how to reference oral presentation

Conference Presentation References

This page contains reference examples for works presented at conferences and meetings, including the following:

• Conference presentation
• Abstract of a conference presentation

1. Conference presentation

Evans, A. C., Jr., Garbarino, J., Bocanegra, E., Kinscherff, R. T., & Márquez-Greene, N. (2019, August 8–11). Gun violence: An event on the power of community [Conference presentation]. APA 2019 Convention, Chicago, IL, United States. https://convention.apa.org/2019-video

• Parenthetical citation : (Evans et al., 2019)
• Narrative citation : Evans et al. (2019)
• Provide the names of the presenters in the author element of the reference.
• Provide the full dates of the conference in the date element of the reference.
• Describe the presentation in square brackets after the title. The description is flexible (e.g., “[Conference session],” “[Paper presentation],” “[Poster session],” “[Keynote address]”).
• Provide the name of the conference or meeting and its location in the source element of the reference.
• If video of the conference presentation is available, include a link at the end of the reference.

2. Abstract of a conference presentation

Cacioppo, S. (2019, April 25–28). Evolutionary theory of social connections: Past, present, and future [Conference presentation abstract]. Ninety-ninth annual convention of the Western Psychological Association, Pasadena, CA, United States. https://westernpsych.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/WPA-Program-2019-Final-2.pdf

• Parenthetical citation : (Cacioppo, 2019)
• Narrative citation : Cacioppo (2019)
• To cite only the abstract of a conference presentation, include the word “abstract” as part of the bracketed description (e.g., “[Conference presentation abstract]”).

Conference presentation references are covered in the seventh edition Publication Manual Section 10.5

Citing Sources: Citing Orally in Speeches

• Citing Sources Overview
• Citing in the Sciences & Engineering
• APA Citation Examples
• Chicago Citation Examples
• Biologists: Council of Science Editors (CSE) Examples
• MLA Citation Examples
• Bluebook - Legal Citation

Citing Orally in Speeches

• Citation Managers
• Oral Source Citations - James Madison University Communication Center
• Using Citations and Avoiding Plagiarism in Oral Presentations - Hamilton College, Dept. of Rhetoric and Communication
• Referencing: Citing in Orals - James Cook University

General Tips:

Tell the audience your source before you use the information (the opposite of in-text citations).

Do not say, “quote, unquote” when you offer a direct quotation. Use brief pauses instead.

Provide enough information about each source so that your audience could, with a little effort, find them. This should include the author(s) name, a brief explanation of their credentials, the title of the work, and publication date.

 “In the 1979 edition of The Elements of Style, renowned grammarians and composition stylists Strunk and White encourage writers to ‘make every word tell.’”

If your source is unknown to your audience, provide enough information about your source for the audience to perceive them as credible. Typically we provide this credentialing of the source by stating the source’s qualifications to discuss the topic.

“Dr. Derek Bok, the President Emeritus of Harvard University and the author of The Politics of Happiness argues that the American government should design policies to enhance the happiness of its citizens.”

Provide a caption citation for all direct quotations and /or relevant images on your PowerPoint slides.

Direct Quotations:

These should be acknowledged in your speech or presentation either as “And I quote…” or “As [the source] put it…”

Include title and author: “According to April Jones, author of Readings on Gender…”

Periodical/Magazine:

Include title and date: “Time, March 28, 2005, explains…” or “The New York Times, June 5, 2006, explained it this way…”

Include journal title, date, and author: “Morgan Smith writes in the Fall 2005 issue of Science…”

For organizational or long-standing website, include title: “The center for Disease Control web site includes information…” For news or magazine websites, include title and date: “CNN.com, on March 28, 2005, states…” (Note: CNN is an exception to the “don’t use the address” rule because the site is known by that name.)

Interviews, lecture notes, or personal communication:

Include name and credentials of source: “Alice Smith, professor of Economics at USM, had this to say about the growth plan…” or “According to junior Speech Communication major, Susan Wallace…”

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Citing Sources in an Oral Presentation

Citing your sources just means telling where you got particular ideas or bits of information that did not originate in your own head. Sometimes this is called giving credit , attributing , or referencing .

When you cite sources in an oral presentation, there are 3 basic parts

• Orally cite sources of what you say
• Adapt a citation format to cite the sources of what is written on your visuals
• Have a full reference list handy for answering questions

Citing Orally

What Makes Citing Orally Special

In an oral presentation, your audience can’t flip back and forth between in-text citations and a reference list, nor can they look for a footnote or an endnote: you need to tell them where the information, idea, or words come from as you say it . Since listening to a live presentation is a linear process (you can’t skim or jump around and hear it out of chronological order), it’s best to introduce the source before you present the information, so your audience members are ready to evaluate the information with the source (and your view of it) in mind when they hear the material from the source. The citation needs to be brief, because it’s hard to digest the citation while evaluating the information, both of which are given within a few seconds’ time.

Technical How-To

• According to Joseph X, a professor of Yada Yada at Blah Blah University,…
• Farooq Y, author of the well-researched 2010 study, Early American Nutrition and Politics , argues that…
• Katherine Z, a journalist writing for the prestigious New York Times , offers this example….
• Give your audience just enough detail to help them understand who provided the idea or information and how credible the source is.
• If your source is original research (e.g. you conducted a survey, interview, experiment, or observation), just simply tell your audience what you did.
• You might choose give your audience a brief (a couple of sentences) overview of how you did your research, much like the “methodology” part of a scientific study or the “literature review” in a scholarly article in the social sciences and humanities. This can work well when you combine original research and published resources, when you work with different fields (e.g. both popular press articles and scholarly articles), or when you rely heavily on one or two sources that you present up front.
• Pause slightly after the introductory phrase, then read the quote expressively so that the quote sounds like a second voice. Pause slightly again after the quote to indicate switching back to your own voice. This is the best method, but not easy to master quickly. The two methods below, while not preferable, are also acceptable.
• Say “Quote” immediately before you start reading the quote, and then say “Endquote” immediately after the last words of the quote.
• If people can see you clearly, you can use “air quotes” by holding up one or both of your hands and moving your pointer and index fingers up and down, as if you were drawing quotation marks in the air.

Citing on Visuals

What Makes Citing on Visuals Special

In the same way that you cite the source of everything in your paper that did not originate in your own head, you must also cite the sources of the text and images that appear on your visuals.  You need to cite-as-you-go on your visuals too, because your audience can’t page back and forth in your PowerPoint. Again, keep in mind how much information your audience can handle at once.  Remember the public speaking maxim: your visuals should guide your audience’s attention and support what you’re saying, not distract from what you’re saying.

• Use a smaller font
• Use italics for the source (and then use underlining, not italics, for book titles)
• Use a different color
• Make the citation big enough so people can see it from anywhere in the room.
• Don’t make your slides too busy. It’s okay if you don’t have enough space for all the information you would put on a formally formatted reference list. If trimming your citation, leave in the most important information: e.g. the author’s name, the title of the book or article, the sponsor and title of a website, the title of any book or journal the work is in (in the case of an article), and the date.
• If your visual is a mashup, you still need to cite the sources of information, quotes, and images: in short, credit everything that someone else made that appears in your mashup. Use the same brief methods in the mashup that you use for other visual aids—sort of like the names and descriptions that flash on the screen when people are interviewed in a documentary or in a newscast. Make sure that you leave the citations showing long enough that someone can read them. If you add a source list and/or a set of credits at the end (don’t forget to credit the music!), make sure they scroll slowly enough that the average person can read them.

The Full and Formal Source List

Why Have a Formal Source List Available?

You might get questions that require you to refer to sources that you used in your full study, but did not use in the presentation. If you have a formal source list available, it can remind you of author names, titles, dates, and other specific information your audience might want. You might also need to repeat specific information about a source you mentioned orally or give information that was too much to put on the visual.

• Put your list in a conventional format such as MLA style, APA style, Chicago style. If your presentation is based on a paper you wrote, you can simply use the list at the end of the paper.
• Make your list easily available to you in hard copy so that you can retrieve it during the presentation or follow-up question period.
• Make sure you save an electronic copy of the reference list so that you can easily email it to an audience member if needed.
• Should you put this list as a slide at the end of the presentation? Only if you can fit it all on one slide that’s easily readable from all positions in the room. Using multiple slides often doesn’t work well because either you flip too quickly through them for them to be useful, or different audience members are interested in sources on different slides. While it might be good to have such a group of slides “just in case,” a better solution would be ready with a couple of hard copies you can hand out, if needed.

Additional Resources

• Documentation and citation
• Check out information literacy tutorials

Holman Library

• GRC Holman Library
• Green River LibGuides
• Library Instruction

Research Guide: Citations

• APA Verbal/Speech Citations Example
• Citing Sources
• Quick Overview
• Plagiarism & Academic Honesty This link opens in a new window
• APA Citation Style Overview
• In-Text Citations - APA
• ARTICLES - APA Reference List
• BOOKS - APA Reference List
• ONLINE SOURCES - APA Reference List
• OTHER SOURCES - APA Reference List
• APA Formatted Paper Example
• APA Annotated Bibliography Example
• APA Images and Visual Presentations Citations Example
• MLA Citation Style Overview
• In-Text Citations - MLA
• ARTICLES - MLA Works Cited
• BOOKS - MLA Works Cited
• ONLINE SOURCES - MLA Works Cited
• OTHER SOURCES - MLA Works Cited
• MLA Formatted Paper Example
• MLA Annotated Bibliography Example
• MLA Verbal/Speech Citation Example
• MLA Images and Visual Presentations Citations Example
• Other Citation Styles
• Citation Generator (NoodleTools)
• Synthesizing Sources
• Get Help & Citation Workshops

Verbal Citations in Speeches and Presentations

What should you include in a verbal citation, when you give a speech....

(click on image to enlarge)

Why cite sources verbally?

• to c onvince your audience  that you are a  credible  speaker.  Building on the work of others lends authority to your presentation
• to prove that your information comes from solid,  reliable sources that your audience can trust.
• to give credit to others for their ideas, data, images (even on PowerPoint slides), and words to  avoid plagiarism.
• to  leave a path for your audience  so they can locate your sources.

What are tips for effective verbal citations?

When citing books:

• Ineffective : “ Margaret Brownwell writes in her book Dieting Sensibly that fad diets telling you ‘eat all you want’ are dangerous and misguided.” (Although the speaker cites and author and book title, who is Margaret Brownwell?  No information is presented to establish her authority on the topic.)
• Better : “Margaret Brownwell, professor of nutrition at the Univeristy of New Mexico , writes in her book, Dieting Sensibly, that …” (The author’s credentials are clearly described.)

When citing Magazine, Journal, or Newspaper articles

• Ineffective : “An article titled ‘Biofuels Boom’ from the ProQuest database notes that midwestern energy companies are building new factories to convert corn to ethanol.” (Although ProQuest is the database tool used to retrieve the information, the name of the newspaper or journal and publication date should be cited as the source.)
• Better : “An article titled ‘Biofuels Boom’ in a September 2010 issue of Journal of Environment and Development” notes that midwestern energy companies…” (Name and date of the source provides credibility and currency of the information as well as giving the audience better information to track down the source.)

When citing websites

• Ineffective : “According to generationrescue.org, possible recovery from autism includes dietary interventions.” (No indication of the credibility or sponsoring organization or author of the website is given)
• Better : “According to pediatrician Jerry Kartzinel, consultant for generationrescue.org, an organization that provides information about autism treatment options, possibly recovery from autism includes dietary interventions.” (author and purpose of the website is clearly stated.)

Note: some of the above examples are quoted from: Metcalfe, Sheldon. Building a Speech. 7th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2010. Google Books. Web. 17 Mar. 2012.

Video: Oral Citations

Source: "Oral Citations" by COMMpadres Media , is licensed under a Standard YouTube License.

Example of a Verbal Citation

Example of a verbal citation from a CMST 238 class at Green River College,  Auburn, WA, February 2019

What to Include in a Verbal Citation

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Referencing: Citing in Orals

• APA 7th This link opens in a new window
• AMA (Vancouver) 11th This link opens in a new window
• Harvard This link opens in a new window
• IEEE This link opens in a new window
• Citing Medicine (Vancouver)
• Citing in text
• Parts of a citation
• Formatting tips
• Citing in Orals
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Referencing Resources

Citing in Oral Presentations

Other university guides.

Citing in oral presentations is not a hard-and-fast rule. If you find a guide that you like, check with your lecturer to see if they are happy for you to follow their guidelines.

• Oral Citation Guide CSN Libraries
• Verbal Citations in Speeches Spokane Falls Community College

Orally citing a source in a speech

How to do oral citations in speeches

Student to Student: Verbal Citation

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• Spartanburg Community College Library
• SCC Research Guides

Presentations, Speeches, and Projects

• Citing Your Sources in a Presentation

• Citing Sources in a PowerPoint Presentation

There are several ways to cite sources in a project depending on the source and your instructor's requirements.

Most instructors want you to cite your sources the same as you would if you were writing a paper for your in-text citations.

Some instructors instead have you number your sources on your Works Cited or References page and then use the number as the in-text citation. You would follow your instructors requirements.

For images, see Finding and Citing Images in a Project .

Citing Sources in a Presentation

• Intro to Verbal Citations
• Additional Verbal Citation Resources

When preparing your presentation, remember that all sources used must be cited in both the Works Cited page and in-text.  For a speech you will need to verbally give credit to your sources. Verbally citing a source can be as simple as stating, "Dr. Bob, a Professor at Clemson University, stated in a 2019 Forbes article, ..."   Other examples could be, "The World Health Organization published the following Zika virus statistics on April 12, 2016...," or "According to Neal's book we learned..."

By verbally citing your sources you are lending credibility to your topic and making  your position stronger. Be sure to vary the language in which you verbally cite sources to keep your presentation more interesting (don't say "According to..." every time). 

• Oral Citations Video (Video) A brief tutorial on creating and delivering oral citations in public speaking. Topics include the importance of oral citations, when oral citations are necessary, and how to create and deliver oral citations in a speech. (5 mins.)
• Orally Citing a Source in a Speech (Video) by Janene Davison This is a basic primer on how to incorporate indirect and direct quotes into your presentation. (4 mins.)
• Tips on citing sources when speaking publicly by Sarah Stone Watt Gives example of written sources versus orally attributions.

Most instructors want you to cite your sources the same you would if you were writing a paper for your in-text citations where you include an in-text on the slide where you used the information, and a Works Cited or References list of all your sources on a slide at the end of your presentation.

Some instructors instead have you number your sources on your Works Cited or References slide and then use the number as the in-text citation. Follow your instructor's requirements.

For images, see   Finding and Citing Images in a Project .

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• Assignment Requirements
• Finding and Using Statistics
• Finding and Citing Images
• Creating Your PowerPoint
• Resources for Presenting

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / How to Cite a Lecture in MLA

How to Cite a Lecture in MLA

Citing a lecture.

Here’s a quick overview of how to cite a lecture in MLA style 9th edition.

Lecture – An oral presentation intended to present information about a particular subject; can be a speech, reading, or address.

MLA Lecture Citation Structure:

Speaker Last Name, First Name. “Presentation Title.” Event Name, Day Month Year presented, Location, City. Lecture.

Note: The event title, city, and location are not always specified in the lecture, but the information can be found elsewhere (like event programs).

MLA Lecture Citation Example:

Hamilton, Buffy J. “Illuminating Learning Communities Through School Libraries and Makerspaces: Creating, Constructing, Collaborating, Contributing.” Texas Library Association Conference, 29 Aug. 2013, Fort Worth Convention Center, Fort Worth. Lecture.

MLA Lecture In-text Citation Structure:

(Speaker Last Name)

MLA Lecture In-text Citation Example:

Troubleshooting, solution #1: referencing a lecturer repeating a quotation.

Often, lecturers will quote other sources in their presentations. When this happens, it is important to not misrepresent the information as their own original idea.

If the author is mentioned in the sentence, credit them by placing “qtd. in” followed by the lecturer’s name in parentheses.

In-text citation, indirect source where the author is mentioned in the sentence:

If the author of the original statement is not mentioned in the sentence, write their name followed by “qtd. in” and the lecturer’s name. Place this information in parentheses.

According to Johnson, the statistics needed to be run a fourth time to verify the data (qtd. in Dalton).

In-text citation, indirect source where the author is NOT mentioned in the sentence:

• Write the author’s name in last name first name format with a period following.
• List the title or a description of the lecture in quotations with a period following.
• Write the name of the event with a comma afterward.
• Write the date that the event was held in day, month, year format with a comma following.
• List the location of the event with a comma between the specific location and city with a period following.
• Write “Lecture” with a period following.

According to the article, the statistics needed to be run a fourth time to verify the data (Johnson qtd. in Dalton).

Reference example of an indirect source:

Barron, Dalton. “An Analysis of Books by Jerome Walton.” Colloquium for English Research, 1 May 2021, Denver Arts Building, Denver. Lecture.

Solution #2: How to cite a class lecture that you saw in person.

Create an in-text citation by placing the speaker’s name in parentheses. Example:

Contrary to our expectations, the data in section three suggests that the apes did not use fewer interactive enrichment tools (Barron).

To create a reference page citation, do the following:

• Write the speaker’s name in last name, first name format with a period following.
• Write the name of the course with a comma following.
• List the location and city of the event with a period following.
• Lastly, write “Class lecture” with a period following.

Reference example:

Barron, Dalton. “An Analysis of Books by Jerome Walton.” An Introduction to Literary Theory, 1 May 2021, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg. Class lecture.

MLA Formatting Guide

MLA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
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• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Sample Paper
• Works Cited
• MLA 8 Updates
• MLA 9 Updates
• View MLA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all MLA Examples

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• Knowledge Base
• How to cite a PowerPoint in APA Style

How to Cite a PowerPoint in APA Style | Format & Examples

Published on November 6, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 27, 2023.

To reference a PowerPoint presentation in APA Style , include the name of the author (whoever presented the PowerPoint), the date it was presented, the title (italicized), “PowerPoint slides” in square brackets, the name of the department and university, and the URL where the PowerPoint can be found.

You can also use our free  APA Citation Generator to cite a PowerPoint presentation quickly and easily.

Table of contents

Citing a powerpoint your readers can access, citing a powerpoint your readers can’t access, citing information quoted in a powerpoint, frequently asked questions about apa style citations.

PowerPoint presentations should only be included in the reference list if your reader can access them for themselves.

PowerPoints on password-protected platforms

A login is often required to access a file on your university’s LMS (e.g. Blackboard, Canvas). In these cases, the URL included should be the login page rather than the specific location of the PowerPoint.

PowerPoints on public sites

With slides that are available on a public site, rather than from your university, replace the department and university name with the name of the website.

The same format can be used for other kinds of slides or lecture notes. Just replace “PowerPoint slides” with an appropriate description.

Are your APA in-text citations flawless?

The AI-powered APA Citation Checker points out every error, tells you exactly what’s wrong, and explains how to fix it. Say goodbye to losing marks on your assignment!

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If your readers won’t be able to access the PowerPoint you want to cite, it should instead be cited as a personal communication .

This often depends on who will be reading your paper. For example:

• If you’re writing a paper for class, and you want to cite a PowerPoint that’s available on your university’s Blackboard site, you can use the standard format, because your teacher can access the slides.
• If you want to cite the same PowerPoint in a paper you’re submitting to a journal, you’ll have to cite it as a personal communication, because the journal’s readers can’t access it.

Personal communications are not included in the reference list; just mention them in parentheses in the text.

If a lecturer included an interesting quote or statistic in their slides that you want to cite, it’s best to find the original source rather than citing the PowerPoint itself.

This allows both you and the reader to see the information in context. Only cite second-hand information from a PowerPoint if you’re unable to access the original source.

The source of the information will generally be listed in the PowerPoint itself or on a handout. With this, you can locate the original source online or at your university’s library. If the source isn’t stated in the presentation, try asking the lecturer for more information.

When no individual author name is listed, but the source can clearly be attributed to a specific organization—e.g., a press release by a charity, a report by an agency, or a page from a company’s website—use the organization’s name as the author in the reference entry and APA in-text citations .

When no author at all can be determined—e.g. a collaboratively edited wiki or an online article published anonymously—use the title in place of the author. In the in-text citation, put the title in quotation marks if it appears in plain text in the reference list, and in italics if it appears in italics in the reference list. Shorten it if necessary.

When you quote or paraphrase a specific passage from a source, you need to indicate the location of the passage in your APA in-text citation . If there are no page numbers (e.g. when citing a website ) but the text is long, you can instead use section headings, paragraph numbers, or a combination of the two:

(Caulfield, 2019, Linking section, para. 1).

Section headings can be shortened if necessary. Kindle location numbers should not be used in ebook citations , as they are unreliable.

If you are referring to the source as a whole, it’s not necessary to include a page number or other marker.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, December 27). How to Cite a PowerPoint in APA Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved July 30, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/powerpoint-slides/

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Other students also liked, citing personal communications in apa style, how to cite a website in apa style, how to cite a conference paper in apa style, scribbr apa citation checker.

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How do I cite a presentation that I attended in APA formatting?

To reference or cite a presentation or poster that was done at a meeting, follow this pattern:

Presenter, F.M. (year, month). Title of paper or poster . Paper or poster session presented at the meeting of Organization Name, Location.

Chen, D.H., Greenwald, A.G., & Yamaguchi, S. (2003, June). Cross-cultural comparisons  of implicit and explicit self-esteem . Poster presented at the 5th annual meeting of the NorthWest Cognition and Memory Conference, Seattle, WA.

In NoodleTools, select the "Viewed/Heard Live" tab, then choose the Lecture Speech or Reading .

Note: if you are looking for information on how to put references and citations in a Power Point presentation that you yourself are giving, click here  http://rasmussen.libanswers.com/faq/32484

• Reading and Writing
• Last Updated Jun 22, 2018
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• Answered By Kerry Louvier

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Citations & Avoiding Plagiarism

• Introduction to Citations
• 5 Steps to Create a Citation
• Citation Generators: How to Use & Doublecheck Them
• IEEE This link opens in a new window
• AI/ChatGPT and Citations
• Annotated Bibliographies
• Avoiding Plagiarism
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Why use Verbal Citations?

• Adds credibility.
• Shows your work.
• Avoids plagiarism by giving credit to others for their work/ideas.
• Shows timeliness of research and resources.

Creating an Verbal Citation

General guidelines.

Be brief, but p rovide enough information that your audience can track down the source.

Highlight what is most important criteria for that source.

Include who/what and when.

• Author 
• Author's credentials
• Title of Work
• Title of Publication
• Date of work/publication/study

Use an introductory phrase for your verbal citation.

According to Professor Jane Smith at Stanford University.... (abbreviated verbal citation)

When I interviewed college instructor John Doe and observed his English 101 class...

Jason Hammersmith, a journalist with the Dallas Times, describes in his February 13, 2016 article....  (Full verbal citation)

Full vs. abbreviated verbal citations

Full verbal citations  include all the information about the source thereby allowing the source to be easily found.  ex. According to Harvard University professors, Dr. Smith and Dr. Jones research on this topic published in the Summer 2015 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine....

Abbreviated verbal citations  include less information about the source, but still includes the most important aspects of that specific source.  ex. A 2015 study in the New England Journal of Medicine reports that Harvard University professors....

• FILE: Guide to Oral Footnoting (a/k/a verbal citations) This document from Matt McGarrity, a University of Washington communication instructor, provides examples and tips on how to verbally cite information in a speech.

Speaking a Verbal Citation

Verbal citations should come at the beginning of the cited idea or quotation..

It is a easier for a listening audience to understand that what they hear next is coming from that source. 

Introduce the quote (ex "And I quote" or "As Dr. Smith stated"...) PAUSE. Start quotation. PAUSE at the end of the quotation.

Introduce the quote. Say QUOTE. Start quotation. Say END QUOTE. 

Example 1 : Listen to the first few minutes of this video to hear how the speaker incorporates a verbal citation.

2018 NSDA Informative Speech Champion Lily Indie's "Nobody puts Baby in a closet"  has examples of verbal citations. Listen to two verbal citations starting at the 5:30 mark and running until 6:50 mark in this YouTube video.

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COMM B1: Informative Speeches: Citing Sources Orally

• Finding Articles
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What Are Oral Citations?

Oral citations : When you are delivering your speeches, you should plan on telling the audience the source(s) of your information while you are speaking. (from James Madison University Communication Center )

A good speech should be well-researched, and many times you will be using facts, statistics, quotes, or opinions from others throughout. If you do not cite your sources orally, this can be considered plagiarism and is unethical. This applies to direct quotations, paraphrasing, and summarizing. You must orally cite, even if you will be providing a bibliography,  works cited, or reference list to your instructor.  (adapted from Sante Fe College Oral Citation LibGuide )

Why Cite Your Sources During a Speech?

(adapted from College of Southern Nevada's Oral Citation LibGuide )

CREDIBILITY

An oral citation conveys the reliability, validity and currency of your information. Citing your sources orally lets your audience know that you have researched your topic.  The stronger your sources are, the stronger your credibility will be.

Bakersfield College’s Student Academic Integrity Policy defines plagiarism as “ the act of using the ideas or work of another person or persons as if they were one's own, without giving credit to the source.” This policy, along with Bakersfield College’s Student Code of  Conduct, Code #15 , prohibit plagiarism.

Failure to provide an oral citation is considered a form of plagiarism, even if you cite your sources in a written outline, bibliography, works cited page or list of references.

When you are delivering a speech, you must provide an oral citation for any words, information or ideas that are not your own.  

When Do You Cite Sources in a Speech?

(adapted from Gateway Community and Technical College COM 181 LibGuide )

• Oral citations will always be in a narrative style; you mention citation details about the work as part of your presentation.
• Place the citation before the information to give weight and authority to what you're about to say.
• You must cite words or ideas that come from another person or you will be plagiarizing their work!
• When you are providing information that is not commonly known, such as statistics, expert opinions, or study results.
• Whenever you use a direct quotation. 
• If you are unsure if a citation is required, be safe and cite the source.

Citing Sources in a Speech Video

How Do You Cite Sources in a Speech?

The best practice is to provide a full oral citation that would include the author(s) (assuming that is available), the name of the publication, the specific publication date and year, and any other pertinent information.  How you cite your information should highlight the most important aspects of that citation (e.g., we may not know who “Dr. Smith” is, but if Dr. Smith is identified as a lead researcher of race relations at New York University, the citation will take on more credibility).    (adapted from Tips for Oral Citations from Eastern Illinois University )

(adapted from  Gateway Community and Technical College COM 181 LibGuide )

The first mention of a work should include all citation elements; subsequent mentions of that work only require the author as long as source attribution remains clear (i.e. you have not used a different source in intervening narrative).

What are the elements of an oral citation.

• If the source might not be recognized by your listeners, add a comment to help establish its credibility. 
• Include enough detail to help your listener locate the work later.
• Do give the full date in citations that refer to newspaper or magazine articles.
• Particularly important if there are statistics or data that change over time.
• Mention the publication year for books and journals.
• If there is there is no date, as with some websites, state the date that you accessed the material.
• Also indicate the Author's credentials (why they are an authority on the subject).
• If there are two authors, use both names in your citation.
• If there are more than two authors, name the first author and use "and associates" or "and colleagues".
• If the full title is long, use a shortened version that makes sense and still communicates enough information for your listener to locate the work.

How do I orally cite a quotation?

• You should make in clear that you are directly quoting another person rather than paraphrasing or summarizing their work. You can use a signal phrase like "... and I quote" or "As Jonas said..." to introduce the cited material.

Examples of Oral Citations in a Speech

(adapted from Tips for Oral Citations from Eastern Illinois University )

For a magazine article

“According to an article by Ben Elgin in the February 20th, 2006 issue of Business Week, we can expect Google and Yahoo’s supremacy as the search engine giants to be challenged by new U.S. startups.  Elgin reports that  …”

 “As reported in the February 20th, 2006 issue of Business Week, many new companies are getting into the search engine business. This article explains that …”

 “A February 20th, 2006 Business Week article reported that Google and Yahoo will face stiff competition in the search engine business …” 

For a newspaper article

“On February 22nd, 2006, USA Today reported that …”

 “An article about the effects of global warming appeared in the February 22nd edition of USA Today. Todd Smith’s report focused on the alarming rate of …”

“An article on global warming that appeared in the February 22nd issue of USA Today sounded the alarm …”

For a website 

“On January 12. 2019, I visited the “Earthquakes” page of www.ready.gov , the website of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. businesses and citizens …”

“According to the Earthquakes page on U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s website, …”

“Helpful information about business continuity planning can be found on the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s website, located at www.ready.gov …”

“On January 12, 2019, I consulted the website maintained by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to learn more about what businesses should do to plan for an emergency.  In the section entitled ‘Plan to stay in business,’ several recommendations for maintaining continuity of business operations were offered.  These suggestions included …”

For a journal article

“A study published on December 12, 2004, in the Journal of Applied Social Psychology reported that incidents of workplace aggression have increased …”

“Research conducted by Dr. Bailey and Dr. Cross at Stanford University found that incidents of workplace aggression have increased over the past five years.  Their 2004 study published in the Journal of Applied Social Psychology in December of that year reported that …”

“According to a December, 2004 study published in the Journal of Applied Social Psychology, …”

“A December 2004 study by Bailey and Cross in the Journal of Applied Social Psychology, …”

“In a December, 2004 study published in Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Bailey and Cross reported that …”

“A December 2004 study by Stanford University researchers found that incidents of workplace aggression …”

“Bailey and Cross, experts in workplace aggression, authored a study that shows that incidents of aggression in the workplace are increasing.  Their December 2004 Journal of Applied Social Psychology article reports that …”

“In her 2005 book, Good Health at Any Age, Dr. Gabriella Campos describes how we can maintain our health through healthy eating.  She recommends …”

“Gabriella Campos, an expert in nutrition, describes what is needed to maintain a healthy diet in her 2005 book Good Health at Any Age.  She contends that …”

“In her recent book, Good Health at Any Age, Dr. Gabriella Campos recommends …”

“In Good Health at Any Age, Dr. Gabriella Campos, an expert in nutrition, offers suggestions for …”

For a television program

“On February 21, 2021, our local PBS station aired a program called “The Insurgency.”  In this program …”

“According to “The Insurgency,” a Frontline program aired by PBS on February 21st,2021 ….”

• “Frontline, a PBS program, focused on the Iraq War in the television program entitled “The Insurgency.”  This show aired on February 21, 2021, and focused on the problems confronting …”

For a YouTube video

“The Children and Young People’s Well-being Service, a branch of the UK National Health Service, uploaded Getting a Good Night’s Sleep–Top Tips for Teens to Youtube on January 7, 2021. In the video, they explain that caffeine is a stimulant and we will get better sleep if we avoid it for at least 6 hours before bedtime.”

“Nemours Foundation is non-profit organization established in 1936,dedicated to improving children’s health. In their How to help your teens get enough sleep video, uploaded to Youtube on July 6, 2022 they explain that teens’ body clocks change during puberty and teens naturally fall asleep later at night, which often leads to sleep depravation.”

For a personal interview

“On February 20th I conducted a personal interview with Dr. Desiree Ortez, a psychology professor here at Eastern, to learn more about student responses to peer pressure. Dr. Ortez told me that …”

“I conducted an interview with Dr. Desiree Ortez, a psychology professor at Eastern Illinois University, and learned that peer pressure is a big problem for university students.”

“In an interview, I conducted with Dr. Desiree Ortez, a psychology professor, I learned that …”

“I met with Dr. Desiree Ortez, a psychology professor here at Eastern, to learn more about …   She told me that peer pressure is a major factor contributing to academic failure in college.”

“In a telephone interview I conducted with Dr. Forest Wiley, a gerontology professor at University of Illinois, I learned that the elderly are likely to feel ...”

“I emailed Dr. Forest Wiley, a gerontology professor at the University of Illinois, to get additional information on his research on the aging’s use of the Internet.  He told me  …”

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Citation Guide: Chicago

• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Bible or Classical Book
• Bible Commentary
• Multivolume Book
• Encyclopdia or Dictionary
• Thesis or Dissertation
• Book Review
• Chapter in Book
• Social Media
• Video or Film
• Review of Video Recording
• Recorded Talk
• Recorded Music
• Musical Score
• Graphic Art
• Oral Presentation
• Personal Communication
• Congressional Document
• Presidential Document
• US Constitution or Treaty
• State or Local Govt Document
• Court Decision
• Author or Editor
• Publisher & Date
• General Format

  Oral Presentation

 Chicago Manual 14.217

           See examples below for:

• Paper Presentation
• Poster Presentation

  Lecture

Notes-Bibliography Style

       1st Footnote or Endnote            1. Gregory R. Crane, "Contextualizing Early Modern Religion in a Digital        World" (lecture, Newberry Library, Chicago, September 16, 2011).      

       Bibliography        Crane, Gregory R. "Contextualizing Early Modern Religion in a Digital World."              Lecture, Newberry Library, Chicago, September 16, 2011.

Author-Date Style

       1st Parenthetical Note        (Crane 2011)

       Reference List        Crane, Gregory R. 2011. "Contextualizing Early Modern Religion in a Digital              World." Lecture, Newberry Library, Chicago, September 16. 

    Paper Presentation

       1st Footnote or Endnote            15. Carole Pateman, "Participatory Democracy Revisited," (presidential        address, annual meeting of the American Political Science Association,        Seattle, September 1, 2011).

       Bibliography               Pateman, Carole. "Participatory Democracy Revisited." Presidential address,            Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Seattle,            September 1, 2011.

       1st Parenthetical Note        (Pateman 2011)

       Reference List        Pateman, Carole. 2011. "Participatory Democracy Revisited." Presidential            address, annual, meeting of the American Political Science Association,            Seattle, September 1.

   Poster Presentation

       1st Footnote or Endnote            1. Hannah Rohde, Roger Levy, and Andrew Kehler, "Implicit Causality Biases        Influence Relative Clause Attachment." (poster, 21st CUNY Conference on         Human Sentence Processing, Chapel Hill, NC, March 2008), http://idiom.ucsd.edu        /~rlevy/papers/cuny2008/rohde-levy-kehler-2008-cuny .pdf.

       Bibliography               Rohde, Hannah, Roger Levy, and Andrew Kehler. "Implicit Causality Biases            Influence Relative Clause Attachment." Poster presented at the 21st CUNY            Conference on Human Sentence Processing, Chapel Hill, NC, March 2008.            http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~rlevy/papers/cuny2008/rohde-levy-kehler-2008-cuny            .pdf.

       1st Parenthetical Note        ( Rohde, Levy, and Kehler 2008)

       Reference List        Rohde, Hannah, Roger Levy, and Andrew Kehler. 2008. "Implicit Causality            Biases Influence Relative Clause Attachment." Poster presented at the 21st            CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing, Chapel Hill, NC, March.            http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~rlevy/papers/cuny2008/rohde-levy-kehler-2008-cuny            .pdf.

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How to prepare and deliver an effective oral presentation

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• Peer review
• Lucia Hartigan , registrar 1 ,
• Fionnuala Mone , fellow in maternal fetal medicine 1 ,
• Mary Higgins , consultant obstetrician 2
• 1 National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
• 2 National Maternity Hospital, Dublin; Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin
• luciahartigan{at}hotmail.com

The success of an oral presentation lies in the speaker’s ability to transmit information to the audience. Lucia Hartigan and colleagues describe what they have learnt about delivering an effective scientific oral presentation from their own experiences, and their mistakes

The objective of an oral presentation is to portray large amounts of often complex information in a clear, bite sized fashion. Although some of the success lies in the content, the rest lies in the speaker’s skills in transmitting the information to the audience. 1

Preparation

It is important to be as well prepared as possible. Look at the venue in person, and find out the time allowed for your presentation and for questions, and the size of the audience and their backgrounds, which will allow the presentation to be pitched at the appropriate level.

See what the ambience and temperature are like and check that the format of your presentation is compatible with the available computer. This is particularly important when embedding videos. Before you begin, look at the video on stand-by and make sure the lights are dimmed and the speakers are functioning.

For visual aids, Microsoft PowerPoint or Apple Mac Keynote programmes are usual, although Prezi is increasing in popularity. Save the presentation on a USB stick, with email or cloud storage backup to avoid last minute disasters.

When preparing the presentation, start with an opening slide containing the title of the study, your name, and the date. Begin by addressing and thanking the audience and the organisation that has invited you to speak. Typically, the format includes background, study aims, methodology, results, strengths and weaknesses of the study, and conclusions.

If the study takes a lecturing format, consider including “any questions?” on a slide before you conclude, which will allow the audience to remember the take home messages. Ideally, the audience should remember three of the main points from the presentation. 2

Have a maximum of four short points per slide. If you can display something as a diagram, video, or a graph, use this instead of text and talk around it.

Animation is available in both Microsoft PowerPoint and the Apple Mac Keynote programme, and its use in presentations has been demonstrated to assist in the retention and recall of facts. 3 Do not overuse it, though, as it could make you appear unprofessional. If you show a video or diagram don’t just sit back—use a laser pointer to explain what is happening.

Rehearse your presentation in front of at least one person. Request feedback and amend accordingly. If possible, practise in the venue itself so things will not be unfamiliar on the day. If you appear comfortable, the audience will feel comfortable. Ask colleagues and seniors what questions they would ask and prepare responses to these questions.

It is important to dress appropriately, stand up straight, and project your voice towards the back of the room. Practise using a microphone, or any other presentation aids, in advance. If you don’t have your own presenting style, think of the style of inspirational scientific speakers you have seen and imitate it.

Try to present slides at the rate of around one slide a minute. If you talk too much, you will lose your audience’s attention. The slides or videos should be an adjunct to your presentation, so do not hide behind them, and be proud of the work you are presenting. You should avoid reading the wording on the slides, but instead talk around the content on them.

Maintain eye contact with the audience and remember to smile and pause after each comment, giving your nerves time to settle. Speak slowly and concisely, highlighting key points.

Do not assume that the audience is completely familiar with the topic you are passionate about, but don’t patronise them either. Use every presentation as an opportunity to teach, even your seniors. The information you are presenting may be new to them, but it is always important to know your audience’s background. You can then ensure you do not patronise world experts.

To maintain the audience’s attention, vary the tone and inflection of your voice. If appropriate, use humour, though you should run any comments or jokes past others beforehand and make sure they are culturally appropriate. Check every now and again that the audience is following and offer them the opportunity to ask questions.

Finishing up is the most important part, as this is when you send your take home message with the audience. Slow down, even though time is important at this stage. Conclude with the three key points from the study and leave the slide up for a further few seconds. Do not ramble on. Give the audience a chance to digest the presentation. Conclude by acknowledging those who assisted you in the study, and thank the audience and organisation. If you are presenting in North America, it is usual practice to conclude with an image of the team. If you wish to show references, insert a text box on the appropriate slide with the primary author, year, and paper, although this is not always required.

Answering questions can often feel like the most daunting part, but don’t look upon this as negative. Assume that the audience has listened and is interested in your research. Listen carefully, and if you are unsure about what someone is saying, ask for the question to be rephrased. Thank the audience member for asking the question and keep responses brief and concise. If you are unsure of the answer you can say that the questioner has raised an interesting point that you will have to investigate further. Have someone in the audience who will write down the questions for you, and remember that this is effectively free peer review.

Be proud of your achievements and try to do justice to the work that you and the rest of your group have done. You deserve to be up on that stage, so show off what you have achieved.

Competing interests: We have read and understood the BMJ Group policy on declaration of interests and declare the following interests: None.

• ↵ Rovira A, Auger C, Naidich TP. How to prepare an oral presentation and a conference. Radiologica 2013 ; 55 (suppl 1): 2 -7S. OpenUrl
• ↵ Bourne PE. Ten simple rules for making good oral presentations. PLos Comput Biol 2007 ; 3 : e77 . OpenUrl PubMed
• ↵ Naqvi SH, Mobasher F, Afzal MA, Umair M, Kohli AN, Bukhari MH. Effectiveness of teaching methods in a medical institute: perceptions of medical students to teaching aids. J Pak Med Assoc 2013 ; 63 : 859 -64. OpenUrl

Cite a presentation or lecture in APA style

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Use the following template or our APA Citation Generator to cite a presentation or lecture. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator .

Reference list

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

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Harvard Referencing Guide: PowerPoint Presentations

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Audiovisual Media - Powerpoint Presentation

PowerPoint Pr esentation

E xample -  Presentation available online and accessible by anyone

The full reference should generally include

• Year (in round brackets)
• Title of the presentation (in italics)
• [PowerPoint presentation] in square brackets
• Available at: URL
• (Accessed: date)

In-text citation

Full reference for the Reference List

Example: PowerPoint presentation from a learning management system such as the VLE

• Author or tutor
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title of the presentation (in single quotation marks)
• Module code: module title (in italics)
• Available at: URL of the VLE

Example : Full reference for the Reference List

Audiovisual Material

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TV programme

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Harvard Referencing Guide: A - Z

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The 11th edition of the AMA Manual of style was created by the American Medical Association for the health, medical and scientific fields. This is a quick visual guide only. You must consult Chapter 3 in the online AMA manual for detailed explanations.

• In-text citing with superscripts
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Presentations

For further information go to ama manual 3.13.9 meeting presentations and other unpublished material..

References to unpublished material may include articles or abstracts that have been presented at a society meeting and published as part of the meeting proceedings or materials.

3.13.9.1 Items Presented at a Meeting.

UPDATE:  Guidance has been added to chapter  3.13.9.1 , Items Presented at a Meeting, to provide an example of how to cite materials from a virtual or hybrid meeting. This addition was made  May 26, 2022 .

Oral or poster presentations follow these formats. Note that example 4 is a virtual meeting. Hybrid meetings can list the location, the meeting URL, both, or neither depending on what information is available and how the author viewed the content.

1.  Pasternak B. Carvedilol vs metoprolol succinate and risk of mortality in patients with heart failure: national cohort study. Paper presented at: European Society of Cardiology Congress; August 31, 2014; Barcelona, Spain.

2.  Minocchieri S, Berry CA, Pillow J. Nebulized surfactant for treatment of respiratory distress in the first hours of life: the CureNeb study. Abstract presented at: Annual Meeting of the Pediatric Academic Society; May 6, 2013; Washington, DC. Session 3500.

3.  Nevidomskyte D, Meissner MH, Tran N, Murray S, Farrokhi E. Influence of gender on abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in the community. Poster presented at: Vascular Annual Meeting; June 5-7, 2014; Boston, MA.

4.  McNamee JJ, Gillies MA, Barrett NA, et al; for the REST Investigators. The REST Trial: ultra-low tidal volume ventilation & extracorporeal CO2 removal. Presented at: Critical Care Reviews; October 4, 2021.  https://criticalcarereviews.com/meetings/eccr21

Once these presentations are published, they take the form of reference to a book, journal, or other medium in which they are ultimately published, as in example 5 (see  3.12.1 , References to Books, Complete Data, and  3.11.1 , References to Journal Articles, Complete Data):

4.  Huang G-M, Huang K-Y, Lee T-Y, Tzu-Ya Weng J. An interpretable rule-based diagnostic classification of diabetic nephropathy among type 2 diabetes patients.  BMC Bioinformatics.  2015;16(suppl 1):S5. Selected articles from the Thirteenth Asia Pacific Bioinformatics Conference (APBC 2015). doi:10.1186/1471-2105-16-S1-S5

In example 4, the entire journal supplement is dedicated to publishing articles from a meeting.

5.  Resnick ML. The effect of affect: decision making in the emotional context of health care. In:  Proceedings of the 2012 Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care: Bridging the Gap . Human Factors and Ergonomics Society; 2012:39-44.

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How to Cite References to Make Your Presentation More Polished

We all know we should cite references when we write a paper, whether for a blog, a professional office or for our lecturers. However, when it comes to presentations, the need to include references becomes less clear. Is it appropriate to cite references to your presentation? And if so, how do you go about it?

Should a presentation contain references? Whether your presentation is oral or visual, you should always cite your references. This shows your audience that you have done extensive research and that you are giving credit to the sources that were cited instead of engaging in plagiarism.

When it comes to presentations, most presenters are unsure whether to cite references and where to put them. This article will explain why including references in any presentation is essential. It will also show you how to cite references in both visual and oral presentations.

Does a presentation need to cite references?

Before we begin discussing how to cite references in your presentation, you should understand why. If you don’t understand why you should include your sources, you may feel that it is an unnecessary component of the presentation, taking up more of your time than you would like.

You should always include references in your presentations for three reasons:

1. It shows your audience that you have done extensive research.

If you are listening to a presentation and the presenter does not have any sources, you will wonder if the presenter n telling the truth. However, if the presenter cites numerous sources, you know that they have done an extensive research to get the most accurate and truthful information available.

2. It gives credit where credit is due.

When you choose to use a source, it is because that source is good. It is loaded with information that you must place in your presentation because you want everyone to hear it. Therefore, when you mention this information, you should give credit where credit is due.

3. It avoids plagiarism.

Plagiarism is an offense in any type of information presentation. Stealing someone else’s work is not only illegal but also unprofessional. Nobody respects plagiarism, no matter where they see it, and your presentation is no exception. Do the right thing and avoid plagiarism by including references in your presentations at all times.

Adding references to your presentation is critical for several different reasons. However, trying to decide when and where to place your references can be challenging. Having the right placement and writing it correctly can make all the difference between a high-quality presentation and one that looks a little incomplete.

How to include references in your presentation

Whether you choose a visual or oral presentation, it is always a good idea to provide references. Some references, however, may appear more untidy and unprofessional than others. You must familiarize yourself with the best ways to cite references in both oral and visual presentations.

Oral presentation

Adding a reference to an oral presentation is a bit trickier than a visual presentation. But it is not impossible. Here are some great tips from “ Citing Sources in an Oral Presentation ” that you can use.

1. Cite your reference during your oral presentation.

The easiest way to quote a reference during an oral presentation is to say the name of the author or the source before you mention their comment or sentence. You may also want to say ‘quote’ when starting the quote and ‘end quote’ immediately when finished. Always keep things simple, brief, and to the point.

For example: if you are citing something a professor from a particular university said, you would say “According to James X from X University, quote (content) end quote.” This gives your listeners a clear and straightforward view of where you got the quote from.

2. Include a printed list of references.

It can be difficult to remember all the different references you get your information from during an oral presentation. To make it easier for your listeners, you can print out a list of references to give credit to those whom you have referenced.

This list can be used with your oral citing, although your listeners may not know which quote is accompanied by which source. You can make it easier by presenting your information in the order your sources are listed on your printed list.

Visual presentation

It is easier to add references to a visual presentation than it is to an oral one, but it is no less important. With the assistance of Brock University’s Citing Business Sources in APA Style, we have prepared a list of techniques to add citations and references to your PowerPoint.

1. Add references at the bottom of the page.

The best way to add references to your PowerPoint presentation is to add them at the bottom of the page. This way, your viewers can see exactly where your quotes are coming from. If you have multiple references on one page, you can divide them up by using numbers at the end of the sentence. Remember, they should directly correlate with the number and names listed.

2. Add the references next to the information.

You can also put your references immediately next to the information, although too much of this can look sloppy. However, it does make it easier for your viewers to see your references.

3. Type the reference information in smaller text.

Making the text of the information smaller but still legible is an easy way to show your viewers that this information was gathered by someone other than you. Just remember to place the actual reference somewhere on your PowerPoint.

4. Add a list of references at the end of your presentation.

Finally, you can always add a page at the end of your PowerPoint solely for references. With this option, you will want to pinpoint where the citation was used in your PowerPoint, so viewers have a better understanding of who said what.

5. When working with images, videos, and other media, put the references in parentheses near the material.

Even visual aids used in your presentation should be referenced. This can be done by adding the reference in parentheses underneath or next to the media. You may also want to include the publication date and title of the media to give your viewers more information.

As you can see, there are many options when it comes to citing references. Choose the best option that is right for you and your PowerPoint presentation. Consider watching How to Cite Sources in PowerPoint (YouTube video) for more information on how to cite references in your PowerPoint presentation. You may also want to read How to Cite Images in PowerPoint (Wikihow article).

Any presentation that uses information from someone else should have cited sources. Citing references is incredibly important for many reasons. When you cite references, you give credit where credit is due, avoid plagiarism, and ultimately, make your presentation more polished and professional.

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• Jennifer M. Fitchett School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0854-1720
• Ariel Prinsloo School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0020-6191
• Ogone Motlogeloa School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
• Zandizoloyiso Mnguni School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0332-1833
• Charné Meyer School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2084-1953
• Dineo Mokgehle School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3442-6603
• Salome Jones School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1703-8633
• Mukhtaar Waja School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0102-0594
• Yusuf Mansoor School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9318-6435
• Alexi Marinaki School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4276-1552
• Kayleigh Raines School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7915-7946
• Cassia Holtz School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5658-9905
• Nicholas Baart School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2208-7049

How to Cite

• Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)

Copyright is retained by the authors. Readers are welcome to reproduce, share and adapt the content without permission provided the source is attributed.

Disclaimer: The publisher and editors accept no responsibility for statements made by the authors

Funding data

• University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Grant numbers Friedel Sellschop Grant (JFTC022)

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Stomatitis in Cats: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Nils Jacobi/iStock / Getty Images Plus via Getty Images

In This Article

What is stomatitis in cats.

Stomatitis in cats is a complex, painful , and frustrating disease that causes severe inflammation of the entire mouth, including the gingiva (gum tissue around the teeth) and mucous membranes.

Stomatitis in cats—often called feline chronic gingivo-stomatitis (FCGS) by veterinary dentists —affects up to 10% of cats.

Gingivitis vs. Stomatitis in Cats

Gingivitis only affects the gingiva—or gumline—where the tooth meets the mucus membrane of the gums.

Stomatitis in cats is a much more severe form of inflammation in the mouth and involves more than just the gingiva.

Stomatitis can affect the gums, lips, tongue, the roof and the floor of a cat’s mouth.

While most cases of gingivitis in cats are tolerated, stomatitis is painful and debilitating.

Symptoms of Stomatitis in Cats

The first symptom of stomatitis in cats is a foul odor coming from your cat’s mouth .

This may be accompanied by excessive salivation/drooling , or you may notice that your cat is not grooming themselves as much which can lead to matted fur .  

You might also see your cat dropping food from their mouth or crying out while eating. Some cats become so painful they become hesitant to eat and may avoid food to the point that they start losing weight .

What Causes Stomatitis in Cats?

The cause of stomatitis in cats is unknown.

Veterinarians do know that there is an abnormal immune system response that leads to stomatitis.

It’s most likely an exaggerated response to a virus or bacteria and plaque on the teeth , but the exact cause of that response remains a mystery.

How Vets Diagnose Stomatitis in Cats

Veterinarians diagnose stomatitis in cats primarily by doing a thorough oral examination.

Severe inflammation of the gums along with severe inflammation of the inside of the cheeks and the back of the mouth is usually diagnostic for stomatitis.

Systemic metabolic disease should be ruled out with baseline blood work and urine testing .

Your vet will also want to do a viral screening for conditions like feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) which contribute to stomatitis in cats.

Depending on how severe your cat’s stomatitis is, if the lesion is in a specific area, a biopsy might be needed to rule out a local infection or even oral cancer .

Many patients also experience  tooth resorption  and inflammation of the bone around the teeth (periodontitis) at the same time as evident on dental X-rays.

Stomatitis in Cats Treatment

Successful treatment of stomatitis in cats requires minimizing bacteria in the cat’s mouth as much as possible.

This is rarely achieved through at-home dental care or anesthetized cleanings alone. Even a small number of bacteria or plaque can be seen in cats with severe stomatitis.

In fact, cats with stomatitis often have severe inflammation that does not resolve or quickly returns after a thorough dental cleaning by their veterinarian.

The current recommended treatment is partial or full-mouth tooth extraction surgery .

While this may seem to be a drastic measure, it’s currently the best way to achieve substantial and long-term comfort for cats with stomatitis.

This can be an extensive surgery, and your veterinarian may recommend a consultation with or referral to an American Veterinary Dental College specialist (a veterinary dentist).

Recovery and Management of Stomatitis in Cats

Studies have shown that 90% of cats that undergo partial, or full-mouth tooth extractions have shown complete resolution of their stomatitis symptoms. 

For cats that eat hard kibble , they should be transitioned to canned food before surgery with a plan to remain on a softened diet for at least two to three weeks post-op.

For cats that are hesitant to eat during the first few days  after surgery , your veterinarian can prescribe an appetite stimulant . Your veterinarian will also provide medications for you to take home for post-surgical pain and inflammation.

Once the gum tissue has healed, many cats are willing and able to eat kibble again .

Pet parents often see quick improvement in their cat’s attitude, appetite, and quality of life once their mouth is free from the pain and inflammation of stomatitis.

Prevention of Stomatitis in Cats

In most cases, stomatitis in cats is difficult to prevent because the exact cause is unknown.

The most effective way to provide your cat with the best oral health is with routine cleanings.

You’ll need to brush your cat’s teeth daily with a cat-specific toothpaste at home and bring your fur baby in for regular dental cleanings with their veterinarian.

This can help to prevent excessive bacterial build up that may contribute to the development of stomatitis in some cats.

There are also special dental diets—such as Hill’s® Science Diet Oral Care —that help reduce plaque and tarter buildup. These diets also provide nutrients like antioxidants which help to support a healthy immune system.

Stomatitis in Cats FAQs

Can you treat stomatitis in cats at home.

Unfortunately, once stomatitis in cats develops it likely can’t be treated at home.

Is stomatitis contagious in cats?

Most cases of stomatitis in cats are not contagious since it’s an alteration to a cat’s individual immune system.

In some cases—where a virus is involved in the development of stomatitis—it can be contagious from one cat to another.

Is stomatitis in cats deadly?

Severe cases of stomatitis in cats can be deadly especially if a cat is in extreme pain.

Pain in cats often leads to anorexia, which can cause liver failure in cats. This form of liver disease , hepatic lipidosis, is fatal in most cases even with aggressive treatment.

Stomatitis in cats can also be caused by certain viruses which can be fatal if not treated aggressively early on.

Lommer MJ. Efficacy of cyclosporine for chronic, refractory stomatitis in cats: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical study.  J Vet Dent.  2013; 30(1):8-17.

Hennet P. Feline chronic gingivostomatitis: Extraction and what else?  Veterinary Dental Forum.  2010.

Hennet P. Chronic gingiva-stomatitis in cats: Long-term follow-up of 30 cases treated by dental extractions.  J Vet Dent.  1997;14(1):15-21.

Veterinarian

Dr. Kasey Stopp was born in rural Illinois but spent most of her life in Cincinnati, Ohio. She attended the University of Cincinnati where...

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Avoid These 3 Pitfalls When Giving a Sales Presentation

• Terri L. Sjodin

Lessons from a study of almost 5,000 sales professionals.

A study examined the habits of almost 5,000 sales professionals whose livelihoods depend on their ability to build and deliver persuasive presentations. The findings revealed 12 common mistakes that were consistently self-reported among respondents. Here are the top three to avoid when giving a sales presentation: being overly informative vs. persuasive, failing to close, and “winging it.”

When you work in sales, no business skill is more essential than effective communication. This is especially true when it comes to giving presentations, whether you are presenting in person, over the telephone, or via a videoconferencing platform. Getting to the point, connecting with others quickly, and making a strong pitch can be the difference between moving a transaction forward or losing an opportunity.

• TS Terri L. Sjodin is an award-winning speaker who has specialized in helping people build and deliver more polished, persuasive, and effective presentations for over 30 years. She is the principal and founder of Sjodin Communications , a public speaking, sales training, and consulting firm based in Newport Beach, CA. Her latest book, Presentation Read y , (McGraw-Hill, March 2024) expands on this material.

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