape) was controlled by the minority white population which enforced segregation between government-defined races in all spheres.

This created three societies- whites (British and Dutch or Boer ancestry), Blacks and Coloureds (mixed race) which included ethnic Asians (Indians, Malayans, Filipinos, and Chinese).

Indian immigration to South Africa began in the 1860s, when whites recruited indentured Indian labour (Girmityas), especially from south India, to work on sugar plantations. Later many Indian merchants, mostly meman Muslims also migrated. By the 1890s, the children of the ex-indentured labourers had settled down in South Africa making up the third group.

Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa

1893 : Mohandas Gandhi witnessed extreme apartheid or racial discrimination against Asians in South Africa. His journey from Durban to Pretoria witnessed the famous incident when he was thrown out of a first-class compartment by a white man at Pietermaritzburg station. Upon arriving at Johanessburg, he was refused rooms in the hotels.

These experiences motivated him to stay in South Africa for a longer period to organize the Indian workers to enable them to fight for their rights. He started teaching English to the Asian population there and tried to organize them to protest against the oppression.

1894: After the culmination of his Abdullah case in 1894, he stayed on there and planned to assist Indians in opposing a bill to deny them the right to vote. He founded the Natal Indian Congress and moulded the Indian community into a unified political force.

1899-1902: The Boer War

The Boer War extended Britain’s control from Natal and Cape Province to include Transvaal and Orange Free State.

During this time, Gandhi volunteered to form a group of stretcher-bearers as the Natal Indian ambulance corps. It consisted of indentured labourers and was funded by the Indian community and helped treatment and evacuation of wounded British soldiers.

Gandhi Ji thought that helping the British war efforts would win over the British imperial government and earn sympathy for the plight of Indians there. He was also awarded the Queen’s South Africa Medal for serving the British empire.

Till 1906, it was the moderate phase of the struggle for the Indians in South Africa. During this time, Gandhi concentrated on petitioning and sending memorials to the legislatures, the colonial secretary in London, and the British parliament.

1906: The Civil Disobedience in South Africa

The failure of moderate methods led to the second phase of the struggle, civil disobedience or the Satyagraha.

He started two settlements- the Phoenix settlement in Durban and the Tolstoy farm in Johanessburg for helping the needy and initiate a communal living tradition.

His first notable resistance was against the law passed by the government, making it compulsory for Indians to take out certifications of registrations that held their fingerprints and was compulsory to carry it on the person at all times. Gandhi formed a Passive Resistance Association against this.

Gandhi and his followers were jailed. Later the government agreed to withdraw the law if Indians voluntarily registered. They were tricked into the registrations and they protested again by publicly burning their certificates.

1908: The existing campaign expanded to protest against the new law to restrict migrations of Indians between provinces. Gandhi and others were jailed and sentenced to hard physical labour.

1910: Gandhi Ji set up the Tolstoy farm in Johannesburg to ready the satyagrahis to the harsh conditions of the prison hence helping to keep the resistance moving forward.

1911: Gopal Krishna Gokhale visited South Africa as a state guest on the occasion of the coronation of King George V. Gokhale and Gandhi met at Durban and established a good relationship.

1913: The satyagraha continued against varied oppressive laws brought by the government. The movement against the law invalidating marriages not conducted according to Christian rites brought out many Indian women onto the movement.

Gandhi launched a final mass movement of over 2000 men, women, and children. They were jailed and forced into miserable conditions and hard labour. This caused the whole Indian community in South Africa to rise on strike.

In India, Gokhale worked to make the public aware of the situation in South Africa which led the then Viceroy Hardinge to call for an inquiry into the atrocities.

A series of negotiations took place between Gandhiji, Viceroy Hardinge, CR Andrews (Christian missionary and Indian Independence activist), and General Smuts of South Africa. This led to the government conceding to most of the Indians’ demands.

Gandhiji’s return to India: 1915

1915: On the request of Gokhale, conveyed by CF Andrews (Deenbandhu), Gandhi Ji returned to India to help with the Indian struggle for independence .

The last phase of the Indian National movement is known as the Gandhian era.

Mahatma Gandhi became the undisputed leader of the National Movement. His principles of nonviolence and Satyagraha were employed against the British government. Gandhi made the nationalist movement a mass movement.

On returning to India in 1915, Gandhi toured the country for one year on Gokhale’s insistence. He then established an ashram in Ahmedabad to settle his phoenix family.

He first took up the cause of indentured labour in India thus continuing his fight in South Africa to abolish it.

Gandhiji joined the Indian National Congress and was introduced to Indian issues and politics and Gokhale became his political Guru.

1917: At this point, World war I was going on, and Britain and France were in a difficult position. Germany had inflicted a crushing defeat on both the British and French troops in France.

Russia’s war effort had broken down and the revolution was threatening its government.

America had entered the war but no American troops had yet reached the war front.

The British army required reinforcements urgently and they looked to India for participation. Viceroy Chelmsford had invited various Indian leaders to attend a war conference. Gandhi was also invited and he went to Delhi to attend the conference.

After attending the viceroy’s war conference Gandhiji agreed to support the recruitment of Indians in the British war effort. He undertook a recruitment campaign in Kaira district, Gujarat.

He again believed that support from Indians will make the British government look at their plight sympathetically after the war.

Early movements by Gandhiji

Champaran Satyagraha, Kheda Satyagraha, and Ahmedabad Mill Strike were the early movements of Gandhi before he was elevated into the role of a national mass leader.

1917: Champaran Satyagraha

Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was the first civil disobedience movement organized by Gandhiji. Rajkumar Shukla asked Gandhi to look into the problems of the Indigo planters.

The European planters had been forcing passengers to grow Indigo on a 3/20 of the total land called the tinkatiya system.

Gandhi organized passive resistance or civil disobedience against the tinkatiya system. Finally, the authorities relented and permitted Gandhi to make inquiries among the peasants. The government appointed a committee to look into the matter and nominated Gandhi as a member.

Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, and other eminent lawyers became inspired by Gandhi and volunteered to fight for the Indigo farmers in court for free.

Gandhi was able to convince the authorities to abolish the system and the peasants were compensated for the illegal dues extracted from them.

1918: Kheda satyagraha

The Kheda Satyagraha was the first noncooperation movement organized by Gandhi.

Because of the drought in 1918 crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat. According to the revenue code if the yield was less than one-fourth of the normal produced the farmers for entitled to remission. Gujarat sabha sent a petition requesting revenue assessment for the year 1919 but the authorities refused to grant permission.

Gandhi supported the peasants’ cause and asked them to withhold revenue. During the Satyagraha, many young nationalists such as Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Indulal Yagnik became Gandhi’s followers.

Sardar Patel led a group of eminent people who went around villages and gave them political advisors and instructions.

The government finally agreed to form an agreement with the farmers and hence the taxes were suspended for the years 1919 and 1920 and all confiscated properties were returned.

1918: Ahmedabad mill strike

This was Gandhi’s first hunger strike. He intervened in a dispute between Mill owners of Ahmedabad and the workers over the issue of discontinuation of the plague bonus.

The workers were demanding a rise of 50% in their wages while the employees were willing to concede only a 20% bonus.

The striking workers turned to Anusuiya Sarabai in quest of justice and she contacted Gandhi for help. He asked the workers to go on a strike and to remain non-violent and undertook a fast unto death to strengthen the workers’ resolve.

The mill owners finally agreed to submit the issue to a tribunal and the strike was withdrawn in the end the workers receive a 35% increase in their wages.

Gandhiji’s active involvement in the Indian National Movement

Gandhi’s active involvement in the Indian Freedom Struggle was marked by many mass movements like the Khilafat Movement, Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement.

1919: Khilafat movement

During World War I Gandhi sought cooperation from the Muslims in his fight against the British by supporting the Ottoman Empire that had been defeated in the world war.

The British passed the Rowlatt act to block the movement. Gandhi called for a nationwide Satyagraha against the act.

It was Rowlatt Satyagraha that elevated Gandhi into a national leader. Rowlatt Satyagraha was against the unjust Rowlatt Act passed by the British.

On April 13th, 1919 the Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. Seeing the violence spread Mahatma Gandhi called off the civil disobedience movement on the 18th of April.

1920: Non-Cooperation Movement

Gandhi convinced the congress leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as Swaraj. At the congress session of Nagpur in 1920, the non-cooperation program was adopted.

1922 : Chauri chaura incident took place, which caused Gandhi to withdraw from the non-cooperation movement.

After the non-cooperation movement ended, Gandhi withdrew from the political platform and focused on his social reform work.

1930:  The Salt March and The Civil Disobedience Movement

Gandhi declared that he would lead a march to break the salt law as the law gave the state the Monopoly on the manufacturer and the sale of salt.

Gandhi along with his followers marched from his ashram in Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat where they broke the government law by gathering natural salt and boiling seawater to produce salt.

This also marked the beginning of the civil disobedience movement.

1931 : The Gandhi Irwin pact

Gandhi accepted the truce offered by Irwin and called off the civil disobedience movement and agreed to attend the second round table conference in London as the representative of the Indian National Congress.

But when he returned from London he relaunched the civil disobedience movement but by 1934 it had lost its momentum.

1932 : Poona pact

This was a pact reached between B.R Ambedkar and Gandhi concerning the communal awards but in the end, strived to achieve a common goal for the upliftment of the marginalized communities of the Indian society.

1934 : Gandhi resigned from the Congress party membership as he did not agree with the party’s position on varied issues.

Gandhi returned to active politics in 1936 with the Lucknow session of Congress where Jawaharlal Nehru was the president.

1938 : Gandhi and Subhash Chandra Bose’s principles clashed during the Tripuri session which led to the Tripuri crisis in the Indian National Congress.

1942: Quit India movement

The outbreak of World war II and the last and crucial phase of national struggle in India came together.

The failure of the Cripps mission in 1942 gave rise to the Quit India movement.

Gandhi was arrested and held at Aga Khan Palace in Pune. During this time his wife Kasturba died after 18 months of imprisonment and in 1944 Gandhi suffered a severe malaria attack.

He was released before the end of the war on 6th May 1944. World war II was nearing an end and the British gave clear indications that power would be transferred to Indians hence Gandhi called off the struggle and all the political prisoners were released including the leaders of Congress.

Partition and independence

Gandhiji opposed the partition of India along religious lines.

While he and Congress demanded the British quit India the Muslim league demanded to divide and quit India.

All of Gandhi’s efforts to help Congress and the Muslim league reach an agreement to corporate and attain independence failed.

Gandhiji did not celebrate the independence and end of British rule but appealed for peace among his countrymen. He was never in agreement for the country to be partitioned.

His demeanour played a key role in pacifying the people and avoiding a Hindu-Muslim riot during the partition of the rest of India.

Death of Mahatma Gandhi

30th January 1948

Gandhiji was on his way to address a prayer meeting in the Birla House in New Delhi when Nathuram Godse fired three bullets into his chest from close range killing him instantly.

Mahatma Gandhi’s legacy

Throughout his life, in his principles practices, and beliefs, he always held on to non-violence and simple living. He influenced many great leaders and the nation respectfully addresses him as the father of the nation or Bapu.

He worked for the upliftment of untouchables and called them Harijan meaning the children of God.

Rabindranath Tagore is said to have accorded the title of Mahatma to Gandhi.

It was Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose who first addressed him as the Father of the Nation.

Gandhian Philosophy inspired millions of people across the world.

Many great world leaders like Nelson Mandela followed Gandhiji’s teachings and way of life. Hence, his impact on the global stage is still very profound.

Literary works of Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhiji was a prolific writer and he has written many articles throughout his life. He edited several newspapers including Harijan in Gujarati, Indian opinion in South Africa, and Young India in English.

He also wrote several books including his autobiography “The Story Of My Experiments with Truth”.

Module Classes: Join Now!

Csat course.

Join CSAT Course

Current Affairs Course

Join Current Affairs Course

• UPSC Prelims Test Series

Join Prelims Test Series

About ClearIAS Team

ClearIAS is one of the most trusted learning platforms in India for UPSC preparation. Around 1 million aspirants learn from the ClearIAS every month.

Our courses and training methods are different from traditional coaching. We give special emphasis on smart work and personal mentorship. Many UPSC toppers thank ClearIAS for our role in their success.

Download the ClearIAS mobile apps now to supplement your self-study efforts with ClearIAS smart-study training.

Reader Interactions

January 31, 2022 at 6:36 pm

Gandhi the greatest freedom fighter? It is an irony that Gandhi was a British stooge, he partitioned India and was responsible for death of millions of Hindus and Sikhs during partition. How he and Nehru got Bose eliminated is another story. He slept with many women by his own confession. He never went to kala Pani and enjoyed luxury of British even in jails in India.

January 31, 2022 at 7:14 pm

How is he ‘Father of nation’ ?? He is not even close to be a father of post-1947 India(It would be Bose anyday).And he is the one who did all kinds of absurd fantasies(mentioned in his own autobiography).His role in independence was MINIMAL ! His non-violence theory was hypocritic and foolish(teaching oppressed instead of oppressor!) And as AMBEDKAR rightly said ‘sometimes good cometh out of evil'(on jan 30th 1948)

March 26, 2024 at 11:47 am

So true …

Bro I literally agree with all of this…

May 20, 2022 at 1:37 pm

It is Bose who first gave the title of “Father of the Nation” to Gandhi.

Please try to look at things with an open mind.

May 26, 2022 at 11:15 am

Ck is wrong I think Mahatma Gandhi Is a TRUE LEADER.

November 26, 2023 at 8:36 pm

Gandhi the greatest freedom fighter

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Don’t lose out without playing the right game!

Follow the ClearIAS Prelims cum Mains (PCM) Integrated Approach.

Join ClearIAS PCM Course Now

UPSC Online Preparation

• Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
• Indian Administrative Service (IAS)
• Indian Police Service (IPS)
• IAS Exam Eligibility
• UPSC Free Study Materials
• UPSC Exam Guidance
• UPSC Syllabus
• UPSC Online
• UPSC Prelims
• UPSC Interview
• UPSC Toppers
• UPSC Previous Year Qns
• UPSC Age Calculator
• UPSC Calendar 2024
• About ClearIAS
• ClearIAS Programs
• ClearIAS Fee Structure
• IAS Coaching
• UPSC Coaching
• UPSC Online Coaching
• ClearIAS Blog
• Important Updates
• Announcements
• Book Review
• ClearIAS App
• Work with us
• Advertise with us
• Privacy Policy
• Terms and Conditions
• Talk to Your Mentor

Featured on

and many more...

April 3, 2024

Life Story of Famous People

Short Bio » Civil Rights Leader » Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 to a Hindu Modh Baniya family in Porbandar (also known as Sudamapuri ), a coastal town on the Kathiawar Peninsula and then part of the small princely state of Porbandar in the Kathiawar Agency of the Indian Empire. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. One of Gandhi’s major strategies, first in South Africa and then in India, was uniting Muslims and Hindus to work together in opposition to British imperialism. In 1919–22 he won strong Muslim support for his leadership in the Khilafat Movement to support the historic Ottoman Caliphate. By 1924, that Muslim support had largely evaporated.

Time magazine named Gandhi the Man of the Year in 1930. Gandhi was also the runner-up to Albert Einstein as “Person of the Century” at the end of 1999. The Government of India awarded the annual Gandhi Peace Prize to distinguished social workers, world leaders and citizens. Nelson Mandela, the leader of South Africa’s struggle to eradicate racial discrimination and segregation, was a prominent non-Indian recipient. In 2011, Time magazine named Gandhi as one of the top 25 political icons of all time. Gandhi did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize, although he was nominated five times between 1937 and 1948, including the first-ever nomination by the American Friends Service Committee, though he made the short list only twice, in 1937 and 1947.

Indians widely describe Gandhi as the father of the nation. In 2007, the United Nations General Assembly declared Gandhi’s birthday 2 October as “the International Day of Nonviolence.

More Info: Wiki

Fans Also Viewed

Published in Historical Figure

More Celebrities

• Bihar Board

SRM University

Bseb 10th result.

• Bihar Board Result 2024
• UP Board Result 2024
• CBSE Board Result 2024
• MP Board Result 2024
• Rajasthan Board Result 2024
• Shiv Khera Special
• Education News
• Web Stories
• Current Affairs
• नए भारत का नया उत्तर प्रदेश
• School & Boards
• College Admission
• Govt Jobs Alert & Prep
• GK & Aptitude
• general knowledge
• Famous Personalities

Mahatma Gandhi Biography: Family, Education, History, Movements, and Facts

Mahatma gandhi's life and methods of struggle impact people now also. the greatness of a man is realized when his life influences people to change for the better, and so was mahatma gandhi's life. after decades of his death, after reading about him, people drastically changed their lives for the better. let's have a look at mahatma gandhi's life, movements, famous quotations written by him, etc. find out about him this martyr's day.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi or  Mahatma Gandhi was a renowned freedom activist and an authoritative or powerful political leader who played an essential role in India's struggle for Independence against British rule of India. He was also considered the father of the country. No doubt, he also improved the lives of India's poor people. His birthday is celebrated every year as Gandhi Jayanti. His ideology of truth and non-violence influenced many and was also adopted by Martin Luther and Nelson Mandela for their struggle movement.

Mahatma Gandhi Biography

In South Africa for about 20 years, Mahatma Gandhi protested against injustices and racial discrimination using the non-violent method of protests. His simplistic lifestyle won him, admirers, both in India and the outside world. He was popularly known as Bapu (Father).

Mahatma Gandhi: Early Life and Family Background

He was born on 2 October, 1869 in Porbandar, Gujarat. His father’s name was Karamchand Gandhi and his mother’s name was Putlibai. At the age of 13, Mahatma Gandhi was married to Kasturba which is an arranged marriage. They had four sons namely Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas and Devdas. She supported all the endeavors of her husband until her death in 1944.

His father was Dewan or Chief Minister of Porbandar, the capital of a small principality in Western British India (Now Gujarat State). Mahatma Gandhi was the son of his father's fourth wife Putlibai, who belonged to an affluent Vaishnava family. Let us tell you that in his earlier days, he was deeply influenced by the stories of Shravana and Harishchandra as they reflected the importance of truth.

Mahatma Gandhi: Education 

When Gandhi was 9 years old he went to a local school at Rajkot and studied the basics of arithmetic, history, geography, and languages. At the age of 11, he went to a high school in Rajkot. Because of his wedding, at least about one year, his studies were disturbed and later he joined and completed his schooling. He joined Samaldas college in Bhavnagar in 1888 at Gujarat. Later, one of his family friends Mavji Dave Joshi pursued further studies i.e. law in London. Gandhiji was not satisfied with his studies at Samaldas College and so he became excited by the London proposal and managed to convince his mother and wife that he will not touch non-veg, wine, or women.

Off to London

In the year 1888, Mahatma Gandhi left for London to study law. Thereafter 10 days after arrival, he joined the Inner Temple, one of the four London law colleges, and studied and practiced law. In London, he also joined a Vegetarian Society and was introduced to Bhagavad Gita by some of his vegetarian friends. Later, Bhagavad Gita set an impression and influenced his life.

Top 55 Mahatma Gandhi Quotes for Inspiration and Motivation

Mahatma Gandhi: In South Africa

In May 1893 he went to South Africa to work as a lawyer. There he had a first-hand experience of racial discrimination when he was thrown out of the first-class apartment of the train despite holding the first-class ticket because it was reserved for white people only and no Indian or black was allowed to travel in the first class. This incident had a serious effect on him and he decided to protest against racial discrimination. He further observed that this type of incident was quite common against his fellow Indians who were derogatorily referred to as coolies.

READ|  When and Why British first landed on Indian Territory

On  22 May 1894  Gandhi established the  Natal Indian Congress (NIC)  and worked hard to improve the rights of Indians in South Africa. In a short period, Gandhi became a leader of the Indian community in South Africa.  Tirukkural ancient Indian literature, originally written in Tamil and later translated into various languages. Gandhiji was also influenced by this ancient book. He was influenced by the idea of Satyagraha which is a devotion to truth and in 1906 implemented a non-violent protest. He returned to India in 1915, after spending 21 years of his life in South Africa, and no doubt, there he fought for civil rights and at this time he was transformed into a new person.

Mahatma Gandhi: Role in the Indian Independence Movement

In 1915 , Gandhiji returned to India permanently and joined the Indian National Congress with Gopal Krishna Gokhale as his mentor.

Gandhi's first major achievement was in 1918 when he led the Champaran and Kheda agitations of Bihar and Gujarat. He also led Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, Swaraj, and Quit-India movement against the British government.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact

Mahatma Gandhi: Satyagraha

Gandhi identified his overall method of non-violent action as Satyagraha. Gandhiji's Satyagraha influenced eminent personalities such as Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther in their struggle for freedom, equality, and social justice. Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha was based on true principles and non-violence.

"Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever." - Mahatma Gandhi

READ|  Champaran Satyagraha of Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi: Death

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was assassinated on  30 January 1948 by Nathuram Godse. Godse was a Hindu nationalist and a member of the Hindu Mahasabha. He accused Gandhi of favoring Pakistan and was opposed to the doctrine of non-violence.

Mahatma Gandhi: Literary works

Gandhi was a prolific writer. Some of his literary works are as follows:

• Hind Swaraj, published in Gujarati in 1909. 

• He edited several newspapers which included Harijan in Gujarati, in Hindi and the English language; Indian Opinion, Young India, in English, and Navajivan, a Gujarati monthly. 

• Gandhi also wrote his autobiography, The Story of My Experiments with Truth.

• His other autobiographies included: Satyagraha in South Africa, Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule.

Gandhi Jayanti Quiz: GK Questions and Answers About Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi: Awards

• In  1930 , Gandhi was named the Man of the Year by Time Magazine.

• In  2011 , Time magazine named Gandhi as one of the top 25 political icons of all time.

• He did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize despite being nominated five times between 1937 and 1948.

• The Government of India institutionalized the annual Gandhi Peace Prize to distinguished social workers, world leaders, and citizens. Nelson Mandela, the leader of South Africa's struggle against apartheid was a recipient of the award.

"Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony." - Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi: Film

Ben Kingsley portrayed Mahatma Gandhi in the  1982  film Gandhi, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Therefore, Mahatma Gandhi will be remembered forever as he spread the message of non-violence, truth, and faith in God, and also he fought for India's Independence. His methods inspired various leaders, and youth not only in India but also outside of India. In Indian history, he is considered the most prominent personality and as the simplest person who wears a dhoti. He spread the message of swaraj and taught Indians how to become independent.

• According to Britannica, "The United Nations declared Gandhi's birthday, October 2nd, as the International Day of Non-violence in 2007."
• While the world knows him as Mahatma Gandhi, a beacon of nonviolent resistance and Indian independence, his journey began with a more humble name: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Born in 1869, Mohandas' life took a pivotal turn when he encountered the title that would forever shape his legacy: Mahatma.
• In 1883, at the tender age of 13, Mohandas Gandhi's life took a significant turn when he was arranged to marry Kasturba Makhanji, who was also 13 at the time.
• In 1930, the world watched with bated breath as India's independence movement gained momentum under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. His unwavering commitment to nonviolent resistance, his charisma, and his ability to mobilise millions made him the Person of the Year by the Time Magazine. 
• A lifelong vegetarian, Mr. Gandhi's meals centered on fresh vegetables, curd, fruits, seeds, and nuts.

READ| Journey of Mahatma Gandhi from South Africa to India

Get here current GK and GK quiz questions in English and Hindi for India , World, Sports and Competitive exam preparation. Download the Jagran Josh Current Affairs App .

• IPL Schedule 2024
• Highest Score in IPL
• Fastest 50 in IPL
• RCB vs LSG Head to Head
• IPL 2024 Points Table
• Lok Sabha Election Date 2024
• IPL Channel Number List 2024
• April Important Days 2024
• World Autism Day 2024
• International Fact Checking Day

Trending Categories

• Personalities of India

Latest Education News

tancet.annauniv.edu TANCET Scorecard 2024 OUT for MBA, MCA Admission; Check Steps to Download Scorecards PDF

SSC GD Answer Key 2024 Live: एसएससी जीडी कांस्टेबल उत्तर कुंजी ssc.gov.in पर, इस वेबसाइट पर मिलेगा Direct Link

Top 25 + Sam Manekshaw Quotes for Inspiration and Motivation

CCSU Result 2024 OUT at ccsuniversity.ac.in; Direct Link to Download ODD Semester UG and PG Marksheet

Find 3 differences between the dinner plate pictures in 12 seconds!

BPSC Recruitment 2024: बिहार हेडमास्टर, हेड टीचर के लिए आवेदन तिथि बढ़ी, अब इस दिन तक करें Apply

Kashmir University Result 2024 OUT at kashmiruniversity.net; Direct Link to Download UG and PG Marksheet

SSC JE Cut Off 2024: Tier 1, 2 Previous Year Junior Engineer Cut Off Marks

TN 10th Science Question Paper 2024 with Answer Key, Download in PDF

TS TET Eligibility Criteria 2024: Educational Qualification, Age Limit, Reservation

JEE Main Dress Code 2024: NTA Session 2 Exam Guidelines for Male and Female Candidates, Get More Details

You have the eyes of a hawk if you can find an owl in the tree in 7 seconds!

CGBSE Board Result 2024: Chhattisgarh Class 10, 12 Result Date, Time, Latest News And Official Website at cgbse.nic.in

MPSC SI Revised Schedule 2024 Out for Group B Physical Test: Here's Download Link

भारत के अंतरराष्ट्रीय सीमा वाले राज्य कौन-से हैं, जानें

JEE Main Marks Vs Percentile: Know How to Calculate JEE Main Percentile

NEST 2024 Application Window Open, Apply At nestexam.in

CGBSE 12th Result 2024: Chhattisgarh Board 12 रिजल्ट Date, Latest News And Official Website at cgbse.nic.in

CTET 2024 Registration Last Date Extended till 5 April: सीटीईटी जुलाई सत्र के लिए आवेदन की आखिरी तारीख बढ़ी

AP DSC Exam Date 2024 Postponed for SGT, PGT, TGT, and School Assistant Posts