recycling of e waste business plan

How To Start An E-waste Recycling Business? [Investment, Steps, Tips & More]

In the past ten years, the IT sector has been experiencing unprecedented growth worldwide. This tremendous growth has been fuelled by increased electronic penetration into everyday products and increased acceptance of electronics goods by people. The growth in consumer demand has also led to increased investments in product innovation, which have resulted in a shorter product life cycle. As a result, a massive amount of electronic waste was produced in the last few years.

E-waste is now one of the most prominent waste sources across the world. There is no doubt that e-waste also poses a major environmental threat. However, it gives entrepreneurs who are willing to take the risk an excellent opportunity to have their own e-waste recycling business. India is one of the largest e-waste producers, which creates a major business opportunity for the e- waste management business .

This article gives a quick rundown of the e-waste recycling business's requirements.

E-waste Recycling Business - Potential

The demand for e-waste is growing in conjunction with the growing requirement for upgrading to new technologies. The desire to introduce advanced technology means that millions of tonnes of e-waste are produced in different areas of the globe. In particular, mobile devices, TVs, and electronic equipment are growing worldwide rapidly.

Thanks to increased purchasing power and increasing disposable income, the sales of those electronic devices are increasing steadily. As a result of new product releases, customers are now encouraged to replace their old products with new offerings and updated features. This has shortened the lifetime of these devices to some years. This results in a rapid increase in the amount of e-waste produced. The ongoing sale of electronic equipment in the coming years would generate a profitable economic environment for the e-waste recycling business model.

E-waste Recycling Business - Licenses & Permissions

A diverse range of government permissions and licenses is needed to start an e-waste recycling business. The basic specifications, however, remain the same across states. Check out some of the most common steps you need to follow for your e-waste recycling business:

• Register at the Udyog Aadhaar MSME status to begin your e-waste recycling business. You'll be able to do that online.
• Go to the State PCB and ask for permission to start an e-waste business. To apply for approval from the PCB, you need to submit several statutory documents.
• You will need the necessary approval from the Ministry of the Environment if you wish to import e-scraps as part of your e-waste recycling business plan. You will also be given an extensive protocol by the Central Excise and Customs Board.

E-waste Recycling Business - Investment

There is a lot of money to be made in the e-waste recycling industry in India. A proper and well-defined plan can make the e-waste recycling business model profitable in no time. However, significant capital investment is needed to start an e-waste recycling company. To begin with, you need to invest money to get licenses. You'll also need a dump yard and a place to run your company.

The processing activity necessitates the use of various instruments and equipment. You'll need to recruit trained and experienced personnel. Finally, you must take care of the day-to-day operation, publicity, and other expenses. You can use the efficient application OkCredit to manage your daily transaction properly. This also aids in maintaining a proper ledger.

E-waste Recycling Business - Business Model

To achieve success in this venture, the development of the right e-waste recycling business plan is crucial. The total activity can be divided into several phases in terms of the process. This includes gathering devices, processing scrap, and receiving payment in return for the components.

It is critical to decide the operational areas of your e-waste recycling business based on your investment potential. You will need to rely on scrap collectors if you don't want to pick up devices from the public. On the other hand, collecting scrap from consumers guarantees a higher profit margin and increased brand recognition of your e-waste business.

E-waste Recycling Business - Importance

Electronic waste comprises a great degree of precious metals. And after the waste has been recovered, we can use those metals. Electronic waste recycling aids for effective waste management. Old electronic equipment may contain dangerous contaminants such as plum, arsenic, cadmium, and chromium.

This damages the climate as well. Consequently, it is important to have proper e-waste management. E-waste now represents over 70% of all environmental emissions. One of the most critical ways to lower emissions in the world is through e-waste disposal.

Step-by-Step Guide For Setting Up An E-Waste Recycling Business

Check below the ten essential steps to follow before starting your e-waste recycling business:

1. Learn more about the e-waste recycling industry by conducting research

The e-waste recycling plant business plan is complicated and capital-intensive. It is essential to have a thorough understanding of both electronics and the recycling industry. Prepare a market analysis before you begin. You must recognise products that are being discarded and dumped in toxic landfills in your area. It will assist you in determining which electronic products should be recycled.

Also, see the online market after you decide to start an e-waste management business. Check out the websites of well-known e-waste recycling companies to learn more about their e-waste business model.

2. Determine which electronic wastes should be recycled

It is critical to choose a list of services that you can provide as an e-waste recycling business. The items chosen will be primarily determined by what is available from local consumer electronics suppliers and wholesalers. The established e-waste recycling management companies normally work in different fields like data destruction, e-waste collection, reconstruction and re-sale of old electronic items, and de-fabrication and distribution of unused electronic components.

3. Put together a business plan

Depending on the economic research report, it's time to develop an e-waste recycling business plan. This strategic plan is crucial to its long-term survival because it serves as a road map for its potential operations. You should include Initial and ongoing costs, a list of the companies from which you will collect electronic waste, your production capacity, and pricing strategy in your business plan:

4. Obtain the Necessary Licenses and Permits

Check with the relevant authorities to see what kind of permits you'll need to run an e-waste recycling business. Inquire with your city's public welfare department about waste disposal and planning standards for your e-waste cycling business.

5. Setup your business

Choose a spot for your e-waste recycling business to open. It is best to start your e-waste recycling business from a place outside of the city. To obtain a PCB license, you must have no objections from your neighbours before beginning work. Make a floor plan that includes locations for scrap storage, a distribution dock, an office, and a separate room for hazardous products.

Before beginning the operation, make sure you have all of the appropriate equipment. You'll need a conveyer belt, a cathode ray tube (CRT), a measuring machine, and vehicles. You can purchase it directly or start with a contract. Hire people who are well-versed in their jobs and have a lot of experience. You may have to pay for special training for special equipment or supplies if necessary.

6. Safety Measures for E-Waste Recycling

Toxic heavy metals are found in heavy quantities in e-waste, such as laptops, scanners, and mobile phones. To protect the employees' wellbeing, implement strict safety measures at work.

7. Obtain recycling equipment for e-waste

The majority of e-waste comes from CRT TVs and screens. As a result, the disassembly line is crucial in the recycling process. The CRT crusher is critical in isolating the device's plastic protective cover and crushing it systematically, exposing the circuits and other internal parts for processing. Since it is the most valuable tool in the recycling process, you must be vigilant when purchasing a good-quality CRT crusher.

8. Plan out the capital investment

The setup cost of an e-waste recycling business is determined by a variety of factors. Work with a simple e-waste handling facility unit if you want to commence with much fewer financial resources.

9. Create an efficient marketing strategy

Carefully craft a marketing strategy. Without an efficient marketing strategy, no company can succeed. You must also focus on digital ads in today's digital environment.

10. Go for business management software

Finally, for a bug-free service, you'll need the right software. E-waste recycling is a meticulously detailed industry. As a result, you'll need an integrated framework to better track and manage your business.

Summing it up

The activities of the e-waste recycling business include waste collection and acquisition from different organisations, the separation of functional components and reuse of the materials used, the extraction and rehabilitation of valuable materials, metals, and plastics. The e-waste recycling industry has a bright future ahead of it. However, it will take a lot of careful preparation and implementation to make it a success.

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Q. What exactly is e-waste?

Ans. Electrical and electronic equipment thrown as garbage by the consumer or bulk consumer, as well as rejects from production, refurbishing, and repair processes, are referred to as 'e-waste.'

Q. Are there any charges associated with the MSME registration of my e-waste recycling business?

Ans. No, there are no charges associated with Udyog Aadhar MSME registration. You can simply log in to this website https://udyamregistration.gov.in/ for self-attested registration of your e-waste recycling business.

Q. Do I need authorisation for my e-waste business?

Ans. Yes, every e-waste recycling business needs to have authorisation from the pollution control board of the corresponding state or union territory.

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A Business Plan for E-Waste Recycling

In a world where resources are being depleted at an alarming rate, it’s more important than ever to find ways to recycle and reuse materials. That’s why e-waste recycling is such an important industry. Corporate electronic recycling is set to lead the industry to newer heights in the coming years.

E-Cycle electronic recycling refers to the process of reusing electronic devices and/or their components to get more value out of them, even after their life has been completed. This can include components from everything, be it a computer, laptop, cell phone, tablet, TV, batteries, and more.

However, when adopting these practices, there are a lot of elements that businesses will have to consider. This guide will provide you with all the information you need to get started with electronics recycling to help you create a dedicated business plan.

Electronic Scrap Recycling – An Overview

The e-waste industry is growing rapidly across the globe. It is estimated that 50 million metric tons of e-waste are generated each year. And, with the rapid pace of technological advancement, this number is only expected to grow.

It is important to note that without corporate electronic recycling programs, your waste may end up in a landfill. Not only will you end up losing out on potential revenue, but it is also considered socially irresponsible as it not only poses a threat to the environment but also to public health. So, what can businesses do to help address this issue?

Adopting corporate electronic recycling practices is a great place to start. Take corporate computer recycling, for instance. Not only will this help to reduce the amount of e-waste going to landfills, but it can also be a great way to cut down on corporate expenses and perhaps earn revenue upon disposal of assets.

When creating a business plan for electronic recycling in Houston, TX, here are some steps to include and considerations to make:

1. Collecting E-Waste from Corporate Offices and Other Businesses.

This is the first step to consider in your business plan. You will need to devise how e-waste collectors will go to your corporate offices and other businesses to collect e-waste. This can be done through e-waste drop-off events or pick-ups. This entire process is known as asset recycling/collection logistics and tracking.

As a business, you can also set up e-waste collection bins in your office for employees to dispose of their e-waste. Three of the most important considerations for this step include:

• Ensuring that all collected e-waste is properly sorted.
• Creating a system for tracking the e-waste collected.
• Identifying corporate partners that you can work with.

2. Sorting E-Waste by Type and Material.

The next step is to sort your e-waste by type and material. This will help to ensure that the e-waste is recycled properly. For example, certain types of e-waste, such as CRTs, need to be handled very specifically to ensure it doesn’t harm the Earth or the environment.

When furthering your corporate electronic recycling ventures, this step can be crucial to help you maintain better social responsibilities as well. You can ask electronic recycling companies, such as CompuCycle, for help in this regard.

Key considerations for this step include:

• Ensuring that all e-waste is divided, and employees are separating waste types properly. ● Finding a reliable company for disposal and data destruction .
• Identifying any e-waste that can be reused or refurbished.
• Educating employees about the importance of e-waste sorting.

3. Sending E-Waste to Certified Recycling Facilities

After the e-waste is sorted, it can be sent to certified recycling facilities. Here, the e-waste will be dismantled and recycled properly. Electronic recycling businesses specialize in this regard. Your business plan should include the policies this company needs to follow when helping you with your recycling ventures.

When creating this element of your business plan, make sure that you:

• Find certified electrizing scrap recycling facilities that can recycle the type of e-waste collected.
• Ensuring that the recycling process is done properly to avoid the release of toxins.
• Keeping track of the e-waste that is recycled.

Remember, when creating a business plan for e-waste, it is important that you identify the right corporate partners, properly sort the e-waste, and send it to certified recycling facilities.

4. Reporting The Amount of E-Waste Recycled.

After the e-waste is recycled, you should report the amount of e-waste recycled. This reporting should be done for partners, shareholders, potential investors, or the general public. Your business plan should:

• Identify corporate partners that you can report the e-waste recycled.
• Explain how often you will report the amount of e-waste recycled and why.
• Create a system for reporting the e-waste recycled and explain why you chose this system (financially and procedurally). Your electronic scrap recycling ventures should be as cost-effective as possible.

To ensure cost-effectiveness, the best explanation is done financially for investors and socially for the general public. Make sure you list the benefits of the model you chose and explain the chain of custody of your assets. CompuCycle can provide you environmental score cards to show the total amount of equipment that was diverted from landfill as well as the reduction of the carbon footprint.

5. Getting Paid for The Recycled Materials

In some cases, businesses may be able to get paid for the recycled materials. This can be done by selling the recycled materials to certified recycling facilities or by working with corporate partners. You will need to find certified recycling facilities that will buy the recycled materials.

Your corporate electronic recycling plan should also include everything from your company’s mission and vision to your marketing and financial strategy, along with the benefits that your recycling program offers.

The good news is that corporate e-waste recycling is a growing industry with plenty of potential. So, if you’re ready to get started, then now is the time to do so! Call CompuCycle today to learn more about what makes us the best electronic recycling business and how we can help you and your business plan scale!

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Business Plan For Recycling E Waste

• Published Date: April 18, 2023

Table of Contents

Business plan for recycling e-waste: turning electronic waste into an opportunity.

Businesses producing electrical and electronic devices need to address the challenge of recycling e-waste effectively and sustainably. Waste must be effectively repurposed at a waste recycling plant to ensure minimal environmental impact.

Let’s delve into the world of e-waste recycling!

Understanding Your E-Waste Footprint

Before embarking on your recycling journey, it’s essential to evaluate the volume and type of e-waste generated. Assess the electronic devices and components that require disposal or recycling, such as computers and mobile phones.

By understanding your e-waste footprint, you can better gauge the scope of your recycling needs. This means that you can establish a more targeted recycling program which results in success.

Partnering with Recycling Companies

Collaborate with reputable recycling companies specialising in electronic waste recycling to ensure that your waste materials are processed effectively and responsibly. These recycling businesses possess the necessary expertise, equipment, and recycling facilities to manage the recycling process. All the way from collection and transportation to data destruction and disposal of hazardous waste.

Establishing In-House Recycling Programs

Develop in-house recycling programs to streamline the collection and sorting of e-waste within your business. Implement clear guidelines and procedures for employees, including designated collection points for electronic devices and components. You should also include proper segregation of waste materials. 

Additionally, invest in employee training and awareness programs to ensure that your team understands the importance of recycling. This promotes correct recycling and results in a collective effort to recycle your e-waste.

Understanding the Recycling Process

To make informed decisions about your e-waste recycling business plan, familiarise yourself with the recycling process. This includes the handling of hazardous waste and the extraction of valuable metals. The recycling process typically involves:

• Collection and transportation of e-waste to recycling facilities
• Sorting and dismantling of electronic devices to separate valuable components
• Data destruction to protect sensitive information on electronic devices
• Processing and extraction of valuable metals, such as gold, silver, and copper, through smelting or other refining techniques
• Safe disposal of hazardous waste, such as lead and mercury, in compliance with local regulations

Cost-Effective Recycling Solutions

To maximise the financial benefits of recycling e-waste, explore cost-effective recycling solutions that minimise expenses. This may include consolidating e-waste shipments to reduce transportation costs, or implementing energy-efficient recycling processes.

Utilising Recycled Materials and Raw Materials

Recycling e-waste can yield valuable raw materials, such as metals and plastics, which can be reused in the manufacturing process. By incorporating these recycled materials into your production line, you can reduce the need for virgin raw materials. This in turn lowers production costs, and minimises the environmental impact of your operations.

Meeting Legal Requirements

Compliance with local  regulations governing the disposal of hazardous waste  and data destruction is paramount when recycling. Ensure that your recycling programs adhere to the necessary guidelines and maintain proper documentation.

Promoting Your Recycling Initiatives

Publicising your e-waste recycling initiatives can boost your brand image and attract environmentally conscious customers. Share your recycling achievements and goals through press releases, social media, and marketing materials, showcasing your commitment to sustainable business practices.

Measuring Success and Continuous Improvement

Continuously evaluate and refine your e-waste recycling business plan to optimise its effectiveness and sustainability. Set measurable objectives, such as recycling rates or waste reduction targets, and monitor your progress regularly. Seek opportunities to improve your recycling programs, facilities, and partnerships, and stay informed about the latest recycling technologies and industry trends. This ensures that your e-waste recycling efforts remain cutting-edge and efficient.

Expanding Your Recycling Efforts

Once you’ve successfully implemented your e-waste recycling business plan, consider expanding your recycling efforts to include other waste materials. By establishing comprehensive waste recycling programs, you can further reduce your environmental footprint and enhance your company’s sustainability credentials. Most materials generated by businesses can be recycled, such as cardboard, paper, plastics and more.

The Environmental Benefits Of Recycling E-Waste

Recycling e-waste as a business contributes significantly to environmental preservation and sustainability. By repurposing electronic waste, this innovative industry effectively mitigates the harmful consequences of improperly disposed electronic devices. Such as soil and water contamination from hazardous substances like lead, mercury, and cadmium.

Moreover, e-waste recycling conserves valuable natural resources by extracting and reusing precious metals and other materials found within discarded electronics. This process reduces the demand for virgin materials, which in turn minimises energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and environmental degradation.

As a result, e-waste recycling businesses play a vital role in fostering a circular economy. This champions resource efficiency and supports global efforts to combat climate change.

The Bottom Line

Developing and implementing a robust recycling business plan for e-waste offers numerous benefits for businesses generating electronic waste. Not only does it contribute to a more sustainable and eco-friendly brand image, but it can also lead to cost savings and new revenue streams through the recovery of valuable metals and the reuse of recycled materials. 

By partnering with experienced WEEE recycling companies , establishing in-house recycling programs, and ensuring compliance with legal requirements, your business can transform its e-waste management from a challenge into a valuable opportunity.

Remember, recycling e-waste is not just an ethical responsibility; it’s also a smart business strategy. By embracing electronic waste recycling and continuously improving your recycling efforts, your business can become a leader in environmental stewardship.

If you are looking for an electronic recycling service, then get in touch with our team today. We can collect and recycle WEEE waste for businesses across the UK. Our team will collect materials and then transport them to our licensed recycling facilities for safe repurposing.

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How To Write a Business Plan for Electronic Waste Recycling in 9 Steps: Checklist

By alex ryzhkov, resources on electronic waste recycling.

• Financial Model
• Business Plan
• Value Proposition
• One-Page Business Plan
• SWOT Analysis
• Business Model
• Marketing Plan

Welcome to our blog post on How To Write a Business Plan for Electronic Waste Recycling in 9 Steps: Checklist . In today's digital age, electronic waste has become a growing concern, with an estimated 53.6 million metric tons generated worldwide in 2019 alone. As the demand for electronic waste recycling services continues to rise, there is a significant opportunity for entrepreneurs and businesses to enter this industry and make a positive impact on the environment.

Before diving into the steps of creating a business plan for electronic waste recycling, it is essential to understand the current state of the industry. The electronic waste recycling market is projected to reach a value of $41.9 billion by 2027 , driven by increased consumer awareness, government regulations, and the need for resource conservation. This presents a promising market for those looking to establish a successful electronic waste recycling business.

Now, let's explore the nine crucial steps that will guide you through the process of writing a comprehensive business plan for your electronic waste recycling venture. By following these steps, you can ensure that your business is well-prepared to navigate the intricacies of this industry and meet the growing demand for ethical and sustainable e-waste disposal.

Identify Target Market and Competitors

One of the crucial steps in writing a business plan for electronic waste recycling is to identify your target market and analyze your competitors . This step is essential in understanding the demand for your services and determining how to differentiate yourself from the competition.

Target Market: Begin by defining the specific market segments that you will be targeting with your electronic waste recycling services. Consider whether you will focus on residential customers, small businesses, large corporations, or a combination of these. It is also important to consider the geographic area you will be operating in and whether there are any specific demographics or industries that may be particularly interested in your services.

• Research the demand for electronic waste recycling services in your target market.
• Identify any gaps or specific needs within the market that your business can fulfill.
• Consider conducting surveys or interviews with potential customers to gather feedback and insights.

Competitor Analysis: It is essential to identify and analyze your competitors in the electronic waste recycling industry. Research and list out the key players in your target market, including local, regional, and national companies. Study their business models, pricing structures, services offered, and customer base.

• Visit the websites and social media pages of your competitors to understand their branding and marketing strategies.
• Consider reaching out to industry associations or experts for insights on the competitive landscape.
• Identify the strengths and weaknesses of your competitors to shape your own value proposition.

By identifying your target market and thoroughly analyzing your competitors, you will gain a deep understanding of your industry landscape. This knowledge will be invaluable as you proceed with market research and develop a comprehensive business plan for your electronic waste recycling venture.

Conduct Market Research

Conducting thorough market research is crucial before starting a business in the electronic waste recycling industry. It helps you understand the current market landscape, identify potential customers and competitors, and make informed decisions about your business strategy. Here are some important steps to take:

The first step is to clearly identify your target market. Determine whether you will be primarily serving consumers or businesses, or both. Consider the size of the market, its growth potential, and any specific needs or preferences of your target customers.

Research and evaluate existing electronic waste recycling companies in your area. Identify their strengths, weaknesses, and customer reviews. This analysis will help you understand the market saturation and any gaps or opportunities that you can capitalize on.

Conduct surveys, interviews, and focus groups to gain insights into the needs and preferences of your potential customers. Understand what factors influence their decision to recycle electronic waste and what services they value the most.

• Visit local electronic waste recycling events or centers to observe customer behavior and gather information about popular services and pricing options.
• Collaborate with local businesses, organizations, and government agencies to understand their electronic waste disposal requirements and potential partnerships.
• Consider hiring a professional market research agency if you have limited resources or expertise in this area.

Stay informed about the latest industry trends, innovations, and regulatory changes related to electronic waste recycling. This knowledge will help you adapt your business model, meet compliance requirements, and stay ahead of the competition.

Research pricing strategies used by competitors and assess their profitability. Determine if there is room for your business to offer competitive pricing while still maintaining profitability.

Taking the time to conduct market research will provide you with a solid foundation for developing a successful business plan and ensure that you have a thorough understanding of your target market, competition, and industry trends. Use this valuable information to guide your decision-making process and set your business up for success.

Define Business and Operational Goals:

Defining business and operational goals is a crucial step in creating a successful business plan for electronic waste recycling. These goals provide direction and serve as a roadmap for your venture, ensuring that you stay focused on achieving your objectives. Here are some key considerations to keep in mind:

• Clarify your mission: Clearly articulate the purpose and mission of your electronic waste recycling business. Is your primary goal to reduce the amount of e-waste in landfills, or to promote environmental sustainability? Understanding your mission will guide your decisions and help create a strong value proposition for your customers.
• Set achievable objectives: Define specific and measurable goals that you want to achieve in the short and long term. Examples could include the number of customers served, the volume of e-waste recycled, or the revenue generated. These objectives will provide a clear target to work towards and allow you to track your progress over time.
• Consider environmental impact: As an electronic waste recycling business, considering the environmental impact of your operations is crucial. Set goals to minimize your carbon footprint, reduce energy consumption, and implement sustainable practices in your facility. This will not only benefit the environment but also enhance your credibility and attract environmentally conscious customers.

Tips for Defining Business and Operational Goals:

• Align your goals with industry trends and emerging technologies. Stay updated on the latest developments in e-waste recycling and incorporate them into your objectives.
• Ensure your goals are realistic and attainable. Avoid setting vague or overly ambitious targets that may lead to disappointment or loss of focus.
• Involve key stakeholders, including employees, in the goal-setting process. This fosters a sense of ownership and commitment to achieving these goals.
• Regularly review and reassess your goals to adapt to changing market dynamics and evolving customer needs. Flexibility is key to staying competitive in the electronic waste recycling industry.

By defining clear business and operational goals, you will be better equipped to make strategic decisions, allocate resources effectively, and drive the success of your electronic waste recycling business.

Determine Legal and Regulatory Requirements

When starting an electronic waste recycling business, it is crucial to understand and comply with the legal and regulatory requirements that govern this industry. Failure to do so can result in fines, legal issues, and damage to your business's reputation. Here are some key steps to help you navigate through the legal and regulatory landscape:

• Research federal, state, and local regulations: Familiarize yourself with the laws and regulations governing electronic waste recycling at the federal, state, and local levels. This includes understanding rules related to waste management, hazardous materials handling, data privacy, and environmental protection. Contact relevant government agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or the Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC), to gather information on specific requirements in your area.
• Obtain necessary permits and licenses: Determine the permits and licenses required to operate an electronic waste recycling business in your jurisdiction. This may include obtaining a waste management permit, hazardous waste transporter license, or any other specific certifications mandated by local authorities. Ensure that you meet all the criteria and follow the proper application process to obtain these permits and licenses.
• Develop a compliance plan: Design a comprehensive plan that outlines how your business will comply with legal and regulatory requirements. This may include protocols for waste tracking, data destruction, proper storage and transportation of electronic waste, and adherence to environmental standards. Implement staff training programs to ensure that all employees understand their responsibilities in maintaining compliance.
• Stay up to date with changing regulations: The electronic waste recycling industry is subject to evolving regulations. Stay informed about any changes or updates to the legal requirements that may affect your business. Join industry associations and attend relevant conferences or workshops to network with other professionals and stay abreast of regulatory developments.

Tips for navigating legal and regulatory requirements:

• Consult with legal experts: Seek advice from lawyers specializing in environmental law or waste management to ensure a thorough understanding of the legal landscape.
• Document compliance efforts: Maintain proper records and documentation to demonstrate your business's adherence to legal and regulatory requirements. This will help you in case of audits or investigations.
• Establish a robust waste disposal process: Implement a secure and compliant system for handling electronic waste, including proper storage, transportation, and disposal methods.

Assess Financial Feasibility

The financial feasibility of your electronic waste recycling business is a crucial factor to consider before moving forward with your plans. It involves analyzing the potential costs and revenue streams associated with your operations to determine if your venture is financially viable and sustainable.

When assessing the financial feasibility, consider the following aspects:

• Cost Analysis: Calculate the expenses involved in setting up and running your electronic waste recycling business. This may include costs for equipment, facility lease or purchase, staff wages, transportation, marketing, and legal compliance. Ensure that your projected costs align with your revenue projections.
• Revenue Streams: Identify potential sources of revenue, such as the fees charged to customers for electronic waste disposal or data destruction services. Determine the typical volume of e-waste you can handle per month or year and estimate the revenue you can generate based on market demand and pricing.
• Profit Margin: Analyze your profit margin to assess the financial health of your business. Calculate the difference between your revenue and expenses and ensure that it is sufficient to cover your operational costs and generate a profit.
• Research the average pricing in the electronic waste recycling market to ensure that your pricing is competitive and aligns with industry standards.
• Consider conducting a break-even analysis to determine the point at which your revenue will equal your expenses, providing you with valuable insights into your financial sustainability.
• Explore potential funding options, such as loans, grants, or partnerships, to secure the necessary capital for your business operations.

Assessing the financial feasibility of your electronic waste recycling business will enable you to make informed decisions and determine if your venture is financially viable. It is essential to conduct thorough research and analysis to ensure that you have a clear understanding of the costs, revenue projections, and profit potential associated with your business model.

Develop A Comprehensive Business Model

Developing a comprehensive business model is crucial for the success of your electronic waste recycling venture. This model will serve as the foundation of your business and guide your decision-making process. It will outline how your company will generate revenue, operate efficiently, and achieve your goals.

When developing your business model, consider the following:

• Value proposition: Clearly define the value your company will offer to customers. Highlight what sets you apart from competitors and how your services will benefit your target market.
• Revenue streams: Identify the various ways your business will generate income. In the case of electronic waste recycling, this may include fees charged per item or weight, data destruction services, or potential partnerships with other companies.
• Cost structure: Determine your costs associated with collecting, transporting, and disposing of electronic waste. Consider expenses such as labor, facilities, equipment, and legal compliance.
• Key activities: Outline the key activities required to operate your business, such as e-waste collection, data destruction, and recycling processes. This will help you ensure efficient operations and identify any potential bottlenecks.
• Customer segments: Identify your target market and segment it based on specific needs and preferences. This will allow you to tailor your services and marketing strategies accordingly.
• Customer relationships: Determine how you will build and maintain relationships with your customers. This may include providing exceptional customer service, offering incentives for repeat business, or implementing loyalty programs.

Tips for developing a comprehensive business model:

• Consider conducting market research to validate your assumptions and ensure there is demand for your services.
• Stay updated on industry trends and regulations to anticipate any potential changes that may impact your business model.
• Regularly review and refine your business model based on feedback from customers, employees, and industry experts.
• Seek advice from experienced professionals or mentors who can provide valuable insights and guidance on developing a successful business model.
• Be open to innovation and adapt your business model as the electronic waste recycling industry evolves.

Create A Marketing And Sales Strategy

Developing a robust marketing and sales strategy is crucial for the success of your electronic waste recycling business. It will help you effectively communicate your unique value proposition to your target audience and attract customers. Here are some important steps to consider:

• Identify your target market: Clearly define the types of customers you want to reach, such as residential consumers, corporate clients, or specific industries. Understanding their needs and preferences will allow you to tailor your marketing efforts accordingly.
• Segment your market: Divide your target market into smaller segments based on characteristics such as location, demographics, or industry. This will help you customize your messaging and target each group more effectively.
• Define your value proposition: Clearly communicate the benefits your business offers and what sets you apart from your competitors. Highlight your company's expertise, environmental certifications, data destruction services, or any other unique selling points.
• Create a marketing plan: Determine the most effective channels to reach your target market. This may include online advertising, social media, industry publications, attending trade shows, or forming partnerships with local businesses or organizations.
• Invest in digital marketing: In today's digital age, having a strong online presence is essential. Build a professional website, optimize it for search engines, and consider implementing strategies such as search engine marketing and social media advertising to increase your visibility.
• Build relationships with potential customers: Attend industry events, conferences, and networking opportunities to connect with potential clients. Offer educational seminars or workshops to establish your expertise and build trust with your target audience.
• Offer free e-waste pickup or drop-off events to attract new customers and generate goodwill in your community.
• Consider partnering with local businesses, schools, or government entities to offer e-waste recycling services. This can enhance your reputation and broaden your customer base.
• Develop referral programs or incentivize existing customers to spread the word about your services, as word-of-mouth recommendations can be highly effective in this industry.

By creating a well-rounded marketing and sales strategy, you can effectively promote your electronic waste recycling business and attract customers who value responsible e-waste disposal. Remember to continuously evaluate and adapt your strategies based on market trends and feedback to drive sustainable business growth.

Establish an Organizational Structure

Once you have defined your business and operational goals, it's time to establish an organizational structure that will support the successful implementation of your electronic waste recycling business plan. The organizational structure will determine how your company functions, who is responsible for different tasks and departments, and how information flows within the organization.

Here are the key steps to establishing an effective organizational structure:

• Identify key roles and responsibilities: Determine the key positions that are necessary for your business, such as executive leadership, operations management, sales and marketing, finance, and administrative support. Clearly define the roles and responsibilities for each position, ensuring that there is a well-defined reporting structure.
• Create an organizational chart: Develop an organizational chart that visually represents the hierarchical structure of your company. This chart should clearly outline the reporting relationships and lines of authority within the organization. It will serve as a roadmap for your employees to understand where they fit within the company and who they report to.
• Establish communication channels: Effective communication is vital for the smooth operation of any organization. Determine how information will flow within the company, including regular team meetings, reporting systems, and feedback mechanisms. Encourage open and transparent communication to foster collaboration and ensure everyone is aligned with the company's goals.
• Delegate decision-making authority: Empower your employees by delegating decision-making authority at appropriate levels. Clearly define the decision-making process and provide guidelines for employees to make informed decisions that align with the company's objectives. This will help create a sense of ownership and encourage proactive problem-solving.
• Develop job descriptions: Create detailed job descriptions for each position, outlining the skills, qualifications, and responsibilities required. This will help attract and hire the right individuals for each role and provide clarity on expectations. Regularly review job descriptions to ensure they are up-to-date and reflect the evolving needs of your business.
• Consider outsourcing or partnerships: Depending on the size and complexity of your business, you may find it beneficial to outsource certain functions or establish strategic partnerships. This can be particularly relevant for areas such as waste collection, data destruction, or IT support. Evaluate the pros and cons of outsourcing to determine if it aligns with your organizational goals and business model.
• Training and development: Invest in ongoing training and development programs to enhance the skills and knowledge of your employees. This will not only improve their performance but also contribute to the growth and success of your organization. Provide opportunities for professional growth and create a culture of continuous learning.
• Regularly review and refine your organizational structure to adapt to changes in the industry, market conditions, and business goals.
• Consider involving employees in the decision-making process to foster a sense of ownership and increase overall engagement.
• Clearly communicate the organizational structure to all employees, ensuring they understand their roles, responsibilities, and reporting lines.
• Seek feedback from employees on the effectiveness of the organizational structure and make adjustments as necessary to improve efficiency and collaboration.

Identify Necessary Resources And Partnerships

Once you have finalized your business plan for electronic waste recycling, it's time to identify the necessary resources and partnerships that will help you bring your plan to life. Running a successful e-waste recycling business requires a range of resources, from equipment and facilities to skilled labor and technology. It also often requires partnerships with other organizations that can provide expertise, funding, or access to key networks.

Here are some essential resources and partnerships to consider:

• Equipment and Facilities: Determine what type of equipment and facilities you will need to securely collect, transport, and process electronic waste. This may include trucks or vans for collection, a sorting facility, shredders or crushers, and storage areas for processed materials.
• Skilled Labor: Identify the personnel you will need to run your operations effectively. This could include technicians who can dismantle and sort electronic devices, drivers for collection and transportation, and administrative staff to manage the business side of operations.
• Technology: Explore technological solutions that can enhance your operations, such as inventory management software, data destruction tools, and tracking systems for streamlined logistics.
• Partnerships with electronics manufacturers and retailers: Collaborate with manufacturers and retailers to establish relationships that enable you to collect their electronic waste. This can be mutually beneficial, as it allows them to fulfill their responsibility for proper disposal while providing you with a steady stream of e-waste.
• Partnerships with recycling networks: Seek partnerships with established recycling networks or organizations that specialize in e-waste recycling. These partnerships can provide access to industry knowledge, certifications, and disposal channels that help you meet regulatory requirements and achieve sustainability goals.

Handy Tips:

• Research local and national resources available to support e-waste recycling initiatives. Government grants, recycling incentive programs, and environmental organizations can provide funding or guidance on sustainable practices.
• Attend industry conferences, trade shows, and networking events to connect with potential partners and stay updated on the latest advancements in e-waste recycling technologies.
• Consider joining relevant industry associations or organizations to access resources, professional development opportunities, and advocacy platforms that can promote your business.

By identifying and securing the necessary resources and partnerships, you can ensure that your electronic waste recycling business has everything it needs to operate efficiently, comply with regulations, and make a positive environmental impact.

In conclusion, writing a business plan for electronic waste recycling involves a careful and systematic approach to ensure the success of your venture. By following the nine steps outlined in this checklist, you can establish a solid foundation for your business, covering all crucial aspects including target market identification, market research, legal compliance, financial feasibility, and business model development.

It is important to remember that the demand for electronic waste recycling services is on the rise, driven by both environmental concerns and regulatory pressures. With a strong business plan in place, including a clear marketing and sales strategy, organizational structure, and identification of necessary resources and partnerships, you can position your electronic waste recycling business for success in this rapidly growing industry.

• Identify target market and competitors.
• Conduct market research.
• Define business and operational goals.
• Determine legal and regulatory requirements.
• Assess financial feasibility.
• Develop a comprehensive business model.
• Create a marketing and sales strategy.
• Establish an organizational structure.
• Identify necessary resources and partnerships.

By carefully considering these nine steps and incorporating them into your business plan, you will be well-equipped to navigate the challenges and opportunities of the electronic waste recycling industry and contribute to the sustainable management of electronic waste.

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Starting E-Waste Recycling Plant – Profitable Business plan

Over the years, the information and technology sector has taken over the world. It has grown so much in the last few decades to the point that electronics have become a part of everything we do. But, unfortunately, skyrocketing demand has led to negative results, and electronic waste, which is also known as e-waste can now be found in every nook and cranny of the globe. 

The magnitude of e-waste currently polluting the world 

E-waste has become a major threat and pollutant in many countries around the world. In the year 2007, more than 2.14 million tons of e-waste needed to be disposed of. By 2020, this figure had increased to a massive 5.4 million metric tons, and e-waste is estimated to hit 74.6 million metric tons by 2035. It is indeed sad to know that e-waste would be a major problem in the near future. However, the good news is that individuals who have ventured into the e-waste recycling business and those making plans to start up an e-waste recycling business are in for massive cash flow and profits in the nearest future. 

For example, computers and all the accessories and equipment surrounding their effective usage hardly have a life span of more than 18 – 24 months. The waste products emanating from them alone is about 70% of e-waste. Telecommunication equipment sums up to about 13 percent of e-waste. More so, electrical and medical equipment sums up to about 15% of e-waste generated every year. With all this waste laying around, there are opportunities to be harnessed in the electronic waste recycling sector .

Current and future prospects of the E-waste recycling industry

The current rate at which mobile phones, televisions, computers, and electronics are being discarded shows that the e-waste recycling business is a fruitful business to venture into. Surprisingly, rare-earth elements and precious metals worth billions of dollars can be found in the e-waste constantly thrown out with reckless abandon. E-waste recycling investors stand to make it now and in the nearest future. It is interesting to know that the E-waste Management Market will be worth $45.78 Billion by 2025 and has been growing at a CAGR rate of 1.8% since 2019 .

Types of e-waste 

Before we walk you down the alley of how to successfully start an e-waste recycling business, we need to point out the various types of e-waste. They include: 

• Damaged computer monitors
• Cathode ray tubes (CRT)
• Motherboards
• Printed circuit boards (PCB)
• Compact disks
• Mobile phones
• Laptop and mobile phone chargers
• Plasma and Liquid crystal display (LCD) televisions
• Refrigerators and air conditioners

Methods used to recycle e-waste 

A variety of methods can be employed to recycle different types of e-waste successfully. For cathode ray tubes used in ATMs, video cameras, computer monitors, and television screens, a simple process of breaking and removing the yoke can be employed. When it comes to printed circuit boards where chips and other electronic components are placed, desoldering and complete removal of the computer chips are the first things to do. Subsequently, the boards can be burned openly and bathed in acid to remove the metals present. 

For gold-plated components and chips, nitric and hydrochloric acid can be used to strip them off chemically. More so, burning tends to bring the metals out of the chips. To recycle computer wires, open burning and stripping the wires will expose the copper wire for full extraction. Finally, to recycle plastic from keyboards, monitors, printers, and other electronics, shredding works efficiently. However, to recycle and reuse plastic, low temperatures can be used to melt them.

Precious metals that are present in e-waste 

Just before we go into the steps needed to start an e-waste recycling business, we need to highlight major rare-earth elements and precious metals that you stand to gain massively from when you begin your journey into the e-waste recycling business. Identifying and extracting these precious metals can be a game-changer and can bring in unprecedented profits for your business. The following products can be obtained from the recycling of e-waste. 

This can be gotten from electrolytic capacitors and almost every discarded electronic product that uses more than a few watts of power. 

Copper is present in printed circuit board tracks and is the major element in the copper wire of electrical gadgets. 

Zinc  

Zinc used in plating the steel parts of electronic products can be extracted through recycling.

A lot of tin can be extracted from solder and coatings on component leads. 

Silicon  

Silicon is present in glass, printed circuit boards, ICs, and transistors. Effective recycling can have them all recovered. 

Gold  

Though present in small quantities, gold can be gotten from connector plating and computer equipment. 

Lithium and Nickel

From lithium-ion batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries, lithium and Nickel respectively can be obtained.

Steps to take to start an e-waste recycling business 

The truth is that the current overall rate of the collection and recycling of e-waste is very low.  However, considering the fact that the amount of e-waste generated annually is gradually upsetting the balance of nature, this is the best time to start an e-waste recycling business. Thus, you will be helping mother earth get rid of the continuous accumulation of e-waste that could cause havoc if left unchecked. With that said, let us now focus on the steps you can take to start up a successful e-waste recycling business. Please bear in mind that this list is not exhaustive; notwithstanding, it contains the major steps to take to get started.

1. Conduct extensive research and learn more about the e-waste recycling industry 

It is advisable to do a lot of research and learn a lot about any business you aim to go into. The e-waste recycling business is the same. You will need to have a good understanding of the electronics and recycling industry. Additionally, you can take advantage of the internet to check out the websites of e-waste companies that are already doing well and learn the business model they employ. 

Before you begin, you will also need to prepare a comprehensive market analysis and identify the major electronic products that are being discarded in your area. Do these and take the next step.

2. Choose a business model 

The next step to take is to choose a business model before starting out. The e-waste recycling business is capital intensive, and you might have to decide between two major models depending on the level of investment you are willing to start with. 

Taking a step towards the franchise-based operation model can be very fruitful. You will start your e-waste recycling business as a franchise unit of an e-waste recycling company that is already established. With this model, you will be benefiting from the infrastructure owned by the company. In addition, the capital expenditures and other operating expenses are always lower with this kind of model. However, you would have to agree to certain terms and conditions. 

You can also choose to bear the entire investment cost by going with the self-owned business model. However, note that the capital expenditures and operating expenses are higher with this model.

3. Obtain relevant licenses and permissions 

This step is very important. To avoid many problems with the local authorities, it is essential that you find out and obtain all necessary licenses and permissions to operate. In addition, you will likely have to contact your community’s public welfare department to make inquiries about the waste disposal and planning standards for e-waste recycling businesses. Finally, note that you might have to go for e-certification programs supported by the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI). 

These programs may cost between $5,000 – $50,000 and can span a few months. State and federal legislations impact the e-waste recycling industry enormously; however, do not let this deter you because it is positive for the industry in the long run as it promotes a higher recovery rate where landfill bans are put in force. More so, it serves to curtail the export of recyclable e-waste to developing countries.

4. Determine the services you will be offering 

The e-waste recycling business is a combination of different services. You can choose to engage in all at once, but if you start with minimal capital, you can begin with one service and add others as you expand. 

These services include the collection of electronics that have been used and about to be discarded, repairing minor faults, or upgrading the electronic products and reselling them. You can as well engage in disassembling the components and processing them as scrap. More so, you can engage in shredding of whole units and selling each commodity streams for recycling or, better still, engage in brokering, which is the service of selling used electronics to other vendors.

5. Write a business plan 

This step involves developing a business plan for your e-waste recycling business. Not having a plan is a sure way to end up in failure. If you want to protect the investment you have made, it is important to have a strategic plan that will include the initial start-up cost and running cost. More so, you should include a list of companies you will be getting a steady supply of e-waste from.

Additionally, your pricing strategy, marketing strategy, and production capacity should be included in this business plan. When things begin to take shape, always ensure that you run your newly started e-waste recycling business ethically and legally.

6. Acquire quality e-waste recycling equipment 

Getting basic equipment for your e-waste recycling business is the next step you should take. Cathode ray tubes from computer monitors and television screens make up a majority of e-waste. A functional disassembly line is crucial for every e-waste recycling business. Other equipments include primary and secondary shredders, magnetic separators, hammer mill, belt conveyor, metal detector, suspension magnet, and color sorter, amongst others should be acquired and installed for use. Ensure that you purchase the best quality equipment that will serve you long-term.

7. Get the best business management software 

When rendering e-waste recycling services, it is important to understand that you need to pay special attention to details. To track processes, monitor the flow of recycling, and have laid down plans on how to manage the business. You may even need a business management software with an integrated framework. This will relieve you of the stress of tracking raw materials across an expansive value chain. Utilizing a business management software is an important step you should not take for granted if you want to create an e-waste recycling business that will stand the test of time.

8. Set up safety and security measures

This step is very important to safeguard all employees and the facility. It is important to note that heavy chemicals toxic to humans are present in large quantities in e-waste, such as mobile phones, laptops, and scanners. Moreover, brominated fire retardants used in the recycling process can cause health issues if workers are constantly exposed to them. Therefore, safety measures should be put in place to provide total protection from these hazardous materials. It is also very essential to restrict access and securely monitor the e-waste business site. Having fire insurance coverage  for your facility and health insurance for workers is also very important

The growth of the E-waste recycling industry is not stopping anytime soon. Starting an e-waste recycling business is one of the best ideas of the century. Although it requires a lot of research, licenses, planning, and investment, However, with careful planning and a winning strategy, you can hit it big. Although the list of steps above are the major ones you will need to take to start on the right note, there are many more steps you will likely take during the course of building your e-waste recycling business.

E-waste recycling is the process of salvaging, extracting and reusing electronic components from discarded electronic equipment such as computers, mobile phones, electronic toys, entertainment systems, etc.

The purpose of e-waste recycling is to reduce the environmental impact of waste and to recover resources such as rare metals, plastics and other materials that may have some value in manufacturing new products.

An E-Waste Recycling Plant can accept a wide variety of electronic items, such as computers, laptops, mobile phones, televisions, stereo systems, gaming consoles, printers, monitors, and more.

The recycling process typically involves demanufacturing the equipment into smaller components that are then sorted and treated to extract valuable resources such as metals and plastic. The remaining materials may then be recycled, reused or disposed of in an environmentally responsible manner.

The main benefits of recycling E-Waste are that it helps to conserve resources by reusing materials, reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with manufacturing, reduces landfilling and water pollution risks, and helps to reduce the need for mining virgin materials.

The electronic waste collected from the E-Waste Recycling Plant is separated and processed in accordance with industry-standard methods. Valuable components are salvaged and reused, while hazardous materials are treated and disposed of in an environmentally safe manner.

Generally, there is no fee associated with disposing of E-Waste at a Recycling Plant. In some cases, a fee may be charged depending on the volume of materials accepted.

Most E-Waste Recycling Plants are certified by the relevant government agency in operation and adhere to the standards of sustainable disposal and recycling.

Yes, E-waste recycling plants are designed to recycle electronic waste in a sustainable and environmentally safe manner.

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Concepts of circular economy for sustainable management of electronic wastes: challenges and management options

• Review Article
• Published: 28 February 2023
• Volume 30 , pages 48654–48675, ( 2023 )

Cite this article

• Arun Lal Srivastav 1 ,
• Markandeya 2 ,
• Naveen Patel 3 ,
• Mayank Pandey 4 ,
• Ashutosh Kumar Pandey 5 ,
• Ashutosh Kumar Dubey 1 ,
• Abhishek Kumar 6 ,
• Abhishek Kumar Bhardwaj 7 &
• Vinod Kumar Chaudhary 8  

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The electronic and electrical industrial sector is exponentially growing throughout the globe, and sometimes, these wastes are being disposed of and discarded with a faster rate in comparison to the past era due to technology advancements. As the application of electronic devices is increasing due to the digitalization of the world (IT sector, medical, domestic, etc.), a heap of discarded e-waste is also being generated. Per-capita e-waste generation is very high in developed countries as compared to developing countries. Expansion of the global population and advancement of technologies are mainly responsible to increase the e-waste volume in our surroundings. E-waste is responsible for environmental threats as it may contain dangerous and toxic substances like metals which may have harmful effects on the biodiversity and environment. Furthermore, the life span and types of e-waste determine their harmful effects on nature, and unscientific practices of their disposal may elevate the level of threats as observed in most developing countries like India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and China. In the present review paper, many possible approaches have been discussed for effective e-waste management, such as recycling, recovery of precious metals, adopting the concepts of circular economy, formulating relevant policies, and use of advance computational techniques. On the other hand, it may also provide potential secondary resources valuable/critical materials whose primary sources are at significant supply risk. Furthermore, the use of machine learning approaches can also be useful in the monitoring and treatment/processing of e-wastes.

In 2019, ~ 53.6 million tons of e-wastes generated worldwide.

Discarded e-wastes may be hazardous in nature due to presence of heavy metal compositions.

Precious metals like gold, silver, and copper can also be procured from e-wastes.

Advance tools like artificial intelligence/machine learning can be useful in the management of e-wastes.

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Management of e-Waste: Technological Challenges and Opportunities

Management of E-Waste: Technological Challenges and Opportunities

E-Waste Management: Challenges and Opportunities

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

Introduction

E-waste can be defined as unwanted, not working, or at the end of the useful life of any equipment which operates on an electromagnetic field and electrical currents (UNEP 2007 ). It conceals wide ranges of electronic devices, varying from hefty domestic appliances to equipment used in ITs and telecom sectors. It also encompasses appliances from the medical, automobile, sports, and toy sectors (Li et al. 2007 ; Chen et al. 2015 ). Different parts of electric and electronic equipment (EEE), like used batteries, electric wires, printed circuit boards (PCBs), plastic casings, cathode ray tubes (CRTs), poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide, activated glass, and lead capacitors, are also categorized as e-waste (Lambert et al. 2015 ; Ilankoon et al. 2018 ; Mazrouaa et al. 2019 ). The material design of EEE is very complex, as 69 elements from the periodic table can be found in EEE, including precious metals (like platinum, gold, rhodium, silver, copper, iridium, ruthenium, and osmium), Critical Raw Materials (CRM) (like indium, cobalt, bismuth, palladium, antimonyand germanium), and noncritical metals, such as iron and aluminum. Figure  1 shows the proportions of different types of metals which are expected to be present in e-wastes.

Generalized material composition in e-waste [data sources: Ongondo et al. ( 2011 ) and Mmereki et al. ( 2016 )]

From Fig.  1 , it is clear that categories of precious metals can be procured from the e-wastes including gold, silver, and copper. Due to the speedy evolution of technology and the rising need of consumers all over the world, there is enhanced consumption of natural resources which ultimately leads to greater production of electronic waste (Mmereki et al. 2016 ; Dhir et al. 2021 ). In 2019, e-waste generated global sales hit a record 53.6 MT, but only 17.4% was collected and recycled and it is growing up environmental concerns over the large volumes of e-waste. An enormous loss of recyclable material resources has always forced for developing an effective obsolescence management strategy that specifically targets e-waste to combat inappropriate practices such as dangerous landfill or home storage (Deng et al. 2023 ). In most developing nations, especially low-income and middle-income nations, a major fraction of e-waste is unscientifically getting disposed over landfill sites and it is not good for public health. Kuang et al. ( 2023 ) reported children-related health disorders due to waste recycling in China. Similarly, recycling e-waste in an informal way is also broadly accomplished. The plastic of wires is used to get burnt directly in the atmosphere for the recovery of copper. Similarly, for the extraction of valuable metals like palladium, gold, platinum, and silver from electronic equipment, the use of acid and extraction process are the commonly practiced methodologies in countries like China, India, Pakistan, and Vietnam. In countries like Nigeria and Ghana, e-waste is getting handled unscientifically by adopting a basic methodology to recuperate precious metals. People involved in these services neither have the amenities to protect themselves nor the environment. At present, India having the second largest population is among the top 4 countries for e-waste generation in the world (Forti et al. 2020 ; Arya and Kumar 2020 ). Figure  2 shows per-capita e-waste generation in different developed as well as developing countries.

E-waste generation/capita in some countries (data sources: Ilankoon et al. 2018 ; Islam and Huda 2020 ; Tutton et al. 2022 )

From Fig.  2 , it is visible that in developed countries, e-waste generation is very high as compared to developing countries. In 2019, globally, 53.6 MT of e-waste was generated and this quantity may be exceeded up to 74 MT in 2030 and close to 59.4 MT by 2022 (Forti et al. 2020 ). Over the past decades, this worldwide rapid growth of e-waste has become a major area of concern and its immediate solution is requisite at this time (Dhir et al. 2021 ). In the present era, due to improvements in lifestyle and progressive evolution in technology, the use of electronics and electrical appliances in day-to-day life has enhanced manifold. These electrical and electronics equipment has become an essential and integrated part of our daily life, and we cannot imagine our life without them. The malicious metals used in these appliances are not only toxic to human beings, but also to the atmosphere which leads to grave consequences. Day by day, the problem of e-waste is increasing as the volumes of e-waste are being generated and the content of both toxic and valuable materials is also increasing (Babu et al. 2007 ). The “Solving the E-waste Problem (StEP)” initiative forecasts that the world will produce 60 MT or 33% more e-waste by 2022. Asia’s leading producer, China, produces about 12.2 MT of e-waste, followed by the USA with 13.1 MT (Forti et al. 2020 ). A report related to e-waste by the Associated Chambers of Commerce of India (ASSOCHAM) found that e-waste is growing at a compounded annual growth rate of about 25% in India (Garlapati 2016 ). In India, Mumbai is on the top with 1.2 MT in e-waste generation annually followed by Delhi (0.98 MT/year) and Bangalore (0.92 MT/year) (Kumar and Dixit 2018 ; Srivastava and Pathak 2020 ). In today’s world, the electronic market is among the most growing sectors in developing countries. There is also prompt financial growth due to an increase in demand and consumption of electronics products. This speedy progress of the electronic sector is also due to rapid urbanization, the quick transformation of technologies, the price drop of electronic goods, and the replacement of old electronic goods with new ones. This gigantic growth in the production of electronic gadgets also results in a colossal upsurge of hazardous electronic waste (Dwivedy and Mittal 2010 ). Improper handling of these wastes will not only cost for the exhaustion of resources but also causes serious environmental and economic crisis (Menikpura et al. 2014 ; Brindhadevi et al. 2023 ; Shi et al. 2023 ). Particularly in developing nations, proper handling and disposal of e-wastes is still a major area of concern. It is estimated that Brazil generated 2.2 MT of WEEE, i.e., 9.1 kg/capita in 2019. This is less than Mexico’s generation rate (1.2 MT) and Canada (0.77 MT) but it is more than the USA (6.9 MT) in Northern America (de Souza et al. 2016 ). Figure  3 shows the generation of e-waste in different continents, along with their utilization.

Generation and reuse of e-wastes in different continents (data source: Global E-waste 2020)

Based on Fig.  3 , relatively European countries are on the top in the generation of e-wastes as well as their reuse than other continents. Seitz ( 2014 ) studied the current e-waste management practices in 10 countries and observed that the management of e-waste is a major area of concern among these nations. It has also been found that there is very little awareness among people regarding jeopardy associated with human health and the environment due to the mismanagement of e-waste (Ikhlayel 2018 ). D’Adamo et al. ( 2022 ) found that among the waste management practices, the highest priority was given to e-waste management especially for electrical and electronic equipment and discarded vehicles. But, society is more inclined to manage municipal solid wastes only. Most of the environmental problems lie within human behavior; therefore, by changing our behavior towards the environment and with the help of innovative technologies, environmental sustainability can be achieved (Parajuly et al. 2020 ). For resource sustainability, electrical and electronic products (e-products) are a key area of concern as they may retain many types of rare earth metals (Breivik et al. 2014 ; Habib et al. 2015 ). As per the current pattern of increasing e-waste volume, it is expected to get doubled by 2045 (Parajuly et al. 2020 ). E-waste requires cautious treatment as it is composed of precious resources and noxious elements. E-products became abundant in day-to-day life, but their disposal is still far behind the proper scientific methodologies. This causes potential risks to the resource and negative impacts on the environment as well as human health (Wang et al. 2016 ; Taneja et al. 2021 ). As per the global e-waste monitoring report 2020, India is the only country in Southern Asia that is considering legislation with e-waste legislation, although several other countries besides Southern Asia are considering such legislation. Laws to manage e-waste have been already framed in India since the year 2011, mandating that only authorized dismantlers and recyclers collect e-waste. The generation of e-waste in India was 3.23 MT (per capita 2.4 kg) in 2019 (Nisa 2014 ). However, in India, due to the shortage of proper infrastructure for the management of e-waste, a major chunk of recyclable e-waste is getting disposed of directly to open landfill sites which is a grave threat to humans and the environment (Kumar and Dixit 2018 ). Singh et al. ( 2022 ) analyzed the importance of critical success factors in the designing of an e-waste collection policy in India using the fuzzy DEMATEL approach. Authors found that some critical factors like green practices, technology involvement, certification and licensing, environmental programs, public ethics, and stakeholder awareness of the circular economy are having a major influence on the collection of e-wastes in India. From the perspective of developing nations like India, China, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam, very few studies have been conducted for providing practical solutions in e-waste treatment facilities (Awasthi and Li 2017 ; Milovantseva and Fitzpatrick 2015 ; Shumon et al. 2014 ; Zhang et al. 2012 ). In earlier studies, no emphasis has been given to the inter-relationship among the obstacles affecting the execution of e-waste management (Kumar and Dixit 2018 ). Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3Rs) is a technology platform that connects markets to promote a circular economy and aims to encourage consumers to dispose of their e-waste. In developed countries, high priority is given to e-waste management, whereas, it is difficult for developing countries to fully adopt or replicate e-waste management in developed countries and many related problems, including a lack of investment and skilled human resources. Furthermore, the lack of infrastructure and inappropriate laws for e-waste management. In addition, there is another shortcoming which is the lack of awareness about the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders and institutions involving e-waste management etc. In the present paper, emphasis has been given to provide information for the effective management of the e-wastes through a meticulous literature review so that concepts of sustainable development goals and circular economy can be attained. Extractions of precious metals and the possibilities of developing a business venture using e-wastes have also been discussed. Moreover, it would be a great effort to conserve the environment along with social health protection.

Types of e-wastes and their possible sources

Different types of e-wastes are being generated in the environment. Possible sources of e-wastes may be our homes, IT industries, automobile industries, medical sector, and other electrical and electronic materials. There are 10 categories of e-wastes as per the European regulatory bodies of e-waste management (Garlapati 2016 ). Discarded e-wastes may cause severe problems as they may contain many harmful inorganic and/or organic contaminants. Some common categories of e-wastes such as computer accessories, toys, Internet materials, air conditioners, automobiles, microwave ovens, refrigerators, lamps, washing machines, phones, and printers have toxic heavy metals which are very harmful. In chips and batteries and medical and laboratory instruments, persistent organic contaminants and electrolytes and X-ray and radioactive chemicals are used respectively. Many harmful effects can be caused by these e-wastes (Kofi Adanu et al. 2020 ), and the advancement in technology, less life span of a material, and policy change are among the most responsible reasons for the generation of e-wastes (Amankwah-Amoah 2016 ). However, harmful materials may include toxic heavy metals like lead, mercury, chromium, and persistent organic contaminants (Ilankoon et al. 2018 ).

Methodology adopted to write this review paper

The relevant research papers, book chapters, conference papers, websites of regulatory bodies, and government reports were collected from different electronic databases which are very authentic for writing this paper. Usually, the research papers (journals and conferences) were accessed from Science direct, Pubmed, Springer, Taylor & Francis, Google scholar, etc. as depicted in Fig.  4 . Moreover, relevant book chapters and books were also searched for the same.

Adopted frameworks for writing present review paper

The title and framework of the paper were decided on the basis of different types of keywords such as e-waste-related problems (for example, environmental concern, social health), sustainable development goals, concept of circular economy in e-waste management, expected challenges, future scope, and application of machine intelligence. Management of e-waste was the central focus during the paper writing. It also ensured to evaluate all the critical factors such as recent publications, novelty and cost-effective methods of e-waste management, application of computational tools, and possible green processes. It was the brainchild of all the co-authors who were also involved in the brainstorming during the writing of this paper to ensure the maximum possible quality.

Impacts of e-wastes on human health and environment

Discarded e-wastes can cause many harmful impacts on the environment and human lives, if they have been mishandled such as chronic health disorders and environmental degradation (in terms of air, water, and soil contaminations) (Amankwah-Amoah 2016 ). Some specific section is illustrated in the following sections regarding e-waste-induced problems.

Impact on the environment

E-waste leads to environmental contamination including water, air, soil, and other biota afterwards, mainly due to poor disposal activities. E-waste disposal sites and recycling centers are reported releasing heavy metals and particulate matters into the environment (Chatterjee 2008 ). Substances liberated from e-waste have been categorized into two types; hazardous and non-hazardous. Hazardous substances include heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, poly dibenzofurans, brominated diphenyl ethers, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, whereas non-hazardous substances include metals Cu, Se, Pt, and Ag among others (Awasthi et al. 2016 ; Zeng et al. 2014 ; Zhang et al. 2013 ). Both the categories of pollutants released from e-waste cause ill effects on the environment and human health when their presence is above the permissible limits. The impacts of e-waste depend on the age of the specific e-waste, and hence, it varies for the same type of e-wastes. Recycling is a process in which pollutants are removed or delayed, but the large quantity of e-waste still causes the accumulation of enormous amounts of pollutants in landfills and the environment. Developing countries like India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and China use unscientific methods for e-waste recycling which releases heavy metals and other recalcitrant pollutants into the environment (Pradhan and Kumar 2014 ; Sthiannopkao and Wong 2013 ). Release of these hazardous contaminants into the environment gets easily associated with various processes like bioaccumulation, contamination of food, and widespread exposure to ecological processes and hence causing widespread risk (Sepúlveda et al. 2010 ; Chan and Wong 2013 ; Chen et al. 2011 ).

Impact on air quality

Several types of e-waste contaminants get dispersed as dust or fumes into the air. Ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption are all primary routes of exposure in human beings (Mielke and Reagan 1998 ). Children and infants are considered to be the most susceptible to e-waste mishandling because of a high frequency of breathing, high chances of in utero-exposure, frequent breast-feeding, extreme hand-to-mouth activity, frequent food intake, and low efficiency of toxicants removal rate (Guo et al. 2012 ; Xu et al. 2012 , 2018 ). Various hazardous primary e-wastes including Hg, Pb, Cd, PCBs, and other secondary e-waste toxicants, including PAHs, dioxins, and difurans, are produced in the environment during the processing and recycling of e-waste at Guiyu, China; Agbogbloshie, Ghana; the National Capital Territory (NCT) region, India; Shershah (Karachi), Pakistan; Lagos, Nigeria; and Dhaka, Bangladesh (Sthiannopkao and Wong 2013 ). However, the presence of contaminants in the surrounding atmosphere may vary depending upon the type of work that is performed in the nearby area. For example, recycling and dumping sites which are often associated with electrical components are responsible for the release of substantial quantities of Pb and Cu into the atmosphere (Brigden 2005 ). The atmosphere acts as a mediator for the dispersion of these metals from one place to another place as these contaminants can stay for a long time and also can travel for greater distances (Brigden 2005 ). These metals are suspended in the form of particulate matters and also get deposited to the soil surface and open water resources and, hence, can be bio-accumulated in the lives of water, soil, and plants and will cause serious ill effects on the consumption of contaminated water or food product.

Impact on water quality

Waste effluents are also responsible for water pollution as reported in many studies too (Awual et al. 2019 ; Awual 2019 ). Many studies have been carried out recently on the removal of different types of heavy metals and toxic dyes from water (Awual et al. 2015 , 2016 , 2020 ; Awual 2015 ; Naushad et al. 2019 ; Khandaker et al. 2021 ; Yeamin et al. 2021 ; Kubra et al. 2021 ; Hasan et al. 2021 ; Teo et al. 2022 ). Contaminants from e-waste enter into the aquatic environment, both into groundwater and surface water via leaching and dissipating processes from electrical and electronic equipment dumping industries and other e-waste-related activities. A study performed by Luo et al. ( 2011 ) had suggested that poly brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) level in the sediment samples from the Nanyang River near Guiyu town had increased significantly and they also reported that carp from this river has great potential to bioaccumulate. According to a study conducted by Wu et al. ( 2008 ), on snakes, top predators present in an aquatic environment nearby an e-waste recycling plant consumed ~ 1091 ng/g PBDE and 16,512 ng/g PCBs on a wet weight basis. A study on water flow from downstream areas in Pearl River Delta had shown an elevated level of PBDE and PCBs (Luo et al. 2009 ). Besides PBDE, brominated flame retardants namely decabromodiphenyl ethane and1, 2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane, etc. were reported in down streams of Pearl River Delta (Shi et al. 2009 ). According to a study reported by Dharini et al. ( 2017 ), water resources present in the nearby area having e-waste recycling and detention facilities do not fulfill the general water quality standards in terms of pH, total dissolved solids, hardness, chlorides, and conductivity .

Impact on soil health

In recent decades, the sudden increase in human activities leads to the release of certain amounts of hazardous contaminants into the soil and hence causing pollution in farmland soil as well (Zhang et al. 2015 ). Waste recycling plants are considered one of the prime sources responsible for the contamination of soil mainly due to the release of metals and other contaminants in higher concentrations. However, the management of e-waste by using primitive methods has become one of the most problematic reasons for e-waste contamination of the soil (Awasthi et al. 2016 ). Plants, soil, and snails of Guiyu town were reported to have a higher concentration of PCBs and PBDEs (Liu et al. 2008 ). Luo et al. ( 2011 ) reported that the burning of metallic chips and electric circuits is one of the reasons for elevated metals like Cd, Cu, and Pb in soil. Luo et al. ( 2009 ) reported a higher value of PBDE in agricultural soils within 2 km of range from an e-waste recycling workshop. In another study, soil from the same range was reported to have high concentrations of polychlronateddibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), PCBs, and PAHs (Shen et al 2009 ). Several soil samples studied from the area of the e-waste recycling center in India located at Loni were found to have extremely high metal concentrations. Almost all of the soil samples examined were beyond their permissible levels, with the highest Pb content (~ 174 times greater) than the guidelines. Apart from that, excessive amounts of Cd, Hg, Cr, and Zn have been identified in this region also (Link 2014 ; Weerasundara et al. 2020 ). Plant roots can easily assimilate the harmful toxins including heavy metals present in the soil and transmit them to various parts of the plant including stem, leaf, and fruit. Hence, e-waste-contaminated soil is considered one of the major sources of crop and vegetable contamination (Meng et al. 2014 ).

Impact on the human health

Improper handling, processing, and application of poor recycling methods related to e-waste pose life-threatening impacts on human health (Orlins and Guan 2016 ). Exposure to hazardous substances released from the e-waste can enter the human being either via ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact (Awasthi et al. 2018 ). Workers associated with e-waste handling or recycling have high chances of direct occupation exposure mainly due to a lack of safety measures (Chen et al. 2011 ). E-waste exposure identification is very complicated due to variety of exposure sources, routes, exposed individual characteristics, including body weight, age, sex and immunological status, and non-identical time periods of exposure (Alabi and Bakare 2017 ). Contaminated water, air, soil, and food are the main reason for the widespread risk associated to e-wastes in humans (Vaish et al. 2020 ). Children may have greater risks after having exposure to the e-wastes present in their surroundings or food items (Pronczuk-Garbino 2005 ; Kuang et al. 2023 ). As humans get exposed to e-waste contaminants, hazardous substances will be released into the human body and stored in fatty tissues and pose severe threats to human health (Liu et al 2018 ). Metals can enter the body of a human either by inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact. Oral exposure includes the consumption of water and food contaminated with e-waste (Zheng et al. 2013 ; Fu et al. 2008 ). It has been found that heavy metal gets exposed to the human body mainly due to ingestion (90%) (Weerasundara et al. 2020 ). Heavy metals can also be bio-accumulated into the plant tissues from water resources, contaminated soil, or air deposition (Singh et al. 2010 ; Bi et al. 2009 ). Heavy metal–contaminated soil–grown food items are mostly responsible for the increase of heavy metal concentrations in meat-based products (González-Weller et al. 2006 ). Through a number of studies performed by various researchers around the globe, it had been reported that heavy metal leads to various kinds of disorders in humans, including the nervous system, urinary, cardiovascular, blood, liver, kidney, learning inability, cancer, and urine (Thomas et al. 2009 ; Bhutta et al. 2011 ; Yan et al. 2013 ). Therefore, it is necessary for local bodies and government organizations to perform an assessment study related to risk and exposure in the areas of e-waste processing and recycling. Through reports, it had been found that the e-waste recycling center located at Guiyu in China has led to an increase in the level of dioxins in humans above the recommended maximum limit set by WHO (Chatterjee 2007 ). The presence of dioxins above than prescribed limit has been found in the sample of human milk, hair, and placentas hence showing that dioxins are entering the human body from water, air, or via foodstuffs further posing serious ill effects (Chan et al. 2007 ). A study performed by Ha et al. ( 2009 ) reported that soil and water from the areas around the Guiyu e-waste recycling center had an elevated level of heavy metals and that poses serious ill effects on workers and residents living in these nearby areas (Chan et al. 2013 ; Sjödin et al. 1999 ; Guo et al. 2010 ; Wu et al. 2010 ; Huo et al. 2007 ; Xing et al. 2009 ; Li et al. 2008 ). Studies were performed by various researchers related to e-waste in Bangalore, India; China; Ghana; it has been found that the workers and residents were found to be exposed with an elevated level of heavy metal, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyl, etc. (Asante et al. 2012 ; Zheng et al. 2011 ; Song and Li 2014 ; Ha et al. 2009 ; Alabi and Bakare 2017 ). Based on the above discussion, it is clear that toxic contaminants present in e-waste items may cause huge toxicity (Table 1 ), if they are mishandled or discarded openly.

Based on the above discussion, it is clear that toxic contaminants present in e-waste items may cause huge toxicity (Table 1 ), if they are mishandled or discarded openly.

Management strategies for the e-wastes

Advancement of technology is one of the fast-growing sectors because of the rise in the requirements of the consumer’s perception. Consequently, the quantities of e-wastes are increasing day by day across the world (Mmereki et al. 2016 ; Dhir et al. 2021 ). E-wastes may contain some hazardous elements such as cadmium, lead, mercury, polybrominated diphenyl esters, etc., and hence, their high rate of generation and mismanagement may create many disturbances to the environment and living entities. Therefore, safe management practices for the e-wastes need to be explored on a priority basis (Awasthi et al. 2016 ; Garlapati 2016 ; Kumar and Dixit 2018 ). Figure  5 shows a general framework of e-waste material (life cycle) since its production to disposal. It can also be correlated with the practices required to achieve the concept of circular economy in which waste materials are used up to maximum resource utilization.

Framework of e-waste from production to disposal along with some management activities

From the above figure, it is apparent that technical advancement and human behavior are mostly responsible for the generation of e-wastes in the society. Moreover, policy formulation and implementation can also play a major role in the management of e-wastes as already are being adopted by some developed nations of the world (Table 2 ). Table 2 shows some practices of effective e-waste management in four developed countries including Japan, the UK, the USA, and Switzerland.

Based on the above table, it has been observed that better e-waste management can be achieved by inculcating the attitude of taking responsibility by the consumer, retailer, management authorities, and policy makers as well. Furthermore, some e-waste management options are proposed by worldwide researchers as discussed below:

Recovery of precious metals from the e-wastes

E-waste can be a source of income for individuals or industries. For example, in Bangalore (India), around 18,000 MT of e-wastes is generated annually. These e-wastes do have some precious metals like gold, silver, platinum, copper, aluminum, and rare earth metals and these elements can be reused. Furthermore, new commercial benefits from them can also be explored as opportunities (Garlapati 2016 ; Dias et al. 2018 ; Dhir et al. 2021 ; Xavier et al. 2023 ).

Recycling of e-wastes

Like other wastes, some parts of the e-wastes can also be recycled such as capacitors, circuit boards, and plastics. Energy production is also possible after incineration of the e-wastes as the plastic of the e-wastes a feedstock for pyrolysis (CII 2006 ). However, it will require extra setups for controlling toxic emissions (CII 2006 ).

Thermo-chemical approaches to generating energy using waste materials have attracted researchers across the world as it is also helping in the recycling of waste materials (Garlapati 2016 ). Additionally, new materials can also be manufactured from the recovered materials from the e-wastes (Baxter et al. 2016 ) as the prime objective of recycling is to procure worthy materials so that the threats to the environment and human health could be avoided. Furthermore, recycling may also create several opportunities for the society in terms of employment, business, etc. (Schluep et al. 2009 ). As per the studies of the United Nations University ( 2017 ), recycling e-waste would be beneficial for environmental conservation as well as society. However, people’s attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors are very important issues to determine the accomplishment of proper recycling as well as management of e-wastes (Echegaray and Hansstein 2017 ; Kumar 2019 ).

Arya and Kumar ( 2020 ) have found that India has taken many steps regarding the better management of its e-waste items as shown in Fig.  6 .

An Indian integrated approach for e-waste management (source: Arya and Kumar 2021: Reprinted from Arya, S., Kumar, S. (2021). E-waste in India at a Glance: Current Trends, Regulations, Challenges and Management Strategies. Journal of Cleaner Production, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122707 with permission from Elsevier)

However, Indian authorities and citizens still need to do a lot regarding every environmental problem including waste management (municipal, electronic, plastic, hazardous, etc.). Recycling waste materials (including e-wastes) is one of the best practices to manage them. It can be achieved by using them as either developing building materials or some other valued products through a process or material alteration (Garlapati 2016 ). Furthermore, recycling e-wastes can also reduce the chance of secondary contamination in the different ecosystems. Therefore, it is recommended to develop an efficient collection, storage, transportation, processing, recovery of value-added products, treatment, and safe disposal of the e-wastes at local as well as national levels in consultation with regulatory bodies (Cucchiella et al. 2015 ). Furthermore, de Souza et al. ( 2016 ) observed that recycling and recovery of precious metals present in the e-wastes could be beneficial options to reduce their harmful impacts on the living world along with restricting burden on the landfills. Moreover, such practices will be helpful in the generation of employment and maintaining environmental safety guidelines as it may also discourage mining along with less emissions of greenhouse gases. Therefore, it can be inferred that recycling and recovery of wastes could also be helpful to cope with global warming and ultimately climate change.

Microrecycling concept for recycling of e-waste

Metal recovery from e-waste is an attractive opportunity of business for private enterprises and transportation of bulk materials of such waste would create high costs. Microrecycling units for material recovery can be established in smaller areas (around 50 m 2 ) using small cost. The microrecycling concept deals with the collection and segregation of e-waste materials from local communities at small-scale factories which helps to reduce the cost of transportation, consumption of raw materials, saving of fossil fuels, and environment same time able to produce value-added recycled materials for further use (Sahajwalla and Hossain 2020 ). These microfactories have various processes including microrecycling units for obtaining materials using the process of fractional heating and separation of various metals, polymers, and ceramics from e-waste. Furthermore, enabling multiple reactions using selective thermal transformation to obtain vigilant separation of valuable metals and alloys. Recently, it has been found that valuable materials can be obtained via novel and fundamental pathways including the generation of metals, metal nanoparticles, alloys, and nanoceramics from the e-waste (Singh et al. 2021a , b ). The main purpose of this concept is to process and recycle e-waste efficiently, safely, and sustainably at a smaller level which would be able to supply value-added materials for the utility of nearby industries.

Development of the effective policies for e-waste management

Effective policies have always been a remarkable tool to achieve success in many disciplines. If we take the example of India, e-waste management in its early stage as the country did not have effective policies, despite being a great manufacturing hub of electronic devices (Borthakur and Singh 2020 ; Garlapati 2016 ). However, the Indian environment ministry (i.e., MoEFCC-Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change) has issued some guidelines for the effective management of e-wastes (Arain et al. 2020 ). Indian decision-makers have developed many waste management rules/guidelines between the years 1989 to 2016. In 2009, first-time e-waste handling rules were drafted, whereas in 2011, e-waste rules were provided along with plastic waste rules. In India, e-waste management–related policies are not well developed, and hence, it requires serious revision to provide safety for both the environment and human health (Garlapati 2016 ). But, it requires rigorous revisions for the effective management of e-wastes (Kumar and Agrawal 2020 ). Similarly, China has also formulated many waste management policies but most of them are focused on municipal solid waste management (Jin et al. 2021 ). European Union (EU) in the early 2000s had performed an important role in setting the guidelines to regulate e-waste management after the debates raised in the 1989 Basel Convention. The waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) Directive of 2002 was the first important regulation in order to establish targets to ensure the recycling, recovering, and treatment of these types of waste (Isernia et al. 2019 ; Stonewell 2013 ). This directive in Europe was used for further elaboration of different legislations in the next years (Lopes dos Santos and Jacobi 2022 ). This directive was further used for developing national legislation in countries like Canada, the USA, Japan, and Australia (Bandyopadhyay 2008 ; Gough 2016 ; Kumar et al. 2017 ). Bibliometric studies can also be helpful in the development of fruitful policies for a particular subject as reported by Taneja et al. ( 2021 ) in the waste management discipline. Recently, Grab et al. (2023) and Asokan et al. ( 2023 ) stated that principles of extended producer responsibility could be a better option for e-waste management, if implemented in the framing of e-waste management policies and executed for the recycling and collection of the e-wastes.

Imparting professional training to the workers of waste management authorities

Waste management is a multi-functional process as it involves processing, use of instruments, safety measures, monitoring, supervision, etc. Hence, trained manpower could be a great asset for waste management authorities because these skilled persons can play significant roles in the management of wastes (Gaidajis et al. 2010 ; Heeks et al. 2014 ). Different types of stakeholders can be involved in the training for successful waste management including academic institutes, research organizations, ministries, municipalities, local public, technical persons, etc. (Srivastav and Kumar 2020 ; Arya and Kumar 2020 ). A similar hierarchy can also be followed for effective e-waste management including regulatory bodies, government organizations (local and national), non-governmental organizations, corporate world, society, etc.

Imposing heavy fines to the violators

A heavy fine may be imposed on the violators of waste management. The provision of the penalty should be elaborated by the regulatory authorities for all the stakeholders. The responsibilities of every stakeholder (individuals, institutions, industries, etc.) should be defined well so that it can be implemented honestly and efficiently. Furthermore, rules can be made very strict especially for the violators of e-waste management as it may have some dangerous elements too. Examples follow.

Rewarding with lucrative incentive to the best performers by the waste management authorities

Apart from imposing fines, there must be a provision of rewarding incentives to the best-performing firms, societies, institutions, or industries by the regulatory bodies on the basis of annual waste audit report. Therefore, it will create some positivity among the different stakeholders of the waste generators and their management (Ravindra et al. 2019 ). Cucchiella et al. ( 2015 ) reported that NGOs and manufacturers need to be encouraged for the different activities (collection, storage, recycling, etc.) related with e-waste management at different administrative levels.

To ensure the concepts of circular economy in waste management

Recently, the assimilation of concepts of circular economy (Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2019 ; Parajuly et al. 2020 ) and sustainable development goals are among the important objectives for every organization/institution. According to Sauvé et al. ( 2016 ), recycling of the materials and maximum resource recovery from wastes should be ensured to restrict future environmental pollution. Meaning, thereby, maximum use of the materials must be ensured to reduce waste generation (Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2019 ) and it can be achieved by adopting eco-friendly technologies and green policy developments as well as inculcating fruitful innovative corporate cultures (Ghisellini et al. 2016 ). Figure  7 is the representation of the concepts of circular economy in e-waste management.

Concept of circular economy to be followed for effective e-waste management

Figure  7 shows that environmental and economical sustainabilities can be achieved in waste management in any nation/region after following the concepts of the circular economy. The above practices (mentioned in the figure) can be adopted to achieve better e-waste management through the concept of circular economy and sustainable development goals. However, wise consumption of the materials may depend on awareness, behavior, lifestyle, morality, culture, environmental ethics, psychology, etc. (Knussen and Yule 2008 ; Parajuly et al. 2020 ).

Role of machine intelligence techniques in e-waste management

The discarded electronic devices are generally termed e-waste (Bhutta et al. 2011 ; Mor et al. 2021 ; Umair et al. 2016 ). There is a serious concern regarding the unsafe handling of these devices (Bhutta et al. 2011 ; Mor et al. 2021 ; Umair et al. 2016 ). It may cause harm to human health and the environment as these scraps may contain cadmium, lead, beryllium, zinc, etc. (Bhutta et al. 2011 ; Mor et al. 2021 ; Umair et al. 2016 ). Several works have already been done by researchers in the domain of disposal and the management of e-waste but the challenges are so many. Awasthi et al. ( 2016 ) discussed the rapid growth in e-waste. They observed that the common methods of dealing with e-waste like acid baths and open burning may release furans, dioxins, and other heavy metals which may lead to harmful effects on the surroundings. Figure  7 shows a layout of artificial intelligence–based e-waste management system. All the information relevant to e-waste has been gathered and transferred to the cloud server. The cloud server matches the gathered e-waste sources from the existing database. The database category based on the review has already been maintained on the cloud server. The components from the e-waste product have been separated based on the classification. The automated machine learning–based category advisor can be capable of the classification of the components (Vimala et al. 2022 ; Thakur et al. 2022 ; Dubey et al. 2021 ). The components are then filtered and the IoT devices will accept the filtered component and provide a name and send an alert message to the server. It is already attached to the server for the demand of the individual component. It can be synchronized with the received e-waste resources. IoT-enabled devices help in the product assignment and set it in the cloud server with the updated product list. So, any request for these sources can be fulfilled properly from the server automatically. The machine intelligence approaches will be helpful in the reassignment, automation, and learning from history. So that the detection of the reusable components will be improved automatically. It will be helpful in gathering, filtration, and reusability and improving product usability based on the automated guidelines of the model.

Rahman et al. ( 2020 ) studied waste management. They have proposed an architecture for waste management based on deep learning and the Internet of Things (IoT). They devised a smart trash bin concept with multiple sensors. For data monitoring purposes, IoT and Bluetooth technology have been used. They achieved the convolutional neural network (CNN) accuracy of 91.3% and 86% of the system usability scale (SUS). Agarwal et al. ( 2020 ) studied the growth of e-waste. It has been discussed in terms of developing economies. They have reviewed and analyzed the artificial intelligence prospective in the literature from 2015 to 2020. They found that the computational technique may be helpful in the segregation of e-wastes. Kang et al. ( 2020 ) analyzed e-waste management in terms of precious base metals and found that smart e-waste collection management can be done by using smart techniques. Their approach has the automatic notification and scheduling of the e-waste management mechanism system as it was developed in Malaysia. Senthilselvi et al. ( 2020 ) studied the impacts of technological development in the case of e-waste worldwide. They have suggested the challenges in the disposal of electronic equipment. Their aim was to provide automation in metal purification measurement by the use of machine learning techniques. For the metal separator from the mobile phones, they used magnetic separation, eddy current, and pyro-metallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes. The noise removal from the images of the extracted metal was performed by CNN. It is helpful in feature extraction and classification. For validation from the learned features, they used and rectified linear units. They successfully extracted the metal which can be used in any other manufacturing process. Singh et al. ( 2021a , b ) studied the disposal of e-waste. They proposed an IoT-based collection vendor machine for e-waste management. It was associated with the QR code for the related information. It contains the alert system based on the capacity (threshold point) along with the secure disposal technique. Chen et al. ( 2021a , b ) discussed e-waste in terms of a tremendous increase in environmental issues due to the toxic substances that can adversely affect health as well as the environment. They proposed an artificial intelligence technique for the smart analysis of hazardous components. Abou et al. ( 2021 ) analyzed the growing need for automated e-waste recycling and management. They used AlexNet layers for e-waste sorting and management. Yu et al. ( 2021 ) discussed the challenges in waste disposal. They have discussed the mechanism of reducing, reusing, recycling, and recovering. They have proposed an automated artificial intelligence framework. Their framework was capable of specific information gathering, planning, and management. Li et al. ( 2021 ) utilized the machine learning technique in e-waste management. They used a gradient-boosting regression tree and neural network for the monitoring of urban sub-segments. The arrangement was improved based on machine learning techniques with an exactness of 99.1%. Islam et al. ( 2021 ) discussed teleworking. They suggested that teleworking has increased the generation of e-waste. They mainly focused on the collection of metals. The recovery was performed based on gravity, density, and integrated approaches. Aswani et al. ( 2021 ) suggested that in the current Indian scenario e-waste is a huge problem. They have suggested machine learning techniques to handle the recycling procedure of metals from the e-waste. Ramya et al. ( 2021 ) studied an advanced waste managing scheme based on long-range (LoRa) protocol and the TensorFlow framework. The communication protocol was managed by LoRa. Object detection was performed by the TensorFlow framework. It performs actual time object detection. The TensorFlow framework was used for actual time object detection and organization of waste data. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) was also used for the identification of e-waste. Khan et al. ( 2021 ) discussed the role of machine learning and IoT in e-waste collection. For effective e-waste management, they proposed an approach using machine learning and IoT. They used an Arduino UNO microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor, and moisture sensor. Their main aim is to measure the dumping ground waste index. Elangovan et al. ( 2021 ) studied the increase in e-waste. They used deep learning for the classification of the metal present in e-waste.

The major challenges found are as follows:

There are different levels of challenges in e-waste management like collection, extraction, reusing, and recycling based on the extracted patterns.

There is the need for applicability of machine intelligence methods based on the requirement levels.

There is the need for a hybrid framework with integrated approaches for the purpose of analysis, extraction, feature engineering, labelling of e-waste, automation of devices without human interference, and alert system with enhanced connectivity.

There is also the need for data handling mechanisms to achieve cost savings, flexibility, quality control, and data storage, increase collaboration, and automate software updates.

There is also the need for automated control flow in all levels.

A framework has been proposed as shown in Fig.  8 , to fulfill the abovementioned challenges. Our suggested framework is divided into four parts:

Optimized data collection and processing : in the present framework, cloud computing has been used for data collection and processing. This phase is responsible for surveying, monitoring, reporting, and notification system on e-waste. It accepts the request for e-waste collection from different users using mobile applications. It is responsible for the data gathering, identification, and other details like the requester, and information on the e-waste products including the metal and reusable components.

Machine intelligence approaches: in this phase, machine intelligence approaches like machine learning, deep learning, and machine vision approaches can be used for the purpose of analysis, extraction, feature engineering, labelling, and classification with the approach automation.

In the third phase, an IoT-based e-waste container has been proposed for handling the sensing and notification mechanism based on the collected data. This framework is also capable of filtering reusable components along with the precious metal.

The final phase is the automated notification for the requestor, if any need arises for the components received initially.

Framework for e-waste management based on machine intelligence approach

The above framework is capable of handling e-waste management in an efficient way in accordance with proper reuse and recycle mechanisms.

Miscellaneous recommendations for effective e-waste management

It is highly recommended that the concept of 4Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle, and recovery) must be entertained in e-waste management practices for a better future. In Spain, a well-illustrated recycling procedure was developed to manage e-wastes so that it can reach the suppliers after being discarded by the consumers (Queiruga et al. 2012 ) and such type of frameworks may be one of the best practices to endure maximum recycling of electronic waste products. Non-measurement of e-waste generation (as a separate account) is not being effectively implemented so it has been observed as a major hurdle for e-waste management. Hence, for effective management of the e-wastes at individual as well as municipal levels, it should ensure to develop an inventory containing harmful impacts on the environment and living creatures (Debnath et al. 2016 ). For better e-waste management, some common recommendations may be emphasized such as:

Public awareness (especially among consumers) about the negative impacts of e-waste on the environment and human beings and also their guidelines (Garlapati 2016 )

Introducing fees for recycling purposes (Garlapati 2016 )

Mandatory segregation of the e-wastes from the domestic wastes at the individual level.

Endeavors should be made to limit the use of electronic/electrical appliances up to the maximum extent or their lesser use should be encouraged. For example, a paperless provision in banks/offices may reduce the application printers along with saving papers.

Exploring the possibility of digitalization in every system (e-governance), especially traditional systems.

Monitors of computers should be energy-efficient so less consumption of energy can be ensured.

Electronic appliances should be switched off, when not in use.

Electronic parts of the computers (or any electronic devices) should be reused, if possible based on their life and condition.

Research activities should be increased for better e-waste management.

Eco-friendly electronic appliances should be developed as reported by Asus—a reputed company in Taiwan (Debnath et al. 2016 ).

For e-waste management, basically, two approaches are under practice in developed and developing nations. In developing nations, normally, e-wastes are not under proper recycling, and moreover, their proper disposal is also not being followed. Furthermore, developing countries are also involved in the extraction of precious metallic content from the e-wastes imported from the developed nations (Manhart 2011 ). Hence, it seems that sustainable management of e-waste could be achieved through developing proficient techniques for e-waste recycling, providing specialized training to the workers, and devising powerful policies. Furthermore, the policies, responsibilities of administration, waste management authorities, and electronic appliances manufacturing industries must be defined and monitored regularly (Esenduran et al. 2019 ). For example, since the year 2003, in Switzerland, the roles of production units and importing industries have been set to follow e-waste management guidelines as described in the policies namely Extended Producer Responsibility as well as the Advance Recycling Fee (Sinha-Khetriwalet al. 2005 ). Furthermore, Japan has also developed Consumer Pays model in which users can give back electronic gadgets (supposed as waste) to the retailers along with prescribed fees (Widmer et al. 2005 ). Similarly, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is responsible for the better management of the e-wastes generated in the country under National Electronic Action Plans (Gaidajis et al. 2010 ). Some developing nations are also trying to manage their e-wastes like Peru which initiated sustainable approaches to e-waste management by developing skills to collect followed by recycling the same for protecting human beings and the environment. Columbia was able to recycle ~ 185 tons of cell phones generated from 30 cities during 2007–2014 (Kofi Adanu et al. 2020 ).

Anticipated challenges during e-waste management

Apart from the availability of the above management practices, there are many challenges that may come on the ground during e-waste management. If we take the example of Europe, most of the population is well aware of the wise use of resources and also knows that their exploitation is not good for the environment (European Union, 2014 ). Moreover, people claim that they are well involved in waste segregation, reuse, and also earning revenues from the wastes (Europeet al. 2018 ). Similarly, developing countries (China, Malaysia, Thailand, and India) are importing e-waste from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) group of countries in the name of manufacturing and reuse (Kumar and Dixit 2018 ). Furthermore, social acceptance is another issue regarding the reuse and development of business models using e-wastes (vanWeelden et al. 2016 ). To ensure the proper recycling of the e-wastes, behavior of the individual person and right decision are also having a direct impact (Parajuly et al. 2020 ).

Furthermore, some commonly observed challenges faced by the management authorities regarding e-waste management include a lack of guidelines, negative public perception, lack of green initiatives, financial constraints, and inadequate infrastructure.

These challenges (as shown in Fig.  9 ) may be a lack of citizen’s knowledge about recycling (Godfrey et al. 2013 ; Kumaret al. 2016 ), no adequate guidelines (Chaturvedi et al. 2007 ; Wath et al. 2010 ), non-implementation of green initiatives (Ravi and Shankar 2014 ), financial crisis (Kumar and Dixit 2018 ), inadequate infrastructures of collection and recycling (Kumar et al. 2017 ), confusion among the producers and consumers regarding accountability (Manomaivibool and Vassanadumrongdee 2011 ; Kiddee et al. 2013 ), etc. Moreover, we are living in a digital age and the world is observing technological advancement at an unprecedented rate. The durability of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) has decreased tremendously simply because of the frequent hardware and software up-gradation. Globally, this trend is contributing a voluminous amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) or e-waste. Studies predict that the total volume of e-waste will cross 74 million tons by 2030 as it is increasing at the rate of 3–5 percent per annum. China (10.1 MT/year), the USA (6.9 MT/year), India (3.2 MT/year), Japan (2.1 MT/year), Germany (1.6 MT/year), and Brazil (2.1 MT/year) are the biggest producers of WEEE (Andeobu et al. 2021 ; Shittu et al. 2021 ). E-waste is adversely affecting the biotic and abiotic components of the environment. Hence, in order to achieve the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs), circular economy and resource recovery, and efficiency, standardized and effective e-waste management procedures are indispensable. Materials present in the WEEE have been classified into five categories viz . ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, glass, plastics, and other materials by different workers (Shittu et al. 2021 ). Scarcity and recovery of resources (minerals, rare earth metals, heavy metals, polymers, etc.) and energy are other dimensions which the globe is observing with the exponential rise in the manufacturing of electronic products. The biggest challenge before the world is to design and adopt standardized recycling procedures. Researchers suggest that only a small fraction of the e-waste is recycled by organized sectors (having required expertise and infrastructure) while a large chunk (nearly 82 percent) is tackled by the informal sector which creates environmental and occupational health hazards. China, India, and Ghana can be considered the hub of informal e-waste recycling while countries like Australia, Japan, and Canada have skilled workforce and infrastructure to scientifically recycle the waste (Rautela et al. 2021 ). Studies have suggested e-waste urban mining to effectively tackle the problem and emphasized the issues and challenges related with it. Urban mining helps in the recovery (rare earth metals, plastic and polymer, heavy metals, etc.) and recycling of e-waste in a phased manner (mechanical separation, hydrometallurgy, and pyrometallurgy), which in turn boost up the circular economy. However, in developing countries like India, there are serious challenges associated with urban mining, mainly the lack of coordination and integration between thee-waste collectors, dismantlers, recyclers, etc. (Ikhlayel 2018 ; Sharma et al. 2021 ). Due to this un-coordinated and unskilled approach, a huge volume of e-waste gets treated and discarded using different informal methods like dismantling and incinerating in open. Also, a large fraction of e-waste goes to landfill sites which is again a hazardous practice in the long run. The role and application of artificial intelligence, machine, and deep learning should also be explored in e-waste management (Chen et al. 2021a , b ).

Actual gap in the claim and practice of European people (data extracted from Parajuly et al. 2020 )

However, the actual scenario is quite different from people’s claims as the gap in the claim and practice of European people (Parajuly et al. 2020 ) is shown in Fig.  9 .

Therefore, based on the above graph, a general opinion may change as can be seen in the case of European society (being considered one of the most civilized societies).

In the future, the focus should be given to spreading awareness among the local citizens (or all the stakeholders) to change their behavior so that e-waste management or any other environmental crisis can be overcome easily. Thus, it appears that principles of circular economy can be significantly ensured up to a maximum extent after public participation. Knowledge of relevant technologies, economical issues, principles of circular economy, and environmental concerns should also be discussed together as it may increase the better output in the recycling/reuse of goods (Makov et al. 2018 ). It has also been observed that environmental ethics, laws, and education have significantly elevated the consciousness of environmental protection among the public (Solomon 2010 ). Some prescribed amounts of money can also be paid by the consumers without any force; however, it may vary according to gender, wedding conditions, convenient recycling process, and the toxicity of the e-wastes (Saphores et al. 2012 ). In India, e-waste management is not an easy task because of knowledge gaps regarding environmental conservation and recycling processes along with incompetent policies, financial issues, etc. (Jindal and Sangwan 2011 ). Economical profit and societal acceptance can assist in better e-waste management after coordinating with all the stakeholders. Furthermore, strict laws and policies can also play significant roles in e-waste management (Ravi and Shankar 2014 ; Kumar and Dixit 2018 ). Similarly, there are no any legal frameworks in African countries for the recycling of e-wastes. However, they are good at reusing (~ 85%) electronic or electrical devices and it is around 2–3 times more in comparison to rich countries. Australia has a well-defined provision for recycling television and computers with the collaboration of government regulatory authorities and industries. China, India, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan are the only Asian countries who have formulated e-waste management policies. However, Taiwan is at the top with 82% e-waste recycling, whereas Japan and South Korea have achieved 75% e-waste recycling. In other countries of the world, policies regarding recycling and standard development are not adequate (Garlapati 2016 ). Hence, other countries need to develop proper policies particularly for appropriate e-waste management. Most importantly, employment generation through developing business modules can also be performed using e-wastes as these wastes can be used for the production of fuels (energy) through pyrolysis and procurement of precious metals like gold, silver, platinum, copper, and aluminum, and are reusable (capacitors, circuit boards, plastics, etc.), and recyclable materials (CII 2006 ).

For effective and efficient management of high volumes of e-waste, they need to be addressed on a priority basis. A few of the challenges and tangible measures are given below:

Creating awareness about the hazardous impacts of e-waste and recycling of the same.

Accurate and real-time measurement and quantification of e-waste being generated.

Developing a skilled workforce and expertise to transform an unorganized recycling sector into an organized one and create a new organized recycling setup.

Developing a state-of-the-art infrastructure where e-waste can be recycled with minimum environmental and health hazards.

Incentivizing the recycling sector by incorporating various economic and financial tools like easy loaning to create recycling infrastructure, tax relaxation, extended producers’ responsibility, and public–private partnership (PPP).

Develop materials and technologies so that maximum recovery can be done after recycling.

Recovery of resources and energy is a crucial aspect which can be achieved via urban mining.

Informal and unscientific methods should be immediately checked.

Frequent monitoring and stringent policy should be adopted in order to mitigate any adverse impact on the environment.

Recent events showed that the organized and informal sector related to e-waste management has been severely affected by unprecedented and unalarmed situations like the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Therefore, policy formulators should consider such challenges also. Moreover, the feasibility of advance computational tools may also be explored especially for e-waste management so that it can be beneficial for the environment and public health. Cost–benefit analysis of the available techniques of e-waste management should be carried out appropriately which can provide a better direction for future studies.

Worldwide, large amounts of e-waste are produced as a result of purported modernization efforts. These e-wastes may also include some harmful elements in addition to certain valuable and recyclable items. Therefore, their careless handling and open disposal practices could also be harmful to the environment and biosphere. E-waste is frequently mismanaged since the general population is ignorant about their importance and also degrees of threat. Radioactive substances may also be present in e-wastes which can damage the plant tissues and ultimately inhibit plant growth. Radioactive materials in the soil can hinder the uptake capacity of the plants for nutrients. Apart from awareness, lack of responsible consumption and infrastructure facilities, financial crisis, etc. are also some major challenges to effective e-waste management. However, some good practices can reduce the levels of these challenges which include motivation of society, change in behaviors, availability of adequate funds/incentives, proper availability of e-waste management facilities, and adoption of green practices. The application of advanced computational tools is also playing crucial roles in multiple disciplines, and hence, better e-waste management practices can also be done by using techniques like artificial intelligence and machine learning. Furthermore, economic feasibility can also be maintained by applying such approaches. Moreover, it will also help in the achievement of many sustainable development goals either partial or complete along with accomplishing the concepts of a circular economy.

Data availability

Not applicable .

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Arun Lal Srivastav & Ashutosh Kumar Dubey

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Ashutosh Kumar Pandey

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Amity School of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Science, Amity University, Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, 474001, India

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Arun Lal Srivastav: conceptualization and drafting; Markandeya: through literature review; Naveen Patel: impact analyses and literature review; Mayank Pandey: investigation on challenges; Ashutosh Kumar Pandey: methodology development; Ashutosh Kumar Dubey: editing and critical analysis; Abhishek Kumar: drafting and value addition; Abhishek Kumar Bhardwaj: drafting and editing; Vinod Kumar Chaudhary: supervision and critical review.

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Srivastav, A.L., Markandeya, Patel, N. et al. Concepts of circular economy for sustainable management of electronic wastes: challenges and management options. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30 , 48654–48675 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26052-y

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Received : 16 November 2022

Accepted : 17 February 2023

Published : 28 February 2023

Issue Date : April 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26052-y

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• Centre to develop plant for recycling lithium-ion batteries, e-waste in Uttarakhand

The Technology Development Board (TDB), under the Department of Science and Technology (DST), on Tuesday said it has partnered with startup Remine India to develop a commercial plant for recycling lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries and e-waste using indigenous technology in Uttarakhand.

• Updated On Apr 3, 2024 at 04:50 PM IST

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• Published On Apr 3, 2024 at 04:45 PM IST

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How To Write a Waste Management and Recycling Business Plan + Template

Creating a business plan is essential for any business, but it can be especially helpful for waste management and recycling businesses who want to improve their strategy and/or raise funding.

A well-crafted business plan not only outlines the vision for your company, but also documents a step-by-step roadmap of how you are going to accomplish it. In order to create an effective business plan, you must first understand the components that are essential to its success.

This article provides an overview of the key elements that every waste management and recycling business owner should include in their business plan.

Download the Ultimate Business Plan Template

What is a Waste Management and Recycling Business Plan?

A waste management and recycling business plan is a formal written document that describes your company’s business strategy and its feasibility. It documents the reasons you will be successful, your areas of competitive advantage, and it includes information about your team members. Your business plan is a key document that will convince investors and lenders (if needed) that you are positioned to become a successful venture.

Why Write a Waste Management and Recycling Business Plan?

A waste management and recycling business plan is required for banks and investors. The document is a clear and concise guide of your business idea and the steps you will take to make it profitable.

Entrepreneurs can also use this as a roadmap when starting their new company or venture, especially if they are inexperienced in starting a business.

Writing an Effective Waste Management and Recycling Business Plan

The following are the key components of a successful waste management and recycling business plan:

Executive Summary

The executive summary of a waste management and recycling business plan is a one to two page overview of your entire business plan. It should summarize the main points, which will be presented in full in the rest of your business plan.

• Start with a one-line description of your waste management and recycling company
• Provide a short summary of the key points in each section of your business plan, which includes information about your company’s management team, industry analysis, competitive analysis, and financial forecast among others.

Company Description

This section should include a brief history of your company. Include a short description of how your company started, and provide a timeline of milestones your company has achieved.

If you are just starting your waste management and recycling business, you may not have a long company history. Instead, you can include information about your professional experience in this industry and how and why you conceived your new venture. If you have worked for a similar company before or have been involved in an entrepreneurial venture before starting your waste management and recycling firm, mention this.

You will also include information about your chosen waste management and recycling business model and how, if applicable, it is different from other companies in your industry.

Industry Analysis

The industry or market analysis is an important component of a waste management and recycling business plan. Conduct thorough market research to determine industry trends and document the size of your market. 

Questions to answer include:

• What part of the waste management and recycling industry are you targeting?
• How big is the market?
• What trends are happening in the industry right now (and if applicable, how do these trends support the success of your company)?

You should also include sources for the information you provide, such as published research reports and expert opinions.

Customer Analysis

This section should include a list of your target audience(s) with demographic and psychographic profiles (e.g., age, gender, income level, profession, job titles, interests). You will need to provide a profile of each customer segment separately, including their needs and wants.

For example, a waste management and recycling business’ customers may include:

• Businesses that need to dispose of or recycle waste
• Individuals who need to dispose of or recycle waste
• Government agencies that regulate waste management and recycling businesses

You can include information about how your customers make the decision to buy from you as well as what keeps them buying from you.

Develop a strategy for targeting those customers who are most likely to buy from you, as well as those that might be influenced to buy your products or waste management and recycling services with the right marketing.

Competitive Analysis

The competitive analysis helps you determine how your product or service will be different from competitors, and what your unique selling proposition (USP) might be that will set you apart in this industry.

For each competitor, list their strengths and weaknesses. Next, determine your areas of competitive differentiation and/or advantage; that is, in what ways are you different from and ideally better than your competitors.

Below are sample competitive advantages your waste management and recycling business may have:

• Specialized experience in the waste management and recycling industry
• Strong relationships with customers and suppliers
• Cutting-edge technology and equipment
• Well-trained employees
• Proven business model

Marketing Plan

This part of the business plan is where you determine and document your marketing plan. . Your plan should be clearly laid out, including the following 4 Ps.

• Product/Service : Detail your product/service offerings here. Document their features and benefits.
• Price : Document your pricing strategy here. In addition to stating the prices for your products/services, mention how your pricing compares to your competition.
• Place : Where will your customers find you? What channels of distribution (e.g., partnerships) will you use to reach them if applicable?
• Promotion : How will you reach your target customers? For example, you may use social media, write blog posts, create an email marketing campaign, use pay-per-click advertising, or launch a direct mail campaign. Or you may promote your waste management and recycling business via word-of-mouth.

Operations Plan

This part of your waste management and recycling business plan should include the following information:

• How will you deliver your product/service to customers? For example, will you do it in person or over the phone only?
• What infrastructure, equipment, and resources are needed to operate successfully? How can you meet those requirements within budget constraints?

The operations plan is where you also need to include your company’s business policies. You will want to establish policies related to everything from customer service to pricing, to the overall brand image you are trying to present.

Finally, and most importantly, in your Operations Plan, you will lay out the milestones your company hopes to achieve within the next five years. Create a chart that shows the key milestone(s) you hope to achieve each quarter for the next four quarters, and then each year for the following four years. Examples of milestones for a waste management and recycling business include reaching $X in sales, adding new products or services, building a new facility, or hiring additional staff.

Management Team

List your team members here including their names and titles, as well as their expertise and experience relevant to your specific waste management and recycling industry. Include brief biography sketches for each team member.

Particularly if you are seeking funding, the goal of this section is to convince investors and lenders that your team has the expertise and experience to execute on your plan. If you are missing key team members, document the roles and responsibilities you plan to hire for in the future.

Financial Plan

Here you will include a summary of your complete and detailed financial plan (your full financial projections go in the Appendix). 

This includes the following three financial statements:

Income Statement

Your income statement should include:

• Revenue : how much revenue you generate.
• Cost of Goods Sold : These are your direct costs associated with generating revenue. This includes labor costs, as well as the cost of any equipment and supplies used to deliver the product/service offering.
• Net Income (or loss) : Once expenses and revenue are totaled and deducted from each other, this is the net income or loss.

Sample Income Statement for a Startup Waste Management and Recycling Business

Balance sheet.

Include a balance sheet that shows your assets, liabilities, and equity. Your balance sheet should include:

• Assets : All of the things you own (including cash).
• Liabilities : This is what you owe against your company’s assets, such as accounts payable or loans.
• Equity : The worth of your business after all liabilities and assets are totaled and deducted from each other.

Sample Balance Sheet for a Startup Waste Management and Recycling Business

Cash flow statement.

Include a cash flow statement showing how much cash comes in, how much cash goes out and a net cash flow for each year. The cash flow statement should include:

• Cash Flow From Operations
• Cash Flow From Investments
• Cash Flow From Financing

Below is a sample of a projected cash flow statement for a startup waste management and recycling business.

Sample Cash Flow Statement for a Startup Waste Management and Recycling Business

You will also want to include an appendix section which will include:

• Your complete financial projections
• A complete list of your company’s business policies and procedures related to the rest of the business plan (marketing, operations, etc.)
• Any other documentation which supports what you included in the body of your business plan.

Writing a good business plan gives you the advantage of being fully prepared to launch and/or grow your waste management and recycling company. It not only outlines your business vision but also provides a step-by-step process of how you are going to accomplish it.

A well-crafted business plan is an essential tool for any waste management and recycling company. Now that you understand the importance of a business plan for your waste management and recycling company, as well as the key components to include, you are ready to get started.  

Finish Your Business Plan in 1 Day!

Wish there was a faster, easier way to finish your business plan?

With our Ultimate Business Plan Template you can finish your plan in just 8 hours or less!

RCA Board Approves 2024 – 2025 Budget and Business Plan

March marked a pivotal moment for the RCA as the Board officially approved the 2024 – 2025 Budget and Business Plan. Below, you’ll find summary graphics highlighting key aspects of the plan and budget. For a comprehensive overview, please visit the RCA website for the full detailed summary.

Here’s a brief rundown of what’s in store:

• New Strategic Plan Development: The Board will be undergoing a strategic planning process to set priorities that will propel the RCA forward into the next five years of success, building on the achievements of the last thirty!
• Conference Extension: While we remain dedicated to providing an exceptional conference experience, we’re excited to announce that we’re extending the conference’s impact beyond the mountains and throughout the year. Brace yourself for more opportunities to connect and learn! Our objective is to host two networking mixers, three to five connection and personal development events such as tours, and two best practice forums.
• Ambassadors on Hiatus: In a strategic move, we’ve decided to put our Ambassadors program on hiatus for a year. During this time, we’ll explore innovative ways to revamp the program, making it even more impactful and effective in the years to come!
• Diversifying Income Streams: To ensure our sustainability and growth, we’re exploring ways to diversify our income streams. This may include enhancing member services and exploring new avenues for revenue generation.

Business | E-waste event is Saturday at MainPlace mall in…

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Business | E-waste event is Saturday at MainPlace mall in Santa Ana

All green recycling will accept e-waste that plugs into the wall or takes a battery..

MainPlace mall is hosting a free, electronic-waste dropoff event between 10 a.m. and 1 p.m. Saturday, April 6 in Santa Ana.

The dropoff site will be in parking lot 7, off of Main Street, according to mall reps.

All Green Recycling will accept e-waste that plugs into the wall or takes a battery. These items include TVs, monitors, computers, laptops, tablets, printers, cell phones, DVD/VCRs, speakers, keyboards, mice, microwaves, vacuums, cables and wires.

What’s not allowed? Batteries, light bulbs, large appliances and exercise equipment will not be accepted.

The event is open to the public. For more information, call All Green Recycling at 714-633-4104.

To learn more visit bit.ly/43uHuFj .

By 2030, the world is expected to produce an estimated 75 million metric tons in e-waste, according to Statista. That waste holds roughly $60 billion in raw materials such as gold, palladium, silver and copper. Statista estimates just 17% of global e-waste is collected and properly recycled annually.

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