what is an assignment cost

What is Cost Assignment?

Share This...

Cost assignment.

Cost assignment is the process of associating costs with cost objects, such as products, services, departments, or projects. It encompasses the identification, measurement, and allocation of both direct and indirect costs to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the resources consumed by various cost objects within an organization. Cost assignment is a crucial aspect of cost accounting and management accounting, as it helps organizations make informed decisions about pricing, resource allocation, budgeting, and performance evaluation.

There are two main components of cost assignment:

• Direct cost assignment: Direct costs are those costs that can be specifically traced or identified with a particular cost object. Examples of direct costs include direct materials, such as raw materials used in manufacturing a product, and direct labor, such as the wages paid to workers directly involved in producing a product or providing a service. Direct cost assignment involves linking these costs directly to the relevant cost objects, typically through invoices, timesheets, or other documentation.
• Indirect cost assignment (Cost allocation): Indirect costs, also known as overhead or shared costs, are those costs that cannot be directly traced to a specific cost object or are not economically feasible to trace directly. Examples of indirect costs include rent, utilities, depreciation, insurance, and administrative expenses. Since indirect costs cannot be assigned directly to cost objects, organizations use various cost allocation methods to distribute these costs in a systematic and rational manner. Some common cost allocation methods include direct allocation, step-down allocation, reciprocal allocation, and activity-based costing (ABC).

In summary, cost assignment is the process of associating both direct and indirect costs with cost objects, such as products, services, departments, or projects. It plays a critical role in cost accounting and management accounting by providing organizations with the necessary information to make informed decisions about pricing, resource allocation, budgeting, and performance evaluation.

Example of Cost Assignment

Let’s consider an example of cost assignment at a bakery called “BreadHeaven” that produces two types of bread: white bread and whole wheat bread.

BreadHeaven incurs various direct and indirect costs to produce the bread. Here’s how the company would assign these costs to the two types of bread:

• Direct cost assignment:

Direct costs can be specifically traced to each type of bread. In this case, the direct costs include:

• Direct materials: BreadHeaven purchases flour, yeast, salt, and other ingredients required to make the bread. The cost of these ingredients can be directly traced to each type of bread.
• Direct labor: BreadHeaven employs bakers who are directly involved in making the bread. The wages paid to these bakers can be directly traced to each type of bread based on the time spent working on each bread type.

For example, if BreadHeaven spent $2,000 on direct materials and $1,500 on direct labor for white bread, and $3,000 on direct materials and $2,500 on direct labor for whole wheat bread, these costs would be directly assigned to each bread type.

• Indirect cost assignment (Cost allocation):

Indirect costs, such as rent, utilities, equipment maintenance, and administrative expenses, cannot be directly traced to each type of bread. BreadHeaven uses a cost allocation method to assign these costs to the two types of bread.

Suppose the total indirect costs for the month are $6,000. BreadHeaven decides to use the number of loaves produced as the allocation base , as it believes that indirect costs are driven by the production volume. During the month, the bakery produces 3,000 loaves of white bread and 2,000 loaves of whole wheat bread, totaling 5,000 loaves.

The allocation rate per loaf is:

Allocation Rate = Total Indirect Costs / Total Loaves Allocation Rate = $6,000 / 5,000 loaves = $1.20 per loaf

BreadHeaven allocates the indirect costs to each type of bread using the allocation rate and the number of loaves produced:

• White bread: 3,000 loaves × $1.20 per loaf = $3,600
• Whole wheat bread: 2,000 loaves × $1.20 per loaf = $2,400

After completing the cost assignment, BreadHeaven can determine the total costs for each type of bread:

• White bread: $2,000 (direct materials) + $1,500 (direct labor) + $3,600 (indirect costs) = $7,100
• Whole wheat bread: $3,000 (direct materials) + $2,500 (direct labor) + $2,400 (indirect costs) = $7,900

By assigning both direct and indirect costs to each type of bread, BreadHeaven gains a better understanding of the full cost of producing each bread type, which can inform pricing decisions, resource allocation, and performance evaluation.

Other Posts You'll Like...

How to Use Supporting Documentation to Create an Income Statement

Operating vs Non-Operating Activities in an Income Statement

REG CPA Practice Questions Explained: Calculate the Income Reported in the Year of Death for a Decedent

How to Use Discontinued Operations in an Income Statement

How to Prepare an Income Statement from a Trial Balance Step-by-Step

How to Use Non-Operating Items in an Income Statement

Helpful links.

• Learn to Study "Strategically"
• How to Pass a Failed CPA Exam
• Samples of SFCPA Study Tools
• SuperfastCPA Podcast

How Josh Passed His CPA Exams Using Shorter Study Sessions

The Changes That Helped Marc Pass His CPA Exams After Failing 6 Times

The CPA Study Tweaks Gabi Used to Pass Her CPA Exams

How Skylar Went From a Psychology Major to Becoming a CPA

How Dalton Is Passing Exams by Making His CPA Study a Lifestyle

How Caroline Simplified Her CPA Study and Passed

Want to pass as fast as possible, ( and avoid failing sections ), watch one of our free "study hacks" trainings for a free walkthrough of the superfastcpa study methods that have helped so many candidates pass their sections faster and avoid failing scores....

Make Your Study Process Easier and more effective with SuperfastCPA

Take Your CPA Exams with Confidence

• Free "Study Hacks" Training
• SuperfastCPA PRO Course
• SuperfastCPA Review Notes
• SuperfastCPA Audio Notes
• SuperfastCPA Quizzes

Get Started

• Free "Study Hacks Training"
• Read Reviews of SuperfastCPA
• Busy Candidate's Guide to Passing
• Subscribe to the Podcast
• Purchase Now
• Nate's Story
• Interviews with SFCPA Customers
• Our Study Methods
• SuperfastCPA Reviews
• CPA Score Release Dates
• The "Best" CPA Review Course
• Do You Really Need the CPA License?
• 7 Habits of Successful Candidates
• "Deep Work" & CPA Study

Module 5: Job Order Costing

Introduction to accumulating and assigning costs, what you will learn to do: assign costs to jobs.

Financial and managerial accountants record costs of production in an account called Work in Process. The total of these direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs equal the cost of producing the item.

In order to understand the accounting process, here is a quick review of how financial accountants record transactions:

Let’s take as simple an example as possible. Jackie Ma has decided to make high-end custom skateboards. She starts her business on July 1 by filing the proper forms with the state and then opening a checking account in the name of her new business, MaBoards. She transfers $150,000 from her retirement account into the business account and records it in a journal as follows:

For purposes of this ongoing example, we’ll ignore pennies and dollar signs, and we’ll also ignore selling, general, and administrative costs.

After Jackie writes the journal entry, she posts it to a ledger that currently has only two accounts: Checking Account, and Owner’s Capital.

Debits are entries on the left side of the account, and credits are entries on the right side.

Here is a quick review of debits and credits:

You can view the transcript for “Colin Dodds – Debit Credit Theory (Accounting Rap Song)” here (opens in new window) .

Also, this system of debits and credits is based on the following accounting equation:

Assets = Liabilities + Equity.

• Assets are resources that the company owns
• Liabilities are debts
• Equity is the amount of assets left over after all debts are paid

Let’s look at one more initial transaction before we dive into recording and accumulating direct costs such as materials and labor.

Jackie finds the perfect building for her new business; an old woodworking shop that has most of the equipment she will need. She writes a check from her new business account in the amount of $2,500 for July rent. Because she took managerial accounting in college, she determines this to be an indirect product expense, so she records it as Factory Overhead following a three-step process:

• Analyze transaction

Because her entire facility is devoted to production, she determines that the rent expense is factory overhead.

2. Journalize transaction using debits and credits

If she is using QuickBooks ® or other accounting software, when she enters the transaction into the system, the software will create the journal entry. In any case, whether she does it by hand or computer, the entry will look much like this:

3. Post to the ledger

Again, her computer software will post the journal entry to the ledger, but we will follow this example using a visual system accountants call T-accounts. The T-account is an abbreviated ledger. Click here to view a more detailed example of a ledger .

Jackie posts her journal entry to the ledger (T-accounts here).

She now has three accounts: Checking Account, Owner’s Capital, and Factory Overhead, and the company ledger looks like this:

In a retail business, rent, salaries, insurance, and other operating costs are categorized into accounts classified as expenses. In a manufacturing business, some costs are classified as product costs while others are classified as period costs (selling, general, and administrative).

We’ll treat factory overhead as an expense for now, which is ultimately a sub-category of Owner’s Equity, so our accounting equation now looks like this:

Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity

147,500 = 150,000 – 2,500

Notice that debits offset credits and vice versa. The balance in the checking account is the original deposit of $150,000, less the check written for $2,500. Once the check clears, if Jackie checks her account online, she’ll see that her ledger balance and the balance the bank reports will be the same.

Here is a summary of the rules of debits and credits:

Assets = increased by a debit, decreased by a credit

Liabilities = increased by a credit, decreased by a debit

Owner’s Equity = increased by a credit, decreased by a debit

Revenues increase owner’s equity, therefore an individual revenue account is increased by a credit, decreased by a debit

Expenses decrease owner’s equity, therefore an individual expense account is increased by a debit, decreased by a credit

Here’s Colin Dodds’s Accounting Rap Song again to help you remember the rules of debits and credits:

Let’s continue to explore job costing now by using this accounting system to assign and accumulate direct and indirect costs for each project.

When you are done with this section, you will be able to:

• Record direct materials and direct labor for a job
• Record allocated manufacturing overhead
• Prepare a job cost record

Learning Activities

The learning activities for this section include the following:

• Reading: Direct Costs
• Self Check: Direct Costs
• Reading: Allocated Overhead
• Self Check: Allocated Overhead
• Reading: Subsidiary Ledgers and Records
• Self Check: Subsidiary Ledgers and Records
• Introduction to Accumulating and Assigning Costs. Authored by : Joseph Cooke. Provided by : Lumen Learning. License : CC BY: Attribution
• Colin Dodds - Debit Credit Theory (Accounting Rap Song). Authored by : Mr. Colin Dodds. Located at : https://youtu.be/j71Kmxv7smk . License : All Rights Reserved . License Terms : Standard YouTube License
• What the General Ledger Can Tell You About Your Business. Authored by : Mary Girsch-Bock. Located at : https://www.fool.com/the-blueprint/general-ledger/ . License : All Rights Reserved . License Terms : Standard YouTube License

Privacy Policy

Our Recommendations

• Best Small Business Loans for 2024
• Businessloans.com Review
• Biz2Credit Review
• SBG Funding Review
• Rapid Finance Review
• 26 Great Business Ideas for Entrepreneurs
• Startup Costs: How Much Cash Will You Need?
• How to Get a Bank Loan for Your Small Business
• Articles of Incorporation: What New Business Owners Should Know
• How to Choose the Best Legal Structure for Your Business

Small Business Resources

• Business Ideas
• Business Plans
• Startup Basics
• Startup Funding
• Franchising
• Success Stories
• Entrepreneurs
• The Best Credit Card Processors of 2024
• Clover Credit Card Processing Review
• Merchant One Review
• ProMerchant Review
• Stax Review
• How to Conduct a Market Analysis for Your Business
• Local Marketing Strategies for Success
• Tips for Hiring a Marketing Company
• Benefits of CRM Systems
• 10 Employee Recruitment Strategies for Success
• Sales & Marketing
• Social Media
• Best Business Phone Systems of 2024
• The Best PEOs of 2024
• RingCentral Review
• Nextiva Review
• Ooma Review
• Guide to Developing a Training Program for New Employees
• How Does 401(k) Matching Work for Employers?
• Why You Need to Create a Fantastic Workplace Culture
• 16 Cool Job Perks That Keep Employees Happy
• 7 Project Management Styles
• Women in Business
• Personal Growth
• Best Accounting Software and Invoice Generators of 2024
• Best Payroll Services for 2024
• Best POS Systems for 2024
• Best CRM Software of 2024
• Best Call Centers and Answering Services for Busineses for 2024
• Salesforce vs. HubSpot: Which CRM Is Right for Your Business?
• Rippling vs Gusto: An In-Depth Comparison
• RingCentral vs. Ooma Comparison
• Choosing a Business Phone System: A Buyer’s Guide
• Equipment Leasing: A Guide for Business Owners
• HR Solutions
• Financial Solutions
• Marketing Solutions
• Security Solutions
• Retail Solutions
• SMB Solutions

What Is Cost Allocation?

Table of Contents

For your business to make money, you must charge prices that not only cover your expenses, but also provide a profit. Cost allocation is the process of identifying and assigning costs to the cost objects in your business, such as products, a project, or even an entire department or individual company branch.

While a detailed cost allocation report may not be vital for extremely small businesses, such as a teen’s lawn service, more complex businesses require the process of cost allocation to ensure profitability and productivity.

In short, if you can assign a cost to any part of your business, it’s considered a cost object.

What is cost allocation?

Cost allocation is the method business owners use to calculate profitability for the purpose of financial reporting . To ensure the business’s finances are on track, costs are separated, or allocated, into different categories based on the area of the business they impact.

For instance, cost allocation for a small clothing boutique would include the costs of materials, shipping and marketing. Calculating these costs consistently would help the store owner ensure that profits from sales are higher than the costs of owning and running the store. If not, the owner could easily pinpoint where to raise prices or cut expenses .

For a larger company, this process would be applied to each department or individual location. Many companies use cost allocation to determine which areas receive bonuses annually.

Regardless of your business size, you’ll want to review and choose the best accounting software to help this process run as smoothly as possible.

Types of costs

In the boutique example above, the process of cost allocation is pretty simple. For larger businesses, however, many more costs are involved. These costs break down into seven categories.

• Direct costs: These expenses are directly related to a product or service. In your business’s financial statements, these costs can be linked to items sold. For a small clothing store, this might include the cost of inventory.
• Direct labor: This cost category includes expenses directly related to the employee production of items or services your business sells. Direct labor costs include payroll for employees involved in making the items your business sells.
• Direct materials: As the name suggests, this category includes costs related to the resources used to manufacture a finished product. Direct materials include fabric to make clothing, or the glass used in building tables.
• Indirect costs: These expenses are not directly related to a product or service, but necessary to create the product or service. Indirect costs include payroll for those who work in operations. It also lists costs for materials you use in such small quantities that their costs are easy to overlook.
• Manufacturing overhead: This category includes warehouse costs, and any other expenses directly related to manufacturing the products sold. Manufacturing overhead costs include payroll for warehouse managers, as well as warehouse expenses such as rent and utilities.
• Overhead costs: These include expenses that support the company as a whole but are not directly related to production. Some examples of overhead costs are marketing, operations and utilities for a storefront.
• Product costs: Also called “manufacturing costs” or “total costs,” this category includes expenses for making or acquiring the product you sell. All manufacturing overhead costs are also listed in this category.

Example of cost allocation

To better explain the process of cost allocation and why it’s necessary for businesses, let’s look at an example.

Dave owns a business that manufactures eyeglasses. In January, Dave’s overhead costs totaled $5,000. In the same month, he produced 3,000 eyeglasses with $2 in direct labor per product. Direct materials for each pair of eyeglasses totaled $5.

Here’s what cost allocation would look like for Dave:

Overhead: $5,000 ÷ $3,000 = $1.66 per pair

Direct costs:

• Direct materials: $5 per pair
• Direct labor: $2 per pair
• Overhead: $1.66 per pair
• Total cost: $8.66 per pair

As you can see, without cost allocation, Dave would not have made a profit from his sales. Larger companies would apply this same process to each department and product to ensure sufficient sales goals. [Read related article: How to Set Achievable Business Goals ]

How to allocate costs

Cost objects vary by business type. The cost allocation process, however, consists of the same steps regardless of what your company produces.

1. Identify cost objects.

To begin allocating costs, you’ll need to list the cost objects of your business. Remember that anything within your business that generates an expense is a cost object. Review each product line, project and department to ensure you’ve gathered all cost objects.

2. Create a cost pool.

Next, gather a detailed list of all business costs. It’s a good idea to categorize the costs based on the reason for each amount. Categories should cover utilities, insurance , square footage and any other expenses your business incurs.

3. Allocate costs.

Now that you’ve listed cost objects and created a cost pool, you’re ready to allocate costs. As demonstrated in the example above, add up the costs of each cost object. At a glance, your report should justify all expenses related to your business. If costs don’t add up correctly, use the list to determine where you can make adjustments to get back on track.

What is cost allocation used for?

Cost allocation is used for many reasons, both externally and internally. Reports created by this process are great resources for making business decisions , monitoring productivity and justifying expenses.

External reports are usually calculated based on generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) . Under GAAP, expenses can only be reported in financial statements during the time period the associated revenue is earned. For this reason, overhead costs are divided and allocated to individual inventory items. When the inventory is sold, the overhead is expensed as a portion of the cost of goods sold (COGS) .

Internal financial data, on the other hand, is usually reported using activity-based costing (ABC). This method assigns all products to the overhead expenses they caused. This process may not include all overhead costs related to operations and manufacturing.

Cost allocation reports show which cost objects incur the most expenses for your business and which products or departments are most profitable. These findings can be a great resource to pair with employee monitoring software when evaluating productivity. If you determine that a cost object is not as profitable as it should be, you should do further evaluations on productivity. If another cost object is found to exceed expectations, you can use the report to find staff members who deserve recognition for their contributions to the company.

Recognition is one of the best ways to keep employees motivated .

What is a cost driver?

A cost driver is a variable that can change the costs related to a business activity. The number of invoices issued, the number of employee hours worked, and the total of purchase orders are all examples of cost drivers in cost accounting .

While cost objects are related to the specific process or product incurring the costs, a cost driver sheds light on the reason for the incurred cost amounts. These items can take different forms – including fixed costs, such as the initial fees during the startup phase . Cost drivers give a bird’s-eye view of the entire company and how each department operates.

It’s common for only one cost driver to be used with very small businesses , since they are focused on using minimal reporting to estimate overhead costs.

Benefits of cost allocation

• It simplifies decision-making. Cost allocation gives you a detailed overview of how your business expenses are used. From this perspective, you can determine which products and services are profitable, and which departments are most productive.
• It assists in staff evaluation. You can also use cost allocation to assess the performance of different departments. If a department is not profitable, the staff productivity may need improvement. Cost allocation can also be an indicator of departments that exceed expectations and deserve recognition. Awards and recognition are a great way to motivate staff and, in turn, increase productivity. [Read related article: Best Business Productivity Apps ]

Even if you operate a very small business, it’s a great idea to learn the process of cost allocation, especially if you anticipate expansion in the future. Since the method can be complex, it’s ideal to use accounting software as an aid. Whether you choose to start allocating costs on your own with software or hire a professional accountant , it’s a process no business owner can afford to overlook.

Building Better Businesses

Insights on business strategy and culture, right to your inbox. Part of the business.com network.

• Cost Classifications
• Relevant Cost of Material
• Manufacturing Overhead Costs
• Conversion Costs
• Quality Costs
• Revenue Expenditure
• Product Cost vs Period Cost
• Direct Costs and Indirect Costs
• Prime Costs and Conversion Costs
• Relevant vs Irrelevant Costs
• Avoidable and Unavoidable Costs
• Cost Allocation
• Joint Products
• Accounting for Joint Costs
• Service Department Cost Allocation
• Repeated Distribution Method
• Simultaneous Equation Method
• Specific Order of Closing Method
• Direct Allocation Method

Cost allocation is the process by which the indirect costs are distributed among different cost objects such as a project, a department, a branch, a customer, etc. It involves identifying the cost object, identifying and accumulating the costs that are incurred and assigning them to the cost object on some reasonable basis.

Cost allocation is important for both pricing and planning and control decisions. If costs are not accurately calculated, a business might never know which products are making money and which ones are losing money. If cost are mis-allocated, a business may be charging wrong price to its customers and/or it might be wasting resources on products that are wrongly categorized as profitable.

Cost allocation is a sub-process of cost assignment , which is the overall process of finding total cost of a cost object. Cost assignment involves both cost tracing and cost allocation. Cost tracing encompasses finding direct costs of a cost object while the cost allocation is concerned with indirect cost charge.

Steps in cost allocation process

Typical cost allocation mechanism involves:

• Identifying the object to which the costs have to be assigned,
• Accumulating the costs in different pools,
• Identifying the most appropriate basis/method for allocating the cost.

Cost object

A cost object is an item for which a business need to separately estimate cost.

Examples of cost object include a branch, a product line, a service line, a customer, a department, a brand, a project, etc.

A cost pool is the account head in which costs are accumulated for further assignment to cost objects.

Examples of cost pools include factory rent, insurance, machine maintenance cost, factory fuel, etc. Selection of cost pool depends on the cost allocation base used. For example if a company uses just one allocation base say direct labor hours, it might use a broad cost pool such as fixed manufacturing overheads. However, if it uses more specific cost allocation bases, for example labor hours, machine hours, etc. it might define narrower cost pools.

Cost driver

A cost driver is any variable that ‘drives’ some cost. If increase or decrease in a variable causes an increase or decrease is a cost that variable is a cost driver for that cost.

Examples of cost driver include:

• Number of payments processed can be a good cost driver for salaries of Accounts Payable section of accounting department,
• Number of purchase orders can be a good cost driver for cost of purchasing department,
• Number of invoices sent can be a good cost driver for cost of billing department,
• Number of units shipped can be a good cost driver for cost of distribution department, etc.

While direct costs are easily traced to cost objects, indirect costs are allocated using some systematic approach.

Cost allocation base

Cost allocation base is the variable that is used for allocating/assigning costs in different cost pools to different cost objects. A good cost allocation base is something which is an appropriate cost driver for a particular cost pool.

T2F is a university café owned an operated by a student. While it has plans for expansion it currently offers two products: (a) tea & coffee and (b) shakes. It employs 2 people: Mr. A, who looks after tea & coffee and Mr. B who prepares and serves shakes & desserts.

Its costs for the first quarter are as follows:

Total tea and coffee sales and shakes sales were $50,000 & $60,000 respectively. Number of customers who ordered tea or coffee were 10,000 while those ordering shakes were 8,000.

The owner is interested in finding out which product performed better.

Salaries of Mr. A & B and direct materials consumed are direct costs which do not need any allocation. They are traced directly to the products. The rest of the costs are indirect costs and need some basis for allocation.

Cost objects in this situation are the products: hot beverages (i.e. tea & coffee) & shakes. Cost pools include rent, electricity, music, internet and wi-fi subscription and magazines.

Appropriate cost drivers for the indirect costs are as follows:

Since number of customers is a good cost driver for almost all the costs, the costs can be accumulated together to form one cost pool called manufacturing overheads. This would simply the cost allocation.

Total manufacturing overheads for the first quarter are $19,700. Total number of customers who ordered either product are 18,000. This gives us a cost allocation base of $1.1 per customer ($19,700/18,000).

A detailed cost assignment is as follows:

Manufacturing overheads allocated to Tea & Cofee = $1.1×10,000

Manufacturing overheads allocated to Shakes = $1.1×8,000

by Irfanullah Jan, ACCA and last modified on Jul 22, 2020

Related Topics

• Cost Behavior

All Chapters in Accounting

• Intl. Financial Reporting Standards
• Introduction
• Accounting Principles
• Business Combinations
• Accounting Cycle
• Financial Statements
• Non-Current Assets
• Fixed Assets
• Investments
• Revenue Recognition
• Current Assets
• Receivables
• Inventories
• Shareholders' Equity
• Liability Accounts
• Accounting for Taxes
• Employee Benefits
• Accounting for Partnerships
• Financial Ratios
• Cost Accounting Systems
• CVP Analysis
• Relevant Costing
• Capital Budgeting
• Master Budget
• Inventory Management
• Cash Management
• Standard Costing

Current Chapter

XPLAIND.com is a free educational website; of students, by students, and for students. You are welcome to learn a range of topics from accounting, economics, finance and more. We hope you like the work that has been done, and if you have any suggestions, your feedback is highly valuable. Let's connect!

Copyright © 2010-2024 XPLAIND.com

Workflow Solutions

FloQast Close

FloQast Reconciliation Management

FloQast Variance Analysis

FloQast Analyze

FloQast Compliance Management

FloQast Ops

FloQast ReMind

Finance and Accounting Operations Platform

Platform Overview

AI and Machine Learning

Scalability

Trust & Security

Integrations

FloVerse Community

FloQast Studios

FloQast Blog

Controller Manifesto

FloQademy - Join / Sign In

Charting the Future of Accounting eBook

Your next step: navigating the future amidst changes and challenges

Chief Accounting Officer

Accounting Manager

Compliance Manager

Internal Audit Manager

By Workflow

Financial Close

Account Reconciliations

Audit Findings

Controls and Risk Management

SOX Compliance

Audit Readiness

Oracle NetSuite

Sage Intacct

FloQast Connect API

By Platform

The IPO Playbook for Finance & Accounting Teams

An at-a-glance guide to going public

Success Stories

Video Testimonials

PulteGroup Constructs Faster Close and Team Productivity with FloQast

Learn how FloQast helped PulteGroup reduce paper consumption, speed up its monthly Close, and streamline compliance reporting.

Closing Collaboration in a Multinational Accounting Team: How Emma Improved Team Collaboration and Internal Controls Together with FloQast

Emma's 70-person geographically distributed accounting team improved internal controls and streamlined the audit thanks to FloQast.

Qualys Modernizes SOX Compliance and Improves the Annual Audit with FloQast

Read how in just a matter of weeks, Qualys leveraged FloQast to standardize the close process and organize controls and documentation for a more simplified SOX compliance.

Partner Program

Become a Partner

Take Your Business to the Next Level

FloQast’s suite of easy-to-use and quick-to-deploy solutions enhance the way accounting teams already work. Learn how a FloQast partnership will further enhance the value you provide to your clients.

All Resources

Checklists & Templates

Customer Video Testimonials

Whitepapers

Customer Success Stories

Month-End Close Checklist

SOX RCM Template

Leverage best practices to build a SOX RCM that focuses on what’s most important for SOX compliance.

Customer Success Management

Customer Success

Global Community

Request Support

Earn Free CPE with FloQademy

FloQademy, FloQast’s learning portal, provides over 100+ hours of free CPE, on-demand, 24/7, and is open to everyone.

The FloQast Advantage

Initiatives

Diversity, Inclusion, & Community

Contact FloQast

Get In Touch

Accounting automation and collaboration platform FloQast raises $110M

Read about FloQast's business model and successful round of series D funding

What is Cost Allocation? Definition & Process

Jul 16, 2020 Michael Whitmire

Working with the former accountants now working at FloQast, we decided to take a look at some of the pillars of the accounting professions.

The key to running a profitable enterprise of any kind is making sure that your prices are high enough to cover all your costs — and leave at least a bit for profit. For a really simple business — like the proverbial lemonade stand that almost every kid ran — that’s pretty simple. Your costs are what you (or your parents) paid for lemons and sugar. But what if it’s a more complex business? Then you might need to brush up on cost accounting, and learn about allocation accounting . Let’s walk through this using the hypothetical company, Lisa’s Luscious Lemonade. 

What is cost allocation ?

The cost allocation definition is best described as the process of assigning costs to the things that benefit from those costs or to cost centers . For Lisa’s Luscious Lemonade, a cost center can be as granular as each jug of lemonade that’s produced, or as broad as the manufacturing plant in Houston. 

Let’s assume that the owner, Lisa, needs to know the cost of a jug of lemonade. The total cost to create that jug of lemonade isn’t just the costs of the water, lemons, sugar and the jug itself, but also includes all the allocated costs to make it. 

Let’s start by defining some terms…

Direct costs are costs that can be traced directly to the product or service itself. For manufacturers, these consist of direct materials and direct labor. They appear in the financial statements as part of the cost of goods sold .

Direct materials are those that become an integral part of the finished product. This will be the costs of the water, sugar, lemons, the plastic jug, and the label. 

Direct labor includes the labor costs that can be easily traced to the production of those finished products. Direct labor for that jug will be the payroll for the workers on the production line. 

Indirect costs are the costs that can’t be easily traced to a product or service but are clearly required for making whatever an enterprise sells. This includes materials that are used in such insignificant quantities that it’s not worth tracing them to finished products, and labor for employees who work in the factory, but not on the production line. 

Overhead costs encompass all the costs that support the enterprise that can’t be directly linked to making the items that are sold. This includes indirect costs , as well as selling, marketing, administration, and facility costs. 

Manufacturing overhead includes the overhead costs that are directly related to making the products for sale. This includes the electricity, rent, and utilities for the factory and salaries of supervisors on the factory floor. 

Product costs are all the costs in making or acquiring the product for sale. These are also known as manufacturing costs or total costs . This includes direct labor, direct materials, and allocated manufacturing overhead. 

What is the process?

The first step in any cost allocation system is to identify the cost objects to which costs need to be allocated. Here, our cost objec t is a jug of lemonade. For a more complex organization, the cost object could be a product line, a department, or a branch. 

Direct costs are the simplest to allocate. Last month, Lisa’s Luscious Lemonades produced 50,000 gallons of lemonade and had the following direct costs:

                                    Total costs     Cost per gallon Direct materials        $142,500               $2.85 Direct labor                   $37,500                   $.75

How are costs allocated?

Allocating overhead costs is a bit more complex. First, the overhead costs are split between manufacturing costs and non-manufacturing costs. Some of this is pretty straightforward: the factory floor supervisor’s salary is clearly a manufacturing cost, and the sales manager’s salary is a non-manufacturing cost. But what about the cost of human resources or other service departments that serve all parts of the organization? Or facilities costs, which might include the rent for the building, insurance, utilities, janitorial services, and general building maintenance?

Human resources and other services costs might be logically split based on the headcount of the manufacturing versus non-manufacturing parts of the business. Facilities costs might be split based on the square footage of the manufacturing space versus the administrative offices. Electricity usage might be allocated on the basis of square footage or machine hours , depending on the situation. 

Let’s say that for Lisa’s Luscious Lemonades, after we split the overhead between manufacturing and non-manufacturing costs, we have the following annual manufacturing overhead costs : 

Supervisor salary                                  $84,000 Indirect costs                                         $95,000 Facility costs                                           $150,000 Human resources                                  $54,000 Depreciation                                          $65,000 Electricity                                                $74,000 Total manufacturing overhead             $522,000

In a perfect world, it would be possible to keep an accurate running total of all overhead costs so that management would have detailed and accurate cost information. However, in practice, a predetermined overhead rate is used to allocate overhead using an allocation base . 

This overhead rate is determined by dividing the total estimated manufacturing overhead by the estimated total units in the allocation base . At the end of the year or quarter, the allocated costs are reconciled to actual costs. 

Ideally, the allocation base should be a cost driver that causes those overhead costs . For manufacturers, direct labor hours or machine-hours are commonly used. Since Lisa only makes one product — gallon jugs of lemonade — the simplest cost driver is the number of jugs produced in a year. 

If we estimate that 600,000 gallons of lemonade are produced in a year, then the overhead rate will be $522,000 / 600,000 = $.87 per gallon.

Our final cost to produce a gallon of Lisa’s Luscious Lemonade is as follows:

Direct materials                             $2.85 Direct labor                                     $0.75 Manufacturing overhead               $0.87 Total cost                                         $4.47

What is cost allocation used for?

Cost allocation is used for both external reporting and internally for decision making. Under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the matching principle requires that expenses be reported in the financial statements in the same period that the related revenue is earned. 

This means that manufacturing overhead costs cannot be expensed in the period incurred, but must be allocated to inventory items, where those costs remain until the inventory is sold, when overhead is finally expensed as part of the cost of goods sold. For Lisa’s Luscious Lemonade, that means that every time a jug of lemonade is produced, another $4.47 goes into inventory. When a jug is sold, $4.47 goes to the cost of goods sold. 

However, for internal decision-making, the cost allocation systems used for GAAP financials aren’t always helpful. Cost accountants often use activity-based costing , or ABC, in parallel with the cost allocation system used for external financial reporting . 

In ABC, products are assigned all of the overhead costs that they can reasonably be assumed to have caused. This may include some — but not all — of the manufacturing overhead costs , as well as operating expenses that aren’t typically assigned to products under the costing systems used for GAAP. 

AutoRec to keep you sane

Whatever cost accounting method you use, it’s going to require spreadsheets that you have to reconcile to the GL. Combine that with the other reconciliations you have to do to close out the books, and like Lisa’s controller, you might be ready to jump into a vat of lemonade to drown your sorrows. 

Enter FloQast AutoRec. Rather than spend hours every month reconciling accounts, AutoRec leverages AI to match one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many transactions in minutes. Simple set up means you can start using it in minutes because you don’t need to create or maintain rules. Try it out, and see how much time you can save this month. 

Ready to find out more about how FloQast can help you tame the beast of the close?

Michael Whitmire

As CEO and Co-Founder, Mike leads FloQast’s corporate vision, strategy and execution. Prior to founding FloQast, he managed the accounting team at Cornerstone OnDemand, a SaaS company in Los Angeles. He began his career at Ernst & Young in Los Angeles where he performed public company audits, opening balance sheet audits, cash to GAAP restatements, compilation reviews, international reporting, merger and acquisition audits and SOX compliance testing. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Accounting from Syracuse University.

Related Blog Articles

Report: Accountants Want Financial Transformation, but Lack of Fulfillment and Confidence Stand in the Way

Study: Compliance and Controls Processes Are Struggling

Report: Analyzing Accountants’ Relationship with Technology as Stressor in the Workplace – and at Home

404 Not found

COST ASSIGNMENT Definition

COST ASSIGNMENT involves assigning costs of an account to the accounts that are responsible or accountable for incurring the cost. For example, the cost of issuing purchase orders is allocated to the various objects procured. The cost assignment is done through assignment paths and cost drivers. The assignment path identifies the source account (the account whose cost is being assigned "Issue Purchase Orders" in the above example) and destination accounts (the accounts to which the costs are being allocated the various cost objects procured by issuing purchase orders in the above example). The cost driver identifies the measure or rationale on the basis of which the assignment needs to be done, that is, whether the costs of issuing purchase orders need to be assigned to various cost objects evenly, based on some defined percentage values, or based on some criterion, like the number of purchase orders of each cost object issued. Defining the cost drivers and assignment paths (i.e., source and destination accounts) enable proper assignment and accounting of the various costs incurred in the organization.

Learn new Accounting Terms

OMITTED is to leave undone or leave out, i.e. to prevent from being included or considered or accepted.

FHLMC see FEDERAL HOME LOAN MORTGAGE CORPORATION .

Suggest a Term

*  = required field

Enter a term, then click the entry you would like to view.

5. Is it ethical

Now that we got the “ legal ” question out of the way…

What about “How ethical is it to wholesale”.

Type that into the web and you’ll get thrown into a black hole of comments and forums chatter you won’t ever be able to get out of.

Here’s the bottom line of why it gets so much controversy and what it has to do with assignment fees…

Wholesalers are going around marketing “We buy houses CASH” when in reality, they aren’t buying it cash… they’re assigning the contract for a fee.

This is where everyone gets their tights all tied up in a bunch (did I just make up a word?! Yes! I did). Because if you say you’re going to close it with cash, but you have to walk away from the seller because you can’t find a buyer… how would you feel leaving a seller (who seriously needed to close yesterday), hanging)?

Some with a conscious would feel pretty bad… others don’t care.

So it’s up to you how you feel about the ethics side of things.

Can you close the deal yourself if you can’t find a cash buyer , via a hard money lender or partner? Or will you feel comfortable walking away from the deal? Or will you be confident enough to go up to the seller and tell her the truth, that you intended on selling the contract to a cash buyer but it seems that your priced it too high, can we renegotiate?

The underlying problem with “walking away” from a buyer is not pricing it right.

If you have a good deal, cash buyers will be all over it and be HAPPY to pay you an assignment fee.

Here’s a video on ethical wholesaling:

6. How much should a fee be?

New wholesalers typically aren’t sure what they should charge. But it’s going to vary from deal-to-deal, and market to market.

A decent wholesaling fee can range from $10,000 to $30,000.

There are occasions when you hear about $100,000 assignment fees. And they do happen. It’s just a matter of negotiating a good deal.

While there isn’t a “set fee” that wholesalers should charge, it all depends on how good of a deal you can negotiate, and how high you can mark up the contract for an end buyer.

So there are two components that determine how much you can get paid for an assignment fee:

• Seller’s price.
• End buyers price.

Later, in another section, I talk about how you can increase your assignment fee… for now, let’s just cover how much your can charge.

Earlier I mentioned that your market might have an influence on how much you can charge. And that has more to do with how low of a discount, sellers are willing to take AND how competitive it is in your market.

Here’s an example:

If a seller talks to three wholesalers, one offers $200,000 while the others offer $180,000, she most likely will go with the higher offer. Well, now those wholesalers might enter into bidding wars in the market, by creeping up their MAOP (Max allowable offer price).

When wholesalers start raising their Max offers (because the market is demanding it), AND if the end buying price (what cash buyers are willing to pay for that deal) does move up with it…

Then you start seeing wholesalers’ assignment fees start shrinking down. We’ll go over later some techniques for helping with this natural occurrence in the market.

Here’s an example of a real wholesaler using our handwritten mailers, in a case study where he made anywhere from $4k fees to $22,500

7. Who pays for it?

Typically, in a traditional real estate wholesaling model, the end buyer (the cash buyer) is paying for your assignment fee.

For example: You negotiate with the seller to buy the property for $100,000. And the end buyer agrees to buy this deal for $120,000. He enters into escrow and pays the $120,000. You get the difference between the seller price and the end buyer price.

8. Does the seller or buyer see the fee?

In a typical assignment transfer, yes your assignment fee will be inside the closing statements.

After a property closes escrow, every party involved will get “closing statements” that look might look like this (depending on your state and the companies you use):

One of the line items may show up as “Assignment Fee” (or something similar), and show the amount.

Buyers will see these, as well as sellers.

However, a cash buyer (usually) understands that wholesaling is A LOT of work and that you should get paid for it. A good cash buyer understands that.

Sellers, most likely, won’t understand what an “assignment fee” is when they see this doc (they most likely won’t even read it).

On the rare occasion that they actually do ask what that line item is, you can tell the truth like this: “We work with partners and lenders all the time, and sometimes we end up selling the property during escrow to these partners, instead of keeping it ourselves. In this case we ended up selling to them”.

There’s a way to circumvent this potential problem of an assignment fee showing up on the closing documents…

And that’s by doing a double close instead of an assignment.

Let me explain in the next section…

9. Alternatives to an assignment?

As mentioned in the previous section, an assignment fee can have some cons to it. The primary being that sellers AND buyers can see how much you’re getting paid.

However, there is another “tool” you can use that hides this from both parties, and that’s called the “double close” (sometimes referred to as a “simultaneous closing” or “back to back” closing. As the name implies, there are 2 separate closings, not 1 (like our assignment fee transaction).

Here’s an explanation:

• The homeowner (party A) agrees to sell to a wholesaler (Party B) for $100,000
• They enter escrow
• While in escrow, Party B finds a cash buyer (Party C)
• Party C agrees to buy that property for $150,000
• They enter a second escrow agreement (different from the first)
• Party C funds the escrow account to buy the property at $150,000
• Party B uses those funds (minus his “assignment fee”) to pay the purchase from Party A

A little confusing?

Maybe this infographic helps:

We won’t go into too much detail about this as this is an article on the assignment fee… But just know that there is an alternative to hiding your fee but using a double close.

The con to this is that you pay a little more because you’re in fact doing 2 closes, not 1. So the times you might want to a double close vs an assignment fee is when you negotiated a very good deal and want to conceal the big check you’ll be getting.

10. Assignment fees and agents?

Anyone can get paid an assignment fee for this kind of “wholesaling” transaction. There’s no law that says agents can’t. However, that agent/broker needs to pay careful attention to their State RE commission laws as they’re put under serious scrutiny if they walk any fine lines.

For instance, if you’re buying the property and wholesaling it AND you’re licensed… in most states, you have to express to the seller that you are a licensed real estate agent but you are NOT representing them, and instead the principle of the transaction.

If you’re an agent wondering if you can (or should) do this, first contact your broker or RE Commission office to find out more.

Secondly, you might want to reconsider doing this as in some markets agent commission fees are higher than typical wholesaling fees. This is rare, but there are some hot markets where wholesalers have to keep raising their prices to win the deal, and therefore lower their assignment fee.

11. How to increase your assignment fees?

As mentioned in a previous section, your fee is greatly dependent on the kind of deal you negotiate.

So if you get a deal at $100,000 and another investor (cash buyer) is willing to pay $150,000 for it, you walk with a $50,000 assignment fee (assuming no closing costs are removed from this).

There are 4 factors to increasing your assignment fees…

• Become a better marketer If you improve your knowledge and skill set in marketing, you can essentially get to motivated sellers before anyone else.In the next section, we cover how to find these properties, which has everything to do with marketing, but one way (that we specialize in) is using handwritten mail to gain the best response rates from sellers.
• Become a better negotiator If you study and practice good salesmanship you can effectively win deals even if you’re offer is “low” . If you have no experience in sales, this will take time, but there are loads of resources available online (free and paid) that you can take advantage of. But, if you’re planning to stay in this entrepreneurship game for the long haul I HIGHLY suggest you study sales on a regular basis.
• Know you numbers Getting better and better at knowing what your market demands in terms of prices, rehab costs , etc… will help determine a more accurate price at a faster rate. Why does this matter to getting paid a higher assignment fee? It’s 2 reasons: First, if you know that cash buyers are willing to pay X, you can raise your asking price from end buyers, or on the flip side of that if, you know that a house needs some major repairs you can use that negotiated a lower price with the seller…Secondly, if you are really good with numbers, you can give an offer faster than your competition who has to take 1-2 days to send an offer in. In competitive markets “ Speed to lead ” wins and the person who can act fastest is usually the one who takes the trophy.
• Build a thriving buyers list The second component of the assignment fee and wholesaling business is selling the contract to a cash buyer.And, if you can build a list of buyers who will pay more for a good deal than most of the other “bottom of the barrel” buyers who demand very steep prices.Where do find buyers willing to pay more? It’s usually among high w-2 earners (doctors, lawyers, etc) who like to flip houses on the side. Or high-income business owners looking to park their cash somewhere to earn 15%+ annual ROI by doing so occasional flips.If you can find them, network with them, and add them to your list you can essentially raise your property raise to increase your assignment fee

12. How to find discounted properties to wholesale?

Finally our last section in this article which is probably at the top of some people’s minds:

“ Assignments sound great, but how do you FIND discounted properties!?!?”

Wholesaling is probably one of the toughest occupations in real estate.

You have to be well-rounded in almost every aspect of the industry. And you have to be top-notch in your selling and marketing capabilities.

But with that, there are foundational techniques to help you find these properties on your own. I’m going to give you 2 resources to start below.

First, is our article “ 8 ways to find 100 sellers for under $500”

Second is our eBook on Direct mail

You can get the Ebook for free by subscribing below to our newsletter, where we give lessons, stories, and value every week to real estate investors like you…

Spread the Word. Share this post!

Subscribe to our Newsletter

Sign up for news, updates, and more from BPM. It’s time to ZAG!

• Search Search Please fill out this field.
• Business Essentials

Assignment Method: Examples of How Resources Are Allocated

What Is the Assignment Method?

The assignment method is a way of allocating organizational resources in which each resource is assigned to a particular task. The resource could be monetary, personnel , or technological.

Understanding the Assignment Method

The assignment method is used to determine what resources are assigned to which department, machine, or center of operation in the production process. The goal is to assign resources in such a way to enhance production efficiency, control costs, and maximize profits.

The assignment method has various applications in maximizing resources, including:

• Allocating the proper number of employees to a machine or task
• Allocating a machine or a manufacturing plant and the number of jobs that a given machine or factory can produce
• Assigning a number of salespersons to a given territory or territories
• Assigning new computers, laptops, and other expensive high-tech devices to the areas that need them the most while lower priority departments would get the older models

Companies can make budgeting decisions using the assignment method since it can help determine the amount of capital or money needed for each area of the company. Allocating money or resources can be done by analyzing the past performance of an employee, project, or department to determine the most efficient approach.

Regardless of the resource being allocated or the task to be accomplished, the goal is to assign resources to maximize the profit produced by the task or project.

Example of Assignment Method

A bank is allocating its sales force to grow its mortgage lending business. The bank has over 50 branches in New York but only ten in Chicago. Each branch has a staff that is used to bring in new clients.

The bank's management team decides to perform an analysis using the assignment method to determine where their newly-hired salespeople should be allocated. Given the past performance results in the Chicago area, the bank has produced fewer new clients than in New York. The fewer new clients are the result of having a small market presence in Chicago.

As a result, the management decides to allocate the new hires to the New York region, where it has a greater market share to maximize new client growth and, ultimately, revenue.

• Terms of Service
• Editorial Policy
• Privacy Policy
• Your Privacy Choices

Understanding Global Assignment Costs

By LaQuita Morrison, GMS

Confidence in the U.S. economy is rising, and with it, the number of companies seeking to establish, strengthen or expand their global positions is increasing. Often, this involves expatriating talent to fill key positions in other countries. Some companies will also provide global assignment opportunities to expand their employees’ knowledge and skills.

Whether your company is well versed or new to managing global assignments, the cost of them can be daunting. However, when appropriately managed, global assignments can positively impact a company’s global business goals.

Sending an employee and a family of three on a three-year global assignment could cost in excess of USD $1 million. So, it’s not surprising that many global companies believe traditional overseas assignments are cost-prohibitive. Some companies have reduced, frozen or even eliminated their global assignment programs. However, to remain competitive, companies still need to place the best talent at the appropriate locations, and often that talent isn’t available without a global transfer. This is when the proper management and oversight of relocation costs becomes imperative.

Understanding the Costs

If you’re planning global assignments, there are ways to scale back costs without compromising operations or impacting employee productivity. Finding that balance between employee support and cost management to successfully oversee global assignments is a challenge, but it can be done. Below is a list of some of the expenses associated with a global assignment:

• Candidate Assessment – Conducted by the company to determine if the employee is the right candidate for the global assignment.
• Pre-Decision Assessment – Aligns the individual needs of the employee and the employee’s family with the business goals of the assignment.
• Immigration – Obtaining the appropriate documentation for the assignment. The reason for the assignment will dictate the appropriate visa type.
• Tax Implications – Determining the tax implications of the assignment and responsibilities of both the company and the employee.
• Tax Assistance – Providing the employee with tax assistance, which could include consultation; preparation (for both home and host countries); filing (for both home and host countries); tax equalization.
• Host Country Housing – Providing reasonable and customary rent and utility costs for the employee’s housing in the host country according to regional guidelines based on family size and location.
• Cost-of-Living Allowance (COLA) – An allowance or differential paid to the employee for similar goods and services in the host location that they have in the home location based on family size and salary. Intended to cover costs to purchase host country goods and services over those from the home country.
• Transportation – An allowance for a car for the duration of the assignment, the amount of which may vary by location and family size.
• Hardship – An allowance paid in addition to salary and COLA for assignments in locations designated as a hardship for the employee based on factors that include potential violence, incidence of disease, medical care quality, geographic isolation and availability of goods and services.
• Miscellaneous Expense Allowance – One-time payment made, separate from base salary, intended to cover expenses not expressly covered in the Letter of Understanding, like renter’s insurance, obtaining a new driver’s license, immunizations, taxis, etc.
• Cultural/Language Training – Provided to the employee and the family to assist in understanding the host country culture and language.
• Home Finding and Destination Services – Locating housing in the host country, as well as registering with local authorities and setting up accounts.
• Departure Services – Home sale, property management, lease termination, etc.
• Global Household Goods – Transporting (via land, air and/or sea) or storing household goods and personal effects.
• Temporary Living – Fully furnished housing at the destination location.
• Repatriation – Return of the employee to the home country following assignment completion.

To learn more about managing global assignment costs, download our free guide.

• Share on Facebook
• Share on Twitter
• Share on LinkedIn
• Share with Email

Insights + Resources

What is an executive relocation package, how to build an effective hr communication strategy, should your relocation package include hardship allowances, 8 benefits of outsourcing your relocation program.

404 Not found

• Study Guides
• Homework Questions

Palak Sharma 2352336 Cost Assignment