river tees flooding case study

AQA GCSE Geography

Case Study: River Tees

The River Tees, located in Northern England, flows from its source at Cross Fell in the Pennines travelling 130 km until it reaches its mouth at Teesside, where it meets the North Sea.

With a drainage basin spanning 1,800 km², the River Tees undergoes various processes that shape its course, influenced by both natural and human factors.

Upper Section: Steep-Sided Valleys and High Force Waterfall

In the upper course of the River Tees (near its source), the landscape is characterised by mountains, hills and steep slopes.

There are V-shaped valleys in this region that form as the river descends rapidly through the moorlands. The force of the water erodes the rock, resulting in the formation of steep-sided valleys with a distinctive V-shape. Large rocks within the riverbed contribute to abrasion, which vertically erodes the riverbed.

A notable feature in the upper course is the High Force waterfall. This waterfall is formed by the interaction of a resistant igneous rock called dolerite, locally known as Whin Sill, with a softer rock called limestone.

The hydraulic action erodes the softer rock more rapidly, causing undercutting and leaving the harder rock to overhang. Over time, the unsupported hard rock collapses, causing the waterfall to move upstream and gradually leaving behind a gorge.

Middle Section: Meanders and Flood Plains

As the River Tees enters its middle section, adding tributaries increases its water volume, making the river wider and deeper.

Attrition in the upper section reduces large rocks to smaller pebbles. This reduces friction in the river, allowing it to flow faster. The increased energy from faster flow leads to more hydraulic action.

This process contributes to the formation of meanders, characterised by lateral erosion and the development of a floodplain. These features can be observed around Barnard Castle along the river’s course.

Lower Section: Enlarged Meanders and Levees

In the lower course of the River Tees, the meanders continue to grow, and the floodplain expands further.

This transformation is evident in the areas of Darlington and Yarm. In some locations, meanders may evolve into oxbow lakes.

Another feature present in the lower section is the formation of levees. Levees form when the river overflows during floods and deposits sediment along its banks. Over time, this repeated deposition builds up the levees, which help contain the river within its channel during future flood events.

Estuary: River Tees’ Meeting with the North Sea

Finally, the River Tees reaches its estuary, the point where it flows into the North Sea.

The estuary serves as a transition zone between the freshwater river and the sea’s saltwater, displaying unique ecological characteristics.

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Last updated: December 27, 2022

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River Tees Example

It also provides an example of how river basins can be managed against flooding.

River Tees Catchment factors

Physical (natural Factors) The River Tees catchment is located in the north east of England. It has three main rivers, the River Tees, the River Skerne and the River Leven. The River Tees drains the eastern slopes of Cross Fell in the Pennines and flows eastward to the North Sea. The length of the channel from source to sea is approximately 160 kilometres. The River Tees rises on the slopes of Cross Fell at a height of 893metres. The area receives over 2,000 millimetres of rain each year. The rainfall reaches the river quickly because the slopes are steep and very little water can infiltrate due to the impermeable rocks and saturated peat. After heavy rainfall or when the snow melts in the spring the river level can rise quickly and the water also flows downstream quickly. This can cause the ‘Tees roll’ or ‘Tees wave’, when the river level may rise as much as a metre in 15 minutes. There is a long history of flooding along the River Tees, especially in its lower course.

The catchment has areas with distinctly different characteristics. The rivers in the Upper Tees have steep channel gradients and valley sides. In the mid-catchment, the valley widens out and channel slopes become much gentler. The lower catchment is close to sea level and predominantly tidal in nature.

Human Factors

The Tees Barrage forms an artificial barrier between the Tees Estuary and the upstream catchment. This helps maintain water levels for amenity purposes and eliminates tidal effects further upstream. Land use in the west of the area is mainly moorland and pasture. On the lower slopes and middle catchment the land use changes to a greater amount of pasture and woodland.

To the east land use is mainly arable farmland interspersed with large built up areas, including Middlesbrough and Stockton-on-Tees. Approximately 687,000 people live within the catchment area concentrated in the main towns of Darlington, Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland, and Stockton-on-Tees.   There are also large industrial areas such as the ICI chemical works. Flood damage can run into hundreds of thousands of pounds. There is also a huge demand for water for use in homes, industry and agriculture.

Flood events along the River Tees “ The Tees catchment has a long history of flooding with reported flooding dating back over 400 years. Over the years, a number of engineering schemes have been implemented to reduce the risk of flooding in the catchment. At present over 9,600 properties including some key infrastructure buildings are at risk of flooding (not taking into account defences) during the one per cent flood event. In the future due to climate change this number is expected to increase to 11,230 .” David Dangerfield, Director – Yorkshire and North East Environment Agency Tees Catchment Flood Management Plan

Historic events On the night of 16/17th November 1771 the North East of England suffered some of the worst and most destructive flooding on record. The river Tees burst its banks in a number of places with Yarm being one of the areas worst affected.  At the height of the flood some stretches of Yarm High Street were submerged in 20 feet of water. The floods were caused by a sudden thaw of the ice in upper Teesdale, and a cloud burst over the Pennines. The rain began in the early hours of Saturday morning and continued heavily throughout the day and night without a break. On the main street alone, six houses were completely destroyed and many more left uninhabitable.  The Shambles was washed away and the town’s main church was also damaged.  ‘The pews were upturned and tossed about, the pulpit was overturned and several windows were shattered’. Nine of the townspeople lost their lives in the floods.  In one home alone where three people were staying, two drowned, and one survived by hanging from the top of a window for nineteen hours with floodwater up to his chin. Source The river flooded again in 1995 and 2015. Within the Tees catchment the main consequences of flooding occur in the urban areas of the catchment. In total there are almost 8,500 residential properties and over 1,200 commercial properties at risk of flooding. This means almost three per cent of the catchment population is at risk from the one per cent flood event.This means that flood management is definitely needed in this catchment

Above - Properties at risk of flooding on River Tees

Flood Management along the Tees

The Flood defence scheme in Yarm Since the 1995 flood event a new flood defence scheme costing £2.1 million has been built. They have also used improved flood warning systems which liaise with the Meteorological Office, police and other emergency services. New development has discouraged building on low-lying and flood-prone land (land is used for activities not damaged by inundation e.g. playing fields, parks, urban forests/walks etc.) In the Yarm area the Environment Agency have;

    Put in Reinforced concrete walls with metal flood gates for access by people and vehicles     Used Earth Embankments     Put in Gabions to protect walls and embankments from erosion Included Fishing platforms, street lighting and replanting to improve the environment Kept building materials in keeping with existing architecture

Cow Green Reservoir

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Case Study: River Tees

River valley in the uk – river tees.

The River Tees is located in northeast England. The River Tees flows from the Pennine Hills to the North Sea.

Landforms of erosion

• The High Force is a 20 m high waterfall.
• The High Force was formed by the erosion of limestone (less resistant) which lies underneath a layer of dolerite (more resistant).

Landforms of deposition

• Landforms of deposition are found in the lower course of the River Tees.
• Floodplains.

1 Geography Skills

1.1 Mapping

1.1.1 Map Making

1.1.2 OS Maps

1.1.3 Grid References

1.1.4 Contour Lines

1.1.5 Symbols, Scale and Distance

1.1.6 Directions on Maps

1.1.7 Describing Routes

1.1.8 Map Projections

1.1.9 Aerial & Satellite Images

1.1.10 Using Maps to Make Decisions

1.2 Geographical Information Systems

1.2.1 Geographical Information Systems

1.2.2 How do Geographical Information Systems Work?

1.2.3 Using Geographical Information Systems

1.2.4 End of Topic Test - Geography Skills

2 Geology of the UK

2.1 The UK's Rocks

2.1.1 The UK's Main Rock Types

2.1.2 The UK's Landscape

2.1.3 Using Rocks

2.1.4 Weathering

2.2 Case Study: The Peak District

2.2.1 The Peak District

2.2.2 Limestone Landforms

2.2.3 Quarrying

3 Geography of the World

3.1 Geography of America & Europe

3.1.1 North America

3.1.2 South America

3.1.3 Europe

3.1.4 The European Union

3.1.5 The Continents

3.1.6 The Oceans

3.1.7 Longitude

3.1.8 Latitude

3.1.9 End of Topic Test - Geography of the World

4 Development

4.1 Development

4.1.1 Classifying Development

4.1.3 Evaluation of GDP

4.1.4 The Human Development Index

4.1.5 Population Structure

4.1.6 Developing Countries

4.1.7 Emerging Countries

4.1.8 Developed Countries

4.1.9 Comparing Development

4.2 Uneven Development

4.2.1 Consequences of Uneven Development

4.2.2 Physical Factors Affecting Development

4.2.3 Historic Factors Affecting Development

4.2.4 Human & Social Factors Affecting Development

4.2.5 Breaking Out of the Poverty Cycle

4.3 Case Study: Democratic Republic of Congo

4.3.1 The DRC: An Overview

4.3.2 Political & Social Factors Affecting Development

4.3.3 Environmental Factors Affecting the DRC

4.3.4 The DRC: Aid

4.3.5 The Pros & Cons of Aid in DRC

4.3.6 Top-Down vs Bottom-Up in DRC

4.3.7 The DRC: Comparison with the UK

4.3.8 The DRC: Against Malaria Foundation

4.4 Case Study: Nigeria

4.4.1 The Importance & Development of Nigeria

4.4.2 Nigeria's Relationships with the Rest of the World

4.4.3 Urban Growth in Lagos

4.4.4 Population Growth in Lagos

4.4.5 Factors influencing Nigeria's Growth

4.4.6 Nigeria: Comparison with the UK

5 Weather & Climate

5.1 Weather

5.1.1 Weather & Climate

5.1.2 Components of Weather

5.1.3 Temperature

5.1.4 Sunshine, Humidity & Air Pressure

5.1.5 Cloud Cover

5.1.6 Precipitation

5.1.7 Convectional Precipitation

5.1.8 Frontal Precipitation

5.1.9 Relief or Orographic Precipitation

5.1.10 Wind

5.1.11 Extreme Wind

5.1.12 Recording the Weather

5.1.13 Extreme Weather

5.2 Climate

5.2.1 Climate of the British Isles

5.2.2 Comparing Weather & Climate London

5.2.3 Climate of the Tropical Rainforest

5.2.4 End of Topic Test - Weather & Climate

5.3 Tropical Storms

5.3.1 Formation of Tropical Storms

5.3.2 Features of Tropical Storms

5.3.3 The Structure of Tropical Storms

5.3.4 Tropical Storms Case Study: Katrina Effects

5.3.5 Tropical Storms Case Study: Katrina Responses

6 The World of Work

6.1 Tourism

6.1.1 Landscapes

6.1.2 The Growth of Tourism

6.1.3 Benefits of Tourism

6.1.4 Economic Costs of Tourism

6.1.5 Social, Cultural & Environmental Costs of Tourism

6.1.6 Tourism Case Study: Blackpool

6.1.7 Ecotourism

6.1.8 Tourism Case Study: Kenya

7 Natural Resources

7.1.1 What are Rocks?

7.1.2 Types of Rock

7.1.4 The Rock Cycle - Weathering

7.1.5 The Rock Cycle - Erosion

7.1.6 What is Soil?

7.1.7 Soil Profiles

7.1.8 Water

7.1.9 Global Water Demand

7.2 Fossil Fuels

7.2.1 Introduction to Fossil Fuels

7.2.2 Fossil Fuels

7.2.3 The Global Energy Supply

7.2.5 What is Peak Oil?

7.2.6 End of Topic Test - Natural Resources

8.1 River Processes & Landforms

8.1.1 Overview of Rivers

8.1.2 The Bradshaw Model

8.1.3 Erosion

8.1.4 Sediment Transport

8.1.5 River Deposition

8.1.6 River Profiles: Long Profiles

8.1.7 River Profiles: Cross Profiles

8.1.8 Waterfalls & Gorges

8.1.9 Interlocking Spurs

8.1.10 Meanders

8.1.11 Floodplains

8.1.12 Levees

8.1.13 Case Study: River Tees

8.2 Rivers & Flooding

8.2.1 Flood Risk Factors

8.2.2 Flood Management: Hard Engineering

8.2.3 Flood Management: Soft Engineering

8.2.4 Flooding Case Study: Boscastle

8.2.5 Flooding Case Study: Consequences of Boscastle

8.2.6 Flooding Case Study: Responses to Boscastle

8.2.7 Flooding Case Study: Bangladesh

8.2.8 End of Topic Test - Rivers

8.2.9 Rivers Case Study: The Nile

8.2.10 Rivers Case Study: The Mississippi

9.1 Formation of Coastal Landforms

9.1.1 Weathering

9.1.2 Erosion

9.1.3 Headlands & Bays

9.1.4 Caves, Arches & Stacks

9.1.5 Wave-Cut Platforms & Cliffs

9.1.6 Waves

9.1.7 Longshore Drift

9.1.8 Coastal Deposition

9.1.9 Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes

9.2 Coast Management

9.2.1 Management Strategies for Coastal Erosion

9.2.2 Case Study: The Holderness Coast

9.2.3 Case Study: Lyme Regis

9.2.4 End of Topic Test - Coasts

10 Glaciers

10.1 Overview of Glaciers & How They Work

10.1.1 Distribution of Glaciers

10.1.2 Types of Glaciers

10.1.3 The Last Ice Age

10.1.4 Formation & Movement of Glaciers

10.1.5 Shaping of Landscapes by Glaciers

10.1.6 Glacial Landforms Created by Erosion

10.1.7 Glacial Till & Outwash Plain

10.1.8 Moraines

10.1.9 Drumlins & Erratics

10.1.10 End of Topic Tests - Glaciers

10.1.11 Tourism in Glacial Landscapes

10.1.12 Strategies for Coping with Tourists

10.1.13 Case Study - Lake District: Tourism

10.1.14 Case Study - Lake District: Management

11 Tectonics

11.1 Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics

11.1.1 The Theory of Plate Tectonics

11.1.2 The Structure of the Earth

11.1.3 Tectonic Plates

11.1.4 Plate Margins

11.2 Volcanoes

11.2.1 Volcanoes & Their Products

11.2.2 The Development of Volcanoes

11.2.3 Living Near Volcanoes

11.3 Earthquakes

11.3.1 Overview of Earthquakes

11.3.2 Consequences of Earthquakes

11.3.3 Case Study: Christchurch, New Zealand Earthquake

11.4 Tsunamis

11.4.1 Formation of Tsunamis

11.4.2 Case Study: Japan 2010 Tsunami

11.5 Managing the Risk of Volcanoes & Earthquakes

11.5.1 Coping With Earthquakes & Volcanoes

11.5.2 End of Topic Test - Tectonics

12 Climate Change

12.1 The Causes & Consequences of Climate Change

12.1.1 Evidence for Climate Change

12.1.2 Natural Causes of Climate Change

12.1.3 Human Causes of Climate Change

12.1.4 The Greenhouse Effect

12.1.5 Effects of Climate Change on the Environment

12.1.6 Effects of Climate Change on People

12.1.7 Climate Change Predictions

12.1.8 Uncertainty About Future Climate Change

12.1.9 Mitigating Against Climate Change

12.1.10 Adapting to Climate Change

12.1.11 Case Study: Bangladesh

13 Global Population & Inequality

13.1 Global Populations

13.1.1 World Population

13.1.2 Population Structure

13.1.3 Ageing Populations

13.1.4 Youthful Populations

13.1.5 Population Control

13.1.6 Mexico to USA Migration

13.1.7 End of Topic Test - Development & Population

14 Urbanisation

14.1 Urbanisation

14.1.1 Rural Characterisitcs

14.1.2 Urban Characteristics

14.1.3 Urbanisation Growth

14.1.4 The Land Use Model

14.1.5 Rural-Urban Pull Factors

14.1.6 Rural-Urban Push Factors

14.1.7 The Impacts of Migration

14.1.8 Challenges of Urban Areas in Developed Countries

14.1.9 Challenges of Urban Areas in Developing Countries

14.1.10 Urban Sustainability

14.1.11 Case Study: China's Urbanisation

14.1.12 Major UK Cities

14.1.13 Urbanisation in the UK

14.1.14 End of Topic Test- Urbanisation

14.1.15 End of Topic Test - Urban Issues

15 Ecosystems

15.1 The Major Biomes

15.1.1 Distribution of Major Biomes

15.1.2 What Affects the Distribution of Biomes?

15.1.3 Biome Features: Tropical Forests

15.1.4 Biome Features: Temperate Forests

15.1.5 Biome Features: Tundra

15.1.6 Biome Features: Deserts

15.1.7 Biome Features: Tropical Grasslands

15.1.8 Biome Features: Temperate Grasslands

15.2 Case Study: The Amazon Rainforest

15.2.1 Interdependence of Rainforest Ecosystems

15.2.2 Nutrient Cycling in Tropical Rainforests

15.2.3 Deforestation in the Amazon

15.2.4 Impacts of Deforestation in the Amazon

15.2.5 Protecting the Amazon

15.2.6 Adaptations of Plants to Rainforests

15.2.7 Adaptations of Animals to Rainforests

16 Life in an Emerging Country

16.1 Case Studies

16.1.1 Mumbai: Opportunities

16.1.2 Mumbai: Challenges

17 Analysis of Africa

17.1 Africa

17.1.1 Desert Biomes in Africa

17.1.2 The Semi-Desert Biome

17.1.3 The Savanna Biome

17.1.4 Overview of Tropical Rainforests

17.1.5 Colonisation History

17.1.6 Population Distribution in Africa

17.1.7 Economic Resources in Africa

17.1.8 Urbanisation in Africa

17.1.9 Africa's Location

17.1.10 Physical Geography of Africa

17.1.11 Desertification in Africa

17.1.12 Reducing the Risk of Desertification

17.1.13 Case Study: The Sahara Desert - Opportunities

17.1.14 Case Study: The Sahara Desert - Development

18 Analysis of India

18.1 India - Physical Geography

18.1.1 Geographical Location of India

18.1.2 Physical Geography of India

18.1.3 India's Climate

18.1.4 Natural Disasters in India

18.1.5 Case Study: The Thar Desert

18.1.6 Case Study: The Thar Desert - Challenges

18.2 India - Human Geography

18.2.1 Population Distribution in India

18.2.2 Urabinsation in India

18.2.3 The History of India

18.2.4 Economic Resources in India

19 Analysis of the Middle East

19.1 The Middle East

19.1.1 Physical Geography of the Middle East

19.1.2 Human Geography of the Middle East

19.1.3 Climate Zones in the Middle East

19.1.4 Climate Comparison with the UK

19.1.5 Oil & Natural Gas in the Middle East

19.1.6 Water in the Middle East

19.1.7 Population of the Middle East

19.1.8 Development Case Studies: The UAE

19.1.9 Development Case Studies: Yemen

19.1.10 Supporting Development in Yemen

19.1.11 Connection to the UK

19.1.12 Importance of Oil

19.1.13 Oil & Tourism in the UAE

20 Analysis of Bangladesh

20.1 Bangladesh Physical Geography

20.1.1 Location of Bangladesh

20.1.2 Climate of Bangladesh

20.1.3 Rivers in Bangladesh

20.1.4 Flooding in Bangladesh

20.2 Bangladesh Human Geography

20.2.1 Population Structure in Bangladesh

20.2.2 Urbanisation in Bangladesh

20.2.3 Bangladesh's Economy

20.2.4 Energy & Sustainability in Bangladesh

21 Analysis of Russia

21.1 Russia's Physical Geography

21.1.1 Russia's Climate

21.1.2 Russia's Landscape

21.2 Russia's Human Geography

21.2.1 Population of Russia

21.2.2 Russia's Economy

21.2.3 Energy & Sustainability in Russia

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GCSE Geography - River Tees case study

Subject: Geography

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Lesson (complete)

Last updated

4 August 2022

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Complete lesson - Linked to OCR 2016 Geography syllabus Based of case study sheet (included) and YouTube link PowerPoint self explanatory

• Do it Now task - review of UK landscapes and geomorphic processes learning Case study of River Tees
• Location of River Tees
• Changing landscape downstream - upper, middle and lower course
• Human activity - Cow Green reservoir, farming and human settlement
• Extended question to assess application of knowledge (model answer included)

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GCSE Geography Rivers Revision

Landforms of the River Tees Quiz

GCSE Geography Revision > Rivers > Landforms of the River Tees Quiz

Study the map showing major rivers in the UK. Identify the location of the River Tees.

True or false? The River Tees is the longest river in the UK.

What is the length of the river tees, what direction does the river tees flow, where is the source of the river tees, which of the following is a waterfall on the river tees, true or false the image above shows a waterfall on the river tees..

Which of the following explains the formation of High Force waterfall?

True or false a gorge has formed due to the upstream migration of high force waterfall., true or false the river tees has extensive meanders along its middle and lower course., true or false natural levées are found along the river tees in its middle and low course., which of the following are found towards the mouth of the river tees.

Please select 2 correct answers

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What caused Dubai floods? Experts cite climate change, not cloud seeding

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NASA is hoping that nations will work together more closely in the future on topics such as climate change, including greenhouse gas emissions, the space agency's head, Bill Nelson, said on Tuesday.