environmental protection in the philippines essay

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. A lock ( ) or https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Keyboard Navigation

• Agriculture and Food Security
• Anti-Corruption
• Conflict Prevention and Stabilization
• Democracy, Human Rights, and Governance
• Economic Growth and Trade
• Environment, Energy, and Infrastructure
• Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment
• Global Health
• Humanitarian Assistance
• Innovation, Technology, and Research
• Water and Sanitation
• Burkina Faso
• Central Africa Regional
• Central African Republic
• Côte d’Ivoire
• Democratic Republic of the Congo
• East Africa Regional
• Power Africa
• Republic of the Congo
• Sahel Regional
• Sierra Leone
• South Africa
• South Sudan
• Southern Africa Regional
• West Africa Regional
• Afghanistan
• Central Asia Regional
• Indo-Pacific
• Kyrgyz Republic
• Pacific Islands
• Philippines
• Regional Development Mission for Asia
• Timor-Leste
• Turkmenistan
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
• North Macedonia
• Central America and Mexico Regional Program
• Dominican Republic
• Eastern and Southern Caribbean
• El Salvador
• Middle East Regional Platform
• West Bank and Gaza
• Dollars to Results
• Data Resources
• Strategy & Planning
• Budget & Spending
• Performance and Financial Reporting
• FY 2023 Agency Financial Report
• Records and Reports
• Budget Justification
• Our Commitment to Transparency
• Policy and Strategy
• How to Work with USAID
• Find a Funding Opportunity
• Organizations That Work With USAID
• Resources for Partners
• Get involved
• Business Forecast
• Safeguarding and Compliance
• Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility
• Mission, Vision and Values
• News & Information
• Operational Policy (ADS)
• Organization
• Stay Connected
• USAID History
• Video Library
• Coordinators
• Nondiscrimination Notice
• Collective Bargaining Agreements
• Disabilities Employment Program
• Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey
• Reasonable Accommodations
• Urgent Hiring Needs
• Vacancy Announcements
• Search Search Search

Environment

Millions of Filipinos rely on agriculture, forestry, and fisheries for their livelihoods, but frequent natural disasters, ineffective management, and lapses in environmental law enforcement threaten these critical natural resources. Water and air pollution levels exceed generally accepted health standards; and greenhouse gas emissions are increasing from rapid urbanization, land conversion, mismanaged plastic waste, and increased demands on the transport and power sectors. These drivers, coupled with the country’s location in the Pacific, make the Philippines consistently rank as one of the world’s most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and natural disasters.

The U.S. government has a strong, decades-long partnership with the government of the Philippines on environmental conservation. Through USAID, the United States partners with the Philippines to protect the Philippines’ vast natural resources, promote water and energy security, support the country’s low carbon transition, combat illegal and exploitative fishing practices, and reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts and natural disasters.

Clean Cities, Blue Ocean (CCBO)

The Philippines is among the largest contributors to global ocean plastic pollution. The country generates an estimated 2.7 million tons of plastic waste each year, with approximately 20 percent ending up in the ocean. Clean Cities, Blue Ocean (CCBO) is USAID’s flagship program to address the global crisis of ocean plastic pollution. CCBO works in 10 countries to reduce ocean plastic pollution directly at its source by strengthening waste management systems and building circular economies, city by city. In the Philippines, CCBO (buy-in) helps develop, test, and implement new models that promote the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) and enhance solid waste management; facilitate partnerships and investment around key needs such as infrastructure; and strengthen local systems to build the Philippines’ resiliency. CCBO is piloting solutions to stop the flow of plastic pollution into the waters within and surrounding the country, including several of the most problematic areas. The project is working with partners to design and implement holistic strategies that address each step in the waste value chain—from production to its end use—prioritizing the most inclusive, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable solutions.

Climate Resilient Cities (CRC)

The Philippines, one of the fastest urbanizing countries in the East Asia and Pacific Region, is among the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change, ranking first in the 2022 World Risk Index. Climate Resilient Cities (CRC) advances resilience by helping Philippine cities adapt to, mitigate, and manage the impacts of climate change and disasters. Project activities focus on enhancing the cities’ capacity to understand, use, and communicate climate data – including vulnerability and risk data; improving the cities’ abilities to access and manage climate financing; and enabling cities to implement or upscale innovative, nature-based solutions to conserve, restore, or sustainably manage the environment. The project works with various stakeholders such the national and local governments, non-governmental organizations, academia, and the private sector. Under a donor to donor agreement, the Korea International Cooperation Agency buys-in to the CRC activity.

Energy Secure Philippines (ESP)

Energy Secure Philippines (ESP) supports the Philippine Department of Energy and the Energy Regulatory Commission in advancing clean energy as envisioned in the Philippine Energy Plan for 2040, the core of which is centered on the pillars of ensuring energy security, expanding energy access, and promoting a low-carbon future through multi-stakeholder support and engagement. Working with the government and private sector, the project aims to mobilize at least $750 million of private investments into the energy sector and at least 500 MW of additional electricity generating capacity. ESP helps improve the operational performance of select electric distribution utilities, as well as support their financial viability and strengthen resilience against shocks and stresses, including cybersecurity vulnerabilities. The project also supports the increased deployment of advanced energy sources and systems. Specifically, the project supports implementation of key policies and regulations that will advance the use of renewable energy and promote energy efficiency, smart technologies, and physical and cybersecurity capabilities. ESP also enhances competition in the power sector so that more consumers can enjoy lower electricity costs. The activity also provides small grants to incubate and pilot novel and innovative solutions on various cross-sectoral issues.

The Philippines depends on coral reefs for food and income valued at $22 million annually. Fish provide more than 50 percent of Filipinos' dietary protein. However, unsustainable fishing practices and illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing have affected coastal and marine biodiversity. Fish Right promotes sustainable fisheries by improving local marine ecosystem management, establishing fishing regulations, “right-sizing” fisheries to increase fish stocks in government-designated fisheries management areas, and managing the impact of climate on fisheries and coastal resources. The program works with fisherfolk, provincial, and municipal governments and community-based organizations to improve management of marine key biodiversity areas. By 2025, the program expects to see a 10 percent increase in fish number and weight as a result of improved management of 2.5 million hectares of marine waters, benefitting more than 2 million people.

Forestry and Climate Change Support Program

Since 2011, USAID has partnered with the United States Forest Service to build the capacity of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), local governments, indigenous peoples, communities, and the private sector in designing and implementing forest protection and restoration activities as natural climate solutions, and monitoring their effectiveness. The renewed partnership under the program provides technical assistance on developing and rolling out of the national forest monitoring system to enable accurate and reliable measurement, reporting, and verification of greenhouse gas emissions from the forestry and land use sector; improving the design and implementation of the national forest resource assessment and forest inventory; and strengthening capacity for forest and grassland fire management.

Investing in Sustainability and Partnerships for Inclusive Growth and Regenerative Ecosystems (INSPIRE)

INSPIRE provides grants to civil society organizations (CSOs) and indigenous peoples’ groups in priority areas to implement local conservation and climate actions that advance environmental governance, promote inclusive growth, and restore natural ecosystems. The activity enhances the capacity of CSOs, indigenous peoples’ groups, and local communities to demand and participate in good natural resource governance; improves legal frameworks that support customary rights to land and water in biologically significant areas; and increases the transparency and accountability of various stakeholders about how natural resources are managed, extracted, and brought to market.

Local Works: Mindanao Bamboo Value Chain Development Program

In this Local Works activity, USAID partners with BUKTAMACO, the economic arm of the Bukidnon- Tagoloanon tribe, in establishing and developing an inclusive, locally-led, bamboo-based economy in Mindanao. This activity helps the tribe participate in the global export market using innovative solutions to address development challenges and create self-reliance. Specifically, this project will develop 1,500 hectares of giant bamboo plantations, interplanted with native hardwood trees; establish nurseries and post-harvest processing capacity to create a locally-led, sustainable value chain that meets global market standards for bamboo products; secure legal, financial, and carbon rights for indigenous peoples' ancestral lands; and develop a methodology and registering for carbon offsets. Through these activities, the project is providing sustainable incomes and livelihood for the marginalized indigenous communities and small landowners, improving environmental conditions in bamboo plantations, facilitating robust data collection, learning, and registration and verification for carbon credit trading; and empowering and providing financial autonomy for women.

Meloy Fund for Sustainable Community Fisheries

The fisheries and seafood industry employs 1.4 million people in the Philippines, and fish accounts for up to 50 percent of the total intake of animal protein. While coastal fisheries help conserve biodiversity and protect communities from natural disasters, exploitation and overfishing are serious challenges that lead to reduced seafood production, lower incomes for fishing communities, and degraded coastal ecosystems. Sustainable fisheries is gaining wide support across the world, presenting a significant opportunity to support related enterprises and coastal communities, as well as mobilize private sector investments. However, businesses poised to take advantage of this opportunity lack access to finance because they are often perceived as too small or too risky. They need loans to adopt new technologies, implement best practices, grow, and in some cases, start-up. The Meloy Fund is an impact investment vehicle that incentivizes the development and adoption of sustainable fisheries by making debt and equity investments in fishing-related enterprises that support the recovery of coastal fisheries.

Partnering with the Development Finance Corporation, the Meloy Fund aims to mobilize $17.5 million in financing over twelve years. This assistance helps borrowers expand their sustainable fish and seafood production and improve their incomes, and promotes more sustainable practices and technologies to protect coastal systems.

Philippines Counter Wildlife Trafficking and Protected Area Management

The project strengthens the capacity of the Philippine government to combat wildlife crimes, more effectively manage protected areas, and analyze geospatial data to monitor environmental programs through technical assistance delivered by the U.S. Department of Interior (DOI) through its International Technical Assistance Program. The project continues the longstanding partnership between USAID and DOI, which has been ongoing since 2004.

The Philippines faces water security challenges that include a growing population, unsustainable land use, and severely deficient wastewater management. To address these challenges, the country requires an adequate and dependable supply of clean drinking water, elimination of open defecation in rural and poor communities, increased access to safely managed sanitation services, and sustainable water resources. The Philippines’ vulnerability to climate change will make water security even more challenging in the future as drought, typhoons, and sea level rise threaten the country’s watersheds, water resources, and water and sanitation systems. In partnership with the Government of the Philippines, Safe Water seeks to improve water security for water-stressed communities through increased access to water supplies and sanitation services, more sustainably managed water resources–including critical forests and watersheds, and a stronger policy and enabling environment. The project aims to provide local government units, water service providers, and watershed councils with the information, incentives, and partnerships to identify and address barriers to a water-secure future—yielding life-saving gains in access to water supply and sanitation services for unserved and underserved communities in the Philippines.

Sustainable Interventions for Biodiversity, Oceans, and Landscapes (SIBOL)

SIBOL supports the Philippine government to achieve its goals of improving natural resource governance, sustainably managing natural resources, and reducing environmental crimes and unsustainable practices—leading to greater ecosystem stability and inclusive green growth. The project aims to support a resilient Philippines in which communities, the private sector, and government collaboratively protect the Philippines’ rich natural resources. SIBOL's Planetary Health approach uses cutting-edge science, coordinated and inclusive governance strategies, and powerful economic incentives to protect and conserve biodiversity and the benefits it provides to communities.

U.S. Peace Corps Small Project Assistance (SPA) V for Environment

USAID continues to support the Peace Corps through small grants, training, and program design and management assistance on sustainable coastal resources management, effective marine protected area management, and climate adaptation. With USAID support, the SPA program advances strategic partnerships with local governments by developing local champions to lead community-based biodiversity conservation and climate change adaptation programs. The SPA benefits more than 20 coastal municipalities that have high marine biological significance but are also highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Through the SPA, USAID partners with Peace Corps Philippines to strengthen the capacities of local environment and fisheries officers and communities to protect, manage, and sustainably finance the protection and conservation of biodiversity and natural resources. Volunteers work with community counterparts to identify common concerns, develop strategies to address these concerns, and implement small-scale community-level projects.

USAID-Philippine Government Ocean and Marine Science Support Program

The Ocean and Marine Science Support Program, a buy-in to the Regional Development Mission for Asia’s Interagency Agreement with NOAA, aims to strengthen the governance and resilience of coastal and ocean ecosystems. Under the renewed partnership between USAID and NOAA, the program supports the Philippine government institutions and coastal, ocean, and fisheries scientists and managers in addressing illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing; advancing sustainable fisheries management; and improving management effectiveness of national marine protected areas and networks through peer-to-peer scientific and technical research exchanges, training workshops, and technical assistance.

Related Updates

U.s., south korea ink php111.5 million partnership to improve climate resilience of philippine cities.

• April 22, 2023

USAID Showcases More Than $286 Million in Planned Programs and Initiatives to Boost Economic Growth in the Indo-Pacific

• October 28, 2021

Administrator Samantha Power Meeting with Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs Teodoro L. Locsin Jr.

• September 9, 2021

Share This Page

• Working with Us
• Public Relations
• Content Generation
• Financial Services
• Professional Services
• Supply Chain

Green is In: The Rise of Environmental Sustainability in the Philippines

The discourse around environmental sustainability has exploded over the last few years. With rising sea levels, droughts, and destructive weather disturbances, the impact of global warming has become more evident. Greta Thunberg’s impassioned speech at the UN Climate Summit and Bill McKibben’s 350 Campaign are just some of the fervent calls raising the alarm about how weather-related catastrophes will get worse if societies fail to implement immediate and genuine changes to counter the effects of global warming.

Due to its geographical location, the Philippines is one of the countries most affected by climate change. Studies show that due to global warming, typhoons will be more frequent and destructive, sea levels will rise and storm surges will severely impact human life as well as global, regional and local economies. When Super Typhoon Haiyan ravaged the country’s central region, thousands of families were displaced, casualties were in the thousands and the livelihood of millions of workers were disrupted.

Comprising 7,641 islands with a total coastline of 36,289 kilometres, the country holds two-thirds of the planet’s biodiversity and 70% of the world’s flora and fauna with many species of plants and animals only found in the Philippines. The country depends on its diverse ecosystem for food and water, raw materials for pharmaceuticals and manufacturing, and energy resources such as geothermal, biomass fuel, solar and wind. In addition, the country’s natural beauty attracts tourists from all over the world , contributing significantly to the economy. Taking care of the country’s ecosystem supports economic goals, helps deliver on national sustainability commitments and mitigates the impact of climate change on people’s lives and well-being.

In 2009, the Philippine government enacted the Climate Change Act or Republic Act 9729 to ensure climate resilience, build a low-carbon economy, and increase the country’s role in the global climate change dialogue. This act led to the establishment of the Climate Change Commission (CCC), which oversees the country’s sustainability goals and since then  various laws and policies have been implemented to promote ecological conservation programs and increase environmental awareness.

Investing on Green Energy

Currently, more than 70% of the country’s energy consumption is derived from fossil fuels with renewable energy (RE) sources contributing less than 30% to the energy mix. Somewhat alarmingly, according to the Department of Energy’s (DOE) 2019 report , renewable energy technologies actually decreased to 20.8% due to the continuous drop in hydroelectric power and limited penetration of other RE technologies. To achieve the target of increasing the RE share to 35 percent and support the sustainable energy agenda, the country needs to increase its RE capacity to more than 15,000 megawatts (MW) by the year 2030.

With a comprehensive National Renewable Energy Program (NREP), the government is working on addressing the challenges that delay the wider application of RE technologies, facilitating the participation of the private sector and encouraging investments in the development of renewable energy sources. Global conglomerate, GE joins the campaign for wider adoption of RE sources and push to generate power using sustainable methods. Through innovative technologies such as concentrated solar power and photovoltaic (PV) solar systems, GE aims to make significant power contributions in the rural areas of the country. On the other hand, partnerships with local companies open up opportunities for foreign companies looking to invest in the renewable energy sector of the country. Most recently, Singapore-based Arran Investment Pte. Ltd. forged a partnership with local renewables and thermal energy company, AC Energy .

Pushing for Ecotourism

More than 8 million tourists arrived in the Philippines in 2019, bringing in a total revenue of USD 9.31 billion. However, the influx of visitors in the country brings associated problems such as environmental degradation, soil erosion, pollution and decreasing wild life. Recognizing the impact of tourism on the environment, the Department of Tourism (DOT) though the Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA) pushed for the rehabilitation of several tourist destinations within the country. Under TIEZA, the tourism department will grant incentives such as tax exemptions and duty-free importation of equipment and goods to businesses compliant with the government’s sustainability guidelines. To promote sustainable tourism , DOT is working with local government units, communities and businesses through the Sustainable Tourism Development Project (STDP) which aims to make tourism development more sustainable and inclusive. The project was launched in El Nido, Palawan with initiatives focusing on improvements to the town’s drainage, solid waste, ecosystem-based tourism site management, and enterprise and skills development for local businesses.

Sustainability in Action: Environmental Initiatives at Grassroots Level

As elsewhere in the world, the impact of climate change is most felt by the marginalized sector. From 2010 to 2019, the damage incurred due to natural and extreme events and disasters amounted to PhP 463 billion, with agriculture taking the largest share at 62.7% or PhP 290 billion. To alleviate the economic effects of natural disasters and create pathways to inclusive growth, citizens and non-government organizations (NGOs) are establishing social enterprises. Based on a study by the British Council and PhilSEN, more than 160,000 social enterprises are currently operating in the Philippines and supporting environmental goals to protecting the environment, help small producers in agricultural value chains, and improve communities. International environmental groups such as Greenpeace, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and Haribon Foundation have also established a strong base within communities and push their environmental advocacies by supporting social enterprises.

Climate activism is also gaining momentum among the Filipino youth and young environmental activists are at the forefront calling for climate justice and solutions to mitigate the climate crisis. When Fridays for Future staged its first global school strike, young environmental advocates were marching in support along the streets of Manila.

The United Nations Sustainable Development 2020 Report ranks Philippines at 99 with a score of 65.5. While the country can do more towards achieving its Sustainable Development Goals  (SDGs), especially in terms of renewable energy, building sustainable communities and cities, and responsible consumption and production, policies and programs are laid down to correct the course and improve the country’s overall performance. Startups, investors and multinational companies can also explore the Philippine market and leverage the opportunity to contribute towards the conservation and protection of the country’s natural resources. With the government, the private sector and communities contributing to the environmental conservation goals and sustainability, we are looking forward to a future where the environment flourishes and the next generation thrives.

Get to know the diverse and vibrant region of Southeast Asia. Let Priority Consultants assist you in this journey. Reach us at [email protected] .

• News & Events
• Eastern and Southern Africa
• Eastern Europe and Central Asia
• Mediterranean
• Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean
• North America
• South America
• West and Central Africa
• IUCN Academy
• IUCN Contributions for Nature
• IUCN Library
• IUCN Red List of Threatened Species TM
• IUCN Green List of Protected and Conserved Areas
• IUCN World Heritage Outlook
• IUCN Leaders Forum
• Protected Planet
• Union Portal (login required)
• IUCN Engage (login required)
• Commission portal (login required)

Data, analysis, convening and action.

• Open Project Portal
• SCIENCE-LED APPROACH
• INFORMING POLICY
• SUPPORTING CONSERVATION ACTION
• GEF AND GCF IMPLEMENTATION
• IUCN CONVENING
• IUCN ACADEMY

The world’s largest and most diverse environmental network.

CORE COMPONENTS

• Expert Commissions
• Secretariat and Director General
• IUCN Council

• IUCN WORLD CONSERVATION CONGRESS
• REGIONAL CONSERVATION FORA
• CONTRIBUTIONS FOR NATURE
• IUCN ENGAGE (LOGIN REQUIRED)

IUCN tools, publications and other resources.

Get involved

Environmental Jurisprudence from the Philippines: Are Climate Litigation Cases Just Around the Corner?

By Gregorio Rafael P. Bueta - Philippine jurisprudence on the environment has been on a steady pace of development since the 70’s and 80’s. It got a global boost when the famous case of Oposa vs Factoran came out in 1993. In it, the Philippine Supreme Court bravely and courageously gave standing to generations yet unborn - an argument from the creative legal mind of Atty. Antonio Oposa, Jr. Since then the Oposa case has been cited and replicated all over the world, more recently in on-going climate litigation cases such as the Juliana case in the US.

Photo: IUCN

For a country like the Philippines - one of the most megadiverse countries in the world, rich in natural resources, and home to unique flora and fauna - environmental laws and measures to protect nature are crucial. This becomes more of a challenge for a developing country with 110 million people, and rising. Not only will nature and ecosystems be pushed to the brink, but more importantly conflicts over these scarce resource will increase. More people will be pushed into poverty as food and water security are threatened, public health costs rise, and infrastructure are not ready to cope with natural and man-made disasters (crucial for a country which sees an average of 20 typhoons in a year!).   

The Oposa Case stands alongside a long list of environmental jurisprudence from the Philippines. A long line of decisions of Philippine courts have sought to protect the environment and give life and meaning to the constitutional right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology. Some of the more recent ones include: the clean-up of Manila Bay ordered through a Writ of Continuing Mandamus; [1] standing was given by the court to humans to represent the toothed whales, dolphins, porpoises, and other cetacean species (the Resident Marine Mammals), which inhabit the waters in and around the Tañon Strait in the central Philippines; [2] application of the precautionary principle in genetically modified eggplants; [3] liability for damage of coral reefs by a foreign military vessel; [4] and road sharing for carless people. [5]

Public interest litigation for the environment and nature was also given a boost when the Supreme Court designated environmental courts around the country (117 in total) in 2008, and issued the Rules of Procedures for Environmental Cases (The Rules) in 2009. These Rules provided for simplified and streamlined measures to speed-up environmental litigation, and make it easier for the public to bring cases – after all, someone needs to represent the environment in these disputes.

The Rules also include the one-of-a-kind remedy called the Writ of Kalikasan (or nature). It is a form of special civil action in environmental cases, a judicial remedy in case of “ environmental damage of such magnitude as to prejudice the life, health or property of inhabitants in two or more cities or provinces .” Considered as the first-of-its kind in the world, it is a unique tool by which petitioners can invoke the extraordinary writ powers and jurisdiction of the courts.

Another useful remedy provided in the Rules is the Writ of Continuing Mandamus, taking cue from jurisprudence in the Manila Bay Clean-up Case. It is a remedy when a government agency or officer unlawfully neglects a duty imposed upon him by law in connection with the enforcement or violation of environmental laws, rules and regulations, or rights, or unlawfully excludes another from the use or enjoyment of such right. This writ allows the court to require the government agency or officer to perform an act or series of acts until the judgment is fully satisfied and to submit periodic reports on its progress. The court may evaluate and monitor compliance with its judgment, by itself or through a commissioner or appropriate government agency. The remedy of continuing mandamus is further unique in that it allows the award of damages where the government maliciously neglects to perform their duties. Variations of this Writ have been utilized in other jurisdictions like Australia, India, Pakistan, and the United States of America.

The Rules also feature environmental protection orders, SLAPP, citizen’s suits, and waived filing fees – making environmental litigation much simpler, accessible, and effective. 

Environmental cases have surely increased with the Rules, with more Writ of Kalikasan case pending in different courts around the country. However, what about climate change litigation? Are we going to see the shift from purely environment to climate change cases?

First, let’s start by defining climate change litigation. The generally accepted definition is that of Markell and Ruhl: any piece of federal, state, tribal, or local administrative or judicial litigation in which the party filings or tribunal decisions directly and expressly raise an issue of fact or law regarding the substance or policy of climate change causes and impacts . For our purposes, let’s work with this definition, although many scholars note that a broader definition of climate change litigation is possible.

Is climate change already in Philippine jurisprudence? In the Manila Bay Clean-Up Case , Justice Presbitero Velasco began his ponentia as such:

The need to address environmental pollution, as a cause of climate change, has of late gained the attention of the international community . Media have finally trained their sights on the ill effects of pollution, the destruction of forests and other critical habitats, oil spills, and the unabated improper disposal of garbage. And rightly so, for the magnitude of environmental destruction is now on a scale few ever foresaw and the wound no longer simply heals by itself. But amidst hard evidence and clear signs of a climate crisis that need bold action, the voice of cynicism, naysayers, and procrastinators can still be heard. [Emphasis supplied]

Although there is no other mention of climate change in the case and one can categorize this decision as one for environmental enforcement, it is clear that the Supreme Court recognized the causal link between environmental pollution and climate change.

In the case challenging the constitutionality of the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (one where environment was not even an issue), [6] the Supreme Court had occasion to say in its Epilogue that “[t]he Philippines is one of the countries most directly affected and damaged by climate change”. Although climate change was not discussed, the court showed its awareness and acceptance of the country’s vulnerability to the global phenomenon.

Despite these court pronouncements, there is yet no climate change case in the Philippines based on the definition of climate change litigation adopted for this article. Perhaps the closest attempt was the recent Road Sharing Case . Petitioners hinged their arguments on climate change and its impacts for a country like the Philippines. In its Decision denying the petition, the Supreme Court said that the government was able to show that it was taking action to address the environmental issues raised, and that the court cannot compel the Executive branch to implement a principle, which requires the exercise of discretion and cannot thus be the subject of mandamus.

There is however one unique case from the Philippines because redress was not sought from the regular courts. Greenpeace Southeast Asia and the Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement petitioned the Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines (CHR) on behalf of 13 organizations and 20 individuals, alleging that some 50 companies, referred to as the Carbon Majors — including Chevron, ExxonMobil, Rio Tinto, Lukoil, and Massey Coal — knowingly contributed to the root causes of climate change and thus violated the human rights of Filipinos. In particular, the petitioners asked whether the top 50 CO 2 emitters in the world between 1751 and 2010 (collectively accounting for 21.71% of the world’s CO 2 emissions) have violated, or threaten to violate, rights to life; the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health; food; water; sanitation; adequate housing; and self-determination. The CHR conducted hearings in the Philippines and London, invited the carbon majors to participate (but they did not), and received evidence and reports from different stakeholders. The report with recommendations is due middle of 2019. Do note that the CHR only has recommendatory powers and cannot prosecute or hold any respondents accountable.   

This does not mean that climate change cases and litigation is not “ripe” for Philippine courts. The judiciary has shown its willingness and openness to decide cases in favor of the environment. Procedural tools such as the Rules can be channeled to look at climate change issues in the Philippines. One author notes that conditions are ripe in the Philippines for the use of climate change litigation as part of a broader advocacy strategy to press for governmental action. [7] This is also aligned with global efforts, particularly in the Asian region, to move beyond environmental adjudication and look at climate change litigation as the next big challenge for judges. [8]

What then are the potential “pioneer” climate change cases to be brought before Philippine courts? ClientEarth suggested five main legal grounds for filing cases on climate change: a) health and environmental laws; b) market regulation; c) loss and damage; d) duty of care for citizens; and e) long-term financial risk. UN Environment’s recent report on Global Climate Change Litigation saw two trends: one on climate refugees, and an increase in cases in the global South. [9]

One expert suggests using existing laws and procedures as potential climate change litigation cases. [10] Victims of the 2013 Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) can file anti-graft and corruption cases against negligent government officials – whose potential inaction led to the numerous deaths. Failure to implement rehabilitation plans and to properly use funds can also be an area of litigation. Consumer protection laws can also be used to enforce strict liability for design, manufacturing, and labelling requirements.   

One area of potential litigation will be the implementation of adaptation and mitigation measures as outlined in the Philippines’ National Climate Change Action Plan, and even under the Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement. Projects funded by the People’s Survival Fund under Republic Act No. 10174, or the way resources have been allocated can also be potential conflict areas. Given the infrastructure boom being pushed by the current administration, as well as projects and developments by the private sector, challenges on the grant of approval for projects, particularly environmental impact assessments and the policy bases for these can be expected.

Victims of natural disasters as a result of climate-induced events can seek compensation for loss and damages. Although identifying the respondent or accused may prove to be difficult, cases can potentially be brought before local or perhaps international tribunals. Displaced persons and families due to climate change (those who can constitute as internal climate refugees) can also seek redress and compensation for the loss of their homes and properties.      

So are climate change cases in the Philippines on the horizon? The answer is of course yes. The history of environmental cases and jurisprudence in the Philippines provides fertile ground for litigants to bring cases before the courts. The existing trove of environmental cases, and the active environmental movement in the country can be channeled to look into possible climate change cases, given the clear nexus between environmental issues and climate change. Standing is liberalized, the Rules provide speedy and effective remedies and access to justice, and judges are sensitized to the climate issues hounding the country. Other forums, such as in the CHR, also provide other means by which redress can be sought.

Climate change litigation has come of age globally, and the Philippine courts and legal system should anticipate an increase in cases and potential disputes. Although considered as nascent in the Philippines, there are many potential areas of litigation, particularly for implementation of government policies, liability for loss and damage, and fulfillment of international obligations. It would not be far-fetched to consider an environmental case, such as implementation of forestry laws, as a climate change case, given the known impact of forests on the phenomenon as carbon sinks and buffers for climate-related disasters. Bold decisions and norm-challenging ponencias on climate change from Philippine courts is not a far prospect – it is just a matter of time before another landmark judgement on climate change comes and for the court to be once again a beacon of hope in tackling this global challenge.      

About the Author

As a private legal practitioner and independent consultant from the Philippines, Grip is an advocate for environmental rights and justice, protection of biodiversity, promotion of human rights, development of good governance, and corporate sustainability. He has written several published works on environment and natural resources law and human rights. Grip has also worked with the United Nations Development Programme, the Philippine Judicial Academy, the Ateneo School of Government, the Council for the Welfare of Children, Ayala Corporation, AC Energy, the EcoWaste Coalition, Laban Konsyumer, Inc., and various NGOs and private companies.

Grip has a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from the Ateneo de Manila University. He earned his Juris Doctor Degree from the same institution and was the recipient of the St. Thomas More Most Distinguished Award for his graduating class.   

[1] Metropolitan Manila Development Authority v. Concerned Residents of Manila Bay, G.R. Nos. 171947-48, December 18, 2008, 574 SCRA 661.

[2] Resident Marine Mammals v. Reyes, G.R. No. 180771 April 21, 2015

[3] ISAAA v. Greenpeace Southeast Asia (Philippines), G.R. No. 20927, 8 December 2015; see Resolution, 26 July 2016.

[4] Arigo et., al. vs. Swift, et., al., G.R. No. 206510, September 16, 2014

[5] Segovia et., al. vs. the Climate Change Commission, ey., al., G.R. No. 211010, 7 March 2017

[6] Saguisag v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 212426, 12 January 2016.

[7] Jolene Lin, Litigating Climate Change in Asia, Climate Law 4, 142 (2014). The author adds: The focus is therefore likely to be on climate adaptation, not mitigation, because maladaptation raises the sort of issues that fit squarely within the environmental public interest litigation tradition in these jurisdictions: infringement of the constitutional right to life, enforcement of statutory rights and duties, and giving voice to marginalized or vulnerable sectors of society.

[8] See http://ajne.org/article/adb-office-general-counsel-launches-new-ta-develop-judicial-capacity-adjudicating-climate-change-issues

[9] These include: mitigation, adaptation, and sustainable development; Paris Agreement commitments and resulting national legislation, including Nationally Determined Contributions; and REDD+ and Green Climate Fund resources and measures.

[10] See Ronaldo R Gutierrez, Developing Environment and Climate Change Jurisprudence: Philippine Experience, presentation during the South Asia Judicial Roundtable on Environment and Climate Change, 26 November 2016, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Related content

The BIODEV2030 project, launched in early 2020 supports the country's development ambition, while…

IUCN welcomes with relief and gratitude the negotiated decisions on fishing subsidies made…

This report is the first step in identifying and targeting priority interventions and solutions…

Sign up for an IUCN newsletter

• Email This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.
• Climate Change
• Policy & Economics
• Biodiversity
• Conservation

Get focused newsletters especially designed to be concise and easy to digest

• ESSENTIAL BRIEFING 3 times weekly
• TOP STORY ROUNDUP Once a week
• MONTHLY OVERVIEW Once a month
• Enter your email *
• Phone This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

How Did the Philippines Become the World’s Biggest Ocean Plastic Polluter?

As summer vacation commences, tourists are bound to flock to the Philippines, a nation known for its iconic islands that house some of the world’s whitest sands and most transparent waters. Unfortunately, the Asian nation has also made waves by being crowned as the world’s biggest ocean plastic polluter. In this article, we dive into the persistent plastic pollution in the country’s waters.

Assessing Ocean Plastic Pollution in the Philippines

The Philippines had the largest share of global plastic waste discarded in the ocean in 2019. The country was responsible for 36.38% of global oceanic plastic waste, far more than the second-largest plastic polluter, India, which in the same year accounted for about 12.92% of the total.

Contrary to popular belief, most plastic waste does not enter the sea directly. Conversely, it makes its way to the sea from smaller water streams. 

According to a 2021 study , 80% of plastic waste comes from rivers and seven of the top ten plastic-polluted rivers in the world are in the Philippines. Pasig River even dethrones the previously most polluted river in 2017 , the Yangtze River of China. 

How Does Plastic Pollution Affect the Environment?

The Philippines prides itself on having one of the world’s most diverse marine biodiversity. By being at the apex of the Coral Triangle, the country holds an extensive system of coral reefs occupying more than 27,000 square kilometres (10,425 square miles). 

Dubbed the “rainforest of the sea”, coral reefs are the essence of marine ecosystems , with 25% of the ocean’s fish relying on them for shelter, food, and reproduction.

Unfortunately, this centralisation of dependence is easily overthrown once coral reefs encounter threats such as rising ocean temperatures and plastic pollution. 

A 2018 study showed that, without the presence of plastic, coral reefs have a 4% likelihood of contracting a disease. With plastic, the risk dramatically increases to 89% due to the spread of pathogens. 

This phenomenon triggers a chain reaction, as it disrupts marine ecosystems and causes nearby sea animals to consume microplastics. Microplastics are smaller pieces of plastic generated through processes such as weathering and exposure to wave action and more. Their consumption is evidently persisting in the Philippines, where nearly half of all rabbitfish , a commonly consumed fish species, were found to contain traces of microplastics.

By dumping plastics into the sea, these eventually enter our bloodstream. According to the United Nations, more than 51 trillion microplastic particles litter the world’s seas, a quantity that outnumbers the stars in our galaxy by 500 times.

While we are increasingly aware of where microplastics can be found, we are still relatively in the dark about their impact on the environment and especially on human health. Yet, there is no doubt that microplastics contain highly toxic and harmful chemicals.

You might also like: 5 Coral Reefs That Are Currently Under Threat and Dying

What’s Behind the Philippines’ Plastic Pollution Crisis?

The Philippines has a peculiar culture of consuming products in small quantities. For example, instead of buying a regular bottle of shampoo, many people opt for sachets sold at local stores at a much lower price. 

With a reported 20 million people living below the poverty line in 2021, the country’s widespread poverty leaves citizens hunting for the cheapest alternative. Large corporations exploit this situation by offering palm-sized packages of products and building a “sachet economy”, further exacerbating plastic pollution in the country. 

Nonetheless, it is said that there is no other material that offers safer and quicker transportation of food like plastic does. 

Instead of merely focusing on reducing plastic use, governments should also consider increasing the accessibility to proper disposal facilities. Indeed, the head of Philippine Alliance for Recycling and Materials Sustainability Crispian Lao states that 70% of Filipinos lack access to disposal facilities, which steers plastic waste directly to oceans. With minimal exposure to environmentally-friendly options for plastic disposal, the population often lacks awareness of plastic pollution.

This highlights another problem: The lack of government action. 

Among the reasons behind plastic pollution being such a big issue in the Philippines is government mismanagement. More specifically, the government is criticised for merely having good laws surrounding waste disposal but often failing to properly enforce them . 

In 2001, the government established the Waste Management Act to tackle the nation’s growing solid waste problem through methods such as prohibition of open dumps for solid waste and by adopting systematic waste segregation. Two decades later, the Commission on Audit stated that there has still been a “steady” increase in waste generation. 

You might also like: 4 Biggest Environmental Issues in the Philippines in 2024

How Do We Fix This?

In the grand scheme of things, most of the causes of plastic pollution could be addressed with proper government intervention. Instead of feeding into the corporate agenda that maximises plastic production, the government could take notes from its surrounding Asian regions. 

For example, Taiwan was responsible for a meagre 0.05% of global oceanic plastic waste in 2019, owing to numerous legislation to protect its waters from plastic that the country enforced in recent years, including the Marine Pollution Control Act in 2000 and the Action Plan of Marine Debris Governance in 2018. In 2020, the Environmental Protection Administration declared a ban on all free plastic straws and has now pledged to ban all single-use plastics by 2030. With years of revising and enforcing plans, Taiwan can now aim for bigger environmental goals.

Another great example is China. Up until 2017, the country was the largest importer of plastic . Since the introduction of a ban on imported waste in 2018, including different types of plastics, things have drastically changed. The ban effectively halved the amount of imported waste. Ultimately, China was responsible for only 7.22% of global oceanic plastic pollution in 2019. 

Additionally, the Philippine government could extend its success from the six-month closure of its tropical landmark Boracay in 2018, following former President Duterte’s order to carry out rehabilitation works to restore the island’s pristine condition from pollution.

A survey conducted in February 2018 by the Philippines News Agency found that a staggering 716 out of 834 businesses had no discharge permit and were draining contaminated water into the sea.

Before the closure, the faecal coliform level in Boracay waters was at nearly 900 most probably number (MPN) per 100 millilitres (ml). The acceptable level for swimming conditions is 100 MPN per 100ml. By the time it reopened, Boracay’s coliform concentration had plummeted to 40 MPN per 100 ml, indicating a much cleaner environment.

Despite the financial loss that came with the prolonged closure of Boracay, numerous stakeholders have stated that it was worth it. 

You might also like: 10 Plastic Pollution in the Ocean Facts You Need to Know

As this example shows, short-term efforts can lead to long-term improvements.

Especially if aided by government measures, the actions of an entire nation can go a long way. By increasing the number of accessible recycling bins, people would be one step closer to classifying their trash. By imposing fees or even bans on the use or production of plastics, people would have no plastic to throw into the seas. By simply raising awareness, more Filipinos would act against plastic pollution.

Featured image: Wikimedia Commons.

This story is funded by readers like you

Our non-profit newsroom provides climate coverage free of charge and advertising. Your one-off or monthly donations play a crucial role in supporting our operations, expanding our reach, and maintaining our editorial independence.

About EO | Mission Statement | Impact & Reach | Write for us

About the Author

Denise Ramos

Fast Fashion and Its Environmental Impact

10 Companies Called Out For Greenwashing

10 Concerning Fast Fashion Waste Statistics

Hand-picked stories weekly or monthly. We promise, no spam!

• Name This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

Boost this article By donating us $100, $50 or subscribe to Boosting $10/month – we can get this article and others in front of tens of thousands of specially targeted readers. This targeted Boosting – helps us to reach wider audiences – aiming to convince the unconvinced, to inform the uninformed, to enlighten the dogmatic.

By providing an email address. I agree to the Terms of Use and acknowledge that I have read the Privacy Policy .

Filipino concern for the environment

Learning about Filipino attitudes on many interesting topics, and comparing ourselves to others, have been much simplified by the annual cross-country surveys of the International Social Survey Program (www.issp.org), which have covered Role of Government, Social Networks, Social Inequality, Family and Changing Gender Roles, Work Orientations, Religion, National Identity, Environment, Citizenship, Leisure Time and Sports, and Health and Health Care.

With themes periodically replicated, there have been 35 ISSP surveys during 1985-2019. The ISSP survey data for all countries—including the Philippines from 1991 to the present—are available online to anyone for free. It is a great library of first-class social survey information for the world to use.

This column deals with Environment only to demonstrate the usefulness of the ISSP archive, or library, of data. It’s not a substitute for reading the library books; those studying a topic should use the library and read for themselves the books they need.

Selected findings of the 2010 ISSP survey on Environment:

Filipinos have as much concern for the environment (+48 on a scale of -100 to +100), as other peoples of the world (+40 for the 32 countries surveyed in 2010; I call this “others” even though the 32 include the Philippines). The number is the percentage of people relatively concerned minus the percentage relatively unconcerned about the environment.

Filipinos prioritize the country’s environmental problems as follows: 1. Air pollution, 2. Climate change, 3. Using up all our natural resources, 4. Domestic waste disposal, 5. Water shortage, 6. Water pollution, 7. Nuclear waste, 8. Chemicals and pesticides, and 9. Genetically modified foods. The 32 ISSP countries rank them in a slightly different order: 1, 2, 6, 3, 8, 5, 4, 7, and 9.

Filipinos are slightly positive (+4) about knowing the solutions to environmental problems, whereas other peoples are unsure of what to do (-17 for the

32 countries). The number is the percentage saying they know much, minus the percentage saying they know little, about the solutions.

Filipinos are relatively confident (+39) that science will solve environmental problems without changing their way of life, whereas others expect the solutions to cause changes in their lives (-12). The number is the percentage that agree with the proposition minus the percentage that disagree with it; it is a “net agreement.”

Filipinos predominantly think (+39) the environment gets too much attention relative to economic problems, but others are divided (-1). The numbers are net agreements.

Filipinos agree (+41) that human progress is achievable without harming the environment, whereas others are neutral (-3) on this.

Filipinos agree (+21) that economic growth always harms the environment, while others somewhat disagree (-7) on this.

I purposely cited some instances where we Filipinos differ from others, in the belief that knowing the differences leads to better understanding of ourselves.

The above attitudes are surely affected by the sophistication of Filipinos on environmental matters. Whenever these issues appear inappropriate or unrealistic to environmental experts, they pose a challenge to the scientific community to upgrade the level of education about the environmental situation in the Philippines.

Contact [email protected] . This piece was the subject of my talk at the National Academy of Science and Technology’s forum on “Food Security, Environment and Political Economy,”

Subscribe to our daily newsletter

Hotel Jen, Pasay City, 5/16/19.

Fearless views on the news

Disclaimer: Comments do not represent the views of INQUIRER.net. We reserve the right to exclude comments which are inconsistent with our editorial standards. FULL DISCLAIMER

© copyright 1997-2024 inquirer.net | all rights reserved.

We use cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. By continuing, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. To find out more, please click this link.

★★★★ Rated 4.9 stars by all customers and partners served since 2015. 

   +6328 362-4933   68 Don Alejandro, Don A. Roces Ave, Quezon City, NCR PH 1103

Home Blog Lists and Directories Complete List of all Environmental Laws and Policies in the Philippines

Complete List of all Environmental Laws and Policies in the Philippines

Philippine environment laws.

as enlisted and summarized by your preferred environmental consultancy & engineering firm in the Philippines

GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES

Philippine environmental policy.

Presidential Decree No. 1151 (06 June 1977): In the pursuit of advancing both the productive and harmonious relationship of nature and the Filipino people of today and the future, the Philippine Environmental Policy mandates an intensive and integrated national environmental protection program mainly by requiring environmental impact assessments and statements .

Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System

Presidential Decree No. 1586 (11 June 1978): This policy established the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System (PEISS) as the framework for all environmental impact assessment activities nationwide. In consonance with the Philippine Environmental Policy (PD 1151), the PEISS includes the classification of every development project as either environmentally critical or environmentally non-critical. All projects that can potentially cause any form of significant impact to the environment are regarded as environmentally critical and are therefore required to secure an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) .

Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act of 1992

Republic Act No. 7611 : The Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) is “a comprehensive framework for the sustainable development of Palawan.” All projects of government agencies, from planning to implementation, in the province should be coordinated and aligned to this framework. The main strategy here is to establish an “Environmentally Critical Areas Network” or ECAN which is a graded system of protective control over all terrestrial and marine natural resources, as well as the tribal ancestral lands in Palawan. The Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD) was created pursuant to this policy.

Climate Change Act of 2009

Republic Act No. 9729 : In light of the climate vulnerability of the Philippines and its people, the Climate Change Act of 2009 integrates climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies into policy formulation and development activities of all government agencies. It also created the Climate Change Commission , chaired by the President of the Republic of the Philippines, as the central entity for all climate change-related plans and programs in the country.

Writ of Kalikasan

Rules of Procedure for Environmental Cases (A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC, 29 April 2010): The Writ of Kalikasan (A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC Rule 7) is one of the two (2) special civil actions that any person or entity can avail of whenever their constitutional right to a balanced and healthy environment is violated or threatened. The other civil action that can be availed of is the Writ for Continuing Mandamus (A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC Rule 8) which applies when a government agency or officer violates an environmental policy.

Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010

Republic Act No. 10121 : Making the then National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) into what we know today as the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) to serve as the lead agency for disaster-related programs in the Philippines such as but not limited to the development of the comprehensive guides for DRR efforts nationwide (referred to as the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework [NDRRMF] and National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan [NDRRMP]).

Here is the NDRRMP for 2011 to 2028 . Pursuant to this Act, regional, provincial, city, and municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) councils and barangay DRRM committees were also created. Among other provisions, RA 10121 also mandated DRRM Education in secondary and tertiary education as well as in the Sangguniang Kabataan along with the Mandatory DRRM training for public sector employees (Section 14).

Download this List as a PDF for FREE

Type your email address below so we can send the file straight to your inbox:

Your free guide is on the way!

Please check your email inbox for your requested PDF. By default, you are now enlisted in our newsletter subscriber list. If you prefer not to be, simply press the unsubscribe link at the bottom of the email that you'll receive from us. Thank you!

ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND POLICIES ON WASTE & POLLUTION

Philippine sanitation code.

Presidential Decree No. 856 (23 December 1975): The Philippine Sanitation Code sets sanitary standards for drinking water, food and other business establishments, industrial hygiene, schools, health services, markets, slaughterhouses, transport vehicles, terminals and other service stations, and lodging areas and infrastructures among many others. It regulates nuisances (anything that injures health, endangers life, offends senses, or produces discomfort to the community), and activities concerning dead persons, their funeral, and remains. Importantly, it regulates other forms of pollution not covered in the above-mentioned places like that caused by certain substances, radiation, noise, and biological pollutants among others. It also sets the requirements for the collection of sewage, operation of sewerage works and sewage treatment plants, construction of septic tanks, and disposal of septic tank effluents (Chapter XVII).

GreenDev has worked on a Sewage Treatment Plant project with Boracay Water and on the proposed Septage Management System in Tagum River, Iloilo City .

If you are looking for professionals to work with on similar projects, we’ll be glad to collaborate!

Marine Pollution Decree of 1976

Presidential Decree No. 979 (18 August 1976): Pursuant to this policy, dumping of wastes and other hazardous matter into the ocean and inland waters of the Philippines is considered unlawful unless due to unavoidable accidents or otherwise prescribed by the National Pollution Control Commission or the Philippine Coast Guard.

Water Code of the Philippines

Presidential Decree No. 1067 (31 December 1976): The Water Code of the Philippines governs the ownership, allocation, utilization, control, conservation, and the overall administration of all waters and water resources in the country through the National Water Resources Board . Filipinos of legal age and entities, including government agencies, must acquire a water permit (the written evidence of having a water right) in order to be able to appropriate and use water. Any activities affecting water resources shall likewise acquire a permit first.

The water permit specifies among others the

(1) maximum amount and rate as well as the schedule of water diversion or withdrawal,

(2) location of wells,

(3) place of use, and

(4) purpose/s of water use

The streambank easement zones of three (3) meters for urban areas, twenty (20) meters for agricultural areas, and forty (40) meters for forest areas along the entire length of the rivers and streams are also mandated under Article 51 of this Code.

Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990

Republic Act No. 6969 : Importation, manufacturing, processing, sale, distribution, use, and disposal of substances that pose an unreasonable risk and/or injury to the health of the people and the environment are prohibited under this Act. All chemicals being presently imported, manufactured, or used in the country are listed in an inventory with full details and any new substances must undergo pre-manufacturing or pre-importation regulations. To get to know more about hazardous waste management in the Philippines, check out our definitive guide on this topic here .

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

Republic Act No. 8749 : One of the salient features of this Act is the establishment of a multi-sectoral Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework and Air Quality Control Action Plan which will serve as the primary guide for air pollution management and control in the country. Adopting a multi-sectoral or participatory approach (also called “partnership approach to healthy air” or “people-driven approach”) means that ideas and comments should be gathered from all stakeholders, and information is largely disclosed to the public. Alongside many other regulatory measures, all sources of air pollutant emissions are also mandated by this Act to secure a permit to operate apart from the Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC). Importantly, this Act sets the emission limits for various types of pollutants both stationary and mobile, including smoking, fuel and fuel additives, ozone-depleting substances, greenhouse gases, and organic pollutants among many others.

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

Republic Act No. 9003 : Aimed at establishing a nationwide ecological solid waste management program, this Act provides for the furtherance of proper segregation, collection and transport, recycling, and composting of wastes in the Philippines. Article 6 of RA 9003 promulgates the guidelines for a comprehensive waste management strategy including but not limited to: Prohibition of open dumps, Requiring a permit for solid waste management facility construction and expansion, Guidelines for controlled dumps, and Criteria for siting, establishment, and operations of sanitary landfills in the country.

We wrote about solid waste management planning, requirements for solid waste management operations  and the different guidelines for waste management facilities as mandated by this Act in this complete guide .

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

Republic Act No. 9275 : The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 is the comprehensive strategy for the protection and conservation of the country’s water resources, both freshwater and marine. This Act requires the acquisition of water pollution permits through the “Wastewater Charge System” which ensures that there are no unauthorized, undocumented, and unregulated discharges in any water body in the Philippines. Project and program proponents are also required to establish an environmental guarantee fund (EGF) in order to finance the preservation and/or rehabilitation of the health of the affected ecosystems, especially that of the watersheds and aquifers among others. All persons or organizations that cause pollution are likewise required to clean-up any pollution they have caused at their own expense.

How to Get an ECC from DENR

How to choose the right environmental consultant, you may also like, complete list and table of environmental permits for every type of small business and msme in the philippines, philippines sdg watch 2023: measuring progress and charting the course for a sustainable future, 10 key points from each of the 3 main mining laws in the philippines, 5 globally-certified green building pegs and inspirations within metro manila, table of contents.

Talk to our experts

1800-120-456-456

• Environmental Protection Essay

Essay on Environmental Protection

Environmental protection is improving, defending, and maintaining the quality of the environment. The main methods of environmental protection are recycling, reusing, and reducing; however, some other methods such as Green Energy production, green transportation development, and eco-friendly industrialization also exist. Not only residents but also businesses and industries should play their basic roles to improve the environment.

The History of Environmental Protection  

Humankind has always been concerned about the environment. The ancient Greeks were the first to develop environmental philosophy, and they were followed by other major civilizations such as India and China. In more recent times, the concern for the environment has increased because of growing awareness of the ecological crisis. The Club of Rome, a think tank, was among the first to warn the world about the dangers of overpopulation and pollution in its report "The Limits to Growth" (1972).

In the early days of environmentalism, people thought that the best way to protect nature was to set aside areas where humans would not disturb the environment. This approach, which is known as preservation, was given a major boost in the United States with the establishment of the National Park Service in 1916.

The modern environmental movement began in the 1960s when concerns about the negative impact of humans on the environment began to increase. In response to these concerns, governments around the world began to pass legislation to protect the environment. In the United States, for example, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in 1970.

The Principles of Environmental Protection

There are three fundamental principles of environmental protection:

The precautionary principle: This principle states that if an activity has the potential to cause harm to the environment, then steps should be taken to prevent that harm even if there is no clear evidence that the activity is damaging.

The polluter pays principle: This states that the party responsible for causing pollution should be held responsible for cleaning it up.

The public right to know the principle: This principle states that the public has a right to know about any potential threats to the environment and what is being done to address them.

The goals of Environmental Protection

There are three main goals of environmental protection:

To protect human health: This is the most important goal of environmental protection because humans cannot survive without a healthy environment.

To protect ecosystems: Ecosystems are the foundation of life on Earth, and they provide many benefits to humans, such as clean air and water, food, and fiber.

To promote sustainable development: Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Environmental protection is a practice that aims to protect the natural environment from the hands of individuals, organizations, and governments. It is the need of the hour because the Earth's environment is deteriorating every day, and the reasons are human beings. They are mishandling the Earth's environment to fulfill their needs. If it goes like this, then it is difficult to say that the future generation will have a safer environment to live in. Through this essay, you will learn the importance of environmental protection.

A Long Essay on Environmental Protection

It is imperative to protect our natural environment from deteriorating, and the only way to do that is through environmental protection. This process should be adopted by every country as soon as possible before it is too late. The objective of this process is to conserve all the natural resources and try to repair some parts of the environment that are possible to get repaired. The biophysical environment is getting degraded permanently because of overconsumption, population growth, and the rapid development of technology. This can be stopped if the government plan strategies to restrict these activities to perform in a controlled way. This environmental protection essay can be a great help for the students to understand the environment they are living in.

Voluntary Environmental Agreements

Voluntary environmental agreements are getting popular in most industrial countries. Through this free essay on environmental protection, one will learn more about this type of agreement. These agreements provide the companies with a platform where they are recognized if they are moving beyond the minimum regulatory standards for protecting the environment. These agreements support the development of one of the best environmental practices. For example, the India Environment Improvement Trust (EIT) has been working in this environment field since the year 1998. Through this environmental protection essay, one is getting so much to learn.

Ecosystems Approach

An ecosystem approach to environmental protection aims to consider the complex interrelationships of the ecosystem as a whole to the process of decision making rather than just focusing on specific issues and challenges. The environmental protection essay writing will give a more precise overview of this approach. The ecosystems approach aims to support the better transferring of information, develop strategies that can resolve conflicts, and improve regional conservation. This approach has played a major role in protecting the environment. This approach also says that religions also play an important role in the conservation of the environment.

International Environmental Agreements

In the present scenario, many of the Earth's natural resources have become vulnerable because of humans and their carelessness towards the environment across different countries. As a result of this, many countries and their governments have come into different agreements to reduce the human impact on the natural environment and protect it from getting deterioration. Through this environmental protection essay in English, one will get a much clearer view on this matter particularly.

The agreements made between different governments of various countries are known as International Environmental Agreements. This agreement includes factors such as climate, oceans, rivers, and air pollution. These agreements are sometimes legally bound, and in case they are not followed, it may lead to some legal implications. These agreements have a long history with some multinational agreements that were made in the year 1910 in Europe, America, and Africa. Some of the most well-known international agreements are the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. Through this environmental protection essay, it is clear that governments are taking steps to solve the environmental issue, but it is not enough.

A Short Paragraph on Environmental Protection in English

Earth is a beautiful place to live in, with the most favorable environmental conditions for living beings. But we humans are making it vulnerable and are destroying our own homes with activities that are causing pollution at an increased rate. In this protecting the environment essay, 200 words will be explained properly on how to save the environment.

Environmental protection has become the need of the hour as it is getting destroyed each day. So, governments are making policies and are coming into agreements with other countries to come up with strategies that can protect the environment. Some companies also have the same aim of protecting the environment from the activities of humans.

In this short article on environmental protection, it is clear that if sudden steps are not taken then, our future generation will have to live in a polluted environment that is conserved very conserve difficult. Environmental protection is the key to a safe and secure future with a beautiful environment to live in. 

With pollution increasing each year and causing deterioration of the natural environment, it has become necessary to take steps to protect the natural environment. As we know that the reason for all these problems is humans, governments should make policies to restrict their activities that are causing harm to the environment. If they are not stopped urgently, then the world might see some catastrophic destruction in the coming years. For example, climate change has been a huge problem, and this is one of the causes of increased pollution. A secured future depends on the environment as a whole.

FAQs on Environmental Protection Essay

1. What are International Environmental Agreements?

International environmental agreements are legal contracts between countries that discuss the protection of the environment to provide better living to present and future generations. These include issues such as climate, oceans, rivers, air pollution, etc. we should always consider that if we harm our environment, then it can affect us as well, and we will become more vulnerable. If we do not take action now, it might get a lot worse. We need to be the generation that starts taking care of our planet and future generations!

2. What is the Kyoto Protocol?

The Kyoto Protocol is one of the most well-known and successful international environmental agreements that has been made in the past to protect the environment. This agreement between countries was made to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases which are causing damage to the ozone layer and climate change. With the help of Kyoto, protocol countries have reduced emission rates by 8% and are planning to reduce them more so that future generations can live in a healthy environment in which they can flourish.

3. What is the Paris Agreement?

The Paris Agreement was made in 2015 to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and to stop climate change. This agreement is very important as it includes every country in the world, and all have agreed to work together to stop climate change. This is a huge step forward as it means that everyone is now working together to try to save our planet. If we try to solve these problems together, then we will have a chance to save our planet.

4. What is the Green Climate Fund?

The Green Climate Fund comes from an agreement made in 2010 to provide money for developing countries that are going through issues such as deforestation and air pollution by making them more sustainable. This fund has a goal of collecting 100 billion dollars by 2020 for supporting developing countries. If this can happen, then many lives can be saved, and we will be able to see a lot of positive changes in the coming years and decades so that we can see an improved environment.

5. What are some activities that harm the Environment?

Some activities that harm the environment include burning fossil fuels, deforestation, air pollution, and wastewater discharge. These activities harm not only the environment but also humans, and we must take action now to reduce the impact which we are causing. For example, the burning of fossil fuels is one of the main reasons for climate change and air pollution, which both have a huge impact on humans. If we stop these activities, then it will be a lot better for everyone!

6. How can we protect the Environment?

Environmental protection is very much required in today's time. Some of the ways to protect the environment are to reduce, reuse, recycle, conserve water, save electricity, clean up the community, educate people on pollution, conserve water, preserve soil, tree plantation, use long-lasting bulbs, and plant trees. Heaven these are the ways which help us to protect the environment from getting polluted.

7.  Why is Environmental Protection Important?

The ecosystem in which we live provides the natural services that are very much important to humans and other species for health, quality of life, and survival. So to protect that, environmental protection is very important. Hence, governments of various countries should make strategies to protect our natural environment from getting polluted.

Switch to the dark mode that's kinder on your eyes at night time.

Switch to the light mode that's kinder on your eyes at day time.

20 Inspiring Environmental Advocates in the Philippines 2023

Guardians of the earth.

Several Filipinos in the Philippines are working to conserve the environment and promote sustainable practices. These public figures come from a variety of backgrounds, but they all share one goal: to defend the globe from environmental deterioration .

Degradation of the environment and climate change pose severe dangers to the Philippines’ unique biodiversity.

Fortunately, many individuals and organizations are actively striving to protect the country’s natural resources and promote long-term growth for the future generations to come.

In this article, we pay tribute and highlight the Top Inspiring Filipinos who advocates the protection of the Environment. Here are the…

Content of This Story

20 Inspiring Environmental Advocates in the Philippines

(a) environmental advocates in media , (20) bianca gonzales- intel.

Bianca Gonzales-Intel is an advocate for environmental causes and a well-known TV personality in the Philippines. She is a strong advocate for environmental welfare and sustainable development in the nation. The Gonzales-Intel organization promotes eco-friendly practices including recycling and reducing trash. She has also participated in initiatives to encourage sustainable lifestyles and educate the public about environmental issues. Many people in the Philippines owe their commitment to environmental protection to Gonzales-Intel.

(19) Gregg Yan

Gregg Yan is a reporter and activist from the Philippines. His series of children’s books titled “Mother Planet” aims to teach young readers about ecological concerns. Yan has produced films and teaching materials on topics such as environmental sustainability, global warming, and garbage collection. By his efforts, Yan has brought attention to environmental problems in the Philippines and advocated for more eco-friendly lifestyles among Filipinos. He is also an enthusiast for protecting the environment and the country’s natural resources.

(18) Atom Araullo

Atom Araullo, a journalist from the Philippines, is an outspoken environmentalist. His documentary series “Philippine Seas” promotes the preservation of marine life. Araullo has created movies about plastic waste, marine biodiversity, and ethical fishing techniques. Mr. Araullo has also advocated for the preservation of marine life and the promotion of eco-friendly lifestyles both at home and abroad. Filipinos are now more conscious of environmental problems and more driven to act to safeguard the nation’s natural resources thanks to Araullo’s efforts.

(17) Kara David

Filipino writer and environmentalist Kara David. She achieves this through the environmental-focused i-Witness video series, which she founded. David has made films about saving and renewable energy. She has also preserved the ecology and the nation’s natural riches. David, the Philippines’ top environmental crusader, inspires many people to protect the ecosystem.

(16) Howie Severino

Journalist from the Philippines named Howie Severino is a vocal conservationist. He sheds light on environmental problems with his i-Witness video series. Severino writes about sustainability, animals, and global climate. He has also advanced conservation efforts and protected the nation’s natural riches. Severino’s dedication to natural preservation has motivated many Filipinos.

(B) Environmental Advocates in NGOs

(15) joel palma.

WWF Philippines’ CEO and President is Joel Palma. He has protected natural resources and promoted healthy growth for over two decades. Palma has promoted sustainable tourism, preserved vital habitats, and raised awareness of climate change’s impacts on Philippine natural resources. Due to Palma’s advocacy, many Filipinos now defend the ecosystem.

(14) Amado Blanco

Philippine Reef and Rainforest Conservation Fund Executive Director and Environmentalist Amado Blanco. For over twenty years, he has worked to safeguard the nation’s marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Blanco has led efforts to preserve endangered animals, restore habitats, and boost local economies. He has also protected the nation’s natural resources and sea life. Blanco’s conservation activism has inspired many Filipinos.

(13) Rodne Galicha

The Climate Truth Project Philippines’ executive head is environmentalist Rodne Galicha. Climate change teaching and eco-friendly lifestyles are his Philippines efforts. Galicha has cut carbon emissions, promoted renewable energy, and raised knowledge of climate change’s impacts on the poor. He has also defended the ecosystem and the nation’s natural riches. Galicha is a common word in Philippine natural resource conservation.

(12) Anna Oposa

Environmentalist Anna Oposa founded and runs Protect Filipino Seas. Her goal is to protect Philippine sea life and promote sustainable fishing ways. Oposa has helped communities make a living, conserve marine life, and reduce trash. She also protects the ecosystem and the nation’s natural riches. Oposa, a Filipino environmentalist, has inspired many people to protect the ecosystem.

(11) Noli Abinales

The Haribon Foundation’s creator, conservationist Noli Abinales, leads. He has diligently defended the Philippines’ woods and animals. Abinales has led efforts to save vulnerable environments, restore harmed habitats, and encourage local protection. In addition, he has participated in several projects to promote sustainable practices and defend the nation’s natural resources. Abinales’ pioneering environmental activism in the Philippines has spurred many to take positive environmental action.

(C) Environmental Advocates in Academia

(10) dr. michael a. bengwayan.

Dr. Michael Bengwayan founded the EcoWaste Coalition, a Filipino environmental group that promotes trash reduction, chemical safety, and sustainable living. For 30 years, Bengwayan has promoted healthy growth and environmental protection. He has spearheaded campaigns to reduce trash, improve awareness of harmful substances, and support local livelihoods. Bengwayan is a notable environmental advocate in the Philippines who has motivated many to safeguard the environment.

(9) Dr. Cora Claudio

Dr. Cora Claudio teaches at Ateneo de Manila University in the Philippines and advocates for the environment. She led the Ateneo Institute of Sustainability and advocated for environmental protection in the Philippines. Dr. Claudio has researched climate change, biodiversity protection, and sustainable development. She promotes environmental awareness and sustainable living via numerous programs. Dr. Claudio is a notable environmental advocate in the Philippines and has motivated many to safeguard the environment.

(8) Dr. Rodel Lasco

Dr. Rodel Lasco is a climate change scientist and environmentalist in the Philippines. He is the Executive Director of the Oscar M. Lopez Center for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management Foundation and has been active in climate change research and activism in the country. Dr. Lasco has researched climate change consequences, mitigation, and adaptation. He favors conservation and green growth. Dr. Lasco is a well-known environmentalist in the Philippines who has inspired many people to take environmental protection seriously.

(7) Dr. Laura David

Marine scientist and environmentalist Dr. Laura David is from the Philippines. She teaches at the University of the Philippines Marine Science Center and advocates for marine protection. Marine life protection, fisheries management, and long-term reef growth are Dr. David’s study pursuits. She has also protected the nation’s rivers, flora, and fauna. Filipino environmentalist Dr. David is well-known.

(6) Dr. Angelina Galang

Dr. Angelina Galang, a professor at the University of the Philippines, is a lifelong environmentalist. She teaches at Ateneo de Manila University’s Department of Environmental Science and is interested in environmental research and activism. Dr. Galang studied water resource management, catastrophe risk reduction, and climate change adaptation. She also supports sustainable living and environmental protection. Dr. Galang’s environmental crusade has motivated many Filipinos to safeguard the environment.

(D) Environmental Advocates in Government

(5) lory tan.

Lory Tan, WWF Philippines head, is an activist. Sustainable growth and environmental security have been his priorities nationwide. Due to climate change’s impact on the Philippines’ natural resources, Tan has led the fight to protect habitats and promote sustainable tourism. He also reduced carbon gas pollution and increased renewable energy. Many Filipinos have been inspired by Tan’s environmental activism.

(4) Aileen Lucero

Aileen Lucero is the National Coordinator of the EcoWaste Coalition, a Filipino environmental group that promotes trash reduction, chemical safety, and sustainable living. Lucero has promoted environmental awareness and sustainable development throughout the country. She encouraged trash minimization, chemical awareness, and local sustainability. Lucero has also promoted environmental conservation and protected the nation’s natural resources. She has motivated many individuals to safeguard the environment in the Philippines via her activities.

(3) Dr. Theresa Mundita Lim

Dr. Theresa Mundita Lim is the Executive Director of the intergovernmental ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, which promotes biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in Southeast Asia. She is active in Filipino and ASEAN environmental research and advocacy. Dr. Lim has studied protected area management, biodiversity conservation, and animal management. She promotes environmental awareness and sustainable living via numerous programs. Dr. Lim is a notable environmental advocate in the Philippines and has motivated many to safeguard the environment.

(2) Emmanuel De Guzman

Secretary of the Philippine Climate Change Commission Emmanuel De Guzman is an environmentalist. He has been active in climate change study and activism. De Guzman has promoted climate change adaptation and mitigation, reduced carbon emissions, and raised awareness of the effects of climate change on vulnerable people. He has also promoted renewable energy and sustainable development. De Guzman is a notable environmental advocate in the Philippines and has motivated many to safeguard the environment.

(1) Gina Lopez

Former Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Secretary Gina Lopez advocated for the environment. She was noted for her environmental protection and sustainable development activities. Lopez promoted ecotourism, protected important ecosystems, and raised awareness of mining and pollution. She promoted renewable energy and reduced carbon emissions through numerous projects. Lopez motivated many Filipinos to safeguard the environment via her activities. She died in 2019, yet many Filipinos and others are inspired by her environmental activism.

These environmental champions in the Philippines are conserving the country’s natural resources and encouraging sustainable development. Their effort preserves the Philippines’ beauty and variety for future generations. We may also help by supporting their efforts, living sustainably, and campaigning for environmental preservation in our areas.

This article’s top 20 Filipino environmentalists have protected the country’s natural resources and promoted sustainable development. They have encouraged many Filipinos to safeguard the environment and ensure a sustainable future. We must encourage and amplify their voices to preserve the Philippines’ natural legacy for future generations.

Read Also: 10 Non-Profit Organizations for the Environment

Read Later Add to Favourites Report

Written by Roseline Flor

Want your brand or story to be featured.

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

By using this form you agree with the storage and handling of your data by this website. *

Loading…

What do you think?

20 Top and Best Eco-Friendly Products in the Philippines

Media Embraces SkinStation: A Press Conference to Remember

Proudly filipino, highlighting the philippines.

© 2022 by ProudlyFilipino.com

With social network:

Or with username:.

Username or Email Address

Remember Me

Forgot password?

Enter your account data and we will send you a link to reset your password.

Your password reset link appears to be invalid or expired.

Privacy policy.

To use social login you have to agree with the storage and handling of your data by this website.

Add to Collection

Public collection title

Private collection title

No Collections

Here you'll find all collections you've created before.

GET YOUR BUSINESS and BRAND FEATURED!

We’re Doing Free Features for Micro, Small and Medium-sized business