APA Style & Citation 7th edition
- What's new with the 7th edition
Annotated Bibliography
- PowerPoint and APA
- Citations: References
- Citations: In-Text
- Library Databases
- Books and Ebooks
- Media (includes videos)
- Other types of sources
- Numbers, Capitalization, Italics
- Additional Resources
Information on Annotated Bibliographies can be found in Section 9.51 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.)
- Title page, page numbers, font style and size, etc. See Format basics
- Alphabetical with hanging indents etc. See Citations: references
- The annotation - the notes you have about the source - appear in a new paragraph below its reference entry, indented 0.5 inches from the left margin
- Annotated bibliography example To use as a template, open the document with Word, replace the text with your own but keep the formatting intact.
- << Previous: Format Basics
- Next: PowerPoint and APA >>
- Last Updated: Feb 16, 2023 5:26 PM
- URL: https://guides.centralpenn.edu/APA7th
Ask a Librarian
- About the Library
- UMGC Library
How to Write an Annotated Bibliography - APA Style (7th Edition)
What is an annotation, how is an annotation different from an abstract, what is an annotated bibliography, types of annotated bibliographies, descriptive or informative, analytical or critical, to get started.
An annotation is more than just a brief summary of an article, book, web site, or other type of publication. An annotation should give enough information to make a reader decide whether to read the complete work. In other words, if the reader were exploring the same topic as you, is this material useful and if so, why?
While an abstract also summarizes an article, book, web site, or other type of publication, it is purely descriptive. Although annotations can be descriptive, they also include distinctive features about an item. Annotations can be evaluative and critical as we will see when we look at the two major types of annotations.
An annotated bibliography is an organized list of sources (like a reference list). It differs from a straightforward bibliography in that each reference is followed by a paragraph length annotation, usually 100–200 words in length.
Depending on the assignment, an annotated bibliography might have different purposes:
- Provide a literature review on a particular subject
- Help to formulate a thesis on a subject
- Demonstrate the research you have performed on a particular subject
- Provide examples of major sources of information available on a topic
- Describe items that other researchers may find of interest on a topic
There are two major types of annotated bibliographies:
A descriptive or informative annotated bibliography describes or summarizes a source as does an abstract; it describes why the source is useful for researching a particular topic or question and its distinctive features. In addition, it describes the author's main arguments and conclusions without evaluating what the author says or concludes.
For example:
McKinnon, A. (2019). Lessons learned in year one of business. Journal of Legal Nurse Consulting , 30 (4), 26–28. This article describes some of the difficulties many nurses experience when transitioning from nursing to a legal nurse consulting business. Pointing out issues of work-life balance, as well as the differences of working for someone else versus working for yourself, the author offers their personal experience as a learning tool. The process of becoming an entrepreneur is not often discussed in relation to nursing, and rarely delves into only the first year of starting a new business. Time management, maintaining an existing job, decision-making, and knowing yourself in order to market yourself are discussed with some detail. The author goes on to describe how important both the nursing professional community will be to a new business, and the importance of mentorship as both the mentee and mentor in individual success that can be found through professional connections. The article’s focus on practical advice for nurses seeking to start their own business does not detract from the advice about universal struggles of entrepreneurship makes this an article of interest to a wide-ranging audience.
An analytical or critical annotation not only summarizes the material, it analyzes what is being said. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of what is presented as well as describing the applicability of the author's conclusions to the research being conducted.
Analytical or critical annotations will most likely be required when writing for a college-level course.
McKinnon, A. (2019). Lessons learned in year one of business. Journal of Legal Nurse Consulting , 30 (4), 26–28. This article describes some of the difficulty many nurses experience when transitioning from nursing to a nurse consulting business. While the article focuses on issues of work-life balance, the differences of working for someone else versus working for yourself, marketing, and other business issues the author’s offer of only their personal experience is brief with few or no alternative solutions provided. There is no mention throughout the article of making use of other research about starting a new business and being successful. While relying on the anecdotal advice for their list of issues, the author does reference other business resources such as the Small Business Administration to help with business planning and professional organizations that can help with mentorships. The article is a good resource for those wanting to start their own legal nurse consulting business, a good first advice article even. However, entrepreneurs should also use more business research studies focused on starting a new business, with strategies against known or expected pitfalls and issues new businesses face, and for help on topics the author did not touch in this abbreviated list of lessons learned.
Now you are ready to begin writing your own annotated bibliography.
- Choose your sources - Before writing your annotated bibliography, you must choose your sources. This involves doing research much like for any other project. Locate records to materials that may apply to your topic.
- Review the items - Then review the actual items and choose those that provide a wide variety of perspectives on your topic. Article abstracts are helpful in this process.
- The purpose of the work
- A summary of its content
- Information about the author(s)
- For what type of audience the work is written
- Its relevance to the topic
- Any special or unique features about the material
- Research methodology
- The strengths, weaknesses or biases in the material
Annotated bibliographies may be arranged alphabetically or chronologically, check with your instructor to see what he or she prefers.
Please see the APA Examples page for more information on citing in APA style.
E-Mail Us | 240-684-2020 855-655-8682, opt. 7, x22020
E-Mail Us | 240-684-2020 ( Hours )
What is 24/7 Library Chat?
Have a comment?
- Last Updated: Dec 2, 2022 11:28 AM
- URL: https://libguides.umgc.edu/annotated-bibliography-apa
University Libraries University of Nevada, Reno
- Skill Guides
- Subject Guides
APA Citation Guide (7th Edition): Annotated Bibliography
- Audiovisual Media
- Books and eBooks
- Dictionaries, Thesauruses and Encyclopedias
- Figures and Tables
- Government Documents
- Journal, Magazine and Newspaper Articles
- Personal Communications
- Presentations and Class Notes
- Social Media
- Websites and Webpages
- In-Text Citation
- Reference List and Sample Papers
Annotated Bibliography
- Citation Software
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a References page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source. Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.
Basic Tips on Formatting
- Start with the same format as a regular References list.
- The first line of the citation starts at the left margin and subsequent lines are indented 0.5 inches (hanging indent).
- The annotation begins on a new line and is indented 0.5 inches from the left margin.
- Entries are double-spaced with no extra lines between entries.
- If the annotation consists of more than one paragraph, indent the first line of each successive paragraph an additional 0.5 inches.
- Use the third person (e.g., he, she, the author) instead of the first person (e.g., I, my, me).
Sample Evaluative Annotation
Maak, T. (2007). Responsible leadership, stakeholder engagement, and the emergence of social capital. Journal of Business Ethics , 74 , 329-343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9510-5
This article focuses on the role of social capital in responsible leadership. It looks at both the social networks that a leader builds within an organization, and the links that a leader creates with external stakeholders. Maak’s main aim with this article seems to be to persuade people of the importance of continued research into the abilities that a leader requires and how they can be acquired. The focus on the world of multinational business means that for readers outside this world many of the conclusions seem rather obvious (be part of the solution not part of the problem). In spite of this, the article provides useful background information on the topic of responsible leadership and definitions of social capital which are relevant to an analysis of a public servant.
Useful Links for Annotated Bibliographies
The formatting of annotated bibliographies can vary. The University Libraries recommend the format exhibited in the examples below, but if you are still unsure what format to use, ask your professor.
- Includes a sample of one APA annotation (from the Purdue OWL).
- A guide covering the basics of writing an annotated bibliography.
- << Previous: Reference List and Sample Papers
- Next: Citation Software >>
APA 7th Edition Style Guide
- Changes/updates
- The Concise APA Handbook: APA 7th Edition
- Article Examples
- Book Examples
- Internet Resources and Other Examples
- Media Examples
- APA Reference Quick Guide
- Legal Cases
- Sample Annotated Student Paper
- Annotated Bibliography
- Handouts and Guides
More examples
- Annotated bibliography example - UNT Dallas Library
- Annotated bibliography template - UNT Dallas Library
- APA 7th Edition Publication Manual - Sample Annotated Bibliography (See Fig. 9.3, p. 308)
What is an annotated bibliography?
An annotated bibliography is an organized list of sources, each of which is followed by a brief note or “annotation.”
These annotations do one or more of the following:
- describe the content and focus of the book or article
- suggest the source’s usefulness to your research
- evaluate its method, conclusions, or reliability
- record your reactions to the source.
The process of writing an annotated bibliography provides a structured process to learn about a research topic. It causes you to read the available research (also referred to as "the literature") more closely as you develop a better understanding of the topic, related issues, and current trends.
Source: The University of Wisconsin-Madison: The Writing Center
Writing a strong annotation
The hardest part of this assignment is writing the annotation, but knowing what it entails can make this task less daunting.
While not all of these are necessary, an annotation could/will:
- Summarize the central theme and scope of the document
- Evaluates the authority, credibility, and/or background of the author(s)
- Comments on the intended audience (who was meant to read the document)
- Assesses the source’s strengths and weaknesses (Interesting? Helpful? Strong/weak argument? Strong/weak evidence?)
- Compares or contrast this work with others you have cited
- Critiques the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the source
- Evaluates the methods, conclusions/findings, and reliability of the source
- Shares how the source reinforces or contradicts your own argument
- Records your reactions to the reading
- States how the source will be used in your paper
Source: UNT Dallas Learning Commons: Annotated Bibliography
Formatting rules
General Formatting Rules:
- Format and order references in alphabetical order just as you would a reference list
- Each annotation should be a new paragraph below its reference entry
- Indent the entire annotation 0.5 inch from the left margins just as you would a block quotation
- If the annotation spans multiple paragraphs, indent the first line of the second and any subsequent paragraphs an addition 0.5 inch the same as you would a block quotation with multiple paragraphs
Source: Section 9.51 Annotated Bibliographies in the APA 7th Edition Publication Manual
Sample annotated bibliography
Excelsior OWL Sample Annotated Bibliography
- << Previous: Sample Annotated Student Paper
- Next: Handouts and Guides >>
- Last Updated: Aug 1, 2022 2:33 PM
- URL: https://libguides.eku.edu/apastyleguide
EO/AA Statement | Privacy Statement | 103 Libraries Complex Crabbe Library Richmond, KY 40475 | (859) 622-1790 © 2020 All rights reserved Eastern Kentucky University
Purdue Online Writing Lab College of Liberal Arts
Annotated Bibliography Samples
Welcome to the Purdue OWL
This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.
Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.
This handout provides information about annotated bibliographies in MLA, APA, and CMS.
Below you will find sample annotations from annotated bibliographies, each with a different research project. Remember that the annotations you include in your own bibliography should reflect your research project and/or the guidelines of your assignment.
As mentioned elsewhere in this resource, depending on the purpose of your bibliography, some annotations may summarize, some may assess or evaluate a source, and some may reflect on the source’s possible uses for the project at hand. Some annotations may address all three of these steps. Consider the purpose of your annotated bibliography and/or your instructor’s directions when deciding how much information to include in your annotations.
Please keep in mind that all your text, including the write-up beneath the citation, must be indented so that the author's last name is the only text that is flush left.
Sample MLA Annotation
Lamott, Anne. Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life . Anchor Books, 1995.
Lamott's book offers honest advice on the nature of a writing life, complete with its insecurities and failures. Taking a humorous approach to the realities of being a writer, the chapters in Lamott's book are wry and anecdotal and offer advice on everything from plot development to jealousy, from perfectionism to struggling with one's own internal critic.
In the process, Lamott includes writing exercises designed to be both productive and fun. Lamott offers sane advice for those struggling with the anxieties of writing, but her main project seems to be offering the reader a reality check regarding writing, publishing, and struggling with one's own imperfect humanity in the process. Rather than a practical handbook to producing and/or publishing, this text is indispensable because of its honest perspective, its down-to-earth humor, and its encouraging approach.
Chapters in this text could easily be included in the curriculum for a writing class. Several of the chapters in Part 1 address the writing process and would serve to generate discussion on students' own drafting and revising processes. Some of the writing exercises would also be appropriate for generating classroom writing exercises. Students should find Lamott's style both engaging and enjoyable.
In the sample annotation above, the writer includes three paragraphs: a summary, an evaluation of the text, and a reflection on its applicability to his/her own research, respectively.
For information on formatting MLA citations, see our MLA 9th Edition (2021) Formatting and Style Guide .
Sample APA Annotation
Ehrenreich, B. (2001). Nickel and dimed: On (not) getting by in America . Henry Holt and Company.
In this book of nonfiction based on the journalist's experiential research, Ehrenreich attempts to ascertain whether it is currently possible for an individual to live on a minimum-wage in America. Taking jobs as a waitress, a maid in a cleaning service, and a Walmart sales employee, the author summarizes and reflects on her work, her relationships with fellow workers, and her financial struggles in each situation.
An experienced journalist, Ehrenreich is aware of the limitations of her experiment and the ethical implications of her experiential research tactics and reflects on these issues in the text. The author is forthcoming about her methods and supplements her experiences with scholarly research on her places of employment, the economy, and the rising cost of living in America. Ehrenreich’s project is timely, descriptive, and well-researched.
The annotation above both summarizes and assesses the book in the citation. The first paragraph provides a brief summary of the author's project in the book, covering the main points of the work. The second paragraph points out the project’s strengths and evaluates its methods and presentation. This particular annotation does not reflect on the source’s potential importance or usefulness for this person’s own research.
For information on formatting APA citations, see our APA Formatting and Style Guide .
Sample Chicago Manual of Style Annotation
Davidson, Hilda Ellis. Roles of the Northern Goddess . London: Routledge, 1998.
Davidson's book provides a thorough examination of the major roles filled by the numerous pagan goddesses of Northern Europe in everyday life, including their roles in hunting, agriculture, domestic arts like weaving, the household, and death. The author discusses relevant archaeological evidence, patterns of symbol and ritual, and previous research. The book includes a number of black and white photographs of relevant artifacts.
This annotation includes only one paragraph, a summary of the book. It provides a concise description of the project and the book's project and its major features.
For information on formatting Chicago Style citations, see our Chicago Manual of Style resources.
Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / APA Annotated Bibliography Format
APA Annotated Bibliography Format
The American Psychological Association states that your instructor should set the guidelines for your annotated bibliography, but does ask that the list be formatted according to their standard reference page rules (see Section 9.51 of the Publication Manual ). Since there are no set rules for creating one, you may be wondering how to create an annotated APA bibliography. If your teacher or professor requests one, don’t worry, here are our recommendations:
- Make sure you create your references according to APA’s guidelines. If you need some help, here’s a great APA citation website , which shows how to create references for electronic sources. We also have a page on developing a reference for an APA journal . Need other source types? Check out the other helpful pages on EasyBib.com.
- Annotations should be kept short and are usually not more than one paragraph.
- For more information on writing an annotation, visit the general annotated bibliography guide .
Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:
- Quick APA formatting guidelines
Annotation example
Visual example, using the easybib annotation tool, troubleshooting, quick apa formatting guidelines:.
- Use 1-inch page margins on all sides.
- The entire page should be double-spaced.
- Title your page, “Annotated Bibliography”. Center and bold it.
- Left-align references. If a reference runs over more than one line, any line(s) that comes after the first should be indented a ½ inch from the left margin.
- Organize your references alphabetically by the first word in the reference. (See further details in this APA Reference Page guide).
- Add the annotations on the line right after their corresponding reference.
- Indent annotations ½ inch from the left margin.
- Include a page number in the upper right corner; if this is a professional paper, it should be a running head.
For an annotated bibliography APA example, we’re using the same description as above. The only thing we’re going to change is the structure of the reference. For an APA bibliography, the reference needs to be an APA citation , and the description can be formed the same way as above.
Here’s what the APA book citation for The Elements of Eloquence: Secrets of the Perfect Turn of Phrase looks like:
Forsyth, M. (2014). The elements of eloquence: Secrets of the perfect turn of phrase. Penguin Books.
The author, Mark Forsyth, examines the rhetorical devices used in the English language, analyzing the patterns and formats that create memorable quotes. He traces the history of rhetoric to the Ancient Greeks, and provides an abridged timeline, following their use and evolution through to modern day. The author also explores the broader subject of persuasion and maps out the role that the figures of rhetoric play in it. In all, he examines over thirty devices, dissecting notable passages and phrases from pop music, the plays of William Shakespeare, the Bible, and more to explore the figures of rhetoric at work within each of them. Thorough definitions accompany this examination of structure to demonstrate how these formulas have been used to generate famously memorable expressions as well as how to reproduce their effects.
The EasyBib citation generator has an annotation tool that can help you easily add your annotation to a citation.
- To do this, begin creating a citation in the EasyBib citation generator. Already have a citation on EasyBib.com? Go to the citation, open your citation options and select “Edit citation.”
- Once you get to the citation form (where you review found information), scroll to the bottom until you see the sections “More options.”
- Under that section, click on the “Add annotation” link to open the annotation box.
- Copy and paste your annotation into the box.
- Complete your citation.
- Your annotation will automatically be included and formatted with your citation. You can copy and paste directly into your paper!
Again, even though the APA style does not support the creation of bibliographies that include annotations, many schools and professors expect their students to include summaries or commentary alongside their citations in APA style.
Solution #1: How to write an annotation
Annotations are brief paragraph summaries of your source and may include details about how you plan to use the information in your paper, or the quality of information in your source. Take these steps:
- Read through the source.
- Identify the main thesis theme of the source then consider how you would summarize the article and its purpose in one sentence.
- Evaluate the source. Is the author(s) qualified? Is the source and its arguments credible? Well-written? Why or why not?
- How does the source relate to your paper?
- Write your annotation based on the above steps. Choose only the points that would most help you or your reader gain an understanding of the source and its significance.
Here are writing tips:
- Avoid describing every event, statistic, or detail that occurs in your source.
- Focus on details that are relevant to your topic or your paper. Help the reader understand why the source was selected and is importance.
- Think about how the information impacts your perspective, how it contributes to your topic, and the effect on your overall paper.
Annotated paragraph example:
Solution #2: How to correctly format an annotation with multiple paragraphs
- Indent the entire annotated paragraph at ½ of an inch. When done correctly, the left edge of the annotated paragraph will look entirely straight, as in the first example below.
- If there are multiple paragraphs, follow step one but use a second 0.5-inch indention on the second and following paragraphs.
- Avoid indenting the paragraph at 0.5 inch like a regular essay paragraph, as shown in the third example.
Single annotated paragraph example:
Multiple annotated paragraphs example:
In his novel, “A True Story of John Doe,” Samuel Smith outlines his life through the eyes of a fictional character. His recollection outlines the immigrant experience and demonstrates how modern life in England came to be.
Chapters two and three outline the novelty of moving to a new location by describing the eventual progression to culture shock. Smith describes life as beautiful and wonderous in chapter two by emphasizing sensory experiences. However, in chapter three, he slowly gains awareness of the differences between his current and previous lives and of how the locals treat him. Smith nullifies the sensory experiences and, instead, focuses on the depth of the human emotion. I intend to use this source to compare to my own experience as an immigrant.
APA Formatting Guide
APA Formatting
- Annotated Bibliography
- Block Quotes
- et al Usage
- In-text Citations
- Multiple Authors
- Paraphrasing
- Page Numbers
- Parenthetical Citations
- Reference Page
- Sample Paper
- APA 7 Updates
- View APA Guide
Citation Examples
- Book Chapter
- Journal Article
- Magazine Article
- Newspaper Article
- Website (no author)
- View all APA Examples
How useful was this post?
Click on a star to rate it!
We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!
Let us improve this post!
Tell us how we can improve this post?
To create an annotated APA bibliography, follow the below recommendations:
- Order your reference entries in alphabetical order similar to how you would order entries in the reference list.
- If you want to add an annotation to an entry, add it as a new paragraph below the reference entry. The entire annotation is indented 0.5 inches from the left margin.
For example:
Lim, L. (2014). Ideology, rationality and reproduction in education: A critical discourse analysis. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 35 (1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2012.739467 Lim focuses on issues of power and ideology dominant in curricular discourses of rationality to study a discourse analysis of the goals of one of the most important curricula in the teaching of thinking. He proves that political and class commitments are reproduced in the forms of thinking that are valued in societies. Through his research, Lim asserts that such curricula engage in creating our understanding of what thinking and rationality are.
To format an annotated bibliography in APA, follow the recommendations given below:
- Set the left, right, top, and bottom margins as 1 inch.
- Use double-line spacing.
- Title the page “Annotated Bibliography.” Set it in bold.
- The title should be aligned to the center of the page.
- As you format reference entries, left-align all references in the annotated bibliography section. If any entry runs over more than a line, indent the subsequent lines 0.5 inches from the left margin.
- Arrange all reference entries alphabetically according to the surname of the authors.
- Provide your annotations below the reference entry for which you want to give your annotation. Indent annotations 0.5 inches from the left margin.
APA Citation Examples
Writing Tools
Citation Generators
Other Citation Styles
Plagiarism Checker
Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.
Get Started
APA annotated bibliography
Create citations for free.
Website Book Journal Video
An annotated bibliography is a special type of bibliography that provides additional information about the sources listed in the references list. The additional information about a source is called an annotation. An annotation can be given for all types of sources such as journals, books, or reports. The length of the annotation can extend up to 150 words.
Aim of an annotated bibliography
The aim of an annotated bibliography is to either provide details of the topics discussed in the source or assess the source. The primary goal of adding an annotation is to give the reader the significance, merit, and benefit of using a source. Never try to provide proof, take the author’s text verbatim, or discuss irrelevant points in your annotation.
Classification of annotations
Annotations are classified into two types:
Descriptive
The descriptive type gives crucial details of the source or describes the source. It gives insight into the topic covered in the source. It can also explain the purpose of the source.
An evaluative annotation analyzes a source. It explores a source and shows its relevance by examining its preciseness. An evaluative annotation tries to correlate the source with other recognized sources or studies on the same topic. It may also talk about the merits and demerits of a source.
Parts of an annotated bibliography
An annotated bibliography consists of
- The citation
- The annotation
The citation includes all components of a source. For example, the author, book title, publisher, and publication year are important components to be included in a book citation.
Fairclough, N. (2015). Language and power . Routledge.
The annotation provides the necessary fundamental details of the source. As mentioned, the details can be either descriptive or evaluative.
Descriptive annotation
It gives a brief description of all relevant information of the source. The below example is taken from Fairclough (2015). Complete information of the source is given below the annotation.
The book focuses on how language functions in maintaining and changing power relations in modern society, the ways of analyzing language which can reveal these processes, and how people can become more conscious of them, as well as more able to resist and change them. Norman Fairclough includes a substantial new introduction and brings the discussion up to date. He shows both the importance of the book in the development of critical discourse analysis over the past three decades and how language and power relations have changed due to major socioeconomic changes.
Evaluative annotation
An evaluative annotation mirrors the views of the author, highlights the benefits of the work, and also provides a detailed evaluation of the source.
This book of Fairclough is a preamble to the study of discourse analysis. The book shows its steady importance and contribution to language and power. The book clearly illustrates the relationship between language and power with sufficient evidence. The book is important for students pursuing discourse analysis and other related fields.
Rules for creating annotated bibliographies
- The annotation is added after the reference-list entry of a source.
- The annotation extends up to 150 words.
- Both phrases and full sentences are permitted in the annotation.
- Write the annotation in a single paragraph. However, if you want to include multiple paragraphs, indent the second and subsequent paragraphs. However, the paragraphs should not have any extra line spaces in between.
Writing annotated bibliographies
To write an annotated bibliography in APA, follow the below guidelines:
- The annotation should be short and concise.
- Use various links such as “while,” “but,” and “in addition” to connect sentences. This will enhance the readability of your content.
- Do not use words that serve no purpose in your sentences.
- Avoid very long sentences.
- Put forth your views directly.
- Avoid contractions such as “won’t” and ‘isn’t” in the annotation.
Formatting annotated bibliographies
To format an annotated bibliography in APA, follow the below recommendations:
- Begin your annotated bibliography on a new page after the end of the body text.
- The annotated bibliography appears before the figures, tables, and appendices.
- Set the left, right, top, and bottom margins at 1 inch.
- The lines are double-spaced.
- The title should be “Annotated Bibliography.” Format the heading in bold.
- Center align the title to the page.
- All references are aligned left in the annotated bibliography. For entries running over more than a line, provide 0.5 inches indent to the second and subsequent lines from the left margin.
- Entries are arranged according to the alphabetical arrangement of the author’s surnames.
- Each annotation is added below its corresponding reference entry. Annotations are indented 0.5 inches from the left margin.
Arranging annotated bibliographies
There is no need to look at annotations for arranging them. Arrange the reference entries alphabetically per the author’s surname and place the annotation below the corresponding entry.
For references without authors, arrange the entries by their title.
Example annotated bibliography
The below example shows an annotated bibliography:
- Annotated Bibliography
Lim, L. (2014). Ideology, rationality and reproduction in education: A critical discourse analysis. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 35 (1), 61–76. https://doi:10.1080/01596306.2012.739467
Lim focuses on problems of power and perception dominant in academic discourses of logic to study a discourse analysis of the goals of the most important subjects in teaching thinking. He proves that social and group responsibilities are reproduced as thinking that is treasured by all in society. Through his research, Lim asserts that such courses retain our understanding of thinking and reasoning. It must enhance the social reproduction of a specific proportion of the normal group of people.
Key takeaways
- An annotated bibliography is a special type of bibliography that provides additional information about the sources listed in the references list.
- The aim of an annotated bibliography is to either provide details of the topics discussed in the source or assess the source.
- The two types of annotations are descriptive and evaluative.
- The heading should be “Annotated Bibliography.”
- Annotation can be written up to 150 words.
APA Formatting
- Block Quotes
- Headings & Headers
- In-text Citations
- Reference Page
- Paper Format
- View APA Formatting Guide
Citation Examples
- APA Citation Generator
How useful was this post?
Click on a star to rate it!
We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!
Let us improve this post!
Tell us how we can improve this post?
Have a language expert improve your writing
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
- Knowledge Base
- Citing sources
- What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format
What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format
Published on March 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 23, 2022.
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper , or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.
Scribbr’s free Citation Generator allows you to easily create and manage your annotated bibliography in APA or MLA style. To generate a perfectly formatted annotated bibliography, select the source type, fill out the relevant fields, and add your annotation.
The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless APA citation
The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless MLA citation
An example of an annotated source is shown below:
Table of contents
Annotated bibliography format: apa, mla, chicago, how to write an annotated bibliography, descriptive annotation example, evaluative annotation example, reflective annotation example, finding sources for your annotated bibliography, frequently asked questions about annotated bibliographies.
Make sure your annotated bibliography is formatted according to the guidelines of the style guide you’re working with. Three common styles are covered below:
In APA Style , both the reference entry and the annotation should be double-spaced and left-aligned.
The reference entry itself should have a hanging indent . The annotation follows on the next line, and the whole annotation should be indented to match the hanging indent. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.
In an MLA style annotated bibliography , the Works Cited entry and the annotation are both double-spaced and left-aligned.
The Works Cited entry has a hanging indent. The annotation itself is indented 1 inch (twice as far as the hanging indent). If there are two or more paragraphs in the annotation, the first line of each paragraph is indented an additional half-inch, but not if there is only one paragraph.
Chicago style
In a Chicago style annotated bibliography , the bibliography entry itself should be single-spaced and feature a hanging indent.
The annotation should be indented, double-spaced, and left-aligned. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.
For each source, start by writing (or generating ) a full reference entry that gives the author, title, date, and other information. The annotated bibliography format varies based on the citation style you’re using.
The annotations themselves are usually between 50 and 200 words in length, typically formatted as a single paragraph. This can vary depending on the word count of the assignment, the relative length and importance of different sources, and the number of sources you include.
Consider the instructions you’ve been given or consult your instructor to determine what kind of annotations they’re looking for:
- Descriptive annotations : When the assignment is just about gathering and summarizing information, focus on the key arguments and methods of each source.
- Evaluative annotations : When the assignment is about evaluating the sources , you should also assess the validity and effectiveness of these arguments and methods.
- Reflective annotations : When the assignment is part of a larger research process, you need to consider the relevance and usefulness of the sources to your own research.
These specific terms won’t necessarily be used. The important thing is to understand the purpose of your assignment and pick the approach that matches it best. Interactive examples of the different styles of annotation are shown below.
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.
A descriptive annotation summarizes the approach and arguments of a source in an objective way, without attempting to assess their validity.
In this way, it resembles an abstract , but you should never just copy text from a source’s abstract, as this would be considered plagiarism . You’ll naturally cover similar ground, but you should also consider whether the abstract omits any important points from the full text.
The interactive example shown below describes an article about the relationship between business regulations and CO 2 emissions.
Rieger, A. (2019). Doing business and increasing emissions? An exploratory analysis of the impact of business regulation on CO 2 emissions. Human Ecology Review , 25 (1), 69–86. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26964340
An evaluative annotation also describes the content of a source, but it goes on to evaluate elements like the validity of the source’s arguments and the appropriateness of its methods .
For example, the following annotation describes, and evaluates the effectiveness of, a book about the history of Western philosophy.
Kenny, A. (2010). A new history of Western philosophy: In four parts . Oxford University Press.
A reflective annotation is similar to an evaluative one, but it focuses on the source’s usefulness or relevance to your own research.
Reflective annotations are often required when the point is to gather sources for a future research project, or to assess how they were used in a project you already completed.
The annotation below assesses the usefulness of a particular article for the author’s own research in the field of media studies.
Manovich, Lev. (2009). The practice of everyday (media) life: From mass consumption to mass cultural production? Critical Inquiry , 35 (2), 319–331. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/596645
Manovich’s article assesses the shift from a consumption-based media culture (in which media content is produced by a small number of professionals and consumed by a mass audience) to a production-based media culture (in which this mass audience is just as active in producing content as in consuming it). He is skeptical of some of the claims made about this cultural shift; specifically, he argues that the shift towards user-made content must be regarded as more reliant upon commercial media production than it is typically acknowledged to be. However, he regards web 2.0 as an exciting ongoing development for art and media production, citing its innovation and unpredictability.
The article is outdated in certain ways (it dates from 2009, before the launch of Instagram, to give just one example). Nevertheless, its critical engagement with the possibilities opened up for media production by the growth of social media is valuable in a general sense, and its conceptualization of these changes frequently applies just as well to more current social media platforms as it does to Myspace. Conceptually, I intend to draw on this article in my own analysis of the social dynamics of Twitter and Instagram.
Before you can write your annotations, you’ll need to find sources . If the annotated bibliography is part of the research process for a paper, your sources will be those you consult and cite as you prepare the paper. Otherwise, your assignment and your choice of topic will guide you in what kind of sources to look for.
Make sure that you’ve clearly defined your topic , and then consider what keywords are relevant to it, including variants of the terms. Use these keywords to search databases (e.g., Google Scholar ), using Boolean operators to refine your search.
Sources can include journal articles, books, and other source types , depending on the scope of the assignment. Read the abstracts or blurbs of the sources you find to see whether they’re relevant, and try exploring their bibliographies to discover more. If a particular source keeps showing up, it’s probably important.
Once you’ve selected an appropriate range of sources, read through them, taking notes that you can use to build up your annotations. You may even prefer to write your annotations as you go, while each source is fresh in your mind.
An annotated bibliography is an assignment where you collect sources on a specific topic and write an annotation for each source. An annotation is a short text that describes and sometimes evaluates the source.
Any credible sources on your topic can be included in an annotated bibliography . The exact sources you cover will vary depending on the assignment, but you should usually focus on collecting journal articles and scholarly books . When in doubt, utilize the CRAAP test !
Each annotation in an annotated bibliography is usually between 50 and 200 words long. Longer annotations may be divided into paragraphs .
The content of the annotation varies according to your assignment. An annotation can be descriptive, meaning it just describes the source objectively; evaluative, meaning it assesses its usefulness; or reflective, meaning it explains how the source will be used in your own research .
A source annotation in an annotated bibliography fulfills a similar purpose to an abstract : they’re both intended to summarize the approach and key points of a source.
However, an annotation may also evaluate the source , discussing the validity and effectiveness of its arguments. Even if your annotation is purely descriptive , you may have a different perspective on the source from the author and highlight different key points.
You should never just copy text from the abstract for your annotation, as doing so constitutes plagiarism .
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, August 23). What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format. Scribbr. Retrieved March 5, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/annotated-bibliography/
Is this article helpful?
Jack Caulfield
Other students also liked, evaluating sources | methods & examples, how to find sources | scholarly articles, books, etc., hanging indent | word & google docs instructions, scribbr apa citation checker.
An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!
- General Education Courses
- School of Business
- School of Design
- School of Education
- School of Health Sciences
- School of Justice Studies
- School of Nursing
- School of Technology
- CBE Student Guide
- Library Chat
- Research Appointments
- Webinar Series
NoodleTools
- Writing Guide
- Learning Express Library
- Interlibrary Loan Request Form
- Library Staff
- Databases A-to-Z
- Articles by Subject
- Discovery Search
- Publication Finder
- Video Databases
- Library Guides
- Course Guides
- APA Tutoring
- Peer Educators
- Writing Lab
- Student Success Guide
- Learning Services Staff
- Meet with a Librarian
- Rasmussen Technical Support (PSC)
- English Language Learner (ELL) Resources
- Copyright Toolkit
- Faculty Toolkit
- Suggest a Purchase
- Refer a Student Tutor
- Live Lecture/Peer Tutor Scheduler
- Faculty Interlibrary Loan Request Form
- Professional Development Databases
- Publishing Guide
- Professional Development Guides (AAOPD)
- Rasmussen University
- Library and Learning Services Guides
APA 7th Edition Guide
- Annotated Bibliographies
- APA Paper Basics
- Preventing Plagiarism
- Academic Integrity Video
- Setting Up Your Paper
- In-Text Citations
- eTextbooks and Course Materials
- Images & Audiovisual Media
- Legal Resources
- Personal Communications & Secondary Sources
- Missing Reference Information
- Citing Sources in PowerPoint Presentations
- Finding Help
- Additional Resources from the APA
Creating an Annotated Bibliography
- What is an Annotated Bibliography
Writing an Annotation
Formatting an annotated bibliography.
- Resources and Tools
- Creating an Annotated Bibliography Video
Components of an Annotated Bibliography
An annotated bibliography is an APA reference list that includes a brief summary and analysis -- the annotation -- under the reference entry.
An annotated bibliography includes:
- APA Title page
- Pages are numbered beginning with title page
- References centered and bolded at top of page
- Entries listed in alphabetical order
- Annotations begin under its associated reference
- Annotations are indented 0.5 inches from the left margin
- The entire document is double spaced; no extra space between entries
Example of an annotated bibliography entry:
An an n otated bibliography is composed of the full APA reference for a source followed by notes and commentary about that so urce. T he word “annotate” means “critical or explanatory notes” and the word “bibliography” means “a list of sources”. Annotation s are meant to be critical in addition to being descriptive.
Annotations are generally between five to seven sentences in length and appear directly under the APA reference. The entire annotation is indented 0.5 inch from the left margin and lines up with the hanging indent of the APA reference.
Use the question prompts below as a guide when writing annotations:
• 2 to 4 sentences to summarize the main idea(s) of the source.
- What are the main arguments?
- What is the point of this book/article?
- What topics are covered?
• 1 or 2 sentences to assess and evaluate the source.
- How does it compare with other sources in your bibliography?
- Is this information reliable? current?
- Is the author credible? have the background to write on this topic?
- Is the source objective or biased?
• 1 or 2 sentences to reflect on the source.
- Was this source helpful to you?
- How can you use this source for your research project?
- Has it changed how you think about your topic?
- a title page, and
- the annotated bibliography which begins on its own page with the word References bolded and centered at the top of the page.
Each entry begins with an APA reference for the resource with the annotation appearing directly beneath. The entire annotation is indented 0.5 inches from the left margin.
Entries are listed in alphabetical order. The entire document is typed on one of the six approved font styles and sizes and is double spaced. There is no additional space between entires.
Consider using Academic Writer or NoodleTools to create and format your annotated bibliography.
APA Citation Style Resources and Tools
Apa academic writer.
Use the tools in the References tab to create APA references for the resources in your annotated bibliography. The form includes a text box for your annotation. You can create your title page and assemble your annotated bibliography in the Write tab in this authoritative resource.
- APA Academic Writer This link opens in a new window Formerly APA Style Central, Academic Writer is a digital library of quick APA guides and tutorials: - Learn - view videos and tutorials, test your APA knowledge with quizzes, and view sample papers, references, tables, and figures. - Reference - view tutorials, search APA dictionaries, develop research ideas, plan and track your research, and manage your references. - Write - use templates to write papers (includes step-by-step help), and work on saved papers. (Must create a personal account to use.)
Create and format your annotated bibliography in NoodleTools . Find information on how to create an account, create APA references, and creating and formatting an annotated bibliography in the NoodleTools Guide.
This video below provides an overview of how to create an annotated bibliography including evaluating resources, writing annotations, creating APA references, and formatting the final document in the APA style.
- << Previous: Citing Sources in PowerPoint Presentations
- Next: Finding Help >>
- Last Updated: Mar 2, 2023 12:24 PM
- URL: https://guides.rasmussen.edu/apa
- Liberty Online
- Residential
- Request More Information
- (434) 582-2000
- Academic Calendar
- Bachelor’s Degrees
- Master’s Degrees
- Postgraduate Degrees
- Doctoral Degrees
- Associate Degrees
- Certificate Programs
- Degree Minors
- Registrar’s Office
- Degree Completion Plans (DCPs)
- Course Catalog
- Policy Directory
- Academic Support (CASAS)
- LU Bookstore
- Research at Liberty
- Eagle Scholars Program
- Honors Program
- Quiz Bowl Team
- Debate Team
- Student Travel
- Tuition & Costs
- Net Price Calculator
- Student Financial Services
- Scholarships
- Undergraduate
- International
- Apply for LU Online
- Online Admissions
- Online Tuition & Fees
- Military Students
- School of Law
- Osteopathic Medicine
- Liberty University Online Academy
- Convocation
- Campus Community
- LU Serve Now
- Liberty Worship Collective
- Office of Spiritual Development
- Online Engagement
- LU Shepherd
- Doctrinal Statement
- Mission Statement
- Residence Life
- Student Government
- Student Clubs
- Conduct Code & Appeals
- Health & Wellness
- Student Affairs Offices
- Campus Recreation
- LaHaye Rec & Fit
- Intramural Sports
- Hydaway Outdoor Center
- Snowflex Centre
- Student Activities
- Club Sports
- LaHaye Ice Center
- ID & Campus Services
- Dining Services
- Parents & Families
- Commuter Students
- International Students
- Graduate Students
- Disability Support
- Equity & Inclusion
- NCAA Sports
- Flames Club
- Varsity Club
- Williams Stadium
- Vines Center
- Liberty Baseball Stadium
- Kamphuis Field
- Ticket Information
- Flames Merchandise
- LU Quick Facts
- News & Events
- Virtual Tour
- History of Liberty
- Contact Liberty
- Visit Liberty
- Give to Liberty
- CASAS: Academic Success Center
- Writing Style Guides
APA Format Quick Guide
Additional Navigation
Note to students using Grammarly: See this resource on Grammarly's Place in the Writing Process
APA-7 delineates two versions: the student version and the professional version. Formatting elements except the title page, running head, and abstract are the same across both versions. All undergraduate students at Liberty University must use the student version and all graduate and doctoral students must use the professional version.
Undergraduate Students
- Will follow APA-7’s “Student Version”
- Simplified title page
- No running head
- No abstract
Sample APA-7 paper for Undergraduate Students
Apa-7 template for undergraduate students, graduate & doctoral students.
- Will follow APA-7’s “Professional Version”
- Expanded title page
- Running head required (same on all pages)
- Abstract required (unless otherwise specified in instructions)
Sample APA-7 paper for Graduate & Doctoral Students
Apa-7 template for graduate & doctoral students, helpful resources, comprehensive apa-7 reference list, apa-7 references to legal materials (bluebook), broad overview of the changes between apa-6 and apa-7, comparison chart of apa-6 and apa-7, references comparisons between apa-6 and apa-7, sample annotated bibliography for undergraduate students, sample annotated bibliography for graduate/doctoral students, choosing appropriate resources for academic papers.
Video Tutorial links
- Plagiarism series – Video #1 of 4: Introduction: How often can students quote other sources? – Liberty University
- Plagiarism series – Video #2 of 4: How and when to cite your sources. – Liberty University
- Plagiarism series – Video #3 of 4: The three kinds of plagiarism. – Liberty University
- Plagiarism series – Video #4 of 4: Proactive and foolproof steps to avoid plagiarism. – Liberty University
- Use active voice, rather than passive voice .
- Be specific and concise.
- Avoid poetic or figurative language; scientific writing is the most appropriate for APA.
- Use past or present perfect tense (e.g., researchers have shown) for a literature review and description, and past tense when referring to results and experiments previously conducted.
- Title case = all significant words, usually those with 4+ letters, must be capitalized. Title case is used for titles of works mentioned in the body of your paper, and for the names of journals in your reference list. All five heading levels also use title case.
- Sentence case = only the first letter of the first word, proper nouns, and the word following a colon, if any, should begin with capital letters. Sentence case is used for all resource titles in the reference list (i.e., book or article titles, webpages, etc.).
- Use quotation marks around the titles of shorter works (i.e., articles or poems) and italics for the names of larger words (i.e., books or plays) mentioned in the body of your paper.
- APA-7 allows a wide array of fonts and sizes but Liberty University prefers all course assignments to be completed in 12-point Times New Romans or 11-point Calibri font.
See the respective sample paper and template for your level of study (i.e., undergraduate or graduate/professional).
- Before beginning to write the body of your paper, center the paper’s title on the first line in title case in bold font, exactly as it appears on the title page. The title is now considered a Level 1 heading.
- Your introductory paragraph/section, if you have one, will begin on the next line. Note that APA-7 expressly forbids using the term introduction as a heading; just type that paragraph under the paper’s title without any heading. Professors always trump APA, so if your professor requires a heading labeled Introduction, then include it. If your introduction section includes subheadings, those would be formatted as Level 2 headings.
- APA-7 recommends only one space after closing punctuation in the body of the paper (whereas APA-6 recommended two).
- APA papers use headings to separate paper sections and establish a hierarchy of information. Short papers (usually five pages or less in the body of the paper) may not have any headings unless required, but longer papers benefit from the organizational aspects of headings.
- Always begin with Level 1 headings and apply the appropriate heading and subheading levels from there. Do not simply progress from Level 1 to Level 2 to Level 3.
- For each heading, include at least two subsection headings or none at all. This follows the same principle as an outline: Section one would be divided into sections A and B or more; A cannot stand alone.
- As such, heading levels align with outline levels: Capital Roman letters in an outline become Level 1 headings, Capital Arabic letters become Level 2 headings, etc.
- Please note that some of the sample papers published by APA to demonstrate proper APA-7 format (including the “professional” version on pp. 50-60 of the APA-7 manual) depict the “Conclusion” section with a Level-2 heading. This is limited to empirical papers that are being submitted for publication in scholarly journals, as those conclusions pertain to the “Discussion” sections in such papers and are not conclusions of the overall papers themselves. Conclusions in academic papers at Liberty University will be Level 1 headings (including dissertations and theses, which are divided by chapters, unlike journal article manuscripts).
- A paper may only have Level 1 headings if it is not divided into smaller subsections — or the content under some Level 1 headings may include two or more Level 2 headings (and some content under Level 2 headings may include two or more Level 3 headings).
- Level 1 : centered, boldface, in title case, with the content beginning on the line below
- Level 2 : left-aligned, boldface, in title case, with the content beginning on the line below
- Level 3 : left-aligned, boldface, italicized, in title case, with the content beginning on the line below
- Level 4 : indented, boldface, in title case with a period, then one space, and begin your content on the same line
- Level 5 : indented, boldface, italicized, in title case with a period, then one space, and begin your content on the same line
In-Text Citations
- An in-text citation is used whenever another author’s work is directly quoted or paraphrased.
- Citations for paraphrases use an author/date format: (Author, Publication Year), e.g. (Smith, 2007).
- The citation for a direct quote should also include the page number: (Author, Year, p. #). If no page number is available (as in the case of an online webpage), list the paragraph: (Author, Year, para. 11). APA-7 expands this to including descriptive location details to get your reader to that content in longer non-paginated electronic resources such as e-books. In such cases, provide a heading or section name. If the heading or section name is brief (generally four words or less) include the full name, without quotation marks (i.e., Owen, 2020, Attachment Disorders section, para. 8). If the heading or section name is too long (generally, more than four words), use an abbreviation of the heading or section, encapsulated in quotation marks. For example, for a section named “Peace and Power in Modern Day Relationships,” the citation would be (Owen, 2020, “Peace and Power” section, para. 3).
- You can move information from the in-text citations to other parts of the sentence that the quote is part of as long as all required elements are present: e.g. Smith (2007) says, “arrows are sharp” (p. 8). However, the date follows the author’s/authors’ name(s), unless APA’s exception applies for subsequent citations of the same resource in a paragraph in which the first such citation was narrative in-text (not parenthetical; discussed further in Liberty University OWC’s sample APA papers).
- The page number follows a direct quote, even if these elements are split within your sentence. For example, Smith and Harlow (2011) elaborated on this by suggesting that “paper planes can float” (p. 8). Owen (2017) posited that “foxes can fly” (p. 17) in her dream analysis.
- Any quotation longer than 39 words should be made into a freestanding “block” of text, with no quotation marks (see Liberty University OWC’s sample APA papers due to formatting limitations of this webpage ).
- The entire left margin of block quotes should be indented one-half inch as a whole “block” (with no extra indent on the first line).
- The parenthetical citation with the page number on block quotes follows the quote and period, with no additional punctuation after it (unlike shorter quotes, where the parenthetical citation falls within the sentence itself with the period following it).
- If no author is given, use a shortened version of the title in the citation rather than an author’s name. Note that this is very uncommon; you may need to sleuth around a bit to discern the author(s) of a resource, but the Internet makes this relatively easy.
- If the publication date is unknown, use “n.d.” in its place (include the periods, but not the quotation marks).
- For works with three or more authors, list only the first author’s last name (surname) in all citations followed by “et al.” (e.g. Smith et al., 2010). Note that al. is an abbreviation for alli, which is why it has a period and et does not. To confirm and clarify, you would no longer name up to five authors the first time you cite their source, as was required by APA-6.
Discussion Board Posts
Discussion board posts at Liberty University are designed to mimic active classroom discussion among students (and sometimes the professor). As such, though the content within them should be semi-formal and provide credit to sources, when a student refers to content from another student’s discussion board comments, only a mild referral to the other student’s name and which post that content originated from is necessary. For example, as Mark stated in his initial thread , xyz. Or as Charlotte stated in her response to Marienne , xyz. (No underlining would be used in the actual sentence used, of course). This is the only exception permitted to “personal communications” and applies only within course discussion board replies in that class.
Special Rule Regarding Repeat Citations APA-7 allows writers to cite their source only once per paragraph, provided the reader can discern where the other sentence(s) derived from. This requires specific structuring. For example: Owen (2020) claimed that “foxes can fly” (p. 17). She detailed their nocturnal habits. Her research gave critical insight into this population. In each of the second and third sentences above, the sentences were structured in such a way that the content clearly refers back to Owen’s work. In the case of Bible verses, it is easy for the reader to understand that subsequent citations of those came from whichever Bible version was cited earlier in that paragraph. For any subsequent verses cited in a paragraph that already has a full Bible citation, you can just use the verse itself. In each new paragraph (or if you change versions in the same paragraph), you will need to include the full citation. For example: God calls each of us to witness to others to “make known with boldness the mystery of the gospel” ( New American Standard Version Bible , 1971/1995, Ephesians 6:19-20). Mark 13:10 and Matthew 28:19 command us to preach to all nations and make disciples… There is no need to add the Bible version in that second sentence because the reader knows both of those verses refer to the same version of the Bible cited in the previous sentence.
- The rules for Bible citations have changed completely; you must now cite the Bible version in the body of the paper and include it in your reference list. Please see the appropriate sample APA-7 paper for your level of study for a detailed discussion of this .
- Note that APA-7 specifies to cite Bibles in “book formats” (p. 302) that are “treated as having no author.” Below are some examples of the hard copy references versus online references of some common versions. The citations are the same for both, as they contain the version name and the year(s) of publication. If you are using a different version, you will format it by following the examples given below (be sure to include a hanging indent, which this webpage cannot feature).
- When including a verse, place it in the locator position after the year (in place of the page number). For example, “For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life” ( New American Standard Version Bible , 1971/1995, John 3:16). You can also introduce it in the text of the sentence itself: John 3:16 proclaims that “For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish, but have eternal life” ( New American Standard Version Bible , 1971/1995).
Liberty University Class Lectures
Since the purpose and function of APA references is to ensure the reader has sufficient information to be able to locate the original source if necessary, include course details and credit Liberty University when referencing class lectures and PowerPoint presentations since the URL does not provide sufficient locator details itself. Italicize the name of the lecture itself. If the course has multiple lectures per week, you can include the week and lecture numbers; otherwise omit those elements. If you have a direct URL, use that (see the Peters reference below); otherwise use the URL to Liberty University’s Canvas homepage (the reference on the left below). If the date is provided (see the Peters reference below), use that; otherwise use the year and semester that you took the course in (the reference on the left below):
When no presenter is named in the video itself, name Liberty University in the author’s position :
Liberty University. (2021, Spring). BIOL 102: Human biology. Week one, lecture two: Name of class lecture . https://canvas.liberty.edu
When a presenter is provided, name that person in the author’s position and include Liberty University in the publisher’s position after the name of the lecture:
Peters, C. (2012). COUN 506, Week one, lecture two: Defining integration: Key concepts . Liberty University. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/definingintegration-keyconcepts/id427907777?i=1000092371727
- Center the word “ References ” (in bold font but without quotation marks) on the top line of a new page following your conclusion. This term is also now regarded as a Level 1 heading. If you have only one resource to cite in the entire paper, APA authorizes the use of singular “ Reference .”
- Use hanging indents (the first line of each entry should be left-justified, with lines two+ indented ½” from the left margin).
- Alphabetize all entries by the first word in each (usually the first author’s last name for each).
- Note that you must include a comma after the author’s name that precedes the ampersand in the reference list, even when there are only two authors. This does not apply to citations in the body of the paper.
- There should only be one space after periods in the reference list entries, just as in the body of the paper.
- If a work has more than 20 authors, list the first 19 followed by an ellipsis (…). Include the last author’s name immediately after the ellipsis as the final author mentioned. Do not include an ampersand (&) in references with 20 or more authors .
- Note that APA-7 allows writers to superscript the suffixes of ordinal numbers, as long as the writer is consistent throughout (see section 6.35 of the APA-7 manual). The examples included in the resources in this Quick Guide include superscripted suffixes for all book edition numbers, in accordance with APA-7’s option to do so.
- Do include reference entries for classical works including the Bible.
- Do not include reference entries for personal communication.
- Do not include a period after a URL or DOI.
- Note that the issue number of a journal article should be connected/attached to the volume number — e.g., 12 (8). The volume number should be italicized, but the attached parentheses and issue number should not.
- Check Google Scholar or Crossref for DOIs of all articles published since 2007, if one is not readily denoted on the article itself.
- Format all DOI entries in URL format (https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxx).
- Omit the publisher city and state in most cases (exception: conferences and symposiums).
- Only include the access date for online content that is likely to change (such as wikis).
- Do not include static hyperlinks which require log-on credentials to access, unless required by your assignment. This includes EZproxy links obtained from searches in the Liberty University Online Library.
- See the links at the top of this page for expansive reference entry examples.
Annotated Bibliographies
Sample annotation.
Note that in a stand-alone Annotated Bibliography assignment, students would include the appropriate title page relative to their grade level; graduate and doctoral students would also include a running head on all pages as required for their grade levels.
APA 7th Edition Style Guide: Annotated Bibliography
- About In-text Citations
- In-Text Examples
- What to Include
- Volume/Issue
- Bracketed Descriptions
- URLs and DOIs
- Book with Editor(s)
- Book with No Author
- Book with Organization as Author
- Book with Personal Author(s)
- Chapters and Parts of Books
- Classical Works
- Course Materials
- Journal Article
- Magazine Article
- Multi-Volume Works
- Newspaper Article
- Patents & Laws
- Personal Communication
- Physicians' Desk Reference
- Social Media
- Unpublished Manuscripts/Informal Publications (i.e. course packets and dissertations)
- Formatting Your Paper
- Formatting Your References
Annotated Bibliography
- Headings in APA
- APA Quick Guide
- NEW!* Submit your Paper for APA Review
Below is an example of an annotated bibliography. The annotated bibliography allows your professor to see the sources you will use in your final research paper. It shows that you have planned ahead by conducting research and gave thought to the information you will need to write a complete research paper. The annotations may summarize or evaluate the sources used. The references need to follow the APA rules for citations. The title page of your annotated bibliography follows the same rules as an APA research paper.
- Example APA Annotated Bibliography Remember, always follow your professor's instructions when creating an annotated bibliography.
- << Previous: Formatting Your References
- Next: Headings in APA >>
- Last Updated: Jun 24, 2022 10:51 AM
- URL: https://irsc.libguides.com/APA
- Book Lists (Under Tuition and Fees)
- Student Gateway
- LIBRARY HOME
APA 7: Annotated Bibliographies
- APA Formatting
- Dissertations
- Audiovisual Materials
- Classroom Materials
- Reference Works
- Clinical Practice References
- Graphic Materials
- Legal Materials
- Reports and Gray Literature
- Primary Sources
- Paraphrasing
- Verb Tense and Reporting Verbs
- Direct Quotes
- Block Quotes
- In-Text Citation Videos
- Citing Multiple Works
- Reference Section
- Headings in APA
- Annotated Bibliographies
- Academic Integrity and Plagiarism
- Indigenous Peoples
About Annotated Bibliographies
An annotated bibliography is a type of student paper in which reference list entries are followed by short descriptions of the work called annotations. Most APA Style guidelines are applicable to annotated bibliographies. Annotated bibliographies use one-inch margins, Times New Roman 12-point typeface, and are double spaced. It is not necessary to cite the work being annotated in the annotation because the origin of the information is clear through context. However, do include in-text citations if you refer to multiple works within an annotation to clarify the source.
Instructors generally set all other requirements for annotated bibliographies (e.g., number of references to include, length and focus of each annotation). In the absence of other guidance, format an annotated bibliography as follows:
Format and order references in an annotated bibliography in alphabetical order, the same as you would order entries in a reference list.
Each annotation should be a new paragraph below its reference entry. Indent the entire annotation 0.5 in. from the left margin, the same as you would a block quotation. Do not indent the first line of the annotation.
If the annotation spans multiple paragraphs, indent the first line of the second and any subsequent paragraphs an additional 0.5 inch , the same as you would a block quotation with multiple paragraphs.
Annotated Bibliography Example
Ok, M. W., Kim, M. K., Kang, E. Y., & Bryant, B. R. (2016). How to find good apps: An
evaluation rubric for instructional apps for teaching students with learning disabilities. Intervention in School and Clinic, 51 (4), 244-252. https://doi-org.tcsedsystem.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/1053451215589179
As technology has evolved, a new type of computer, the mobile device (e.g., smartphone, tablet), has gained popularity. The mobile device is a small-sized, portable computer that typically has touch-screen features; the iPad is one of the more popular mobile devices used in schools today. Upon the initial release of the iPad in 2010, the device and instructional applications (i.e., apps) quickly gained popularity in educational settings despite many teachers’ lack of knowledge concerning the devices’ implications for learning.
Nevertheless, teachers and parents have reported positive results using mobile devices and apps, and professionals have also demonstrated that mobile devices and apps have the potential to be useful tools for students with disabilities. Mobile devices provide the availability of downloadable, inexpensive software that can serve as cost-effective assistive technology. In addition, their touch-screen feature allows students with disabilities to use the device without having to operate a mouse or a touch pad. Most mobile devices also have Internet access, built-in video, a camera, and audio-capture capabilities. These devices can be easily individualized to meet the needs of individual students with disabilities.
Adapted from American Psychological Association publication manual (7th ed.).
- << Previous: Headings in APA
- Next: Tables and Figures >>
- Last Updated: Dec 20, 2022 7:01 PM
- URL: https://tcsedsystem.libguides.com/APA7
APA Guide - 7th Edition: Annotated Bibliographies
- What's New in the 7th Edition?
- Paper Formatting
- Reference Components
- In-Text Citations
- Book Examples
- Article Examples
- Media Examples
- Internet Resources Examples
- Other Examples
- Annotated Bibliographies
Annotated Bibliography
An annotated bibliography is a type of student paper in which reference list entries are followed by short descriptions of the work, called annotations. Annotated bibliographies can also constitute one element of a research paper in fields that require bibliographies rather than reference lists. Most APA Style guidelines are applicable to annotated bibliographies (margins, font, line spacing, etc.).
In general, it is not necessary to cite the work being annotated in the annotations because the origin of the information is clear through context. However, do include in-text citations if you refer to multiple works within an annotation to clarify the source.
Examples & Templates
- Annotated Bibliography Sample from APA Manual
- Annotated Bib Template_Includes Title Page
- How to Create an Annotated Bibliography
What is an Annotated Bibliography?
What is an Annotated Bibliography? by OWLPurdue on YouTube
Useful Links
- Purdue OWL Definitions, formatting, examples, & samples.
- Writing an Annotated Bibliography General guide from the University of Guelph. Overview and examples.
Evaluative Annotations
An evaluative annotation includes a summary but also critically assesses the work for accuracy, relevance, and quality. The focus is on description and evaluation.
They can help you:
- learn about your topic
- develop a thesis statement
- decide if a specific source will be useful for your assignment
- determine if there is enough valid information available to complete your project.
Sample Annotation
Basic Writing & Format Tips
Basic Writing and Format Tips:
- Start with the same format as a regular References list.
- After each citation, the annotation is indented two spaces from the left margin as a block.
- Each annotation should be one paragraph, between three to six sentences long (about 150-200 words).
- All lines should be double-spaced. Do not add an extra line between the citations.
- If your list of citations is especially long, you can organize it by topic.
- Try to be objective, and give explanations if you state any opinions.
- Use the third person (e.g., he, she, the author) instead of the first person (e.g., I, my, me).
Annotations
An annotation is a summary and/or evaluation. Therefore, an annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or critical evaluation of each of the sources. The annotated bibliography looks like a References page but includes an annotation after each full citation.
Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.
Depending on your project or the assignment, your annotations may do one or more of the following:
- Some annotations merely summarize the source. What are the main arguments? What topics are covered? The length of your annotations will determine how detailed your summary is. Who wrote the document? When and where was the document written?
- After summarizing a source, it may be helpful to evaluate it. Is it a useful source? How does it compare with other soruces in your biliography? What is the goal of this source?
- Once you've summarized and assessed a source, ask yourself how it fits into your research. How does it help shape your argument? How can you use this source in your research project?
Your annotated bibliography may include some of these, all of these, or even others. If you're doing this for a class, you should get specific guidelines from your instructor.
- << Previous: Other Examples
- Last Updated: Jan 18, 2023 10:48 AM
- URL: https://felician.libguides.com/APA7
Reference Lists Versus Bibliographies
References are used to document and substantiate statements made in the paper.
APA publications and other publishers and institutions using APA Style generally require reference lists, not bibliographies. A reference list contains works that specifically support the ideas, claims, and concepts in a paper; in contrast, a bibliography provides works for background or further reading and may include descriptive notes (e.g., an annotated bibliography).
The Publication Manual (see Section 9.51) provides formatting guidance and examples for annotated bibliographies. Annotated bibliographies can also be created with APA’s cloud-based writing and research software called Academic Writer .
This guidance is new to the 7th edition.
Related handout
- Creating an APA Style Reference List (PDF, 179KB)
From the APA Style blog
Happy Halloween!
Do you have questions about APA Style? Don’t be afraid to ask!
Fall 2022 resources for students of APA Style
This post includes up-to-date student-friendly instructional resources about APA Style for easy reference.
How to cite an untitled music album reference
Before you attempt to create a reference list entry for a music album in your paper, fact-check the recording artist or group’s discography to ensure the title of the album—or the lack of one—is accurate.
How to alphabetize “a,” “an,” and “the” in APA Style references
One question we receive from time to time is how to alphabetize reference list entries starting with “a,” “an,” or “the,” and we’re here to help.
How to cite a music album reference
Seventh edition APA Style guidelines have made citing a music album easier for writers.
How to cite a single song or track reference
APA Style can help you cite the melodic works you love in your paper or manuscript. In this post, you will learn how to cite a single song or track reference.
The “outdated sources” myth
The “outdated sources” myth is that sources must have been published recently, such as the last 5 to 10 years. There is no timeliness requirement in APA Style.
Back-to-school resources for students of APA Style: 2021 edition
This post compiles instructional resources about APA Style for easy reference.
When and how to transliterate titles in references
APA Style guidelines are to transliterate the title of a work written in a non-Roman alphabet into the Roman alphabet in the reference list entry and if mentioning the title in the text of your paper.
How to cite translated works
In this blog post, you will learn how to cite translated works. When doing so, create the reference in the language in which the translation you read was published.
Why titles have sentence case capitalization in APA Style references
Why are article titles and book titles in APA Style references in sentence case? The answer takes us back to the 1929 origins of APA Style and a guideline that continues to have practical advantages today.
![“Lost” in translations? Aigoo [Oh no]](https://apastyle.apa.org/images/blog-citing-works-written-in-another-language-index_tcm11-290785_w160_n.jpg "apa 7 annotated bibliography")
“Lost” in translations? Aigoo [Oh no]
Creating an APA Style reference list entry for a work in another language is much simpler than translating every element.
From COVID-19 to demands for social justice: Citing contemporary sources for current events
The guidance in the seventh edition of the Publication Manual makes the process of citing contemporary sources found online easier than ever before.
APA Style, 7th Edition
- Sample Papers & How to Videos
- Reference Components
- Evaluating a Website
- Journal Articles
- Newspaper Articles
- Magazine Articles
- Reviews (Book, Film, Video)
- Films (DVD / Blu-Ray / Streaming)
- Online Videos (e.g. YouTube, TED)
- Films on Demand
- Television Episodes
- Music Recordings
- Webpages / Web Documents
- Entire Websites
- Entries in Online Encyclopedias
- Government Reports
- Online Maps
- Online Lecture Notes or PowerPoint Slides
- Press Releases
- Film or Video Review
- eBooks (Electronic Book)
- Book with and Editor
- Edition of Books Other than First Edition
- Chapter in an Edited Book
- Anthologies
- Entries in a Reference Book
- Entries in an Online Encyclopedia
- Foreign Language Books
- Illustrated Book
- Sacred Text
- The Generic Reference
- Personal Communication
- Class Materials
- Poster Sessions
- Theses & Dissertations
- Court Decision
- Executive Orders
- Charter of the United Nations
- In-Text Citations Components
- Parenthetical Citations
- Narrative Citations
- Combining Citations
- Annotated Bibliography
- Additional APA Resources
- APA for PowerPoint Presentations
Annotations
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a References page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source. Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.
Types of Annotations
A summary annotation describes the source by answering the following questions: who wrote the document, what does the document discuss, when and where was the document written, why was the document produced, and how was it provided to the public. The focus is on description.
An evaluative annotation includes a summary as listed above but also critically assesses the work for accuracy, relevance, and quality. Evaluative annotations can help you learn about your topic, develop a thesis statement, decide if a specific source will be useful for your assignment, and determine if there is enough valid information available to complete your project. The focus is on description and evaluation.
Writing an Evaluative Annotation
- Cite the source using APA style.
- Describe the main ideas, arguments, themes, theses, or methodology, and identify the intended audience.
- Explain the author’s expertise, point of view, and any bias he/she may have.
- Compare to other sources on the same topic that you have also cited to show similarities and differences.
- Explain why each source is useful for your research topic and how it relates to your topic.
- Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each source.
- Identify the observations or conclusions of the author.
Basic Tips on Writing & Formatting
- Each annotation should be one paragraph, between three to six sentences long (about 150- 200 words).
- Start with the same format as a regular References list.
- All lines should be double-spaced. Do not add an extra line between the citations.
- If your list of citations is especially long, you can organize it by topic.
- Try to be objective, and give explanations if you state any opinions.
- Use the third person (e.g., he, she, the author) instead of the first person (e.g., I, my, me)
Annotated bibliographies are formated in the method below.
Use a hanging indent for any references that are longer than one line.
The text of the annotation (where you explain who wrote the article, what they found, and why it is relevant to your paper) goes in a paragraph that has been indented directly below the reference entry.
Johnston, M.P. (2013). School librarian & technology specialist: Partnership for effective technology integration. Knowledge Quest , 42 (1), 70-75. https://search.proquest.com/pq1academic/docview/1437351950/fulltextPDF/1DC0CBB38D6D4A9BPQ/1?accountid=131931
Written by an assistant professor of library and information science and based on her personal experience, observations, and evidence-based research, this article attempts to cement the necessity for open communication between the school librarian and technology specialist. A cohesive relationship with mutual support proves to be a better way for the educational world to navigate the productive use of technology. If librarians and technology specialists are at odds within a school, then the only ones that suffer are the teachers and the students. A cohesive team of media specialists can better serve the school while teaching and integrating new technology in the classroom. Productivity for media specialists, both librarians, and technology specialists, also demands working cohesively with classroom teachers since many need assistance with technology integration. Open communication and consideration are integral to this process and only when these two factors happen in tandem can a school fully realize the possibilities inherent in technology.
Moreillon, J., (2013). Leadership: Teaching digital citizenship. School Library Monthly , 30 (1), 26-27. https://search.proquest.com/pq1academic/docview/1509041319/fulltextPDF/9EBD0EE04754444EPQ/1?accountid=131931
Written by an assistant professor of library and information studies in Texas, this article focuses on digital citizenship. The information, from the author’s personal observations and through discussions with colleagues, highlights the tools librarians currently use to increase their digital clout and technological presence within a school setting and recommends other tools that are potentially available. The author surmises that teaching digital citizenship purposefully helps integrate the correct use of technology while following standards set by the Common Core State Standards. Being advocates for teaching staff and students about digital citizenship acutely brings to focus the need for informed library specialists and the need for adequate technology resources. The author recommends fostering a proactive community in order to help students and staff become informed digital citizens prepared to navigate the wide world of technology.
- << Previous: Combining Citations
- Next: Additional APA Resources >>
- Last Updated: Feb 10, 2023 3:19 PM
- URL: https://hallmark.libguides.com/apa7
APA Help (7th Ed)
- Format Your Paper
- In-Text Citations
- Author/Authors
- References: Articles
- References: Books
- References: Online Sources
- References: Films, Videos, TV Shows
- References: Social Media
- References: Other Sources
- Reference List - Video Tutorials
- Sample Papers
- Noodletools
- Websites About APA
- APA Video Tutorials
- Books About APA
Annotated Bibliographies
Sample apa annotated bibliography, what is an annotated bibliography, purpose of an annotated bibliography, video: annotated bibliography formatting (apa 7).
- About Plagiarism
An annotated bibliography is a list of references with an added feature - a paragraph below each reference called an annotation.
An annotation may include the following information:
- Assessment (also called Evaluation )
Your instructor will explain the details she/he wants included in an annotation for a specific assignment.
The annotations for each source are written in paragraph form. The length of the annotations can vary depending on the purpose and your instructor's directions.
Information adapted from the Annotated Bibliographies created by the OWL Purdue Online Writing Lab.
Depending on the assignment, the annotated bibliography may serve a number of purposes, including but not limited to:
- A review of the literature on a particular subject
- Illustrate the quality of research that you have done
- Provide examples of the types of sources available
- Describe other items on a topic that may be of interest to the reader
- Explore the subject for further research
Always ask your instructor what she wants you to include and if there are any formatting guidelines she would like followed.
- << Previous: Books About APA
- Next: About Plagiarism >>
- Last Updated: Feb 2, 2023 6:14 PM
- URL: https://davenport.libguides.com/apa
Page Not Found
Sorry, but the page you were trying to view does not exist.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
APA Citation Guide (7th Edition): Annotated Bibliography Annotated Bibliography An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a References page but includes an annotation after each source cited.
APA Style & Citation 7th edition Annotated Bibliography Information on Annotated Bibliographies can be found in Section 9.51 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) The format of your annotated bibliography follow the same format as any APA paper. Title page, page numbers, font style and size, etc.
An annotated bibliography is an organized list of sources (like a reference list). It differs from a straightforward bibliography in that each reference is followed by a paragraph length annotation, usually 100-200 words in length. Depending on the assignment, an annotated bibliography might have different purposes:
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a References page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source.
Annotated Bibliography APA 7th Edition Style Guide What is an annotated bibliography? An annotated bibliography is an organized list of sources, each of which is followed by a brief note or "annotation." These annotations do one or more of the following: describe the content and focus of the book or article
A bibliography is a list of sources (books, journals, Web sites, periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic. Bibliographies are sometimes called "References" or "Works Cited" depending on the style format you are using. A bibliography usually just includes the bibliographic information (i.e., the author, title, publisher, etc.).
The annotation above both summarizes and assesses the book in the citation. The first paragraph provides a brief summary of the author's project in the book, covering the main points of the work. The second paragraph points out the project's strengths and evaluates its methods and presentation.
APA Annotated Bibliography Overview So, your instructor asked you to develop an annotated bibliography in APA 7 style. But what is an APA annotated bibliography? It's a bibliography that provides annotations about your different sources. These annotations can be summative, evaluative, or reflective.
Title your page, "Annotated Bibliography". Center and bold it. Left-align references. If a reference runs over more than one line, any line(s) that comes after the first should be indented a ½ inch from the left margin. Organize your references alphabetically by the first word in the reference.
An annotated bibliography is a special type of bibliography that provides additional information about the sources listed in the references list. The additional information about a source is called an annotation. An annotation can be given for all types of sources such as journals, books, or reports.
October 2019. If APA is required for your assignment, check with your instructor to see whether you should use the 6th thor 7 edition (if 6th, please refer to our 6th edition guides). Emperor S. Palpatine . Professor Revan . JEDI 1302 . 4 May 2015 . Annotated Bibliography . Fisto, K., & Kenobi, O.W. (1992). Evidence of lightsaber scoring on ...
The APA Citation Generator automatically formats your annotations when you download your bibliography. MLA style In an MLA style annotated bibliography, the Works Cited entry and the annotation are both double-spaced and left-aligned. The Works Cited entry has a hanging indent.
An annotated bibliography is an APA reference list that includes a brief summary and analysis -- the annotation -- under the reference entry. An annotated bibliography includes: APA Title page Pages are numbered beginning with title page APA formatted reference list beginning on own page References centered and bolded at top of page
Comparison Chart of APA-6 and APA-7 References Comparisons Between APA-6 and APA-7 Sample Annotated Bibliography for Undergraduate Students Sample Annotated Bibliography for Graduate/Doctoral Students
2 Full Title of Annotated Bibliography Field, J. (2003). Social capital.Routledge. In this section, you will be writing the annotation for the source you have cited above. An annotated bibliography can simply describe the source (summary annotation) or it can also include an evaluation (evaluative annotation). For summary annotations, briefly write about the source.
How to set-up and cite your sources using APA 7th edition format. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association does not give specific guidelines on how to create an annotated bibliography. Based on prior editions of the APA Manual, here is an example of how this may be done when it is requested for a
Sample Reference List / Bibliography References Barber, L. K., Grawitch, M. J., & Maloney, P. W. (2016). Work-life balance: Contemporary perspectives. In M. J. Grawitch & D. W. Ballard (Eds.), T h e p s y ch o l o g i ca l l y h e a l t h y w o r k p l a ce : B u i l d i n g a w i n - w i n e n v i r o n me n t
About Annotated Bibliographies. An annotated bibliography is a type of student paper in which reference list entries are followed by short descriptions of the work called annotations. Most APA Style guidelines are applicable to annotated bibliographies. Annotated bibliographies use one-inch margins, Times New Roman 12-point typeface, and are ...
An annotated bibliography is a type of student paper in which reference list entries are followed by short descriptions of the work, called annotations. Annotated bibliographies can also constitute one element of a research paper in fields that require bibliographies rather than reference lists.
A reference list contains works that specifically support the ideas, claims, and concepts in a paper; in contrast, a bibliography provides works for background or further reading and may include descriptive notes (e.g., an annotated bibliography). The Publication Manual (see Section 9.51) provides formatting guidance and examples for annotated ...
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a References page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source.
An annotated bibliography is a list of references with an added feature - a paragraph below each reference called an annotation. Your instructor will explain the details she/he wants included in an annotation for a specific assignment. The annotations for each source are written in paragraph form. The length of the annotations can vary ...
an annotated bibliography apa 6th edition adapting to the privacy in a window ocean. It shows that you have planned ahead how to write a literature review sample pdf by conducting research and gave thought to the information you will need to write a complete research paper.