characteristics of beowulf essay

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Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis

Beowulf, an iconic piece of Old English literature, transcends time with its gripping narrative and profound themes. Journey through the legendary tale as we dissect its summary, explore its characters, and delve deep into its analysis.

Table of Contents

The Epic Saga Unveiled

A hero’s journey.

Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis begins with the valiant hero Beowulf, who sets out on a perilous journey to rid the Danish kingdom of the menacing monster Grendel.

The Arrival of Beowulf

In this gripping chapter of Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis, we witness Beowulf’s arrival in Denmark and his bold proclamation to King Hrothgar.

Exploring the Poem’s Depths

Rich symbolism.

Within Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis lies a tapestry of rich symbolism, woven through its poetic verses. Explore the depths of its allegorical significance and unravel its hidden meanings.

Themes of Good vs. Evil

Delve into the heart of Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis as we dissect the timeless battle between good and evil depicted in its verses.

Characters: Heroes and Villains

Beowulf: the heroic protagonist.

Meet Beowulf, the epitome of heroism and valor. Explore his character arc and delve into the depths of his noble deeds in Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis.

Grendel: The Malevolent Menace

In this chapter of Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis, we encounter the nefarious Grendel, a formidable foe who terrorizes the Danish kingdom.

Confronting the Monstrous Challenge

Battle with grendel.

Experience the adrenaline-pumping encounter between Beowulf and Grendel as we dissect this pivotal moment in Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis.

The Wrath of Grendel’s Mother

In this thrilling segment of Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis, witness Beowulf’s epic confrontation with the vengeful Grendel’s mother.

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Analyzing the Epic Tale

Literary analysis.

Embark on a journey of literary exploration as we analyze the themes, motifs, and stylistic elements of Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis.

Historical Context

Delve into the historical backdrop of Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis, and gain insights into its significance in the context of Old English literature.

FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

What is the central theme of beowulf.

The central theme of Beowulf revolves around the timeless battle between good and evil, valor, and heroism.

Who is the author of Beowulf?

The authorship of Beowulf remains a subject of scholarly debate, with no definitive answer.

What role does Grendel play in Beowulf?

Grendel serves as the primary antagonist in Beowulf, symbolizing the embodiment of evil and chaos.

Is Beowulf based on true events?

While Beowulf is a work of fiction, it is believed to be inspired by historical events and figures.

What is the significance of Beowulf in literature?

Beowulf holds immense significance in the realm of literature, serving as a cornerstone of Old English poetry and a timeless exploration of heroism and valor.

How does Beowulf reflect Anglo-Saxon culture?

Beowulf reflects various aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture, including its emphasis on bravery, loyalty, and the heroic code.

In conclusion, Beowulf | Summary, Poem, Characters, Monster, Analysis stands as a timeless masterpiece, captivating readers with its epic narrative and profound themes. Dive into this legendary tale, unravel its mysteries, and discover the essence of heroism and valor.

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The Poem “Beowulf”: Character Analysis Essay (Critical Writing)

Beowulf presents one of the most important pieces of English literature from the Anglo-Saxon period because of its epic nature and historic value. The poem depicts the heroic deeds of the warrior Beowulf and captures the Anglo-Saxon culture of the medieval period. The poem is divided into three parts for each of Beowulf’s heroic battles with Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the dragon. In each part of the poem, Beowulf demonstrates different heroic traits, ultimately creating his image of an epic hero.

Firstly, Beowulf’s story in the poem starts when he offers to help King Hrothgar defeat the monster known as Grendel. The character proves the seriousness of his intentions by boasting about his previous victories in battle with nine sea monsters, demonstrating his courage. In the poem, Grendel is depicted as a monster that appears “bigger than any man” and stronger than the main character (Heaney, 2008, p.93). During his fight with Grendel, Beowulf demonstrates bravery by fighting the monster bare-handed to gain great fame and honor.

Next, in the part of the poem which depicts Beowulf’s battle with Grendel’s mother, the character demonstrates his commitment to duty and King Hrothgar by killing Grendel’s mother. Furthermore, Beowulf demonstrates his intelligence when he discovers that his sword cannot hurt Grendel’s mother and finds a magic sword inside her cave. Thus, in addition to bravery and courage often associated with epic heroes, Beowulf possesses such heroic qualities as loyalty and intelligence.

Lastly, Beowulf enters the fight with the last monster as the king of Geats. During his last battle, Beowulf demonstrates care for his soldiers, contrary to his actions in the first parts of the poem. He also shows the will to self-sacrifice, which resonates with one of his loyal soldiers. Together, they kill the dragon, and Beowulf dies not only as a famous hero but also as a responsible leader and ruler.

In conclusion, this essay explored heroic traits in the character of Beowulf. The essay defines how each chapter of the poem captures different heroic traits exhibited by Beowulf, such as bravery and courage, loyalty and intelligence, wisdom and self-sacrificing. Thus, the paper explains how the combination of different heroic traits creates the image of Beowulf as an epic hero and captures the character’s progression from a brave warrior to a wise and responsible ruler.

Heaney, S. (2008). Beowulf: An illustrated edition. W.W. Norton & Company.

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IvyPanda. (2024, April 19). The Poem "Beowulf": Character Analysis. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-poem-beowulf-character-analysis/

"The Poem "Beowulf": Character Analysis." IvyPanda , 19 Apr. 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/the-poem-beowulf-character-analysis/.

IvyPanda . (2024) 'The Poem "Beowulf": Character Analysis'. 19 April.

IvyPanda . 2024. "The Poem "Beowulf": Character Analysis." April 19, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-poem-beowulf-character-analysis/.

1. IvyPanda . "The Poem "Beowulf": Character Analysis." April 19, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-poem-beowulf-character-analysis/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "The Poem "Beowulf": Character Analysis." April 19, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-poem-beowulf-character-analysis/.

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Ask LitCharts AI: The answer to your questions

• Literature Notes
• Major Themes in Beowulf
• Poem Summary
• About Beowulf
• Character List
• Summary and Analysis
• Lines 1-193
• Lines 194-606
• Lines 607-836
• Lines 837-1062
• Lines 1063-1250
• Lines 1251-1491
• Lines 1492-1650
• Lines 1651-1887
• Lines 1888-2199
• Lines 2200-2400
• Lines 2401-2630
• Lines 2631-2820
• Lines 2821-3182
• Character Analysis
• Grendel's Mother
• Character Map
• The Beowulf Poet
• The Beowulf Manuscript
• Critical Essays
• Major Symbols in Beowulf
• Famous Quotes from Beowulf
• Film Versions of Beowulf
• Full Glossary for Beowulf
• Essay Questions
• Practice Projects
• Cite this Literature Note

Critical Essays Major Themes in Beowulf

A theme in a literary work is a recurring, unifying subject or idea, a motif that allows us to understand more deeply the character and their world. In Beowulf, the major themes reflect the values and the motivations of the characters.

One of the central themes of Beowulf, embodied by its title character, is loyalty. At every step of his career, loyalty is Beowulf's guiding virtue.

Beowulf comes to the assistance of the Danes (Scyldings) for complicated reasons. Certainly he is interested in increasing his reputation and gaining honor and payment for his own king back in Geatland. However, we soon learn that a major motivation is a family debt that Beowulf owes to Hrothgar. The young Geat is devoted to the old king because Hrothgar came to the assistance of Beowulf's father, Ecgtheow, years before. Now deceased, Ecgtheow had killed a leader of another tribe in a blood feud. When the tribe sought vengeance, Hrothgar, then a young king, sheltered Beowulf's father and settled the feud by paying tribute (wergild) in the form of "fine old treasures" (472) to Ecgtheow's enemies. Hrothgar even remembers Beowulf as a child. The tie between the families goes back many years, and Beowulf is proud to be able to lend his loyal services to Hrothgar.

When the hero returns to Geatland, he continues his loyalty to his uncle and king, Hygelac, risking his life even when the tactics of the ruler are not the best. After Hygelac is killed in an ill-advised raid on Frisia, Beowulf makes a heroic escape (2359 ff.) back to Geatland. Beowulf could become king then but is more loyal than ambitious. Queen Hygd offers Beowulf the throne after her husband dies, thinking that her young son (Heardred) is unable to protect the kingdom; Beowulf refuses and serves the young king faithfully. After Heardred is killed, Beowulf does become king and rules with honor and fidelity to his office and his people for 50 years. In his final test, the burden of loyalty will rest on other, younger shoulders.

Preparing for his last battle, with the fiery dragon, Beowulf puts his trust in 11 of his finest men, retainers who have vowed to fight to the death for him. Although the now elderly king insists on taking on the dragon alone, he brings along the 11 in case he needs them. When it is apparent that Beowulf is losing the battle to the dragon, however, all but one of his men run and hide in the woods. Only Wiglaf, an inexperienced thane who has great respect for his king, remains loyal. Wiglaf calls to the others in vain. Realizing that they will be no help and that his king is about to be killed, he stands beside the old man to fight to the death — theirs or the dragon's. For Beowulf, sadly, it is the end. Although he and Wiglaf kill the dragon, the king dies. As he dies, Beowulf passes the kingdom on to the brave and loyal Wiglaf.

Another motivating factor for Beowulf — and a central theme in the epic — is reputation. From the beginning, Beowulf is rightly concerned about how the rest of the world will see him. He introduces himself to the Scyldings by citing achievements that gained honor for him and his king. When a drunken Unferth verbally assaults Beowulf at the first banquet, at issue is the hero's reputation. Unferth's slur is the worst kind of insult for Beowulf because his reputation is his most valuable possession. Reputation is also the single quality that endures after death, his one key to immortality. That's why Beowulf later leaves the gold in the cave beneath the mere, after defeating the mother, preferring to return with Grendel's head and the magic sword's hilt rather than treasure. He has and continues to amass treasures; his intent now is in building his fame.

Unferth's slur accuses Beowulf of foolishly engaging in a seven-day swimming contest on the open sea, as a youth, and losing. If Beowulf can't win a match like that, Unferth asserts, he surely can't defeat Grendel. Beowulf defends his reputation with such grace and persuasion that he wins the confidence of King Hrothgar and the rest of the Danes. He points out that he swam with Breca for five nights, not wanting to abandon the weaker boy. Rough seas then drove them apart, and Beowulf had to kill nine sea monsters before going ashore in the morning. His reputation intact, Beowulf prepares to meet Grendel and further enhance his fame.

As he discusses Beowulf's later years, the poet lists the virtues (2177 ff.) leading to the great man's fine reputation. Beowulf is courageous and famous for his performance in battle but equally well known for his good deeds. Although aggressive in war, Beowulf has "no savage mind" (2180) and never kills his comrades when drinking, an important quality in the heroic world of the mead-hall. Beowulf respects the gifts of strength and leadership that he possesses.

As he prepares to meet the dragon, near the end of the poem, now King Beowulf again considers his reputation. He insists on facing the dragon alone despite the fact that his death will leave his people in jeopardy. Hrothgar's Sermon warned Beowulf of the dangers of pride, and some critics have accused the great warrior of excessive pride (hubris) in the defense of his reputation. A more considerate judgment might be that Beowulf is an old man with little time left and deserves the right to die as a warrior. The final words of the poem, stating that Beowulf was "most eager for fame' (3182), might be best understood by a modern audience by remembering that, in Beowulf's world, fame is synonymous with reputation.

Generosity and Hospitality

The Scyldings' King Hrothgar and Queen Wealhtheow embody the themes of generosity and hospitality. The code of the comitatus is at the heart of the Beowulf epic. In this system, the king or feudal lord provides land, weapons, and a share of treasure to his warriors (called thanes or retainers) in return for their support of the leader in battle. The leader's generosity is one of his highest qualities. There are more than 30 different terms for "king" in the poem, and many of them have to do with this role as provider. He is the "ring-giver' (35) or the "treasure-giver" (607); his seat of power is the "gift-throne" (168).

When booty is seized from an enemy in battle, everything goes to the king. He then allots treasure to each warrior according to the man's achievements as a soldier. When Beowulf defeats Grendel and Grendel's mother, he expects and receives great riches as his reward, including a golden banner, helmet, and mail-shirt, as well as a jeweled sword, magnificent horses with golden trappings that hang to the ground, a gem-studded saddle, and a golden collar. Such generosity is emblematic of Hrothgar's character. In turn, Beowulf will present these treasures to his own king, Hygelac, who will then honor Beowulf with appropriate gifts. Propriety/generosity is, thus, a crucial part of the political, military, social, and economic structure of the culture.

Wealhtheow shares in the gift giving and is the perfect hostess. When she serves mead in Heorot, it is an act of propriety and diplomacy, attending first to her king and then to various guests, paying special attention to Beowulf. An improper queen would be one like Modthrytho (1931 ff.) who was so inhospitable as to have her own warriors executed for the offense of merely looking into her eyes.

Hospitality is such an established part of the culture that the poet feels free to refer to it with casual humor. When Beowulf reports to Hrothgar on his victory over Grendel (957 ff.), he ironically speaks in terms of hospitality. He tried, he says, to "welcome my enemy" (969) with a firm handshake but was disappointed when he received only a "visitor's token" (971), Grendel's giant claw, "that dear [meaning 'precious'] gift" (973), a kind of macabre gratuity for services rendered. Beowulf had, ironically speaking, tried to be the perfect host; but he wanted the entire ogre body as his tip . Grendel left only his claw as a cheap compensation.

Despite Unferth's jealous rant at the first banquet, the most serious embodiment of envy in the poem is Grendel. The ogre who has menaced Hrothgar's people for 12 years is envious of the Danes because he can never share in mankind's hope or joy. The monster's motivation is one of the few undeniably Christian influences in the epic. Grendel is a descendant of Cain, the biblical son of Adam and Eve who killed his brother Abel out of jealousy (Genesis 4). The legend is that the monsters of the earth are Cain's descendants and eternally damned. Grendel resents men because God blesses them but will never bless him. The bright lights and sounds of joy emanating from Hrothgar's magnificent mead-hall, Heorot, especially annoy the ogre.

The scop 's "Song of Creation" angers Grendel because it reminds him of the light and hope of God's creation and the loss he suffers because of Cain's sin. Grendel stomps up from the mere to devour Danes and rule nightly over Heorot as a form of revenge stemming from this envy.

Revenge serves as a motivating factor for several characters throughout the poem, initially stirring Grendel and his mother. Grendel seeks revenge upon mankind for the heritage that he has been dealt. He delights in raiding Heorot because it is the symbol of everything that he detests about men: their success, joy, glory, and favor in the eyes of God. Grendel's mother's revenge is more specific. She attacks Heorot because someone there killed her son. Although she is smaller and less powerful than Grendel, she is motivated by a mother's fury. When Beowulf goes after her in the mere, she has the added advantage of fighting him in her own territory. As she drags him into her cave beneath the lake, her revenge peaks because this is the very man who killed her son. Only Beowulf's amazing abilities as a warrior and the intervention of God or magic can defeat her.

Revenge also motivates the many feuds that the poet refers to and is a way of life — and death — for the Germanic tribes. Old enmities die hard and often disrupt attempts at peace, as the poet recognizes. Upon his return to Geatland, Beowulf (2020 ff.) speculates about a feud between Hrothgar's Scyldings and the Heathobards, a tribe in southern Denmark with whom Hrothgar hopes to make peace through the marriage of his daughter. Beowulf is skeptical, envisioning a renewal of hostilities. In fact, the Heathobards do later burn Heorot in events not covered by the poem but probably familiar to its audience. Another example of revenge overcoming peace occurs in the Finnsburh section (1068-1159).

Beowulf's final battle is the result of vengeance. A dangerous fire-dragon seeks revenge because a fugitive slave has stolen a valuable cup from the monster's treasure-hoard. His raids across the countryside include the burning of Beowulf's home. Beowulf then seeks his own revenge by going after the dragon.

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Analysis of Characters in Beowulf

Beowulf is an Old English epic poem created anywhere from 975 to 1025. In the poem, Beowulf, a warrior and commander, faces dangerous beasts and magical creatures. He fights them to protect those who need help and cannot stand up to their enemies. The poem is considered an extremely important piece of Old English literature. It showcases everyday life of Anglo-Saxon tribes in the 6th century, provides historical evidence of certain events, and ties together many Scandinavian tales, historical events and myths.

In this article, we will look at Beowulf and all of the supporting characters around him.

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Who Wrote Beowulf

"Beowulf" is an epic poem from the Anglo-Saxon period, which lasted from the 5th to the 11th centuries. It is composed in Old English and is set in Scandinavia. The poem comprises over 3,000 lines and is divided into three main parts.

One prevalent theory suggests that "Beowulf" was composed by a single poet, likely a skilled scop (a poet or bard) who drew inspiration from oral storytelling traditions. This theory posits that the poem may have been written over time, with the poet(s) drawing from various sources and oral narratives to create the epic masterpiece we know today.

Another theory suggests that "Beowulf" may have been the work of multiple poets or scribes who contributed to its composition and transmission over time. This theory is supported by certain inconsistencies and stylistic variations observed within the poem, suggesting the possibility of multiple authorial voices or influences.

Additionally, some scholars have proposed that "Beowulf" may have been influenced by earlier Germanic and Scandinavian legends and folklore, which were adapted and embellished by the poet(s) to create a uniquely English epic.

Beowulf Character Analysis

Beowulf is the main character of the poem. He comes to help king Hrothgar, whose army was being terrorized by Grendel. Beowulf kills Grendel, and then kills Grendel’s mother—who came after Beowulf to avenge her son. He then becomes king of Geatland, but his reign as king was not peaceful; he gets attacked by a fire-breathing dragon. The dragon hurts Beowulf so badly that Beowulf dies from his wounds.

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When speaking about his character traits, first and foremost, Beowulf is associated with bravery. There are numerous occasions to which he shows how fearless he is in fights against beasts and mysterious creatures. In the text we come across such narrative that portrays his bravery:

"Beowulf", lines 2456-2461 "When he comes to me I mean to stand, not run from his shooting Flames, stand till fate decides Which of us wins. My heart is firm, My hands calm: I need no hot Words."

Here Beowulf says that his “heart is firm”, which alludes that he is ready to face the dragon and stand up against him no matter how strong the dragon might be. This suggests that Beowulf is fearless, even though he knew that on his own he did not stand a chance against the dragon.

Another trait of character immanent to Beowulf is strength. He says:

"Beowulf", lines 602-605 "But the truth Is simple: no man swims in the sea As I can, no strength is a match for mine"

Even though it might sound that Beowulf was showing off, and that all his words were just words, readers have an opportunity to see proof of his testimony throughout the poem. They see him beat Grendel and his mother with ease, realizing that, indeed, he was the strongest of all. He killed Grendel by ripping his arm out of his socket with the strength of 30 men.

Besides being a brave and strong warrior, Beowulf is also characterized as a very wise and righteous king who ruled over Geatland. He managed to free his land and kingdom from wars and conflicts with other tribes. And he reigned peacefully for over 50 years until he was killed by the dragon.

The role of Beowulf in the poem is to show an example of a strong and brave warrior whose actions speak for themselves. Not only was he a skilled warrior, but also a wise, good king and a true hero.

You might also be interested in reading BEOWULF SUMMARY ‍

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Hrothgar was the King of the Danes. He is portrayed as a very good ruler and a wise king, loved by his people. He built a beautiful mead-hall for his tribe. Unfortunately, he was too old to face Grendel. Grendel was strong, and everyone, including Hrothgar, feared him and his rage. Hrothgar’s children were way too young to stand up against Grendel as well. This is when Beowulf came along to save Hrothgar, his family and the army from the terrible beast. Hrothgar showed his gratitude in regards to Beowulf’s loyalty by gifting him armor, horses, gold, and many other gifts. The author trivializes Hrothgar role, for he was a great king unable to face the monster.

What Warning Does Hrothgar Give Beowulf?

Hrothgar warns Beowulf about the dangers of hubris and the transient nature of earthly glory. He cautions Beowulf against becoming too prideful or complacent in his victories, reminding him of the inevitability of death and the importance of humility and moderation in the face of success.

What Makes Hrothgar a Good King?

Hrothgar is regarded as a good king due to his wisdom, generosity, and leadership qualities. He is a wise and experienced ruler who cares deeply for his people and strives to maintain peace and prosperity within his kingdom. Hrothgar's generosity is evident in his lavish feasts and gifts to his warriors, while his diplomatic skills and sense of justice earn him respect and admiration from his subjects.

Hrothgar's Sons

Hrothgar's sons are mentioned briefly in "Beowulf" but play a significant role in the political dynamics of the story. While their names are not explicitly mentioned, they are referenced as heirs to the throne and potential successors to their father. Hrothgar's sons represent the next generation of leadership within the Danish kingdom and symbolize continuity and lineage. Their presence underscores the importance of familial ties and dynastic succession in Anglo-Saxon society, where power and authority are often inherited.

When Beowulf, who had already become the king of Geats, decided to stand up against the flame-breathing dragon who terrorized his land and people, he surrounded himself by many men who agreed to join him in the vicious fight. Although, when the dragon showed up, out of all of the men, only Wiglaf stayed and fought in deadly combat alongside Beowulf.

Beowulf, lines 2666-68 "Your deeds are famous, so stay resolute, my lord Defend your life now with the whole of your strength. I shall stand by you."

It’s in these lines where we see that Wiglaf swore his loyalty to Beowulf to stay with him till the last minute. Wiglaf lived up to his promise. Not only did he fight alongside Beowulf, but he washed his wounds, and fulfilled his last wishes before death. Wiglaf was rewarded in full for his good deeds – he became the next Geatish king. In the poem, Wiglaf is an example of a loyal, kind-hearted and brave warrior—giving readers an example of how people should treat their king.

As Beowulf and his army arrived at the mead-hall to help Hrothgar and his army fight Grendel, the Danes threw them an excellent party. After indulging in different festivities, one thane, a Danish warrior named Unferth, started disparaging Beowulf, treating him with disrespect and disgrace. Unferth did not believe that Beowulf had succeeded in all the feats that he was known for, such as the swimming contest. Unferth is a juxtaposition to Beowulf. He had a poor moral judgement; he was jealous of Beowulf and his strength. Although after Beowulf had defeated Grendel, Unferth gave his sword to Beowulf to go kill Grendel’s mother. This act by Unferth showcases that he changed his mind and, after all, he was not all that bad. Unferth’s character was created to show what jealousy does to a person, but also that everyone holds some good inside of them, and it was bound to show, when the moment was right.

Ecgtheow was Beowulf’s father. Once, he killed a man named Heatholaf. Because of this, he was in a blood-shedding war with a tribe called Wulfings. Trying to escape from the conflict and to avoid their revenge, he sought refuge and found it in the Kingdom of the Danes ruled by king Hrothgar. Hrothgar took matters into his own hands, apologized to Wulfings, and they forgave Ecgtheow. In return, Ecgtheow gave an oath of allegiance to Hrothgar. When Beowulf found out about Hrothgar’s trouble with Grendel, he decided to help Hrothgar by staying true to his father’s oath and to fulfill it even after his death. Beowulf spoke of his father as a “noble battle-beater” (line 263), and showed his respect and in loving memory.

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Grendel Character Analysis

Grendel was a beast that Beowulf had to fight to help Hrothgar. In the quote below we see that he had no mercy and terrorized Hrothgar’s warriors day by day.

"Beowulf" lines 140-148 "The monster relished his savage war On the Danes, keeping the bloody feud Alive, seeking no peace, offering No truce, accepting no settlement, no price In gold or land, and paying the living For one crime only with another. No one Waited for reparation from his plundering claws: That shadow of death hunted in the darkness, Stalked Hrothgar's warriors."

Grendel, a character from the epic poem "Beowulf," is a complex figure whose portrayal embodies various themes and ideas. As the monstrous descendant of Cain, Grendel is often depicted as a symbol of chaos, darkness, and the inherent evil lurking in humanity. However, modern interpretations of Grendel have explored his character more deeply, portraying him as a lonely and misunderstood figure.

Grendel's isolation and alienation from human society contribute to his existential despair and resentment towards humanity. He is depicted as an outsider, rejected by humans and his kind, which fuels his desire for revenge and drives his violent actions. Despite his monstrous nature, Grendel exhibits a degree of intelligence and self-awareness, grappling with existential questions about the meaning of life and his place in the world.

Moreover, Grendel's encounters with the hero Beowulf highlight themes of heroism, fate, and the clash between civilization and wilderness. Beowulf represents order, courage, and the triumph of good over evil, while Grendel embodies chaos, fear, and the inevitability of death. Their conflict symbolizes the eternal struggle between civilization and barbarism, with Grendel as a dark mirror to Beowulf's heroic ideals.

Overall, Grendel's character is a multifaceted exploration of human nature, morality, and the complexities of existence. While he is often portrayed as a monstrous antagonist, Grendel's character invites readers to consider the blurred boundaries between good and evil, empathy and hatred, and the universal human longing for connection and belonging.

Why Does Beowulf Want to Fight Grendel

Beowulf wants to fight Grendel to rid King Hrothgar's kingdom of the monstrous menace terrorizing the Danes. As a fearless warrior seeking glory and honor, Beowulf sees Grendel's attacks as an opportunity to prove his strength and valor and fulfill his duty to aid those in need.

Grendel Quotes

Here are five quotes from the epic poem "Beowulf" that feature or relate to Grendel:

So times were pleasant for the people there until finally one, a fiend out of hell, began to work his evil in the world.

This quote introduces Grendel as an evil force that terrorizes the people of Heorot, setting the stage for the conflict between him and Beowulf.

He lived for a time in the land of monsters since the Creator had condemned him as Cain's kinsman. So Grendel waged his lonely war, inflicting constant cruelties on the people, atrocious hurt. He took over Heorot, haunted the glittering hall after dark but the throne itself, the treasure-seat, he was kept from approaching; he was the Lord's outcast.

This passage describes Grendel's exile and his relentless attacks on Heorot, the mead hall of King Hrothgar, emphasizing his isolation and alienation from both humans and his kind.

And his heart laughed, he relished the sight, intended to tear the life from those bodies by morning; the monster's mind was hot with the thought of food and the feasting his belly would soon know.

This quote reveals Grendel's savage nature and his insatiable hunger for human flesh, underscoring his role as a monstrous antagonist in the poem.

Grendel's one thought was to run from Beowulf, flee back to his marsh and hide there: this was a different Herot than the hall he had emptied.

Here, Grendel experiences fear for the first time when faced with Beowulf's strength and courage, highlighting the reversal of power dynamics between the two characters.

The Almighty Judge of good deeds and bad, the Lord God, Head of the Heavens and High King of the World, was unknown to them. Oh, cursed is he who in time of trouble has to thrust his soul in the fire's embrace, forfeiting help; he has nowhere to turn. But blessed is he who after death can approach the Lord and find friendship in the Father's embrace.

While not directly about Grendel, this quote reflects the religious and moral themes of the poem, contrasting Grendel's damned existence with the righteous actions of Beowulf and his companions.

Grendel's Mother

Gendel's mother is a mysterious and formidable creature who dwells in an underwater lair beneath a murky lake. She is driven by a primal instinct to protect and avenge her offspring, seeking revenge for her son's death at the hands of Beowulf. Grendel's mother is depicted as a powerful and cunning adversary, capable of manipulating and outwitting her opponents. Despite her monstrous appearance, she exhibits maternal instincts and emotions, adding complexity to her character. Like Grendel, she is portrayed with a degree of sympathy, as she is driven by a primal urge to defend her kin and preserve her lineage.

The dragon was another, and the final, beast that Beowulf fought. After Beowulf’s peaceful reign of over 50 years, the dragon attacked Geats. Somebody had stolen his treasure, and in rage the dragon destroyed everything and everyone that came along. He burnt down homes and killed innocent people. Just like Grendel, in his nature he was merciless, and nothing could stop him from spreading terror. He was greedy, the complete opposite of king Beowulf’s generosity.

There are plenty of other characters in Beowulf who have complicated relationships with each other and different characteristics. In this article we only looked at the ones that matter the most and play the greatest role in the poem, such as: Beowulf himself; king Hrothgar; the faithful warrior Wiglaf; the jealous thane Unferth; Beowulf’s father Ecgtheow; and three terrible beasts: the dragon, Grendel, and his mother.

Read also our article on process analysis essay . It can broaden your understanding in writing the essay.

Why Does the Dragon Attack Beowulf's Kingdom?

The dragon attacks Beowulf's kingdom out of greed and a desire for vengeance. The dragon is provoked when a thief steals a valuable treasure hoard from its lair, prompting the creature to wreak havoc upon the land in search of retribution. Despite Beowulf's heroic efforts to slay the dragon, the attack serves as a reminder of the consequences of greed and the destructive power of unchecked ambition.

Hygelac is the king of the Geats and Beowulf's uncle. He is mentioned briefly in "Beowulf" but plays a significant role in the backstory and political context of the narrative. Hygelac is portrayed as a wise and respected ruler who commands the loyalty and allegiance of his people. He is Beowulf's kinsman and benefactor, supporting him in his quest to aid King Hrothgar and later ascending to the throne. Hygelac's character exemplifies the virtues of nobility, honor, and duty, serving as a foil to other leaders in the poem.

Freawaru is the daughter of King Hrothgar and Queen Wealhtheow, mentioned briefly in "Beowulf" as a potential pawn in diplomatic relations between the Danes and the Heathobards. Her proposed marriage to Ingeld, the prince of the Heathobards, is intended to forge an alliance and prevent further conflict between the two tribes. Freawaru's character highlights the political machinations and strategic marriages common in medieval society, where women were often used as bargaining chips to secure peace and alliances. Despite her limited role, Freawaru symbolizes the interplay between power, politics, and patriarchy in "Beowulf."

Themes in Beowulf

"Beowulf" explores several key themes that resonate throughout the epic poem:

Heroism and Valor

Central to "Beowulf" is the theme of heroism and bravery. The poem celebrates the courage, strength, and prowess of its titular hero, Beowulf, who embarks on daring adventures to confront monstrous adversaries and protect his people. Beowulf's feats of heroism, including his battles against Grendel, Grendel's mother, and the dragon, exemplify the heroic ideal of selfless sacrifice and unwavering resolve in the face of adversity.

Fate and Destiny

"Fate" plays a significant role in "Beowulf," shaping the actions and outcomes of its characters. The concept of wyrd, or fate, permeates the narrative, underscoring the inevitability of mortality and the transient nature of human existence. Beowulf and other characters often reflect on the role of fate in their lives, acknowledging the limits of human agency and the inexorable march of destiny. Despite their efforts to defy fate, the characters in "Beowulf" ultimately succumb to the whims of wyrd, highlighting the fatalistic worldview of the Anglo-Saxons.

Good vs. Evil

Good versus evil is a recurring motif in "Beowulf." The poem portrays a stark contrast between the forces of light and darkness, with Beowulf representing the embodiment of good and righteousness. At the same time, creatures like Grendel and the dragon symbolize malevolence and chaos. Beowulf's battles against these monstrous foes serve as allegorical struggles between the forces of good and evil, emphasizing the moral imperative to confront and overcome malevolent forces in the world.

Loyalty and Kinship

Loyalty and kinship are highly valued in the world of "Beowulf," where bonds of allegiance and blood hold sway. Characters like Beowulf and Hrothgar demonstrate unwavering loyalty to their kinsmen and comrades, even in grave danger. The poem highlights the importance of loyalty in forging alliances, maintaining social order, and upholding honor and integrity. However, loyalty is also tested and sometimes betrayed, underscoring the complex dynamics of human relationships in a world governed by tribal allegiances and familial ties.

Mortality and Legacy

"Mortality" and "legacy" are recurring themes in "Beowulf," as the characters grapple with the inevitability of death and the desire for immortality through heroic deeds and lasting fame. Beowulf's mortality looms large throughout the poem as he confronts his impending death and reflects on his legacy as a hero and king. The poem emphasizes the transient nature of human life and the importance of leaving a lasting mark on the world through acts of courage, honor, and virtue. Beowulf's legacy endures long after his death, serving as a testament to the power of heroism and the enduring impact of noble deeds.

Beowulf Essay Sample

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Beowulf is a complex piece of literature. In order to fully understand it, one requires a solid knowledge of Anglo-Saxon myths and legends, culture and history of Scandinavia, historical references to other themes, and concepts. If you find yourself in a situation where you type do my homework , you can always rely on our paper writer . Our knowledgeable experts are ready to assist you with an essay on Beowulf or any other literature piece.

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Characteristics of beowulf.

901 words | 4 page(s)

Beowulf, written in the medieval time period by an unknown author, is an epic tale of heroes and dragons, victory and defeat, loyalty and honor, and life and death. At the center of such an intense storyline there must be a protagonist that elevates, in the heart of the reader, to the epitome of a hero. As the story develops, Beowulf develops into that hero for the reader. Beowulf chooses to set out on a journey in which he will ask for the right to defend the land of his father’s friend against a great demon named Grendel who lives in the swamp lands. For years Grendel has tormented the citizens of the land . Upon his arrival, there was a great feast and celebration in his honor at which he had to defend his name. Beowulf has many struggles and setbacks throughout his mission but, at the end of his venture to the land of the Dane’s, he is victorious. This, however, does not end his call for honor and he must continue his heroicness once he has returned home. Through it all, Beowulf exemplifies therecognizable heroic traits of bravery, determination, and sacrifice.

The character of Beowulf sets the stage early for his heroic mentality in terms of bravery. He explains that it is through nerve and courageous behavior that one can set his own fate. As he is a man of great influence, Beowulf knew that he must lead by example and took this very seriously despite the risks involved. His bravery and courageousness continue to shock the reader when he prepares to go up against the demon, Grendel. Facing the fact that he will be unaccompanied on his mission, he notes that others might take an entire army with them in order to face such a powerful dragon but he is not afraid and decides to go it alone in his quest and battle. Beowulf exemplified the true concept of bravery and legacy as he passed on the idea of courage in the final scene when, knowing that he would inevitably perish, he faced the dragon head on in the face on the lone warrior who stood by his side.

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Determination is another characteristic of a true hero that the reader sees in Beowulf. The concept of determination is defined as never giving up due to circumstances. Giving up was often an option for Beowulf as he was born into a family of high importance and, though his authority was based on deeds, his honor was not in question. Throughout the epic he showed that he was determined as he continued his quest to go after Grendel despite the wishes of his men. At the end of the poem, Beowulf truly showed his determined heroic side when he was nearing death but yet he “marched ahead…always there at the front of the line; and [he]shall fight like that for as long as I live, as long as this sword shall last” (Beowulf, 2497-2500). This showed that, no matter what, Beowulf was determined to not only take on a mission, but to see to it that he completed that mission even with his own life if necessary.

Sacrifice is a more difficult aspect of Beowulf’s heroic nature as the conditions around a sacrifice determine its nature. It falls upon the one who is to be heroic to determine what is best in the given condition in regards to sacrifice and what his best for their people. At the beginning, he is charged with potentially sacrificing his own life in the name of peace and he faces that challenge head on. The greatest sacrifice in Beowulf, however, comes when he must face the fact that the potential loss of life was in fact a reality. Giving his follower a chance to take the heroic reigns from his hands as his own life was drawing to an end, Beowulf put himself in danger and “when a chance came, he [the dragon] caught the hero in a rush of flame and clamped sharp fangs into his neck. Beowulf’s body ran wet with his life-blood: it came welling out. (2690-2693). Though one could question if sacrificing his own life was best for his people who were now without a leader, it would seem that passing on the legacy of heroism was the key to keeping the social structure in tact.

Heroism is defined differently by different individuals in different eras. During the medieval time period in which Beowulf was written, a true hero was thought to think of their ancestors, their land and peers, and the legacy that they would leave for future generations. Immortality was achieved through the heroic stories that others would tell about them after they were gone. This made it imperative to do as many heroic acts as possible in order to essentially live forever. his bravery, Beowulf was able to take on challenges that a lesser man would steer away from. His determination allowed him to follow through with whatever battles he chose to fight. The sense of sacrifice that was instilled in him helped him to take on these challenges to the bitter end without fear for his own well being. By being content with the idea that each battle could be his last, Beowulf fought as a true hero that was willing to sacrifice it all in the name of his land and his people.

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Home — Essay Samples — Literature — Beowulf — Exploring the Legacy and Character of Beowulf

Exploring The Legacy and Character of Beowulf

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Published: Feb 7, 2024

Words: 526 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Table of contents

Beowulf's physical appearance, beowulf's personality, beowulf's skills and abilities, beowulf's relationships with others, beowulf's impact on the anglo-saxon culture.

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Comparison between Characters of Frankenstein

This essay about the characters in Mary Shelley’s *Frankenstein* examines the complexity and thematic significance of key figures in the novel: Victor Frankenstein, the creature, Elizabeth Lavenza, and Robert Walton. Victor is portrayed as a tragic hero whose overreaching ambition leads to his downfall, reflecting the Romantic critique of hubris and scientific overreach. The creature represents themes of isolation and societal rejection, challenging traditional notions of monstrosity through his quest for companionship and subsequent turn to vengeance. Elizabeth embodies the 19th-century ideal of womanhood, her passive virtue and tragic end highlighting the vulnerability of women in a patriarchal society. Robert Walton serves as a foil to Victor, providing a narrative framework that reinforces the novel’s cautionary themes about the pursuit of glory. Together, these characters explore profound questions about human endeavor, ethical responsibility in science, and the fundamental need for connection and understanding. The essay argues that Shelley’s characters are not just individuals but symbols of broader human concerns, making *Frankenstein* a rich text for analysis and reflection.

How it works

Mary Shelley’s *Frankenstein* is not only a masterpiece of Gothic literature but also a clinic in character development and narrative depth. Shelley crafts her characters with a complexity that invites readers to explore profound themes such as creation, ambition, revenge, and isolation. This essay delves into some of the central characters of the novel—Victor Frankenstein, the creature, Elizabeth Lavenza, and Robert Walton—and examines how they each contribute to the novel’s intricate exploration of humanity.

Victor Frankenstein, the ambitious scientist, is perhaps one of the most complex characters in literary history.

Driven by a desire to conquer death and achieve greatness, Victor embodies the Romantic ideal of the overreaching hero who is doomed by his hubris. His fascination with natural philosophy and chemistry leads him to create life from death, an act that he believes will crown him with glory, but instead brings profound tragedy. Victor’s character arc is a cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked ambition and the moral responsibilities that come with scientific advancement. His failure to care for his creation, or to anticipate the consequences of his actions, sets off a chain of events that leads to his ultimate ruin.

The creature, often erroneously referred to as “Frankenstein,” is another central figure whose tragic story is a powerful critique of society and human nature. Born as a tabula rasa, the creature is initially gentle and seeks love and companionship. However, his grotesque appearance makes him an outcast, and he is repeatedly met with cruelty and rejection. This treatment drives him to violence and vengeance, which he rationalizes as a response to the suffering he has endured. The creature’s eloquence and capacity for thought and emotion make him a deeply sympathetic character, challenging the reader to reconsider what it means to be monstrous. His narrative provides a poignant exploration of isolation and the innate human need for connection and understanding.

Elizabeth Lavenza, Victor’s adopted sister and later his wife, is a paragon of virtue and domesticity. Her character represents the idealized view of women prevalent in the early 19th century. Elizabeth is patient, kind, and selflessly devoted to Victor, embodying the angelic qualities expected of women at the time. However, her passive role and tragic fate—murdered on her wedding night by the creature as part of his revenge against Victor—highlight the vulnerability of such idealization and serve as a critique of the limited roles available to women.

Robert Walton, the explorer whose letters to his sister frame the novel, mirrors Victor in his ambition and thirst for glory. Walton’s quest to reach the North Pole is driven by a desire to achieve fame and recognition. However, his interactions with Victor, and witnessing the catastrophic results of Victor’s hubris, lead him to reconsider his own quest. Walton serves as a foil to Victor and his story acts as a framing device that brings the central themes of ambition and the quest for knowledge full circle.

Through these characters, *Frankenstein* explores deep and enduring questions about the limits of human endeavor, the moral implications of playing God, and the impacts of societal rejection. Shelley’s characters are not merely individuals but are symbolic of broader human concerns and existential dilemmas, making *Frankenstein* a rich text for analysis and reflection. Each character contributes to a narrative that is as much a warning about the dangers of scientific overreach as it is a poignant study of loneliness, loss, and the search for identity.

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Call for Papers: The Pagan Beowulf: Alternatives to the Usual Beowulf

Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association (RMMLA) 77th Annual Convention

October 10-12 (Thur.-Sat.) at the Westgate Resort, Las Vegas, Nevada

Deadline for Submissions: June 30, 2024

For centuries, the “usual” Beowulf translation is full of Christian references and very little Pagan references. Yet, Christianity did not arrive in Scandinavia until around 710, well after the time of the events in Beowulf , which is around 550 AD. In contrast, the first Christian missionary to Anglo-Saxon England was with St. Augustine in 597. While there are some definite Christian references in Beowulf , there are actually far fewer than the far greater pagan references in the poem. Your abstract should address this theme specifically.

Send your 350-word abstract, with a short 50-word bio, to Jim Buckingham, Old English Session Chair, at [email protected] by June 30, 2024.

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Part of the Tolkien-Gordon Collection —

“forgotten” poem by c.s. lewis published for the first time, "mód þrýþe ne wæg" (1935) was among documents sold to the university of leeds 10 years ago..

Jennifer Ouellette - Apr 30, 2024 3:53 pm UTC

Renowned British author C.S. Lewis is best known for his Chronicles of Narnia , but Lewis's prolific oeuvre also included a science-fiction trilogy, an allegorical novel, a marvelous retelling of the myth of Cupid and Psyche, various nonfiction works of Christian apologetics, and literary criticism . Now, a literary scholar has discovered a previously unknown short poem by Lewis among a cache of documents acquired by the University of Leeds 10 years ago. Written in 1935, the poem has been published for the first time, with an accompanying analysis  in the Journal of Inkling Studies.

The journal's title refers to the so-called " Oxford Inklings ," a group of Oxford-based scholars and writers who met regularly to read each others' works aloud, most often at an Oxford pub called The Eagle and Child (aka the Bird and the Baby). In addition to Lewis, the group included J.R.R. Tolkien and Charles Williams. (All three were the main characters of James A. Owens' fantasy series, The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica .) I once called the Inklings "arguably the literary mythmakers" of their generation.

Lewis and Tolkien shared a love of Norse mythology, and Lewis read the first early drafts of what would become Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy. Tolkien later said he owed his friend "an unpayable debt" for convincing him the "stuff" could be more than merely a "private hobby." Tolkien, in turn, was the one who convinced Lewis—an atheist in his youth—to convert to Christianity.

General readers are likely less familiar with Lewis as a medieval scholar specializing in the late Middle Ages. His fiction works are rife with symbolism and dominant themes from that literary epoch. But he was also a fan of the epic Anglo-Saxon masterpiece Beowulf , which he initially read in translation (like almost everyone else). By the time he began teaching at Oxford's Magdalen College, he had become sufficiently proficient with Old English to host occasional "Beer and Beowulf " sessions at the college, according to Andoni Cossio, a scholar at the University of Basque and the University of Glasgow.

It was Cossio who found the Lewis poem while browsing through the Leeds Tolkien-Gordon Collection, which includes a first edition of The Hobbit and an Old English bridal song Tolkien wrote for Eric Valentine (E.V.) and Ida Gordon, a scholarly Oxford couple who were close friends of Tolkien's.

It seems they were also acquainted with Lewis, since the newly discovered poem, titled "Mód Þrýþe Ne Wæg," appears to have been written in thanks after Lewis stayed with them at their Manchester home. The manuscript has an accompanying Post-It note from the document's previous owner reading, "Another unusual thank you from C.S. Lewis." (The note originally read "from J.R.R.T., but those initials were crossed out.) The text particularly praises the whisky, white blankets, and warmth Lewis experienced during his stay.

“The moment I first read the manuscript, I was enraptured by its content. It had everything I could wish for: biographical details, Old English, alliterative meter, and Lewis's writing at its best," said Cossio . “The thing I like most about this poem is that it opens a little door to that world. It was soon obvious that it had passed completely unnoticed since its private owner transferred it to the University of Leeds in 2014. To discover the poem's secrets, I would have to do the research myself.”

And so he did, starting with verifying the date of the undated poem; no envelope survived. There is no mention of a friendship with the Gordons in any of Lewis's published biographies or correspondence, so Cossio concluded the connection was through a common friend, i.e., Tolkien. Sometime in 1932–1933, both Lewis and Tolkien were serving as examiners in Oxford's English school along with E.V. Gordon, a professor of English language. Tolkien himself wrote a short epistolary poem dated June 26, 1935, thanking the Gordons for their hospitality when he stayed at their home, and that poem references an earlier stay by Lewis. Specifically, Tolkien wrote that he hoped Lewis's thank-you verse had reached them, indicating that both poems were written in 1935.

This was also the same year that Lewis published "a theoretical essay on adapting Old English alliterative lines to modern English versification," per Cossio. The new poem adopts a similar alliterative meter, and its title (and pseudonymous pen name, "Nat Whilk") are playful Beowulf /Old English references, most likely for the benefit of Ida Gordon, who held a PhD in philology (the history of language). "Nat Whilk" is an indefinite pronoun roughly translating as an unknown person, or "anonymous," per Cossio.

"Mód Þrýþe Ne Wæg" is more difficult to translate. It's a reference to a specific line (1931b) in Beowulf , but scholars have different opinions as to how this should be interpreted. Some think it is a proper name "whose meaning is distilled from the sum of its elements"; others disagree, including Tolkien in his own translation of Beowulf , according to Cossio. Cossio's reasoning rests on the use of the proper name in the Lewis poem's second line, describing his hostess as one whose "heart knows not/The temper of Þrýþ."

"Since Þrýþ was wicked and her mood was fierce, according to Tolkien's interpretation and translation that Lewis seems to agree with, the negative phrase in the title of the poem can only be read as a compliment to Ida Gordon," Cossio wrote. Taken together with Lewis's adherence to the alliterative meter of Beowulf , Cossio concludes that the newly discovered poem was clearly written "from one medievalist to another."

Journal of Inkling Studies, 2024. DOI: 10.3366/ink.2024.0216  ( About DOIs ).

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