article about pets spm essay

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• SPM SAMPLE OF ESSAYS - CONTINUOUS WRITING

SPM SAMPLE OF ESSAYS - DIRECTED WRITING

• the reasons behind the haze
• role of government and society
• steps that can be taken
• give relevant examples of:
• will help you to further your studies
• will help you to get a job
• will help you in your job
• will help you in your travels
• will help you to enjoy many interesting programmes in television
• will help you to appreciate many of the world’s most beautiful literary works
• couple – taking a walk
• two men approached them
• ordered couple to give jewellery
• a struggle – husband injured
• one neighbour – taking a dog for a walk
• heard shouts – went to investigate
• robbers saw dog – fled
• couple made police report
• insufficient table and benches
• food and drinks not covered
•  too little food counters
• dirty and clogged drains – smelly
•  food – expensive and lacks variety
• inadequate food – late comers have nothing to buy, to eat
• cold food – not fresh
• rude canteen workers
• express concern over the health of your friend’s cousin
• news about the situation
• steps taken authorities
• present situation
• use the informal letter format
• use all the points given
• expand each of the points given
• write in paragraph

• Share full article

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Student Opinion

Do We Pamper Our Pets Too Much?

Are we a little too obsessed with our animals? Is it healthy for them? For us?

By Katherine Schulten

Do you have any pets? If so, do you pamper them? How?

Do you think, in general, people spend too much time, money and attention on their animals these days? Even if you don’t have a pet yourself, what have you observed about those around you?

In “ My Goldendoodle Spent a Week at Some Luxury Dog ‘Hotels.’ I Tagged Along ,” Sam Apple asks: “How did humans start catering to the whims of canines rather than the other way around? And what if, somewhere along the way, we all became a little too obsessed with our dogs?”

The article begins this way:

By the time my goldendoodle, Steve, and I pulled up to our resting place, I was tired from the long drive and already second-guessing my plan. I felt a little better when we stepped inside the Dogwood Acres Pet Retreat. The lobby, with its elegant tiled entrance, might have passed for the lobby of any small countryside hotel, at least one that strongly favored dog-themed décor. But this illusion was broken when the receptionist reviewed our reservation — which, in addition to our luxury suite, included cuddle time, group play, a nature walk and a “belly rub tuck-in.” Venues like this one, located on Kent Island in Maryland’s Chesapeake Bay, didn’t exist when I was growing up in the 1980s. If you needed a place to board your dog back then, you went to a kennel, where your dog spent virtually the entire day in a small — and probably not very clean — cage. There were no tuck-ins, no bedtime stories, no dog-bone-shaped swimming pools. There were certainly nothing like today’s most upscale canine resorts, where the dogs sleep on queen-size beds and the spa offerings include mud baths and blueberry facials; one pet-hotel franchise on the West Coast will even pick up your dog in a Lamborghini. I knew Dogwood Acres wouldn’t be quite as luxurious as that, but the accommodations still sounded pretty nice. The website mentioned “distinctive décor,” “cable television” and “a large picture window overlooking an extra-large private outdoor patio.”

The piece continues:

It’s not just the hotels. There are now dog bakeries and ice cream parlors and social clubs. One dog-only San Francisco cafe serves canines a $75 tasting menu; more and more restaurants (for people) also now offer dog menus. A lot of these things probably started as jokes, but such gestures have a way of outliving their origins. At some point, throwing birthday parties for our dogs and buying them Valentine’s Day gifts went from being something we did to be funny to something we just did. Total spending on pets in the United States — and dogs are by far the most popular pet — rose more than 50 percent between 2018 and 2022, when it reached $137 billion, according to a pet-products trade association. Americans now spend more than half a billion dollars each year on pet Halloween costumes alone, per the National Retail Federation. This sharp spending increase overlaps with Americans’ spending approximately twice as much time with pets today as they did two decades ago. A 2023 survey found that around half of American owners believe their pet knows them better than anyone else does, including significant others and best friends. These statistics sit uncomfortably alongside the fact that the U.S. surgeon general recently declared human loneliness an “epidemic.” It’s hard not to wonder whether our growing obsession with dogs is somehow related to our declining interest in one another. Maybe, even as we’re humanizing our dogs, the deeper appeal is not that they’re like people but that they’re not like people. Maybe, if you dig far enough beneath the surface of our dog love, you eventually arrive at a thin layer of misanthropy.

Students, read the entire article and then tell us:

What pets do you own? What role do they play in your life?

How have you pampered your pets? (Or, if you don’t have any, how have you seen friends and family members pamper their pets?)

If you had all the money and time you needed, how far would you go in spoiling your pet? For instance, would you throw him or her a birthday party? Shell out for a $75 tasting menu? Read him or her a special bedtime story? Install a bone-shaped pool in your backyard? Pay for your pet to spend time at a spa? Call the spa each day to play your pet the kazoo, as one of the “pet parents” described in this article does?

To what extent do you think pampering is healthy for animals? And how healthy is it for the humans who own them? Why?

What do you think of the 2023 survey that reports that around half of American owners believe their pet knows them better than anyone else? Do you think your pet knows you better than your parents, siblings or closest friends? Why or why not — and how can you tell?

Do you sometimes feel that you might like animals better than people? Among the questions this article poses is whether our obsession with our pets might be related to loneliness, and whether it is both caused by and contributing to our declining interest in other humans. For you, does having a pet alleviate loneliness or make it worse? Or, perhaps, both?

In your view, what should be the place of animals in our lives? What would be most healthy for us? What would be most healthy for them? Why?

Students 13 and older in the United States and Britain, and 16 and older elsewhere, are invited to comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff, but please keep in mind that once your comment is accepted, it will be made public and may appear in print.

Find more Student Opinion questions here. Teachers, check out this guide to learn how you can incorporate these prompts into your classroom.

Katherine Schulten has been a Learning Network editor since 2006. Before that, she spent 19 years in New York City public schools as an English teacher, school-newspaper adviser and literacy coach. More about Katherine Schulten

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Why owning a pet is good for body and mind

Pet ownership should be recognised as a public health strategy due to the profound benefits for individuals, families and communities, says Steven Feldman

In his article ( Want to truly have empathy for animals? Stop owning pets, 4 February ), Troy Vettese discounts the significant benefits that pets bring to the lives of billions of people worldwide. Scientific research shows that human-animal interactions can have a powerful impact on mental, physical and social health for individuals, families and entire communities.

In fact, the benefits of pets are so profound that Vettese should consider making a full U-turn – we should have more pets and we should view them as a low-cost, high-reward public health strategy .

Pets can buffer stress and help address social isolation. Health professionals are increasingly recommending pets and incorporating them into the long-term management of mental health conditions. Think about the cost of heart disease and obesity. Research demonstrates that pet owners have lower blood pressure, are more likely to achieve the recommended levels of daily exercise and are less likely to be obese. In addition, children with pets are more likely to be physically active.

Pets benefit from their close relationship with people just as much as we do. Pet owners consider their pets to be an important part of the family, and are willing to make significant lifestyle changes for them. According to a survey , 61% of pet owners would change housing to accommodate a pet, and 45% would change jobs to have increased time with pets at home. Most importantly, international research conducted in nine countries shows that strong bonds result in better veterinary care for the pets we love.

Environmentally, pets help prevent waste, reducing agriculture’s footprint . Ingredients produced during human food processing that would otherwise be discarded are safely used in pet food.

Scientific research tells the real story. The right headline should be: “Get a pet for good health at both ends of the leash!” Steven Feldman President, Human-Animal Bond Research Institute

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Tips on How to Tackle the SPM English Papers 1 & 2

by StudyMalaysia.com on February 23, 2022 | Top Stories , Learning English in Malaysia

SPM English Papers 1 & 2

In line with the Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menengah (KSSM), the new SPM format for SPM English is more comprehensive and covers all aspects of English learning. Since the new format is adapted from the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) it is similar to the Cambridge English paper and the grading will also follow the CEFR Measuring system.

The aspirational target for SPM leavers would be level B2 where they are equipped with adequate English for further studies and later on career enhancement.

Basic Users

• level A1 (Elementary/Beginner)
• level A2 (Pre-Intermediate/Elementary)

Independent Users

• level B1 (Intermediate/Pre-Intermediate)
• level B2 (Upper Intermediate/Intermediate)

Proficient Users

• levels C1 and C2 (Advanced)

CEFR Grading for SPM will be only up to B2.

Basically any English test is about understanding what you’re reading. Thus you should take time to comprehend what you’re reading and accomplish the task according to what is asked for.

SPM Paper 1

Paper I tests Reading and Use of English. It consists of 5 parts. The time allocated is 90 minutes. (40 marks)

Part 1: 8 Multiple Choice Questions consisting of short texts from books, magazines, advertisements etc. Candidates will choose the best answer from 3 choices given for each question. (8 marks)

ADVICE: Very quickly read through the question before reading the text given. This gives you an idea of what you will be looking for in the text. After this go through all the three options given before deciding on the answer. Make sure you read all the options as there may be slight differences in the answers given.

Part 2: Cloze Passage. You should try to get all the 10 answers correct. The passage tests you on grammar and vocabulary. There are 4 options given for each blank. (10 marks)

ADVICE: Do not attempt to fill in the gaps on your first reading of the text. First, read through the text quickly to see what it is about and determine the tense or tenses required for the text. Then go to the answers given and determine the right word for each blank.

Part 3: Here you will need to read a longer passage and answer 8 questions related to the text. This is of course a test on reading comprehension. (8 marks)

ADVICE: Take time to read the text carefully before going on to the questions. Some of the questions direct you to specific paragraphs to look for the answers. For other questions, look for key words to enable you to zoom in to the right paragraphs to look for the answers. Once again read through all the options given before deciding on your answer.

Part 4: In this section you are given a longer text from which six sentences have been removed. You have to choose the 6 correct sentences from among 8 choices given to fill in the gaps to form a correctly structured paragraph. (6 marks).

ADVICE: Here is where you have to apply your skills on ‘coherence and cohesion’ to find the correct sentence to fill the blank. Your sentence should blend in smoothly with the sentences before and after the blank.

Part 5: You are given a few paragraphs on a certain topic to read. You are given four statements which describe 4 of the paragraphs given. You have to identify the 4 paragraphs to fit the statements given. For the next 4 questions you are required to find words (one word each from the text) to complete the 4 sentences given. (8 marks)

ADVICE: Read the short texts carefully and determine the main idea in each text. This will help you decide to pick the statement which best describes the text.

SPM Paper 2

This essay and writing paper is worth 60 marks. However, the weightage in the overall SPM English paper is still at 25%. The time allocated for this paper is 90 minutes and the paper has 3 parts.

Part 1 - Students are required to write a short note or email in less than 80 words. (20 marks)

ADVICE: Read the email or short note carefully and underline the tasks given to you so that you will not miss out on any point. For example the task set out may want you to suggest

• a place to visit
• some activities to be done there (give a few - about three)
• things to bring (suggest a few - about three)

As you have only 80 words to juggle with, you must go straight to the point with a little elaboration if necessary.

Part 2 - This is Directed Writing in 125 - 150 words. (20 marks)

ADVICE: In this question, notes will be given to you to guide you on what to write. Whatever it is, the golden rule is to give at least three to four suggestions so that there will be enough subject matter for you to write about. Here you may need to give your opinion or provide proof for your suggestions. Do not write longer than required.

Part 3 - In this section, you are given 3 choices for a descriptive writing

(report/review/article/story). You will need to choose I essay to write in 200 - 250 words. (20 marks)

ADVICE: This essay calls for all your writing skills. Quickly mind-map four to five main points you want to talk about in your essay. For each point briefly jot down elaborations/examples/reasons to expand the point. Then organise your paragraphs with each main point as your topic sentence for each paragraph. Think of a good introduction and conclusion. The introduction and the conclusion should not be too lengthy.

For the writing task, you will be assessed on

task achievement - Have you answered according to what is required by the question?

What are your key points? Do you support your key points with proof or definite opinion?

coherence and cohesion - Are all your paragraphs part of a whole? Does each of the

paragraph have a key point? Do all the sentences in each paragraph talk about the key point? Use cohesive devices like thus, therefore, moreover, furthermore, on the contrary ... etc to help you.

vocabulary - You will need to show you have a wide range of vocabulary at your disposal. A wide vocabulary enables you to write better essays. To acquire a wide vocabulary you need to read books, magazines and newspapers. When you come across any good words or expressions jot them down in your vocabulary book. Learn how to use these words or expressions in the right contexts. Try not to use descriptive words more than twice in the same essay. For example:

Last holiday my whole family went for a very interesting trip to the East Coast. We stayed at an interesting holiday resort. While we were there we joined a lot of interesting activities.

Writing a paragraph like the above will show your limited vocabulary usage.

grammar - Make sure to use the correct tenses throughout your writing. Punctuations

are equally important as a wrong punctuation may contribute to misunderstanding.

5. sentence structures - Your writing should show

• variety in sentence structures ( There should be a combination of simple, compound and complex sentences in your essay. Make sentences of different lengths and with different beginnings.)
• vivid and interesting sentences - Write interesting sentences by adding adjectives to nouns, adverbs to verbs, adjective phrases and clauses. Students should learn how to use synonyms, idioms, figurative language, similes, proverbs etc. Avoid making spelling mistakes.

use of direct speech or quotes - Wherever possible adding a quote or a direct speech can break the monotony in your essay.

Do your best!

After years of studying, your success will be measured by your performance in this coming examination. Best wishes from us at STUDYMALAYSIA!

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• StudyMalaysia editorial team

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SPM Essay Writing Guide – Format & Examples

What is spm.

Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia, or SPM, is a significant national exam that Malaysian students who have completed Form 5 education—typically at the age of 17—take. It’s crucial since it determines whether or not they can continue their education after high school and serves as a measure of their overall academic success. Writing an essay is a significant part of the SPM exam since it evaluates the test taker’s command of the English language, analytical reasoning skills, and ability to form coherent arguments.

SPM Essay Format

Excellent SPM essays may only be written by students who have a firm grasp of the proper essay format. An essay typically consists of three primary components:

1. Introduction

The introduction of an essay serves as the initial section, strategically designed to captivate the reader’s interest and provide essential contextual information for the subsequent content of the paper. The factors that contribute to the level of interest in an introduction are:

A hook: A hook is a provocative statement or query that grabs the reader’s attention.

Background context: Introduce the topic and its relevance in a brief background context.

Thesis statement: Clearly state your essay’s principal contention or goal.

The body of your essay comprises several paragraphs, each of which deals with a different aspect of your thesis or a related concept. When composing the body, adhere to the following guidelines:

Topic sentences: Each paragraph should begin with an introduction to the key concept that is succinct and straightforward.

Supporting evidence: To support your claims, offer statistics, examples, or supporting proof.

Smooth transitions: Make sure the transitions between paragraphs are reasonable, retaining the coherence of the structure.

3. Conclusion

The conclusion is the last section, where you restate your thesis and briefly review your significant points. To write a strong conclusion:

Summarise main points: Briefly summarise your main points from the body paragraphs.

Restate thesis: Rephrase your thesis statement to reinforce your main argument.

Closing thought: A provocative statement or call to action should be the closing thought.

How to Write an SPM Essay?

Essay writing is a craft that can be honed with time and focus. Write an excellent SPM essay by following this simple outline:

1. Understand the Question

To completely understand the criteria of the essay question, carefully read and consider it. Indicate the essay type (e.g., descriptive, narrative, argumentative) and the keywords that will be used.

2. Plan Your Essay

The key ideas you intend to cover in each part should be included in an outline. Planning ensures a clear essay structure and helps you organize your thoughts.

3. Start with a Strong Introduction

Write a captivating beginning that introduces the subject, establishes the mood, and expresses your thesis statement succinctly.

4. Develop the Body Paragraphs

Each paragraph should focus on a single idea, with supporting details and arguments. Make seamless transitions between ideas.

5. Craft an Impactful Conclusion

Reiterate your thesis, restate your essential points, and give the reader a thought-provoking conclusion.

SPM Essay Writing Tips

Take into account these helpful tips to improve your essay-writing abilities:

1. Read Widely

Your vocabulary and knowledge base will grow due to exposure to various reading sources, including books, newspapers, and articles.

2. Practice Regularly

Consistent writing practice improves your writing abilities and increases your comfort level while confronting various essay subjects.

3. Seek Feedback

To pinpoint areas for growth, get comments from teachers, peers, or family members.

4. Time Management

Use your time effectively during the exam to allow enough time for preparing, writing, and reviewing.

5. Grammar and Vocabulary

Pay close attention to your grammar, spelling, and language choices for your writing to remain coherent and clear.

Types of SPM Essays

SPM essays can take many forms, each requiring a different strategy. Here are a few common types:

1. Narrative Essay

It tells a tale with aspects including characters, setting, and plot, frequently from the viewpoint of the author.

2. Descriptive Essay

It uses sensory details to create a realistic image of a person, location, or event to capture the reader’s attention.

3. Argumentative Essay

Presents reasons and proof to persuade readers to take a specific stance on a hotly debated subject.

4. Expository Essay

Gives details, justifications, or analyses on a subject backed up by examples and facts.

5. Reflective Essay

Reveals one’s own feelings, thoughts, and experiences while highlighting the lessons learned from a certain incident.

SPM Essay Example for Malaysian Students

To provide you with a practical reference, here is a brief example of an SPM essay provided by Malaysian Essay Helpers :

Example Title: “The Impact of Technology on Education”

Introduction:.

The digital era has completely transformed every part of our life, including education. Classrooms have changed as a result of the growing use of digital devices and the internet, with both positive and negative effects.

Paragraph 1 (Positive Impact)

The educational process has been greatly improved by technology. Interactive instructional software and applications provide pupils with fun ways to understand difficult ideas. Additionally, e-learning platforms have made it possible to receive a degree from a distance, eliminating geographic restrictions and fostering lifelong learning.

Paragraph 2 (Negative Impact)

But there are negative consequences to using too much technology in the classroom. The decline of conventional methods of instruction may lead to a shortage of students with strong critical thinking and interpersonal skills. Additionally, the digital divide between kids from various socioeconomic origins has the potential to make educational disparities worse.

In conclusion, it is undeniable that technology has significantly influenced modern schooling. To guarantee that every student receives a well-rounded education, educators must strike a balance between tech-based instruction and conventional teaching techniques, despite the fact that technology has many benefits in terms of accessibility and learning opportunities.

For Malaysian students who want to perform well on their exams, mastering the art of SPM essay writing is essential. Students may improve their writing talents and create compelling essays highlighting their knowledge and critical thinking skills by adhering to the correct essay style, employing effective writing approaches, and practicing frequently. Remember to experiment with different essay formats to increase your writing versatility and use other people’s work as inspiration to enhance your own.

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Essay on My Pet Dog for Students and Children

500+ Words Essay on My Pet Dog

Pets are a great blessing in anyone’s life. They are the only ones who love us unconditionally. Pets always offer us everything they have without asking for anything in return. The main aim of any pet’s life is to make their owner happy. Nowadays, even the term ‘owner’ is changing. People prefer their pets as kids and to themselves as parents. This is how the relationship between pets is evolving. People treat them no less than humans. For instance, they celebrate their birthdays; get those matching outfits and more.

In my opinion, I feel the pets rightly deserve it. The most common pet you can find at anyone’s place is dogs. A man’s best friend and the most faithful animal, a dog. I also have a pet dog that I love to bits. We got him when he was a little baby and have watched him grow into a beautiful dog. All my family members love him with all their heart. We love his silly antics and cannot imagine our lives without him. We named him Sasha.

Sasha – My Pet Dog

My father adopted Sasha when he was a little baby. His friend had given birth to puppies and they decided to put the puppies up for adoption. We convinced our father to get one for us. Considering they knew our family well, they immediately agreed. Little did we know that our lives would change forever after his entrance.

Sasha came in like a blessing for our family. He belongs to the breed of Labrador. Sasha was black in colour, pure coal black. He came in as a puppy with his cute little paws and eyes. We couldn’t stop gushing over this beauty. My siblings used to fight with each other as to who will get the maximum time to play with Sasha.

Read 500 Words Essay on Dog here

As and when Sasha grew up, he learned various tricks. We trained him to follow our instructions and he even learned a few tricks. We loved showing him off to our colony friends and relatives. I always took Sasha out with me as he loved taking a walk on the road.

Furthermore, my siblings and I took on the responsibility of keeping Sasha clean. Every week, we took turns to bathe him and brush him nicely. I remember I even got a bow for him from my pocket money. Sasha loved it and wagged his tail in excitement. Sasha has been with us through thick and thin and we will forever be indebted to him for his loyalty.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

A Changed Life

Before having a pet dog, we didn’t know what all we would experience. After Sasha came into our lives, he changed it forever. Sasha changed the meaning of loyalty for us. We learned how this faithful animal always worked for our happiness and safety.

Certainly, Sasha made us better human beings. We are now more compassionate towards animals. There was one instance where the stray dogs were going to harm a kitten, and to our surprise, Sasha saved that little kitten and got her home.

In other words, we have learned a lot of things from Sasha. He protected us when we slept at night. He tried to cheer us up whenever anyone of us was sad. Sasha’s obedience inspired me a lot to be kind to my parents. Therefore, all the credit for changing our lives goes to Sasha.

Q.1 What are some common pet animals?

A.1 Some of the most common pet animals are dogs, cats, parrots, hamsters, rabbits, turtles and more.

Q.2 Why should one own a pet dog?

A.2 We can learn a great deal from our pet dogs. They teach us loyalty, compassion, courage, and obedience.

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Student Essays

Essays-Paragraphs-Speeches

12 Great Essays on My Pet | My Favorite Pet Essays – 2024

My pet Writing is very exciting and sentimental thing. When you required to write a composition on dog or your favorite pet cat, rabbit, parrot etc, you got to think the best of best in your pet.

List of Topics

Essay on My Pet For Children & Students

Pets are very beautiful part of one’s life. They reduce stress and make you feel refresh and calm. People keep different types of pet all around the world.

They feel very happy in company of these animals. They spend their time with pets to get rid of their monotonous routine.

They forget their worries and are back to work with greater energy and spirit. People who live alone at home find a very good company in the form of pet.

Pet does not make them feel lonely. Pets are great blessing in anyone’s life. They are the only one who love us unconditionally. The main aim of any pet’s life is to make his owner happy . People easily get attach to them and enjoy playing with them.

My Favorite Pet Puppy Essay

My most of friends have pets at their homes. I love to see them playing with their pets in parks. I always wish to have my pet at my home. I love dogs and have a lot of affection for them. They are faithful and loyal animals. Dogs are very active and learn things very easily. They are easily attached to humans.

Last summer, my mother bought a puppy for me. She gifted me this puppy on my birthday. I was amazed to see such a beautiful puppy. It was one of the best birthday gifts ever. We trained him to follow our instructions and he even learned few tricks. I took responsibility to keep him clean. Every week, I bathed him and brushed his teeth.

I Love My Pet Puppy Essay

I love my puppy very much. I call him Gofu. He has brown fur with white small patches on body. He is one of the most beautiful puppies of my area.

I love to spend my time with him. My puppy is very energetic and active. He is like friend to me. We spend a lot of time together. I always take good care of him. I have also bought a beautiful puppy house for him. I often wear him my t-shirts. We both go to park for a walk daily.

We play in the park. All the people in park love him. They praise my puppy. Gofu is very intelligent. He listens to my whistle carefully and acts according to it. He always obeys me. We often play football together. He is very quick in catching balls. It really makes me feel happy playing with him. My pet imparts very positive energy in me.

All the family members love to spend time with him. My grandfather loves him a lot. I leave him at my grandpa’s house when I am at school. Grandpa is also very attached with my puppy. We have always fed him on time. He is growing very fast. I take him to doctor every month for vaccination.

Doctor praises me for taking very good care of my pet. My friends also love to play with my puppy. They often play with him when they visit my house.

My pet has become my best friend and I enjoy his company a lot. I always have a lot of fun with my pet. I forget all my day’s frustration. Gofu has been with us through thick and thin and we will forever indebted to him for his loyalty.

It is actually very good habit to keep pet. These are important for relaxed life and make your life more beautiful. Every family should have at least single pet at their home to amuse them. It is also very important to take good care of your pet.

My Pet dog Essay 300 Words:

Dogs are widely known as man’s best friend, and I couldn’t agree more. My pet dog, named Buddy, is not just a pet but a loyal and loving companion who has been with me since childhood. He has become an integral part of my family, and we cannot imagine our lives without him.

Buddy is a Golden Retriever, known for their friendly nature and intelligence. From the moment he entered our lives, he has brought immense joy and happiness to everyone around him. His soft brown eyes and wagging tail never fail to brighten up our day. He is not just a pet but a member of our family who loves and cares for us unconditionally.

Buddy’s presence has taught me various life lessons, the most important being loyalty. He is always by my side, no matter what. Even on days when I am feeling low or upset, his warm cuddles and sloppy kisses can instantly uplift my mood. His unwavering loyalty towards our family makes us feel loved and protected.

Apart from being a loyal companion, Buddy is also an excellent playmate. He enjoys going for walks, playing fetch, and splashing around in his mini pool on hot summer days. His playful nature always brings out the child in me, and I cherish every moment spent playing with him.

Having a pet dog has also taught me responsibility. I have to ensure that he gets his daily exercise, nutritious food, and regular check-ups. Taking care of Buddy has made me more organized and disciplined.

Buddy’s presence has not only enriched my life but also taught me valuable life skills. His unconditional love, loyalty, and companionship have helped me become a better person. He is not just a pet; he is family. And I am grateful every day for having such an amazing pet dog in my life.

In conclusion, a pet dog is more than just an animal; they are loving and loyal companions who become an integral part of our lives. My pet dog, Buddy, has been my constant source of love, happiness, and comfort. I cannot imagine my life without him, and I am grateful for his presence every day.

My Pet Animal Cat Essay:

My pet animal cat is a beautiful creature with soft fur and sparkling eyes. It is one of the most popular pets around the world, loved by people of all ages. Cats have been domesticated for centuries and are known for their independent nature.

Cats are intelligent animals and can adapt to different environments easily. They have a strong sense of smell and excellent vision which helps them to hunt and survive. My cat, named Mittens, loves spending her days napping in the sun or exploring the house for new adventures.

What I love most about my cat is its playful nature. She brings so much joy and laughter into our home with her antics. Watching her chase a ball of yarn or pounce on a toy mouse never fails to put a smile on my face. It is also fascinating to watch her stalk and hunt birds and insects in the garden.

Cats make excellent companions as they are loving, affectionate, and low maintenance. They are content with just lounging around or cuddling up next to their owners. My cat always knows when I need some comfort and will curl up on my lap purring, making me feel at peace.

Taking care of a cat is not a difficult task. They need proper nutrition, regular grooming, and playtime to stay healthy and happy. My cat loves her daily dose of brushing and will purr contently while I do it. She also enjoys chasing after toys and scratching posts which helps keep her active.

In conclusion, cats are amazing pets that bring so much joy and love into our lives. They are beautiful, intelligent, and make the perfect companions for anyone looking to add a furry friend to their family.

Speech about Pet:

Hello everyone,

I am so thrilled to be here today and have the opportunity to talk to you about something that is near and dear to my heart – pets! As a pet lover myself, I believe that having a furry or feathered friend in our lives can bring us so much joy and happiness, especially for students like you.

Pets are not just animals that we keep as companions, they are much more than that. They are our best friends, our confidants, and our source of unconditional love. They can brighten up even the gloomiest of days and make us feel loved and appreciated.

But pets also come with great responsibilities. They require time, attention, love, and care – just like any other relationship we have in our lives. They teach us about responsibility, patience, and compassion. Taking care of a pet can also improve our physical and mental health. Studies have shown that owning a pet can reduce stress, anxiety, and even lower blood pressure.

Having a pet also teaches us important life lessons. We learn to be selfless as we put their needs before ours. We learn to communicate and understand their needs, even though they can’t speak. We learn to be resilient as we deal with the loss of a pet and cherish every moment we have with them.

Pets also play a crucial role in our education. They teach us about different species, their behaviors, and how to interact with them. They can help us develop better communication skills as we learn to train them and understand their body language.

But most importantly, pets are our companions in this journey called life. They are always there for us, no matter what. They don’t judge us, they accept us for who we are. And as students, having a pet by your side can be a great source of motivation and comfort during stressful times.

So my dear students, if you have ever thought about getting a pet, I highly encourage you to do so. They will not only bring joy and love into your life, but they can also teach you valuable lessons that will stay with you forever. Thank you for listening. Have a wonderful day ahead! So go out there and find your perfect furry or feathered friend who will be your loyal companion through thick and thin. They will not only bring immense joy and love into your life, but also teach you valuable lessons that will stay with you forever. Thank you for listening. Have a wonderful day ahead!

My Pet Rabbit Essay:

Rabbits are one of the most adorable and popular pets all over the world. They are cute, fluffy, and make great companions for people of all ages. I have a pet rabbit named Fluffy who has been a part of our family for two years now.

Fluffy is a white-colored Netherland Dwarf rabbit with big, floppy ears and bright pink eyes. I remember the day we brought her home; she was just a tiny ball of fur, but it was love at first sight for me. Since then, she has been my best friend and confidant.

Rabbits are known for their timid behavior, but Fluffy is quite the opposite. She is full of energy and loves to hop around the house, exploring every nook and corner. Her favorite treat is carrots, and she can munch on them all day long. I have learned a lot about responsibility since I got Fluffy as my pet. Taking care of her requires a lot of patience and love, but it’s worth it.

Fluffy has also taught me the importance of commitment and compassion. She has a playful and curious nature, but she also loves to cuddle and be pampered. She has become an integral part of our family, and we cannot imagine life without her.

Having a pet rabbit as a companion is not only fun but also therapeutic. Whenever I am feeling down or stressed, spending time with Fluffy instantly lifts my mood. She is my go-to for a good cuddle or a listening ear.

In conclusion, having Fluffy as my pet rabbit has been one of the best decisions I have ever made. She has brought immense joy and love into our household, and I am grateful to have her as my furry friend

My Pet Parrot Essay:

My pet parrot, named Polly, has been a part of my family for the past five years. She is a beautiful green and yellow bird with bright blue eyes that sparkle in the sun. I first got her as a present from my parents on my 10th birthday and since then, she has become an integral part of our household.

Polly is a great companion and loves to interact with me. She is extremely intelligent and can understand simple commands like “step up” and “kiss”. She also has a wide range of vocabulary and can mimic various sounds, including our doorbell and phone ringtone. It’s always amusing to hear her try to imitate human speech.

Taking care of Polly requires a lot of patience and responsibility. I have to make sure she has a clean cage, fresh food and water, and enough toys to keep her entertained. She also needs regular grooming, including trimming her nails and beak.

Apart from being a great pet, Polly has also taught me important lessons about empathy and compassion towards animals. I have become more aware of animal rights and the importance of providing love and care to all creatures.

One of my favorite things about Polly is her beautiful feathers. I love watching her preen and groom herself, making sure every feather is in place. It’s a reminder to always take pride in oneself and maintain good hygiene.

In conclusion, having a pet parrot has been an enriching experience for me. Not only does she bring joy and laughter to our household, but she has also taught me valuable life lessons. I am grateful for her presence in my life and can’t imagine my days without her cheerful chirping and playful antics. So, having a pet parrot can be more than just owning a beautiful bird – it’s an opportunity to learn and grow as an individual.

My Pet dog Story:

My pet dog is a special member of our family. His name is Max and he has been with us for the past five years. He is an adorable Golden Retriever with a golden coat, big brown eyes, and a wagging tail that never stops. We adopted him from a local shelter when he was just a few months old. Since then, he has become an inseparable part of our lives. In this short story, I would like to share some memorable moments with my beloved pet dog.

When we first brought Max home, he was shy and scared. He had been abandoned by his previous owners and was in a state of shock. However, as soon as he saw us, his tail began to wag and he came running towards us. It was love at first sight for all of us. We made sure to give him a warm welcome and introduced him to his new home. Despite being a bit timid, Max quickly adapted to his new surroundings.

As Max grew older, he became more energetic and mischievous. He loved going on long walks with us, playing fetch in the park, and chasing butterflies in our backyard. We also enrolled him in obedience training classes where he learned basic commands and manners. He was a quick learner and soon became the star of his class. However, what we loved most about Max was his unwavering loyalty and affection towards us.

Adventures Together

One summer, we decided to go on a road trip with Max. We drove through the countryside, camped in the woods, and hiked up mountains. It was an unforgettable experience for all of us. We also took Max to the beach for the first time and it was heartwarming to see him play in the waves and dig holes in the sand. He even made some furry friends at the dog park. Max’s adventurous spirit and love for outdoor activities brought us even closer as a family.

A Special Bond

As the years went by, our bond with Max grew stronger. He was always there to comfort us when we were sad or celebrate with us when we were happy. His unconditional love and loyalty made him an irreplaceable part of our lives. We even started including him in our holiday traditions, from dressing him up on Halloween to making him a special meal on his birthday. Max truly became more than just a pet, he was our beloved companion.

Max may be just one dog, but to us, he is everything. He has brought so much joy, love, and laughter into our lives. He has taught us the true meaning of compassion, patience, and unconditional love. We may never know what happened in his early days, but we are grateful that he found his way into our hearts and home

My Pet Fish Essay:

For many people, having a pet is an important and fulfilling experience. Pets provide companionship, entertainment, and can even improve our mental and physical well-being. Among the most popular pets are dogs, cats, birds, rabbits, hamsters, and fish.

Out of all these animals, fish may seem like an odd choice for a pet. After all, they cannot be cuddled or taken for walks like a dog, nor can they meow or chirp like a cat or bird. However, as someone who owns a pet fish, I can attest to the fact that they make wonderful pets in their own unique way.

First of all, fish are low maintenance and relatively easy to care for. They do not require daily walks or constant attention, making them perfect for busy individuals or those with limited space. All they need is a suitable tank, clean water, and regular feeding.

Secondly, watching fish can be incredibly calming and soothing. The peaceful movements of colorful fish swimming around their tank have been known to reduce stress and anxiety levels in humans. In fact, many doctors and therapists recommend having an aquarium as a form of therapy.

Moreover, owning and caring for a pet fish can also teach responsibility and patience. Children can learn the importance of taking care of another living being and understanding their needs. They also learn to be patient when it comes to observing and getting to know their fish’s behavior.

In conclusion, while fish may not seem like your typical pet, they bring unique qualities and benefits that make them a wonderful addition to any household. Whether you live in a small apartment or have limited time, owning a fish can bring joy, relaxation, and a sense of responsibility into your life.

My pet Cat Poem:

My Feline Friend

Cats are my favorite animal,

With paws so soft and fur so clean.

They never fail to make me smile,

My little friends, always serene.

Their curious nature intrigues me,

As they roam around without a care.

But when it’s time for some cuddles,

They’ll purr and snuggle up in my chair.

Fluffy and Playful

My cat’s fur is fluffy and soft,

Like a cloud that floats in the sky.

With playful eyes, she’ll bat at my hand,

Inviting me to join her in play.

She chases after a ball of yarn,

Or jumps at shadows on the wall.

Her antics keep me entertained,

And I can’t help but laugh at it all.

Independent and Loving

Cats are known for being independent,

But my cat also has a loving side.

She’ll curl up on my lap for hours,

And her warmth is where I’ll confide.

She may not always show her affection,

But when she does, it’s genuine and true.

My feline friend, my constant companion,

I’m lucky to have a cat like you.

In conclusion, cats are more than just pets,

They bring joy and love into our lives.

Their unique personalities and traits,

Make them one of the best animals alive.

So next time you see a fluffy feline,

Remember they’re more than meets the eye.

They’ll be there through thick and thin,

My Favorite animal is dog because:

They are loyal companions: Dogs are known for their unwavering loyalty towards their owners. They will stick by your side through thick and thin, always ready to offer comfort and support.

Their unconditional love: Dogs have an incredible ability to love unconditionally. No matter what kind of day you’ve had or how you may be feeling, they will always greet you with love and affection.

Their playful nature: Dogs are always up for some fun and playtime. Whether it’s fetching a ball, playing tug-of-war or simply chasing each other around, their playful energy is contagious and can brighten up anyone’s day.

They offer protection: Many dog breeds have a natural instinct to protect their owners and their home. This can give a sense of security and peace of mind, especially for those living alone.

Their ability to understand emotions: Dogs have a remarkable sense of understanding human emotions. They can sense when you’re happy, sad or in need of some extra love and comfort. This empathy is what makes them such great therapy animals.

Their diverse personalities: Just like humans, dogs have their own unique personalities. Some may be more laid-back and relaxed, while others may have boundless energy and are always ready for an adventure. This diversity makes it easy to find a dog that fits your lifestyle.

They make great exercise buddies: Dogs need daily exercise, which means you’ll also need to stay active. Taking your dog for walks or runs can benefit both your physical and mental health, as well as strengthen the bond between you and your furry friend.

They teach responsibility: Owning a dog requires a lot of responsibility. From feeding them to taking them for walks and keeping up with their grooming, having a dog can teach valuable life skills such as accountability, time management and patience.

Essay on My Pet Dog For Class 10:

My pet dog, Sam, has been a part of my life for as long as I can remember. He is a friendly and lovable Golden Retriever who brings joy to our family in many ways. In this essay, I will share my experiences with Sam and why he is an important part of our family.

When I was in third grade, my parents took me to the pet store where we saw a litter of Golden Retriever puppies. As soon as I walked into the room, one puppy caught my eye – it was Sam. He had big brown eyes and a wagging tail that made me instantly fall in love with him.

After much convincing, my parents agreed to bring Sam home with us. From that day on, he has been my constant companion and best friend.

A Loyal Friend

Sam is not just a pet, but a loyal friend who is always by my side. He greets me at the door whenever I come home from school and follows me around the house wherever I go. No matter how bad my day may have been, Sam’s unconditional love and happy demeanor always manages to cheer me up.

Adventures with Sam

Sam is a bundle of energy and loves going on adventures with our family. We take him on long walks in the park, play fetch in the backyard, and even go on hikes together. These are some of my favorite memories with Sam as we explore new places and enjoy each other’s company.

A Protector

Despite his friendly nature, Sam is also a great protector. Whenever he senses any danger or strangers approaching our house, he immediately starts barking and alerting us. His protective instincts have made me feel safe and secure at home.

Lessons from Sam

Aside from being a great companion, Sam has also taught me valuable lessons. His loyalty, love, and ability to forgive and forget have made me a more patient and understanding person. He has also taught me the importance of responsibility as taking care of him requires commitment and dedication.

In conclusion, Sam is not just a pet dog, but an important part of our family. His playful nature, unwavering loyalty, and unconditional love have brought so much joy and happiness to our lives. I am grateful for the bond that we share and will always cherish the memories we have created together. I believe that everyone should experience the love of a pet like Sam, as they truly make life more beautiful. So, if you are thinking about getting a pet, I highly recommend considering a dog like my beloved

Essay on My Pet For Class 1,2,3 Students:

I have a pet dog named Max. He is a golden retriever and has been my companion for the past two years. I remember the day we brought him home, he was just a little puppy, but now he has grown to be a big and playful dog.

Max is not just an ordinary pet to me, he is a member of our family. He greets me every morning with his wagging tail and puppy eyes, as if saying “Good morning!” We play together, go for walks and even watch movies together. Max is always by my side, no matter what I do.

One of the best things about having a pet dog is their unconditional love and loyalty. They don’t judge us or hold grudges, they simply love us for who we are. Max is always there to comfort me when I am sad or to celebrate with me when I am happy. He has a special way of sensing my emotions and knows exactly how to cheer me up.

Taking care of a pet also teaches responsibility and patience. It is important to give them food, water, and exercise regularly. Max can be quite a handful at times, but I have learned to be patient and understanding with him.

Being a dog owner has also made me more aware of animal welfare and the importance of treating animals with love and respect. It breaks my heart when I see stray dogs on the street or hear about cases of animal abuse. I am now more conscious of the impact humans have on animals and try to do my part in making the world a better place for them.

In conclusion, having Max as my pet has been an amazing experience. He has taught me important life lessons and has brought so much joy and love into our home. I am grateful for his friendship, loyalty, and companionship every day. I hope to always be the best pet owner I can be and give Max the love and care he deserves.

Q: How do I write an essay about my pet?

A: To write an essay about your pet, start with an introduction, describe your pet’s physical attributes and personality, share memorable experiences, and conclude with your feelings towards your pet.

Q: How do I write an essay about my pet dog?

A: To write an essay about your pet dog, follow a similar structure as for any pet but focus on your dog’s unique characteristics, breed, training, and its role in your life.

Q: What is a pet animal short note?

A: A pet animal is a domesticated or tamed animal that people keep for companionship and enjoyment. They are typically not used for work or food and are cherished as members of the family.

Q: How do I write about my puppy?

A: To write about your puppy, introduce the puppy, discuss its breed, age, and unique qualities. Share experiences, training progress, and any challenges you’ve faced, and express your love and connection with your new furry friend.

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Thursday, June 26, 2014

46 good spm english model essays / free essay samples for o-level, ielts, toefl & muet writing, 46 model essay samples for spm english, o-level, ielts, toefl & muet writing,         descriptive essays.

• My Best Friend
• Describe an afternoon at the bus station
• A Horrifying Swim
• A Prominent Malaysian Leader
• A Demonic Gold
• My Favourite TV Programme
• The Night Market

Narrative Essays

• A Horror / Tragic Story
• Finally, A Voice Message
• That is the reward for my patience and hardwork
• A Holiday I Would Never Forget
• Couple Foils Robbery Attempt
• Write a story starting with: “The widow had to work hard to bring up her little son alone...”
• My Most Embarrassing Situation
• A Road Accident
• Autumn on Sugarbush Street
• Of Bombs and Ice-Cream

Argumentative / Persuasive Essays

• Haze: A Danger to Health
• Cell phones - One of Our Greatest Technologies Misused
• Importance of Studying English

Reflective Essays

• Are undergraduates ready for the real world?
• Does School Prepare Us for Life
• What would you do if you had a lot of money

Factual Essays

• Social Networking Website

Directed Writing

• Anti-Smoking Campaign Speech
• Informal Letter
• Informal Letter Sample
• Formal Letter: Letter of Application
• Formal Letter: Letter of Complain
• Complain Report About School Canteen
• Book Report
• Police Report on Accident

48 comments:

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what is naratif composition

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Senyap ar semua

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Spm around the bout

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To be honest All the 46 Model essays are uncomparable to the O level English Standard. In fact,writing such a essay in o level english will guarantee a fail

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Understanding the Benefits, Challenges, and the Role of Pet Ownership in the Daily Lives of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Case Study

Nataša obradović.

1 School of Social Work, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada

2 Research Centre on Aging, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l’Estrie—Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CIUSSS de l’Estrie—CHUS), Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada

Émilie Lagueux

3 School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; [email protected]

4 Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada

Karine Latulippe

5 School of Physical & Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada; [email protected]

Véronique Provencher

Associated data.

No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.

Simple Summary

This qualitative case study explores the perceived benefits and challenges of pet ownership for a community-dwelling older adult and her miniature schnauzer, from the perspectives of the pet owner and her community healthcare provider. The findings suggest that the pet’s well-being is an important part of the pet–owner relationship for Violet, the older adult. Sharing her daily life with her pet, Jack, gives her a sense of safety, positively influences her mood, and motivates her to carry out her daily activities. In return, Jack benefits from her daily presence and care. The challenges of pet ownership included a low-risk potential of falling, pet-related concerns, and financial costs. Both participants agree that the benefits outweigh the challenges for both Violet and Jack. Findings of this study suggest that caring for the pet is a meaningful aspect of the pet–owner relationship. Future studies should explore how to support human–animal relationships for community-dwelling older adults via pet ownership. Improving the fit between characteristics of the elderly pet owners and their pets will maximize benefits and minimize potential challenges; thus, supporting both aging-in-place and the well-being of animals.

Human–animal interactions may positively impact the health and well-being of older adults. Considering about one third of community-dwelling older adults report owning a pet, better understanding the benefits, challenges, and the role of pet ownership may help support the relationships between older adults and their pets. This case study aims to better understand the role of pet ownership in the daily lives of older adults and explore the benefits and the challenges of owning a pet for this population. Interviews were conducted with Violet, a 77-year-old dog owner and her healthcare provider. Qualitative data were analyzed by two evaluators and validated by the participants. Both participants agree that the benefits outweigh the challenges for both the older adult and her pet. The benefits and challenges were the following: Violet, taking care of her dog (Jack), (1) could provide Violet with a sense of safety and positively influence her mood; (2) may introduce a slight fall risk; (3) includes financial costs to consider. Ensuring Jack’s well-being is important for Violet and her dog benefits from Violet’s continual presence and care. The findings suggest that improving the fit between characteristics of the owner and their pet may support the meaningful role of pet ownership within the context of aging-in-place.

1. Introduction

Older adults aged over 65 years account for 17.5% of the Canadian population; this percentage is expected to exceed 23% by 2036 [ 1 , 2 ]. Almost 20% of older adults report feelings of social isolation, which is known to adversely affect their psychological well-being and their physical health [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Human–animal interactions (HAIs) may be an avenue worth exploring to support the health and well-being of this population, as research about the positive psychological, social, and physical impacts of HAIs is promising [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Considering about one-third of community-dwelling older adults report living with at least one companion animal (CA) [ 15 ], pet ownership might play an important role in supporting aging-in-place.

Relating to psychological and social benefits, recent studies suggest that pet ownership may improve well-being, life satisfaction, and happiness, as well as decrease loneliness and social isolation, depressive symptoms, and anxiety [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. It may also increase levels of physical activity and/or walking of older adult pet owners [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Other benefits include providing an overall sense of purpose and encouraging a daily routine [ 24 , 30 , 31 ]. Apart from these benefits for older adults, animal well-being is also important to consider in the pet–owner relationship. Providing daily care to a CA to ensure its well-being entails ongoing duties and responsibilities, regardless of the pet owner’s age. Pitteri and colleagues report that dogs owned by older adults have similar physical conditions to dogs owned by adult owners. However, the study suggests that the dogs’ quality of life may be influenced by contextual factors, such as older adults’ employment conditions, level of education, and type of dwelling [ 32 ].

Other potential factors to consider are health conditions and functional decline that may occur as part of normal aging and that affect older adults more frequently. These may exacerbate some challenges associated with pet care [ 9 , 33 ]. Furthermore, the companion animal’s health conditions and needs may change (e.g., needing physical assistance to use the stairs, more regular veterinary visits), which may modify their level of needed care as they, too, age [ 32 ]. Frequently reported challenges related to owning a pet by older adults include: grief related to pet loss and fear of outliving them, pet care being perceived as a chore [ 9 , 10 , 13 , 17 , 23 , 34 ], risk of falls [ 35 , 36 ], financial costs (especially fees related to veterinary care), and the fear of needing to leave a pet in the event of a relocation [ 34 ]. If such challenges become too great for the older adult pet owner, the well-being of the owner and the companion animal may be compromised if the owner struggles to fulfill the basic needs of both parties.

Therefore, considering these potential issues, it is essential to depict a realistic representation of the benefits, challenges, and the role of pet ownership in the daily lives of community-dwelling older adults. Optimizing benefits while minimizing challenges will ultimately support the health and well-being of both older adults and their CAs. However, there is little research on if (and how) the potential benefits outweigh the challenges of owning a pet for community-dwelling older adults and their CAs [ 11 , 14 ].

As most older adults prefer to age in their homes [ 37 ], community-based healthcare services may play a crucial role in enabling older adults and their CA to age-in-place. Indeed, besides promoting independent living and safety in their homes, healthcare providers may also support pet–owner relationships. Yet, few studies have simultaneously explored the perspectives of both healthcare providers and older care recipients on the benefits, challenges, and the role of pet ownership in their daily lives [ 14 ]. Combining these perspectives could provide a comprehensive and detailed view of how pet–owner relationships may simultaneously promote healthy aging-in-place of community-dwelling older adult pet owners, as well as the well-being of their CAs. For this study, community-dwelling older adults included older adults living in their homes or in an assisted living facility, but excluded those living in nursing homes (i.e., needing continuous medical care).

Thus, the purpose of this study was to further explore the role of pet ownership in the daily lives of community-dwelling older adults. More specifically, it aimed to: (1) describe the benefits and challenges of owning a CA for both older adults and their companion animals, as perceived by older adults and their healthcare providers; (2) explore the role of pet ownership in the daily lives of older adults; (3) examine the balance between the benefits and the challenges of owning a pet by this population.

2.1. Study Design

A qualitative, single-case study was conducted. The case involved (1) a community-dwelling older adult and her companion animal (CA); (2) her community healthcare provider for home care services. Case studies allow for in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex and emerging phenomena and issues [ 38 ]. In the current study, aspects of pet ownership were explored in relation to the characteristics of the person, their CAs, and the environments in which they evolve [ 39 ].

2.2. Recruitment

Participants were recruited by purposive sampling through a professional organization. The healthcare provider who participated in the study worked in a community health centre; she referred to the first author, (N.O.), an older adult from her caseload who she judged could meet the objectives of this study. This case enabled the examination of how an older adult pet owner managed the demands of pet ownership despite potential challenges, such as physical disabilities, and despite being the only caretaker of her pet. The study was approved by the CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS Ethics Committee (#2020-3336) and informed consent was obtained from both participants.

2.3. Participants

The older adult participant is a 77-year-old woman named Violet (pseudonym) who lives with her dog, an 8-year-old miniature schnauzer named Jack (pseudonym). Jack is Violet’s companion animal and has not received any training to acquire specific skills (i.e., he is not considered a service dog or emotional support animal). Violet does not receive any financial support or services related to her disabilities to help with Jack’s care. As for Violet, she has physical disabilities and moves around in a motorized wheelchair, which is the main reason that she receives community-based healthcare services. Violet’s community healthcare provider has more than 15 years of experience in the field and, at the time of the study, had known Violet for the past 17 years. She is also Violet’s healthcare coordinator, meaning that she plans and organizes her medical and health services. She reassesses Violet’s needs annually to ensure that the home care services are adapted to suit her needs.

2.4. Data Collection

The first author conducted semi-structured interviews with Violet and her community healthcare provider. Both interviews aimed to explore the perspectives of Violet and her healthcare provider about themes related to pet ownership (psychological, physical, daily benefits, and challenges of taking care of the CA, the role of pet ownership in daily life, the pet–owner relationship, and the well-being of the pet). Interview guidelines were developed by the research team and feedback was obtained by an experienced healthcare provider working with older adults in a clinical setting. Table 1 provides examples of some interview and follow-up questions for both participants. Prior to the interviews, both guidelines were tested with individuals who met the inclusion criteria, i.e., two community-dwelling older adult pet owners and a community healthcare provider. Two interviews were carried out in April 2020 via videoconference with the healthcare provider and by telephone with the older adult, due to the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic context. Each interview lasted from 60 to 90 min. As it was not possible to conduct the interviews at the older adult’s home, as initially planned, the participants were questioned about the home environments and interactions with the CA, including its behaviour (i.e., does it jump up on the older adult, does it bark, etc.). Sociodemographic data about age, gender, education, years of clinical experience for the community healthcare provider and pet characteristics (age, species, number of years living with the older adult, pet care activities, health condition) were also collected during the interviews to provide contextual information. This information is reported in Section 3 to the extent that the confidentiality of the participant was kept.

Example of interview questions.

2.5. Data Analysis

Interviews were audio-recorded, and the transcripts were read numerous times to get a sense of the data. Each transcript was analyzed line-by-line independently using thematic content analysis (continuous thematization) by the first and third authors, who have extensive experience in qualitative analysis [ 40 ]. Units of analysis were the older adult and the healthcare provider’s perceptions about benefits, challenges, and the role of pet ownership in daily life. Themes emerged during the reading of the transcripts. The authors met to review and to compare themes for similarities and/or discrepancies. In the case of disagreements, a consensus was sought. The themes and their relationships were then categorized within a matrix containing categories pertaining to the person/companion animal, the environments, and the activities of daily living [ 39 ]. This matrix was used to determine the overall balance between the perceived benefits and challenges related to pet ownership. The content of written summaries was validated by conducting two additional interviews with the participants, lasting from 60 to 90 min. This step (member checking) increases the credibility and reliability of the analysis and interpretations [ 41 ]. In addition to the two perspectives of the participants, the independent identification of themes by two evaluators ensured data triangulation, and memos written by the first author further increased the credibility of the analysis [ 41 , 42 ]. Furthermore, the research team regularly discussed the findings to maintain reflexivity and to gain a deeper understanding of the participant’s characteristics, daily functioning, and context.

3.1. Case Summary

Violet and her dog Jack live in an urban area, in a one-bedroom rent-subsidized apartment. Her apartment is subsidized due to having limited financial resources. Jack was offered to Violet as a gift from her daughter, a couple of months after Violet’s former dog passed away. Violet is Jack’s sole caretaker, and she has raised him since he was a puppy. Jack is a small adult dog, weighing approximately 12 lbs, and he is sturdy, according to Violet. She reports that these characteristics are an adequate fit for her and enable her to maintain her balance while picking him up. Furthermore, Violet mentions that Jack is in good health and that she ensures that she meets his basic daily needs. Violet, divorced for several years, maintains regular contact with her children and grandchildren. Before the pandemic, she visited them and engaged in activities such as shopping with her daughter. Violet has loved animals since childhood and has had dogs as pets for all of her adult life.

Violet has physical disabilities, which are mainly due to a medical condition that resulted in having multiple amputations to her lower and upper limbs over the years. She wears below-the-knee leg prostheses and reports having daily lower back pain, which varies in intensity. According to the PRISMA-7, a screening tool that identifies older adults at risk for moderate to severe disabilities, she has significant disabilities [ 43 ]. According to her healthcare provider, Violet has adequate cognitive functioning, which was also the case during the interviews (i.e., she showed no signs of cognitive impairment according to the clinical judgement of the interviewer).

Regarding Violet’s functioning during daily activities, she carries out some activities independently and needs assistance for others. She has been receiving community-based home care services for several years, including help for self-care, housekeeping, and maintenance for her motorized wheelchair. However, she can prepare meals, manage her budget and appointments independently, move around inside and outside of the home, as well as carry out leisure activities. Inside her apartment, she walks with leg prostheses. She leans on surfaces, such as furniture or walls, to maintain her balance. According to her healthcare provider, her environment is adapted to her needs, which helps her to live independently and safely in her home with her dog. In the community, Violet always uses her motorized wheelchair for shopping with Jack or going to medical appointments. She reports feeling safer this way. For leisure, she enjoys playing games on her computer and spending time with Jack. Lastly, she takes care of her dog independently. Caring for Jack involves feeding him, brushing him, and taking him on daily walks. Violet reports that she has bathed him occasionally in the past, but she now prefers to take him to the groomer because she feels that it is safer than manipulating him in the bathtub, due to her back pain. Violet and Jack’s daily walks are adapted to the seasons (i.e., they stop during the wintertime and resume in the spring). As for Jack’s healthcare, Violet takes him to the veterinarian only when she deems it necessary. She reports that Jack has been healthy since he was a puppy, except for occasional ear infections. According to both Violet and her healthcare provider, people who meet Jack seem to appreciate him and they did not raise any issues regarding his behaviour, other than him occasionally being persistent when demanding affection.

3.2. Benefits and Challenges of Pet Ownership for the Older Adult

Several benefits and challenges were mentioned by both Violet and her healthcare provider. They are presented here according to psychological and physical benefits/challenges.

3.2.1. Psychological Benefits and Challenges

Sense of security and good mood. The main finding regarding the psychological benefits is that Jack’s presence in Violet’s daily life has a positive influence on her emotions—an aspect that both Violet and her healthcare provider agree on. Violet mentions that Jack makes her “feel safe” and helps her “be in a good mood”. She reports that without him she would feel “alone and abandoned”. Having a presence in her home and this sense of security is very important for Violet. This presence in her house became even more important to her since she has been living alone and after she turned 60:

“I feel safe, in the house. That’s very important for me because I don’t like the darkness, I don’t like when there is wind, when it thunders (laughter). So, Jack makes me feel safe, you know? […] At least I’m not alone in the house, there is a presence.”

According to both Violet and her healthcare provider, Jack also helps Violet channel stress and anxiety, which helps calm her down and weather difficult emotions. They both agree that caring for Jack is a direct factor that contributes to regulating Violet’s mood, since tending to her dog’s needs focuses her attention and takes her mind off negative emotions. Jack also provides feedback with his behaviour, which allows Violet to be more mindful of her emotional state and to regulate her emotions, for both her own and Jack’s well-being:

“When I’m not calm, when I’m under continuous stress, Jack feels it and he becomes bothersome. […] When I’m like that, he senses it and wants to cuddle, cuddle, cuddle. So when I see that I’m making him unhappy, I say to myself: Calm down, look at what you’re doing to him. He was happy before and now he’s feeling down because of you. So that’s why I have been telling you: Jack is a big part of my life!”

Source of pride. Besides positively influencing Violet’s moods, Jack is also a source of pride. Violet considers that taking care of her dog is akin to taking care of a child, and that, like a child, he needs “to go outside and get fresh air, […] needs someone to take care of him, to give him everything”. She therefore ensures Jack’s well-being and prides herself with her ability to appropriately care for him, despite her disabilities:

“I feel proud of myself! A lot of people ask me: How do you manage to keep a dog in your house—you have no hands or legs. And I answer: So what? Do you need hands and legs to take care of a dog? No! You manage and find ways to do it. I don’t have any problems with my dog. I brush him, I bathe him—you find ways to get organized. There are a lot of things that you figure out along the way.”

In a sense, providing care for Jack and being able to meet his needs gives Violet the opportunity to be a care provider, a role that she feels comfortable in and that she has carried out her entire life. This aspect was only mentioned by Violet.

Concerns about health and the future. Both Violet and her healthcare provider agree that concerns related to Jack’s health or his future are some of the main challenges. They both considered what would happen to Jack in the event of a hospitalization or a relocation, where Violet might have to part with her dog:

“If he’s healthy like he is now, and I leave for the hospital and they send me to a nursing home, I can’t bring him with me. What do I do then? My son said that he was going to take him in, and I agree that he won’t be neglected by my son! But I won’t have him beside me like I do right now…To get rid of Jack and give him to my son, my life would be over…that, would bother me.”

Both participants agree that being obliged to part with Jack under such circumstances would be difficult and would bring up negative emotions. In Violet’s words:

“I would tell myself: You’re abandoning him. […] Say I don’t have a choice and I can’t take care of him anymore…I’m quite scared to go there [nursing home] and not be able to bring him with me because there aren’t any [animals]. At my age, that bothers me a little more, [the] I think about it…”

In anticipation to departing with Jack, Violet even mentioned that he might be the last dog that she shares her life with, to avoid such difficult feelings.

3.2.2. Physical Benefits and Challenges

It is worth mentioning that the only benefit regarding pet ownership and Violet’s physical condition was reported by the healthcare provider. According to her, he may encourage Violet to be slightly more active in her home (e.g., bending down to feed him, walking around in the home to find him). However, as most of the walks are done with the motorized wheelchair, she reports that, in Violet’s case, benefits usually associated with walking are likely not significant. Nonetheless, Jack encourages her to go out into the community and get fresh air.

Risk of falls. A potential risk raised by Violet’s healthcare provider is the risk of falling. Although she assessed the risk as low, she acknowledged that it is still present. For example, in situations when Violet walks with her prostheses or bends down to pick up Jack:

“It could put her at risk of falling when she moves quickly like that […]. When she picks him up slowly to feed him, there is no danger, but maybe with the excitement, when she picks him up quickly and says: ok, you’re being a pest…she could fall.”

Violet reports that Jack has never been the cause of a fall and perceives the risk of falling because of him as being null. She points out that Jack has adapted his behaviour to her health condition. For example, he jumps up on her motorized wheelchair instead of her picking him up like in the past. Violet also mentioned that the dog’s size is well suited to her lifestyle and habits, that he walks in front of her, and stays out of her way when she walks around in her apartment. Lastly, Violet takes her dog outside only with her motorized wheelchair, weather permitting, and does not pick him up when she feels tired. Moreover, Jack uses puppy pads inside the home, which enables Violet to take care of her dog’s needs independently even when she cannot take him outside. She does admit, however, that you cannot predict the future and that it is not possible to assert that a fall will never occur.

3.2.3. Other Potential Challenges

Financial costs. Both Violet and her healthcare provider mentioned financial costs surrounding pet care as a potential issue, especially regarding veterinary fees. However, their perspectives differed slightly when reporting them. Her healthcare provider points out that veterinary costs could be “a financial burden for her […] maybe she sacrifices some things to be able to pay for the veterinarian services.”

For Violet, financial costs do not seem to be a current issue and she reports not having to sacrifice her own well-being to meet Jack’s needs. She explains that she takes him to the veterinarian only when he is sick and tries to find affordable care solutions, if necessary. For example, after many costly visits to the veterinarian to treat Jack for an ear infection, she followed recommendations from a previous veterinarian and instead bought less expensive eardrops for children, which helped treat him successfully. Violet’s cost-reducing solution does not necessarily confirm her healthcare provider’s assumption that “there is probably a part of her budget that is for the veterinarian”. However, it is an example of how she manages expenses related to pet care and how this enables her to take care of Jack despite her limited income.

Relationships with healthcare providers. Violet’s healthcare provider recalled a situation where there were tensions between Violet and a community home health aide. The home health aide was newly appointed to Violet and was not comfortable with Jack’s presence, even though he was enclosed in his cage, in another room. Both Violet and her healthcare provider agreed that Violet followed the home support organization’s regulations by confining her dog in another room. They also agree that it is necessary to follow these regulations if a healthcare provider is uncomfortable with Jack’s presence. However, her healthcare provider reports that usually the home health aides appointed to Violet appreciate Jack. Lastly, Violet mentions that she has never refused home support services and that she would not refuse them for this reason.

3.3. Well-Being of the Companion Animal

From both Violet and her healthcare provider’s perspectives, Jack received adequate care from Violet. One of the major advantages reported by Violet relating to her dog’s well-being is that Jack always has someone with him, since Violet spends most of her time at home. The healthcare provider suggested that perhaps Jack could benefit from going on more walks during the wintertime, which could, according to her, further improve his well-being. Nonetheless, both participants report that Jack’s basic needs were fulfilled according to them, and that his overall health and well-being were assured under Violet’s care.

3.4. The Role of the Pet–Owner Relationship and Owning a Pet in Daily Life

3.4.1. meaningful activity.

Both Violet and her healthcare provider agreed that the pet–owner relationship between Violet and Jack was significant; taking care of her dog is a highly meaningful activity for Violet, even central in her life. Violet considers Jack “like her baby” especially since her children have moved out of the home and that she lives alone. Her healthcare provider notes that Violet is not socially isolated and that, on the contrary, she maintains good relationships with her family members. In her opinion, taking care of Jack is not only an activity that Violet engages in due to social isolation or feeling lonely; he is a daily companion and, in Violet’s words:

“I have something to take care of. Me, I need something to keep busy, and well Jack, he’s that. I can watch television and then I say: Ok, we will go take a nap on the couch then watch television. I always need to talk to him. And then Jack jumps up on the couch […]. He sleeps, and I watch television, but he is right beside me. You know what I mean? I’m not alone in the house, there is another presence.”

3.4.2. Providing Purpose and Routine

In addition to these perceived psychological benefits, according to her healthcare provider, caring for Jack provides Violet with a purpose and a daily routine, and gives her a daily structure:

“Well the fact that she can’t decide to not get up one morning or take him out, it forces her to get up every morning—it gives her structure.”

When describing a typical day in Violet and Jack’s lives, as well as the daily activities that Violet carries out, clearly Violet and Jack’s daily routines are integrated. In Violet’s words, life without Jack would be, “boring, very boring! That wouldn’t be any kind of life.” She adds:

“What kind of life is that for an older person, always alone? I realize that even more since I turned 60.”

For Violet, taking care of her dog is an impetus for carrying out daily activities, such as eating, shopping, and going out into the community to take walks:

“Every day, we get out, and he walks 8 km per day. And I take him out on walks every day—otherwise I wouldn’t go outside, I would stay at home.”

The role of pet ownership in Violet’s daily life was clear when she spent five months living without a pet after her late dog passed:

“When I lost my other little dog to cancer, I didn’t do anything for five months. I didn’t feel like cooking—I loved cooking—I didn’t feel like it anymore. I didn’t feel like…oh the real word is living. I don’t know if I would still be here today, because after three months Jack entered my life and I started taking care of him. That’s when my smile and mood came back, everything came back!”

Her relationship with Jack significantly enhances her engagement in other daily activities, such as going out into the community, shopping, interacting with other people, and taking care of herself. Indeed, Violet and Jack go shopping together, and Jack facilitates social interactions as he can stay in her motorized wheelchair. Violet reports that engaging in these activities shows her “her independence.” When a life without Jack was mentioned during the interview, Violet promptly answered that she would not carry out some of her activities if it were not for his presence:

“I wouldn’t go, I wouldn’t be interested in going anywhere […] not even going to see my children. You know, Jack is kind of like my husband. You don’t go out without your husband—well I don’t go out without Jack. I wouldn’t go grocery shopping, I would ask my children to do that stuff, like they do now [during the COVID-19 pandemic].”

Besides going out for walks with Jack and into the community, Violet also describes how her relationship with her dog encourages her to take care of herself so that she is able to be there for him as long possible. For example, having to feed Jack everyday prompts her to have dinner as well, as they frequently eat together. Meeting her dog’s needs and his well-being are clearly important for Violet. Although she is sometimes concerned about Jack’s future if something happened to her, Violet reports that she “will focus on Jack” and that:

“I don’t want to get sick. I will be careful and protect myself in any possible way. I have about four or five years left with him, so I tell myself: Don’t fool around, you can tough it out five years!”

Her healthcare provider also illustrates the positive role of pet ownership and the pet–owner relationship in Violet’s life:

“For Violet I think it’s positive—because there could be a negative side to being obligated to follow a certain routine for the dog. If someone wanted to do other activities or wanted more flexibility…but for her it’s positive. She has the time to do it, and I don’t think it prevents her from doing things that she would do if she didn’t have a dog.”

3.5. Balance between the Benefits and Challenges of Pet Ownership

Both Violet and her healthcare provider agreed that the benefits of pet ownership outweigh the potential challenges for both the older adult owner and her companion animal. On one hand, in Violet’s case, the pet–owner relationship with Jack has overall psychological benefits, adds meaning to her daily life and enhances engagement in daily activities. On the other hand, Jack benefits from Violet’s daily presence and care. Both participants perceive that the potential challenges associated with pet care are manageable by Violet and that she can adequately fulfill Jack’s needs to ensure his well-being (e.g., feeding him, taking him on walks). They both agree that pet ownership is a positive experience in this case, despite factors that could have potentially increased the demands associated with pet care (e.g., Violet being Jack’s sole caretaker, having physical disabilities, limited financial resources). In other words, from their points of view, the pet–owner relationship is beneficial for both the older adult and her companion animal’s well-being.

4. Discussion

The aim of this study was to explore the role of pet ownership in the daily lives of community-dwelling older adults from the perspectives of an older adult and her community healthcare provider. To our knowledge, this is the first study that aimed to gain a comprehensive view of the interaction between the characteristics of a person and her CA, their environments, and their daily habits, to explore if (and how) the benefits and challenges of pet ownership outweigh one another.

One of the main findings in the current study is that the pet–owner relationship is highly meaningful for Violet, the older adult participant, and that pet ownership plays a central role in her daily life. Both the older adult and her healthcare provider concluded that, in Violet and Jack’s case, the benefits of the pet–owner relationship outweigh the potential challenges for both parties, despite the owner having physical and functional limitations. On one hand, they highlighted that Jack’s continual presence is beneficial for Violet’s psychological and physical health and that the responsibilities associated with fulfilling her dog’s needs keep her busy. On the other hand, Violet’s presence, and ability to provide adequate care to Jack is also beneficial for the companion animal. She takes pride in being able to meet her dog’s needs, which gives her a sense of independence. Jack is an integral part of his older adult owner’s daily life, which is in line with reported findings [ 23 , 44 ]. His companionship makes Violet feel safe and less alone—these aspects have gained even more importance for her over time. Daily companionship is indeed one of the main reasons reported by older adults for adopting pets [ 10 , 13 , 45 , 46 ]. CAs are often considered like family members [ 31 , 46 ], which is in line with the findings of the current study. Violet often referred to Jack as her “baby” or “like a child” that needs to be cared for. Both Violet and her healthcare provider acknowledge the importance of Jack’s daily companionship. Scheibeck and colleagues (2011) also acknowledged that dogs can be an important part of community-dwelling older adults’ lives, partners in life, and companions providing their owners with a sense of purpose and daily structure [ 31 ]. It is interesting to note that Violet’s healthcare provider does not consider Violet as being socially isolated and does not perceive pet ownership as a way to compensate a lack of social relationships, in Violet’s case. Such findings may indicate the importance of the human–animal bond that is formed through pet ownership, despite an older adult being socially connected. Human–animal bonds may fulfill different needs in daily life, even when an older adult maintains social relationships, which is an aspect that merits further research. Jack and Violet’s relationship has indeed some characteristics of the human–animal bond, in that it is continuous, reciprocal, and both parties mutually benefit from an increase in their well-being [ 47 ].

Regarding the challenges of pet ownership, a risk of falling while walking in her home was the main concern, considering Violet’s leg amputations. However, both participants assessed this risk as being low, and no falls related to Violet’s dog were reported. Violet and Jack’s case may be an example of how an adequate fit between the characteristics of the older adult, their CA and their environment may maximize the benefits related to pet care. Violet has adapted her routine or found solutions to minimize the challenges and to be able to meet Jack’s needs, despite her physical disabilities and limited income. Jack also seems to have adapted his behaviour to Violet’s health condition. According to Violet, her dog’s physical characteristics (i.e., small size, sturdy stature) fit well with her own characteristics. This may also play a role in managing the fall risk. In this case, the risk of falling is considered low, but as fall risk assessment is complex and multifactorial, it should be noted that it might not be the case for other older adults that share their lives with companion animals. Indeed, older adult pet owners may present different protective and risk factors (e.g., functional limitations, pain, depressive symptoms) [ 48 ], which may influence the fall risk. In a study conducted with 16 cases of pet-related falls involving older adults aged over 75 years, Kurrle and colleagues (2004) reported that some falls were related to the person’s behavior (e.g., climbing on a chair to catch a pet canary), while others were related to the animal’s behaviour (e.g., dog pulling on a leash or tripping over a cat in a dark hallway) [ 35 ].

However, to our knowledge, analyzing the fit between the requirements of pet care, the older adult pet owners, their companion animals, and their environments, has seldom been explored. Future research may further investigate contextual factors when assessing the fall risk of older adult pet owners. Such research may help to identify protective and/or risk factors, which managed, may decrease the risk of falling. Assessing such factors may be a way for healthcare providers to support human–animal relationships through pet ownership [ 48 ]. This could help determine if, how, for whom, and under which circumstances pet ownership may be beneficial for older adults with disabilities and their companion animals, in the context of aging-in-place. In cases where owning a pet appears to be harmful for either the well-being of the older adult or the pet, interventions could be implemented to reduce the challenges associated with pet care and enhance the well-being of both parties (e.g., helping find animal-friendly housing, offering assistance with pet care) [ 49 , 50 , 51 ]. Such interventions may be especially beneficial for older adults with disabilities, socioeconomically vulnerable, frail, or isolated older adults, for whom it may be more difficult to find affordable housing that accepts companion animals [ 52 , 53 ]. Addressing issues like the shortage of affordable pet-friendly housing may be helpful to prevent situations in which older adults are faced with difficult decisions that may compromise their own well-being or that of their pet (e.g., having to choose between options that oppose their own well-being to that of their CAs). In Violet’s case, these were not manly because Jack was permitted in her apartment building. Nonetheless, future relocation to a dwelling that may not accept her dog was raised as a potential concern, by both Violet and her healthcare provider.

Lastly, another important finding is that the pet–owner relationship developed through pet ownership led to enhancing the older participant’s engagement in activities of daily living. Being responsible for the well-being of a living being motivates Violet to take care of herself, to remain healthy, and to be able to take care of her dog as long as possible. Sharing her daily life with Jack encourages her to carry out other daily activities independently, such as going out for shopping or taking Jack for walks. Similar findings have been reported by Johansson and colleagues (2014) in their qualitative study that explored community-dwelling older adults’ experiences with their CAs after a stroke, as their pets motivated them to handle daily activities due to a feeling of responsibility. Responsible pet ownership also involved helping their pet’s daily routine, which contributed to adding meaning to the older adults’ lives [ 30 ]. Notably, in Violet’s case, she has loved and cared for animals since her childhood. It is possible that being Jack’s caretaker and the human–animal bond formed with her dog enables her to pursue a significant lifelong role. For her, the reciprocal relationship with her dog, as well as providing adequate care to him is an important part of her role as a pet owner. Maintaining roles may provide a sense of continuity by linking the past to the future, which may facilitate the adaptation to transitions and buffer hardships [ 48 ]. The continuity theory, indeed, states that pursuing habits and a lifestyle may be one of the strategies that help people to adapt to the ageing process [ 49 ].

On one hand, pet ownership may provide older adults with an opportunity to pursue a meaningful role such as being a caregiver and may even be a way to sustain their independence in later years. Direct and indirect activities associated with pet care may nudge older adult owners into engaging in daily activities or leisure activities, as responsibilities may support physical, emotional, and financial independence [ 23 , 46 , 54 ]. On the other hand, ensuring a companion animal’s well-being is also a crucial part of responsible pet ownership, and should be considered when examining the role of pets in the older adults’ lives. For example, although Jack’s well-being was not at risk, interventions such as assistance from volunteers (e.g., from organizations like ElderDog Canada) to ensure he gets regular walks all year long could further promote Jack’s well-being [ 55 ]. This was not explored with the participants of this study, as it was not the purpose. However, future research could examine acceptable strategies for older adults and their healthcare providers to optimize the well-being of older adults and their companion animals, in cases where the challenges of pet ownership outweigh the benefits. Collaborations between community health services, animal welfare organizations, and animal health professionals may be a way to encourage such strategies. Research should help create policies that support human–animal relationships through pet ownership in the context of aging-in-place, while ensuring the well-being of both older adult pet owners and their companion animals.

Limitations and Future Directions

This study has some limitations. First, although a total of four interviews were conducted with the participants, having more cases with older adults presenting different profiles would have increased their transferability to other community-dwelling older adults. Efforts were made to include more participants in the case, such as the older adult’s health aide, but this was not possible due to transfers of healthcare providers between health organizations, which were related to the pandemic. Second, the COVID-19 lockdown prevented direct observations of the participant’s home environment and interactions with her animal, which would have enriched the case. However, alternative ways were used to document this information and particular attention was taken to increase the credibility of the results (i.e., independent analysis, member checking). Although information related to the companion animal’s well-being was documented via the participants’ perspectives, the perspectives of an animal professional could have enriched the case. However, in the present study, the companion animal did not have an appointed health professional. Lastly, the single-case study approach does not establish causality. This should be noted, even though the aim of the study was to better understand and explore the benefits and challenges of pet ownership for older adults, rather than to find causality.

Future research should replicate this study with more cases to deepen the understanding of the role of pet ownership in the lives of community-dwelling older adults with disabilities. Such research is crucial to supporting human–animal relationships through pet ownership, for example by exploring how to strike a balance between the benefits and challenges of pet ownership (i.e., the demands of pet care vs. the older adult owner’s abilities). Interviews with healthcare providers, animal health professionals (e.g., veterinarians), animal behaviourists, and other community actors who are called to work with community-dwelling older adults may offer nuanced, contextually sensitive research.

5. Conclusions

Findings of this case study suggest that the benefits and challenges associated with pet ownership may be influenced by factors related to the characteristics of these individuals, their CAs, their environments, and their daily living activities. The perspectives of both older adults and their healthcare providers are important to gain a comprehensive understanding of the circumstances surrounding pet care. Being able to maintain human–animal relationships and to carry out meaningful roles, such as being a caregiver, may be an important part of healthy aging. Ultimately, future research should help develop strategies and/or policies that will aim to support pet ownership in the context of aging-in-place, while ensuring the well-being of both older adults and their companion animals.

Acknowledgments

The first author would like to thank the participants (Violet, Jack, and the healthcare provider) for sharing their experiences, as well as those who helped with the validation of the interview guides; the CIUSSS de l’Ouest-de-l’Île-de-Montréal for accepting that the study be conducted.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, V.P., É.L. and N.O.; methodology, V.P., É.L., N.O. and K.L.; formal analysis, V.P., É.L., N.O. and K.L.; investigation, N.O.; writing—original draft preparation, N.O.; writing—review and editing, V.P., É.L., N.O. and K.L.; supervision, V.P. and É.L.; funding acquisition, V.P., É.L. and N.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Nataša Obradović received a scholarship for this research from the Fonds de recherche du Québec—Santé (FRQ-S) (#252659). Véronique Provencher is a Junior 1 Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec (FRSQ) researcher (salary award, 2017–2021).

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of CIUSSS de l’Estrie-CHUS Ethics (protocol #2020–3336; 25 November 2019).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from both participants in the study.

Data Availability Statement

Conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

SPM Essay Writing Guide – Format, Examples

The SPM exam is a challenging time for Malaysian students. It’s an opportunity to showcase their knowledge and skills, but it can also be confusing as the requirements are constantly changing. For example, this year there is no essay marking scheme provided by the Ministry of Education or any other official source on how essays should be assessed. This blog post will guide how to write an engaging essay that is sure to impress your teacher and get you top marks.

What is SPM?

The Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM), or the Malaysian Certificate of Education, is a national examination taken by all fifth-form secondary school students in Malaysia. It was created to test what they have been learning over their course of study and aspires them for higher education opportunities abroad.

Malaysians take the SPM exam that is set and examined by a Malaysian Examinations Syndicate. This Syndicate is also known as Lembaga Peperiksaan Malaysia. The education system in Malaysia can be completed after passing this test, which is equivalent to O-levels at the secondary school level. It’s compulsory for those seeking tertiary education before taking it; only then will they have an idea of what field of study suits them best. The age for completion of this public examination is 18 years old and students must pass it to be eligible for higher education.

The syndicate has made Bahasa Malaysia, English (Bahasa inggeris), Islamic studies, moral studies, history, and mathematical reading a compulsion for the students.

The Islamic studies subject is a compulsion for Muslim candidates. And moral studies are compulsory for non-Muslim candidates. The science coursework is common and compulsion to all students, but you can choose your elective subjects from these core courses below:

• Arts And Health- Music education, visual arts education, and sports science knowledge.
• Language And Literature- Malay literature, English literature, Chinese language, Arabic language(advanced), Chinese, Tamil, Iban, Arabic language for communication, English for science and technology, Chinese literature, Tamil literature, French language, and Punjabi language.
• Technical And Vocational- Agricultural science, home economics, engineering drawing, mechanical engineering studies, invention, food management, fashion design, engineering technology, domestic constructions, automobile servicing, etc.
• Science and Mathematics- additional Mathematics, chemistry, physics, biology, additional science, information and communication, and applied science.
• Social Science And Religion- Business, entrepreneurial studies, principles of accounting, basic economics, Islamic worldviews, AL-Quran and As-Sunnah education, bible knowledge, etc.

SPM Essay Format

SPM essay writing is divided into two parts, part A and part B

Part A- This section is where you’ll be writing an essay, a report, or a letter. You’re given 45 minutes to answer this and it’s compulsory for you as only one question will bring in 35 marks- so make sure not to skip over the questions! Your examiner may award 3/35 points for your format, 12/35 points on content, and 20 out of 35 if they think that your language (grammar) is good enough.

Part B – This is the section where you apply all your knowledge of writing skills. It’s also a place to study grammar rules and how they work. Take some time now before we dive in so that by taking this bird’s eye view of it, you’ll know what to expect from this portion of our coursework.

• You will be given five options and you have to opt for only one.
• 60 minutes will be given to students to read all the questions thoroughly and plan key points for the same.
• This part carries 50 marks.

How to Write SPM Essay

Introductory paragraph:.

• Always write general information to write an introductory paragraph.
• Write at least 6-7 sentences.
• Use proper grammar, punctuation, and correct spelling.

Body Paragraph:

• Write at least the main idea
• 3-4 supporting details
• One conclusion paragraph
• Write 40-50 words
• Use correct grammar, correct spellings, and punctuation marks

Concluding Paragraph:

• Restate all the main ideas in a brief
• Write synonyms to restate your idea

SPM Essay Writing Tips

• Read all the questions wisely, some students make mistakes while selecting the question and later regret that they could have handled the other questions with much ease.
• Must choose a topic you are familiar with.
• Plan your essay like outline/ideas/thoughts/supporting points etc.
• Write sentences of different lengths a short sentence looks better after the long one.
• Always write neat and clean must use bullet points etc.
• Pay strict attention to the length of an essay, you have to write no less than 350 words if you write less than that, then you will be penalized, also never write extend your essay from 600- to 1000 words the more you write, the more the mistakes will happen.
• Always spare 10 minutes to proofread and edit an essay.
• After opting for a topic for an essay you can either write descriptive, narrative, reflective, descriptive, argumentative/persuasive, or factual/expository), but according to my suggestion always choose a narrative essay because another one requires a lot of knowledge of current issues.

Types of SPM Essays

The types of essays in SPM are:-

• Narrative essay- To write an interesting narrative essay often needs the right ingredients – just as cooking up a plate of curry masala does. The first thing about writing such essays is one’s creative imagination; so long as they are imaginative enough and think out of their box, then any story becomes more exciting than ever.
• Descriptive essay- a descriptive essay is an essay that aims to describe one’s viewpoint of the world through observations and feelings. The goal of this type of essay is to provide a vivid portrayal of the subject to get readers excited about what they are reading.
• Factual Essay- A factual essay is a non-fiction form of writing that is typically used when discussing some point relating to science or history. Factual essays are very similar to research papers in structure and format; however, they both vary in the use of citations and footnotes.
• Reflective Essay- A reflective essay is a personal essay that focuses on the writer’s reflection about an event, experience, or topic. The goal of this type of essay is typically to think critically and deeply about something which has been experienced by the writer.
• Persuasive Essay- Persuasive essays are a common way to voice opinions and sway readers. Readers will often disagree, which is why writers need to present their point of view as persuasively as possible with evidence from research or arguments that the reader can’t refute.

Topics for SPM Essay

• Illustrate an adventurous activity that has been done recently. Describe the preparation you have done before that and how was your experience?
• Describe your College reunion of yours; explain how memorable for you it was?
• Describe the project conducted at your school and you have played the most important role, what was your experience with that?
• Should parents give freedom to children? Discuss
• Write a story about a neighbour who is very popular in your neighbourhood. Discuss the reasons that make the neighbour popular and what other residents think of the popular neighbour.
• Write a story about a young successful farmer who is very generous. End your story with: “My friends and I learned a lot, especially the meaning of generosity.”

SPM Essay Example for Malaysian Students

Schools and universities have turned to online classes during this pandemic. Your teacher asked about your experience with online classes.

In the wake of an infectious disease outbreak, Malaysia has had to change how its students are getting educated. The COVID-19 virus is spreading rapidly in schools and villages across Asia; as a result, many Malaysian children have been forced into remote learning for fear that they will come into contact with someone infected by this highly contagious pathogen. These changes force educators all over the world to switch from traditional teaching methods– instructing pupils face-to-face or via webcam–to online coursework where the distance between teacher and student is not just social but physical too. Some Malaysian kids accept these new conditions readily while others may be struggling with adapting because it’s difficult adjusting without close human interaction on a day today.

I reap the benefits of Online education, first of all, you will spend less than in traditional classrooms, you can easily communicate with your teacher, you will gain new technical skills, you can gain better self-motivation, and enjoy a broader perspective.

The demerits of Online learning are that it can cause social isolation, it also needs strong self-motivation and time management skills, lack of communication skills, preventing mischievous activity can be complicated, teacher-focused only on theoretical knowledge, not on practical, E-learning lack face to face communication.

With the unprecedented virus covid-19, safe to say that online learning is the best alternative we have now. In the future, I would opt for classroom learning it has various plus points that E-learning cannot replace.

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How to write an article? | B1 Preliminary (PET)

An article that you’ll have to write is for publication in a magazine or website .  So, like most articles in magazines it must be entertaining and informative,   therefore , you need to keep your reader engaged and interested from start to finish!

There will also be some kind of questions for you to answer.  Below you can see a sample exam task:

Check our Writing Guide below – to see how to write an article in detail.

B1 Preliminary (PET) Article: Structure

Any article in the B1 Preliminary (PET) exam can be broken up into four parts:

FCE, CAE, PET

Practice, write & improve, b1 preliminary (pet) article: writing guide.

We will use this example exam task :

You see this notice on an English-language website

Write your article .

Step 1: Analyse your task quickly

Task analysis is very simple. All you have to do is two things:

Firstly , find the questions you have to answer in your task.

Secondly , find the topic of the article (which in this example is Films & Cinema)

So, now you need to brainstorm all the vocabulary that you can think of related to films. 

For example: animated, romantic films, a big fan, drama, adventure movies, popcorn, screen, Netflix 

If you prepare some words in advance, it will be much easier for you to write an article!

Step 2: Add a Title

Every excellent article starts with a good title ,   don’t worry though it doesn’t have to be super special or super interesting. It is okay if your title is simple and just gives a general idea of what the article is about.

Here you can see three examples of a title

Home cinema or the big screen?

How to best watch the films you love?

Home or cinema — How do you watch your favourite films? 

As you can see two titles started with  how …  – how – to articles are just very popular so it is good idea to use that form for your title.

Practice Tests Online

Step 3: introduction.

The role of the introduction is mainly to catch the reader’s attention , it can be done in the simplest way by asking a question. Why this way is good? Because at the same time, you will show the examiners that you can use the  p resent perfect tense.

Here you can see example  introduction

Have you ever screamed (present perfect) during a horror film? Or have you watched (present perfect) a comedy and laughed until you cry?

Step 4: Body (answering the questions)

Here you answer the main questions that we identified in Step 1.

• What kind of films do you enjoy?
• Do you prefer watching them at the cinema or at home? Why?

Remember these paragraphs should be the longest in your text and they should contain most of the information.

Also, we use the vocabulary that we prepared earlier in Step 1.

animated, romantic films, a big fan, drama, adventure movies, popcorn, screen, Netflix 

See the example answer below, with additional annotations you may find useful:

I know many people who love animated or romantic films , but for me, there is nothing better than an amazing drama or adventure movie (answer 1) like ‘Indiana Jones’ because I’m a big fan of stories with fascinating plot. 

In my opinion, watching a film at home isn’t the same a s going to the cinema (answer 2) to enjoy a great movie on a huge screen with popcorn and cola . (answer 2) If it wasn’t so expensive, I would go every week.

                  – vocabulary related to topic of films/cinema

                   – interesting grammar

Step 5: Final sentence

Finish your article with a nice final sentence. It doesn’t have to be anything special you can simply summarize your article or you can also try to be a little bit funny or end in a more surprising way.

Everybody loves films, I think you can enjoy them anywhere, even if not at the cinema, it’s still Netflix!

Remember: the more interesting your article is the higher your marks might get!

Get Your (B1) Article Checked!

See full article…, full article.

Have you ever cried at the cinema? Or have you watched a comedy and laughed until you cry?

I know many people who love animated or romantic films, but for me, there is nothing better than an amazing drama or adventure movie like ‘Indiana Jones’ because I’m a big fan of stories with fascinating plot.

In my opinion, watching a film at home isn’t the same as going to the cinema to enjoy a great movie on a huge screen with popcorn and cola. If it wasn’t so expensive, I would go every week.

B1 Preliminary (PET) Article: Example Answers

Pet article sample 2 (grade: 4-5/5), student’s  answer:.

There are many types of films, most adults like to watch romance films and most children likes to watch cartoons but for me, I like to watch romance and musical films.

I prefer watching them at the cinema because of the sound effects and the screens are so much bigger than our house one, sometimes the film even look so real. When you are going to an outting with your friends, you can buy the food and the drinks there but I don’t like to eat the popcorn there.

However, when my parents don’t want to go to the cinema, I have no choice but to watch it at home.

Grade: 4-5/5

Content:  5 Communicative Achievement: 4 Organisation: 4 Language: 4

Get Your (PET B1) Article Checked!

Pet article sample 1 (grade: 3/5).

Hi, my name is Antem. I likes watch films, but there are little cinemas in our city.

I prefer watch fantastic films at the cinema in 3D, because they realise and interesting. My favourite filmes are ‘star wars’, ‘hobbit’ and, Harry Potter and the half-blood prince’

I prefer watch films at the cinema park in Alatir. If you ask: Why do you like watch film at the cinema park? I answer, that I like eat pop-corn and ice-cream. Else, I like go to the cinema with my family. It’s very funny! We go to the cinema one time a month, and two times a week on holiday

Content:  5 Communicative Achievement: 2 Organisation: 2 Language: 2

B1 Preliminary (PET) Article: Exam Questions

Example exam question 1.

You have seen this advertisement in the school magazine.

Write your article in about 100 words.

Example Exam Question 2

Example exam question 3, b1 preliminary (pet) article: things to focus on.

The examiners are looking at the following criteria:

B1 Preliminary (PET) Article: Writing Checklist

After writing your e-mail, you can check it yourself using the writing checklist below.

How to do that? Simply check your text/email by answering the questions one by one:

• Is the article about the topic stated in the task?
• Does it answer the question(s) in the task?
• Does it include all relevant information in about 100 words?

Communicative Achievement

• Does the text use the conventions of an article (addressing the reader directly, expressing an opinion, sharing personal information)?
• Is it written in a style suitable for the magazine stated in the task (often for a school, club or website and therefore informal)?
• Is the purpose of the writing clear?

Organisation

• Does the text use paragraphs appropriately to organise the ideas?
• Does the text use other organisational features of an article (for example, a title, introduction of the topic)?
• Are the ideas presented in a logical order? Is the text easy to follow?
• Does the text use a variety of linking words or cohesive devices (such as although, and, but, because, first of all, finally, as a result etc., and referencing language)?
• Is punctuation used correctly?
• Does the text use a range of vocabulary?
• Does the text use a range of simple grammar accurately (such as basic tenses and simple clauses)?
• Does it use some complex grammatical structures (such as relative clauses, passives, modal forms and tense contrasts)?
• Is the spelling accurate enough for the meaning to be clear?

B1 Preliminary (PET) Article: Useful Phrases & Expressions 

Engaging the reader:

Have you ever thought about…? How would you feel if …? What would you think of…? Are you one of those people who …? If the answer is …, you should…. What do you reckon to …? What would live be like if… Just think for a moment… Just imagine…

Making the article lively and interesting (use adverbs):

importantly surprisingly worryingly the most amazing absolutely suddenly amazingly fantastically frighteningly

Developing your points:

Another advantage of … On top of all that… What is more, … Above all,,, The reason I think this is… The reason I feel this way is… On top of that, … Let’s start with …

Giving your own opinion:

In my opinion, … In my eyes, … To my mind, … As far as I am concerned, … Speaking personally, … From my point of view, … As for me / As to me, … My view / opinion / belief / impression / conviction is that … I hold the view that … I would say that … It seems to me that … I am of the opinion that … My impression is that … I am under the impression that … It is my impression that … I have the feeling that … My own feeling on the subject is that … I have no doubt that … I am sure / I am certain that … I think / consider / find / feel / believe / suppose / presume / assume / reckon that … I hold the opinion that … I dare say that … I guess that … I bet that …. I gather that … It goes without saying that ….

Justifying opinions

because… the reason is… the reason I believe that is… the facts suggest… the evidence shows… taking into account what I have seen…

Making recommendations and suggestions:

It would be a good idea to… Wouldn’t it be better to…? Why don’t we…? What about… ? How about… ? Shouldn’t we… ? Let’s consider… Why not… ?

What is your level of English?

SPM 2021 - ESSAY [ WRITING AN ARTICLE]

14 comments:

thank you so much for this sample writing article essay . I hope it's helpful for me to use in the spm . YOU ESSAY ARE REALLY GOOD FOR ME . WISH ME LUCK .

You're welcome....All the best in your SPM!

dude tf haha

Kitzma Kits ma as*

i hope i can do this essay for my exam tomorrow

and is it wentt well bro ?

I’m leaving my essay here in case it may be of a help to you guys :). I don’t write the title because this is in the comment section. We live in an age where schools can be considered as a second home to the adolescents considering the fact that they spend over 8 hours a day at school. Therefore, we need to constantly ensure the school canteen is in a good state in terms of cleanliness and the quality of the food served so that the students can dine comfortably. To implement this, there are some changes that need to be done in order to achieve an elevated canteen experience. First of all, I firmly believe that our canteen should serve a variety of healthy and hearty meals so that the picky bunch would stop skipping their meals. For instance, they can choose to serve refreshing salads, succulent fruits and dairy products that are rich in calcium and probiotics. Not only that, this would also indirectly promotes a healthy lifestyle to the students which can help them to stay fit as a fiddle. Moving on, our canteen should also be more accessible and inclusive to all of our students. Subsequently, they ought to provide special facilities to the disabled students and vegan food options for the vegan students. On top of that, we certainly need to appreciate our canteen for providing us a TV so that the students would actually stay in the canteen during recess instead of wandering around the school mindlessly. All things considered, it’s clear to us that school canteen plays a vital role in encouraging our adolescents to practise a balanced diet. After all, a sensible diet is essential in conserving one’s health which perfectly fits with the aphorism a stitch in time saves nine.

What in the english lexicon. This is exactly what im hoping to see when im searching spm essay example. What a lavish way to flex.

Wonderful! Thanks ya!

alhamdulillah terima kasih membantu, kena pulak tajuk sama ngan task cg bagi

alhamdulillahh terima kasih membantu, kena pulak dengan tajuk yang teacher bagi

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Grammar component - fanboys.

This video explains what are "FANBOYS" and the types of articles we usually learn at school. There are 3 types of "CONJUNCTIO...

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The Current Attack on Abortion Pills Will Fail. The Next One Will Be So Much Worse.

There are always a couple of tells when the most conservative Supreme Court in more than a century finds itself adjudicating a truly mortifying and meritless case. One is that it’s coming up by way of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5 th Circuit, a court that so consistently shovels its worst constitutional garbage upward that the high court conservatives are often forced to reluctantly lob it back. Another tell is when the facts of the case are so laugh-out-loud insane that even conservative justices can’t bring themselves to adopt them or the underpinning legal reasoning with a straight face. There’s yet a third tell: when the conservative justices start injecting a bunch of nonsense and randomized pet peeves into oral argument to distract from how embarrassing it would be to discuss the merits of the actual case.

All three tells were present Tuesday morning, when the court heard FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine , a challenge to the current medication abortion regime nationwide. This case is about a handful of physicians seeking to wield their “conscience objections” to abortion as a cudgel against everyone’s access to safe reproductive care throughout the country. So, it was heartening to see that the majority of the Supreme Court doesn’t have the conscience to take it seriously. It was harrowing, however, to hear at least two justices embrace the plaintiffs’ foundational theory: that a long-defunct federal law already bans medication abortion, and maybe procedural abortion as well—and that the courts can revive this ban once they get their hands on the right case.

Before we reach the doomsday scenario, let’s start with the case at hand, which is laughable to the point of frivolity. In 2000 the Food and Drug Administration approved mifepristone, the first drug in a medication abortion. Initially, and under huge pressure , the agency imposed tight restrictions on the drug, including mandatory doctor’s visits, in-person dispensing requirements, and strict limits on pharmaceutical availability. Over the next 23 years, the FDA loosened these rules, concluding—based on extensive studies—that they did not improve health outcomes for patients. Today, in blue states, mifepristone can be prescribed via telemedicine and mailed to a patient’s home. It remains almost entirely illegal in the 14 states that have outlawed abortion.

The plaintiffs in Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine are a group of anti-abortion physicians who do not prescribe mifepristone. Rather, they worry that someday, some patient who has taken mifepristone prescribed by a different doctor might have serious adverse complications and end up in their care—forcing them to be “complicit” in abortion simply by treating the patient. These physicians claim that the only solution to their speculative fear is a nationwide ban on mifepristone, achieved through a judicial order that revokes the FDA’s approval of the drug for everyone. As Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson put it Tuesday, the case reflects a “mismatch” between the harms alleged and the remedy demanded: “They’re saying, ‘Because we object to having to be forced to participate in this procedure, we’re seeking an order preventing anyone from having access to these drugs at all.’ ”

In a saner judiciary, the case would have been booted out of the courthouse with prejudice, because the plaintiffs have neither sustained nor suffered an injury: They are merely speculating about the possibility of a future harm, which does not establish standing under Article 3 of the Constitution. And that possibility really is quite remote, since mifepristone has been proved safe in more than 100 scientific studies.

Alliance Defending Freedom, the far-right, Christian nationalist organization that represents the plaintiffs, knows that this theory of standing violates every rule in the book. So it brought the lawsuit in Amarillo, Texas, where it was guaranteed to draw Judge Matthew Kacsmaryk, a Donald Trump appointee who has devoted his life to criminalizing abortion, along with other theological battles. Kacsmaryk attempted to issue a nationwide ban on mifepristone, which the 5 th Circuit whittled down, allowing the drug to remain legal while reimposing the immense burdens that would put it out of reach for countless patients. But the Supreme Court froze the 5 th Circuit’s order last year, sending a signal that a majority would not play ball with this humiliating mess of a case. Arguments on Tuesday confirmed that most justices remain skeptical toward ADF’s “We’re scared we might have to treat abortion providers’ patients” theory of cognizable harm and standing.

Lurking under the embarrassment of these standing arguments about wholly speculative harms lies the embarrassment of the scientific claims proffered to support them. To show that mifepristone is actually super dangerous, Kacsmaryk and the 5 th Circuit relied on junk science peddled by shameless hucksters. As Jessica Ellsworth, representing the maker of mifepristone, told the justices: “You have a district court that, among other things, relied on one study that was an analysis of anonymous blog posts. You have another set of studies that he relied on that … have since been retracted for lack of scientific rigor and for misleading presentations of data.”

Lurking beneath that embarrassment lies the fact that if the plaintiffs were allowed to prevail in this case, pharmaceutical companies and the FDA would be subject to fanciful challenges by anyone who has ever objected to a drug. Mifepristone, recall, has been safely used by millions of Americans and is less dangerous than Tylenol and Viagra. Thousands of other drugs pose greater safety risks yet remain on the market, indeed sold over the counter, because experts have concluded that the benefits outweigh the dangers.

If Kacsmaryk and the 5 th Circuit are correct, then any doctor can waltz into court and secure a nationwide injunction against a drug they dislike on the grounds that they might one day treat a patient who takes it. Further, the FDA’s review process, the global gold standard for drug approval, would fall apart—which is why the biopharma industry has lined up on the government’s side. The consequences for development and testing of new drugs would be catastrophic. Jackson acknowledged as much when she asked Ellsworth to describe “concerns about judges parsing medical and scientific studies” without any “specialized scientific knowledge with respect to pharmaceuticals.”

In the face of this skepticism, Erin Hawley—an ADF lawyer and wife of Jan. 6 rally boy Sen. Josh Hawley—struggled to explain the reason why a handful of activist physicians should be able to ensure that every woman in America is denied access to mifepristone. Her answer? They don’t want to be “complicit” in abortion. The problem here is that these doctors are already amply protected from coercion in abortion care by federal and state conscience laws, as Solicitor General Elizabeth Prelogar assured Justice Brett Kavanaugh. They are welcome to walk away from an abortion patient in need of their follow-up care. Even Justices Neil Gorsuch and Amy Coney Barrett and Chief Justice John Roberts appeared to be embarrassed with the slurry of bad plaintiffs and worse evidence that Hawley paraded before them as a serious legal challenge. As usual, when it was clear that the case was too asinine to contemplate, what surfaced instead was a protracted gripe about nationwide injunctions from Gorsuch and aggrieved grousing from Justice Samuel Alito, who sounded annoyed that ADF hadn’t cooked up a more plausible case.

Alito and Justice Clarence Thomas are never ones to let an embarrassment of a lawsuit go to waste. And they were openly eager to embrace the chilling argument at the heart of ADF’s case: the notion that the Comstock Act of 1873 prohibits the distribution of abortion pills and perhaps even equipment used for procedural abortions. Under this theory, abortion is already a criminal offense under federal law, and every abortion provider in the country may be prosecuted and imprisoned immediately. Conservative groups like the Heritage Foundation are already urging Trump to issue an executive order on Day 1 banning medication abortion. Republican lawyers are preparing to use the Comstock Act to prohibit all abortions , not just pills. This reading of the zombie relic is so broad that a Justice Department and judiciary hostile enough to reproductive freedom could contort it to make all abortion care a felony.

Predictably on Tuesday, and with a case built of vapors to work with, Alito and Thomas went full Comstock. Alito scolded the FDA for letting providers mail abortion pills despite the existence of the law. “This is a prominent provision,” the justice told Prelogar. “It’s not some obscure subsection of a complicated, obscure law. They knew about it. Everybody in this field knew about it.” Thomas warned Ellsworth that her client, the maker of mifepristone, lacked a “safe harbor” from prosecution over Comstock. “It’s fairly broad, and it specifically covers drugs such as yours,” he told her. (That claim is very much in dispute .) Alito and Thomas know they will likely lose this case, so they’re preparing for the next one. Maybe Trump will win and commence Comstock prosecutions. Maybe Kacsmaryk will issue a new ban on mifepristone at the behest of red states, as he is currently threatening to do . Either way, Comstock is racing toward the Supreme Court. And two justices have already aligned themselves with a sweeping interpretation of its puritanical prohibitions.

The FDA looks poised to win this silly case at the Supreme Court in June, but we cannot let the case’s silliness obscure all the future damage it tees up—to the practice of medicine, to women’s health, and to the credibility of a Supreme Court that once cared about credibility. Whenever a door closes on the worst MAGA toxins at this court, an Overton window opens to something so much worse. Health care professionals, biopharma companies, and reproductive rights advocates can cheer the probable outcome of Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine . But they can spare only a moment’s rest because Thomas and Alito, with the help of bad actors like ADF and Kacsmaryk, are already bringing the next battle to their doorstep.