Have a language expert improve your writing
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
- Knowledge Base
- Methodology
- How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates
How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates
Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes .
What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .
There are five key steps to writing a literature review:
- Search for relevant literature
- Evaluate sources
- Identify themes, debates, and gaps
- Outline the structure
- Write your literature review
A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.
Table of contents
What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, frequently asked questions, introduction.
- Quick Run-through
- Step 1 & 2
When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:
- Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
- Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
- Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
- Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
- Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.
Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.
Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.
- Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
- Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
- Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
- Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)
You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.
Download Word doc Download Google doc
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.
Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .
If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .
Make a list of keywords
Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.
- Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
- Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
- Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth
Search for relevant sources
Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:
- Your university’s library catalogue
- Google Scholar
- Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
- Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
- EconLit (economics)
- Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)
You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.
Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.
You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.
For each publication, ask yourself:
- What question or problem is the author addressing?
- What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
- What are the key theories, models, and methods?
- Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
- What are the results and conclusions of the study?
- How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
- What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?
Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.
You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.
Take notes and cite your sources
As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.
It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.
To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:
- Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
- Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
- Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
- Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
- Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?
This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.
- Most research has focused on young women.
- There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
- But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.
There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).
Chronological
The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.
Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.
If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.
For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.
Methodological
If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:
- Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
- Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
- Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources
Theoretical
A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.
You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.
Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.
The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.
Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.
As you write, you can follow these tips:
- Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
- Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
- Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
- Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts
In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.
When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !
This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.
Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.
Open Google Slides Download PowerPoint
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .
It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.
There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:
- To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
- To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
- To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
- To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
- To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic
Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.
The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .
A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a paper .
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
McCombes, S. (2023, January 02). How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved February 27, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/
Is this article helpful?
Shona McCombes
Other students also liked, what is a theoretical framework | guide to organizing, what is a research methodology | steps & tips, how to write a research proposal | examples & templates, what is your plagiarism score.
We've updated our privacy policy. Click here to review the details. Tap here to review the details.
Activate your 30 day free trial to unlock unlimited reading.
How to Write a Literature Survey for Research Paper/Thesis/Dissertation
You are reading a preview.
Activate your 30 day free trial to continue reading.
Check these out next
Download to read offline
Howdy! Today we will share with you some secrets about literature survey writing for different types of papers such as research paper, thesis and even dissertation, check this presentation and discover main steps how to write it. http://www.literaturesurveywriting.com/
Recommended
More Related Content
Slideshows for you (20).
Similar to How to Write a Literature Survey for Research Paper/Thesis/Dissertation (20)
Recently uploaded (20)
- 1. HOW TO WRITE A LITERATURE SURVEY FOR RESEARCH PAPER/THESIS/ DISSERTATION
- 2. A research literature survey reviews books, articles and other sources (journals, conference papers, dissertations, etc.) concerning a particular issue, research question or theory. It includes revision, summarizing, and critical estimation of all sources you found on the topic.
- 3. The main purpose of a literature review is to review relevant literature on the topic. Besides, this paper is aimed to: • estimate whether a source is significant in the understanding of the topic and if it contributes something to resolving an issue; • interpret previous research on the topic;
- 4. • find any gaps in sources; • find out whether prior studies contradict and how it is possible to find a solution; • find out if there is a need for additional studies and bring up your own research on the topic.
- 5. Writing a good literature review includes 4 essential parts: • Problem formulation: indicate the subject you’re going to explore and define its issues; • Literature search: look for sources which are relevant to the topic;
- 6. • Literature estimation: define which sources bring the deepest understanding of the topic; • Analysis and conclusions: write about essential findings and make conclusions about sources you read.
- 7. Lit reviews should consist of the following elements: • A short description of the subject, problem, theory about which you read in the literature; • Splitting chosen sources into categories (for example, those which support some opinion and others which are against it); • Defining which pieces are the most significant and develop the topic.
- 8. Here are some useful tips to write a lit review: • Narrow the topic How long should a lit review be? If your topic is succinct and narrow, it will be so much easier for you to review the literature because the number of relevant sources will be smaller.
- 9. You’re not supposed to read ALL sources on the topic, but you’ll make your life easier if the research problem is not so wide but concise. Define the main aspects, keywords and develop your search strategy.
- 10. • Look for current sources In many fields (for example, medicine), every day researchers conduct lots of surveys and discover something new so reviewing old sources on your topic won’t be correct. Look for up-to-date information in current publications.
- 11. • Support what you’re writing All your interpretations of sources should be backed up with evidence which shows that what you’re writing is authentic and valid. Ask for professional lit review help if there are any writing troubles.
- 12. • Choose thoroughly In each source, choose only essential points on the topic. It should relate to the research problem so don’t include unnecessary details. Hire custom literature review writers and make your life a bit easier.
- 13. • Quote wisely You can cite the author to back up some point when it is hard to paraphrase original words. But avoid extensive quotations and don’t insert them in your lit review instead of your own words and interpretations.
- 14. • Keep your paper original You’re writing about what other authors said on the topic but your own voice should be the central one. Begin and finish your paragraphs with your own thoughts and wording.
- 15. • Be careful when you're paraphrasing Make sure you fully understand what the author means and write all author’s points accurately and in your own words. Cite where it is needed and don’t plagiarize.
- 16. LIT REVIEW OUTLINE Introduction In this section, you need to: • specify your subject and define the research problem; • indicate what literature you reviewed; • narrow the focus of your review.
- 17. Body Paragraphs This part should include: • Start a discussion on a topic from a broad perspective. Then, move to more specific studies and stop on the specific research question.
- 18. • Include insights of other authors on the topic, the most important points, and contributions of each source to resolving the research problem.
- 19. Conclusions • summary of the key aspects of the previous parts; • literature evaluation; • define possible gaps in existing literature; • describe areas for further studies; • say about your research and how it connects to existing knowledge on the topic. Find other tips on the topic in this Google book.
- 20. Still need lit review writing help? Check literaturesurveywriting.com without hesitating!
Share Clipboard
Public clipboards featuring this slide, select another clipboard.
Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already.
You just clipped your first slide!
Create a clipboard
Get slideshare without ads, special offer to slideshare readers, just for you: free 60-day trial to the world’s largest digital library..
The SlideShare family just got bigger. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd.
You have now unlocked unlimited access to 20M+ documents!
Unlimited Reading
Learn faster and smarter from top experts
Unlimited Downloading
Download to take your learnings offline and on the go
Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more.
Read and listen offline with any device.
Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more.
Help us keep SlideShare free
It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators.
We've updated our privacy policy.
We’ve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data.
You can read the details below. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy.
- UWF Libraries
Literature Review: Conducting & Writing
- Sample Literature Reviews
- Steps for Conducting a Lit Review
- Finding "The Literature"
- Organizing/Writing
- Chicago: Notes Bibliography
Sample Lit Reviews from Communication Arts
Have an exemplary literature review.
- Literature Review Sample 1
- Literature Review Sample 2
- Literature Review Sample 3
Have you written a stellar literature review you care to share for teaching purposes?
Are you an instructor who has received an exemplary literature review and have permission from the student to post?
Please contact Britt McGowan at [email protected] for inclusion in this guide. All disciplines welcome and encouraged.
- << Previous: MLA Style
- Next: Get Help! >>
- Last Updated: Jan 15, 2023 5:54 PM
- URL: https://libguides.uwf.edu/litreview
Get Access to ALL Templates & Editors for Just $2 a month.
- Google Docs
- Apple Pages
- Illustrator (AI)
- MS Publisher
- Vectors (EPS)
- Google Sheets
- Apple Numbers
- Power Point
- Backgrounds
- Coloring Pages
- Illustrations
- Video Online
8+ Literature Survey Templates in PDF
A literature survey is a guide that helps a researcher to find, identify and define a problem. This is the survey of the various reports , books, journals , articles that are related to your project work, which helps in the justification of your work. Here are a few survey templates that are available which you can use as a framework for your report.
Table of Content
5 steps to do proper literature survey, 1. literature survey template, 2. sample literature survey template, 3. eye tracking literature survey template, 4. corporate literature survey template, 5. basic literature survey template, 6. brief literature survey template, 7. simple literature survey template, 8. active learning literature survey template, 9. literature survey example, step 1: understanding the concept, step 2: select and analyze the literature you want to use, step 3: finding connections, step 4: plan the structure, step 5: implementation.
More in Survey Templates
94+ FREE & Premium Survey - Download NOW
Beautifully Designed, Easily Editable Templates to Get your Work Done Faster & Smarter.
Literature Survey, Comprehension & Review
Literature Survey, Comprehension & Review. Thesis Structure. Chapter 1. Introduction. Thesis Structure. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. Literature Review. Thesis Structure. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. Literature Review. Chapter 3. Design. Thesis Structure. Chapter 1.
- foundational research
- separate chapter
- new innovations
- knowledge sharing agile methods
- boyce pipes epstein
- More by User
Presentation Transcript
Thesis Structure Chapter 1. Introduction
Thesis Structure Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Literature Review
Thesis Structure Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Literature Review Chapter 3. Design
Thesis Structure Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Literature Review Chapter 3. Design Chapter 4. Development
Thesis Structure Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Literature Review Chapter 5. Evaluation Chapter 3. Design Chapter 4. Development
Thesis Structure Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 6. Conclusions and Future Work Chapter 2. Literature Review Chapter 5. Evaluation Chapter 3. Design Chapter 4. Development
Chapter N. • Consider these as “logical chapters”, that is to say they might represent a number of physical chapters or a single section • For example, “Chapter 2”, the Literature Review chapter might consist of a chapter on Knowledge Management, a separate chapter on Knowledge Elicitation • Or for example, “Chapter 5”, the Evaluation Chapter might just exist as a section in the Conclusions and Future Work chapter.
Introduction to Literature
Introduction • Finding out what is happening in your area of research is a vital step along your journey to discovery, to find and understand how leading researchers in your field have tackled similar problems and the results they obtained, shortcomings they observed and methodologies they employed are the goals of the literature review process.
2D Analysis • The objective of this process is to systematically analyse the existing research and classify it in one of two dimensions. • The breadth of the review is concerned with ‘setting the scene’, in terms of describing the foundational research in this particular domain, there will be research mentioned from each of the areas you have included in your spider diagram. • The depth of the research concerns itself with the particular topic work that your research will be built upon. There should be approximately the same number of research papers covered in the depth and breath of the research review.
Examples • Let’s look at two examples • Knowledge Management • Information Technology
2D Analysis Breadth of Research Depth of Research
2D Analysis Breadth of Research
Knowledge Management Example Knowledge Management
Knowledge Management Example Knowledge Management Knowledge Maps Knowledge Sharing Agile Methods Web 2.0 Elicitation Decision Support
Knowledge Management Example Knowledge Management Knowledge Maps Knowledge Sharing Agile Methods Web 2.0 Elicitation Decision Support Breadth of Domain
Knowledge Management Example Knowledge Management Knowledge Maps Knowledge Sharing Agile Methods Web 2.0 Elicitation Decision Support Breadth of Domain Indicate your awareness of the boarder field, and you know where your specific topic fits into the domain
Knowledge Management Example Knowledge Management Probst Nonaka Bhatt Ruggles Davenport Eppler Wiig Prusak Gurteen
Knowledge Management Example Knowledge Management Web 2.0
Knowledge Management Example Knowledge Management Probst Nonaka Bhatt Ruggles Davenport Eppler Wiig Prusak Gurteen Web 2.0
Knowledge Management Example Knowledge Management Probst Nonaka Bhatt Ruggles Davenport Eppler Wiig Prusak Gurteen O’Reilly McAfee Miller Web 2.0 Eggers Knorr Grossman
Knowledge Management Example Knowledge Management Knowledge Sharing
Knowledge Management Example Knowledge Management Knowledge Maps
Knowledge Management Example Knowledge Management Elicitation
Knowledge Management Example Knowledge Management Agile Methods
Knowledge Management Example Knowledge Management Decision Support
Knowledge Management Example Knowledge Management Knowledge Maps Decision Support Knowledge Sharing Agile Methods Web 2.0 Elicitation
Information Technology Example Information Technology
Information Technology Example Information Technology Image Synthesis Computer Architecture Networks Databases Assistive Technology Agent Development
Information Technology Example Information Technology Image Synthesis Computer Architecture Networks Databases Assistive Technology Agent Development Breadth of Domain
Information Technology Example Information Technology Image Synthesis Computer Architecture Networks Databases Assistive Technology Agent Development Breadth of Domain Indicate your awareness of the boarder field, and you know where your specific topic fits into the domain
Information Technology Example Information Technology Knuth Wirth Naur Hoare von Neumann Dijkstra Turing Moore Boehm
Information Technology Example Information Technology Databases
Information Technology Example Information Technology Knuth Wirth Naur Hoare von Neumann Dijkstra Turing Moore Boehm Databases
Information Technology Example Information Technology Knuth Wirth Naur Hoare von Neumann Dijkstra Turing Moore Boehm Date Codd Gray Databases Boyce Pipes Epstein
Information Technology Example Information Technology Image Synthesis
Information Technology Example Information Technology Networks
Information Technology Example Information Technology Agent Development
Information Technology Example Information Technology Comp Architecture
Information Technology Example Information Technology Assistive Tech
Information Technology Example Information Technology Image Synthesis Agent Development Comp Architecture Networks Databases Assistive Tech
Who are ACM ? • The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, is a learned society for computing. It was founded in 1947 as the world's first scientific and educational computing society. Its membership is more than 92,000 as of 2009. ACM is organized into over 170 local chapters and 35 Special Interest Groups (SIGs), through which it conducts most of its activities. Many of the SIGs, like SIGGRAPH, SIGPLAN, SIGCSE and SIGCOMM, sponsor regular conferences which have become famous as the dominant venue for presenting new innovations in certain fields. The groups also publish a large number of specialized journals, magazines, and newsletters.
Who else ? • Another significant group are IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) called “eye-triple-e” is a professional organization for the advancement of technology, it also publishes a number journals, • including IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Free vectors, photos and PSD
Free customizable icons
Free online template editor
Free editable illustrations
Free videos and motion graphics
Simple plans for you
For Education & Business
- Slidesgo School
- Presentation Tips
How to present survey results in PowerPoint or Google Slides
A survey is a technique that is applied by conducting a questionnaire to a significant sample of a group of people. When we carry out the survey, we start from a hypothesis and it is this survey activity that will allow us to confirm the hypothesis or to see where the problem and solution of what we are investigating lies.
We know: fieldwork is hard work. Many hours collecting data, analyzing and organizing it until we have our survey results.
Well, we don't want to discourage you (at Slidesgo we stand for positivism) but this is only 50% of the survey work. After having organized the results, it's time to share and present them! Such good work can't be hidden and, besides, sharing is living, and can determine the next step of your research or your following survey.
Close your eyes for a moment. Imagine now that you are listening to a large number of figures, percentages, and other quantitative expressions typical of a survey. Would the result of that survey be clear to you? Probably not. A picture is worth a thousand words (one of our catchphrases, yes). Now, imagine (or continue reading this post, because you will find images) that all these data are represented in graphs or infographics, with colors, eye-catching fonts... The feeling is very different! The human brain interprets an image 60,000 times faster than a text!
So, in this post, we are going to show you some ways to present survey results in Google Slides and PowerPoint , so that your surveys can be understood in a very clear and concise way. Here we go!
Graphs and charts
Infographics.
When it comes to providing an audience with numerical data, one of the best ways is with a graph. A good graph conveys the most relevant features of your survey and also allows you to compare, highlight a trend or show other related elements.
If you are afraid of working with charts, don't worry! To solve those doubts and concerns you may have before using a chart, we have several very interesting posts at Slidesgo School : whether you want to learn how to modify a graph in our templates or if you want to make and insert a chart in PowerPoint or Google Slides previously created by you.
EXTRA TIP! Use different colors in your graphs, one for each value or result of the survey, it will provide a lot of clarity on the subject.
Below, we are going to show you different types of graphs and charts with which you can represent your survey data. Just select the types that you think are ideal for the characteristics of your survey.
They are a safe choice, as they are very easy to create and interpret. All values can be compared very easily!
Line charts
These types of charts are very well suited to illustrate how different elements vary over time or a given distance. In the example, you can see the evolution of two elements over time. Where is your research going? This type of graph will answer this question.
Venn diagram
Venn diagrams (named after its creator, John Venn) are infographics that show the grouping of one or several elements delimited by closed lines so that the elements of each group remain inside.
In the image, you can see a Venn diagram in an abstract style, without following very fixed lines, in case you would like to give a more casual touch to your results!
However, understanding and knowing how to generate Venn diagrams can be difficult, that's why, on our blog, we have two posts dedicated to how to create a Venn diagram , both in Google Slides and PowerPoint . Grab paper and a pencil, there is some very interesting information!
Mmmm, it smells like cake! We're sorry to tell you this, but this is not a pie, but a pie chart, perfect for your survey results! This type of graph is very popular and is used to compare different parts that together make a whole, a total. Going back to our tip of using colors... Notice how clear it is to use a different color for each element!
Infographics are perfect for talking about surveys. They are eye-catching, they organize the information in a very appropriate order, they make the data look more pleasant and impactful and they are the ideal complement for your presentations. At Slidesgo , we have a very complete section of infographics for all types of presentations. Which one fits best with your content?
We are going to show you a series of examples of infographics so that you can see how clear everything is with the use of infographic resources. Maybe even a set of infographics will come in handy for your survey results!
Fashion Portraits Newsletter Infographics
Project Management Infographics
Technology Consulting Infographics
This post is coming to an end... Hopefully, you have learned a lot about how to present your survey results! To conclude, we want to give you a few last tips, because we want your presentation to turn out great:
- In addition to numerical data, present the objectives and conclusions of your survey . The audience will appreciate it if you make them part of the survey interpretation process.
- Explain how you collected the information . Detail the process of conducting the survey, so that the audience can see the hard work behind it.
- Talk about the different variables in your survey . Age, locations where the survey took place, and other variables that are part of your different surveys.
- Use a moderate number of graphs or infographics . Balance is the key, so include only those data that are relevant to the development of the survey and eliminate those variables or parts that are not influential.
And that's all! If you apply all these recommendations, everyone will internalize the results of your surveys and will want to know about future projects.
Do you find this article useful?
Related tutorials.
How to Add, Duplicate, Move, Delete or Hide Slides in Google Slides
When using a template to work on a presentation, you might want to create new slides, keeping the design included in the template. Or sometimes, you might prefer to duplicate an existing slide to reuse its elements, such as text boxes. In addition to this, you can perform other actions, such as deleting slides, moving or even hiding them so that they’re not visible during your presentation.In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to do all of this to turn any of our templates into your own presentation.
How to Add, Duplicate, Move, Delete or Hide Slides in PowerPoint
When working on a presentation in Microsoft PowerPoint, you will most likely perform actions such as creating new slides, changing their order, arranging them by theme, deleting unnecessary slides or even temporarily hiding slides. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to do all of this to turn any of our templates into your own presentation.
Discover our collection of printable templates
With the advance of technology, printing has become something that is no longer a necessity. Smartphones have made the paper format less and less frequent, but there are still certain cases in which having physical resources is much more convenient. Whether it's for taking notes, handing out assignments, making worksheets or handing out business cards or invitations, it's necessary to print your customized designs.From now on, in every Slidesgo printable presentation that you download, you will find the instructions for printing on the third slide. Depending on the style, colors or format of each presentation, we will tell you if you can...
How to Add Superscript and Subscript in Google Slides
Let’s take the most famous formula: E=mc^2, Einstein’s relativity equation. It wouldn’t be the same if it was E=mc2, right? Okay, yes, some people write it like that because it’s very famous and it won’t be misunderstood. But technically… It can! This is where the sophistication of superscript or subscript enters the room! Do you know how to write them in equations, copyright brands or even footnotes in your presentations? Let’s figure out how.
- Most Popular
- Explore all categories
literature survey example
- Literature Survey Example
Author: shilps1234abc
Post on 22-Dec-2015
literature review
Accuracy of nilm technologies, standardized test protocol, testing protocol, available nilm technologies, repeatable test protocol, proposed test protocol, neea test bed homes.
Embed Size (px) 344 x 292 429 x 357 514 x 422 599 x 487
DESCRIPTION
Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Assessment: Literature Review and Laboratory Protocol RS Butner DJ Reid M Hoffman G Sullivan J Blanchard July 2013
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Assessment: Literature Review and Laboratory Protocol
J Blanchard
Prepared for
the U.S. Department of Energy
under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richland, Washington 99352
Executive Summary
Unlike sub-metering, which requires that individual loads are equipped with their own meters,
nonintrusive load monitors (NILM) use algorithms to discern the individual loads from a single metering
point. Although a number of these technologies are now commercially available to utilities and
homeowners, with several more to become available in the coming years, it is not yet understood how
accurately these technologies can disaggregate a homes electrical load. Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory (PNNL) and its partners at the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA) have identified
and acquired six of these technologies and will be testing them in the PNNL Lab Homes as well as the
owner-occupied Residential Test Bed operated by NEEA. As a result of this testing, PNNL and NEEA
will evaluate the selected NILMs against a repeatable test protocol so that their accuracy can be compared
across NILM technologies. In the field deployment in the NEEA Test Bed Homes, PNNL and NEEA
will evaluate the real-world accuracy of the NILMs responding to dynamic loads.
To evaluate the accuracy of NILM technologies regardless of their intended application, a
standardized test protocol is required that applies representative loads and establishes consistent metrics
against which the NILM can be evaluated and compared. To establish this standardized test protocol, a
literature review was conducted to identify any test protocols or standardized testing approaches currently
in use. The literature review indicated that no consistent conventions were currently in place for
measuring the accuracy of these technologies. Consequently, PNNL developed a testing protocol and
metrics to provide the basis for quantifying and analyzing the accuracy of commercially available NILM
technologies. This report discusses the results of the literature review and the proposed test protocol and
metrics in more detail.
Acronyms and Abbreviations
CT current transformer
NILM nonintrusive load monitor
NEEA Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance
PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
TED The Energy Detective
Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... iii
Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. v
1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 9
2.0 Literature Review ..................................................................................................................... 11
3.0 Laboratory Protocol .................................................................................................................. 11
4.0 Appendix A. Literature Review: Relevant NILM Reports, Papers, and Presentations ........... 14
5.0 Appendix B. NILM Protocol Mechanics: Monitoring and Disaggregation Metrics ............... 18
6.0 Appendix C. Controllable Electrical Panel and Reference/Baseline Metering Equipment ..... 25
7.0 References ................................................................................................................................ 29
Table 1. NILM Technologies Included in the Study.......................................................................... 9
Table 2. NILM Testing Protocol: Monitoring and Disaggregation Metrics .................................... 12
1.0 Introduction
This literature review and laboratory analysis satisfies deliverable number PNNL 13R1.06.1.2F
within Project 6.1, NILM Assessment. Initially the PNNL team identified a number of candidate
nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) technologies available or under development for use in residential
homes, with 16 in total, for inclusion in the study. From these 16 initial candidates, only 6 were
ultimately selected for testing due to both price and availability.
While all these technologies are advertised as accomplishing the same end goal of disaggregating a
homes total electrical load into its major components, they take different technical approaches for doing
so. To facilitate the analysis, each of these technologies was sorted into one of three technology
categories based on the methods they employ to disaggregate electrical loads: current transformer (CT)
based devices (installed in the breaker panel), meter devices installed at the utility meter on the exterior of
the home, and software-onlybased solutions which rely on third-party hardware to collect and transmit
the data to vendor servers where the data are accessed, processed, and presented as disaggregated energy
1) Current Transformer (CT) Based Devices: This category of device relies on field-installed CTs along with voltage taps to directly measure whole-house energy use. Load disaggregation takes
place after data are uploaded to the vendors servers where analytics are applied.
2) Utility-MeterBased Devices: This category of device uses single-point metering installed at the utility meter, typically a collar or meter base to which the utility meter is installed. A major
benefit of this technology is that it does not require installation in the customers electrical panel.
As with the CT-based devices, load disaggregation takes place after data are uploaded to the
vendors servers.
3) Software-Only Solutions: Software-onlybased systems rely on third-party hardware to collect and transmit the energy-use data to a vendors server where the load is disaggregated using the
software algorithms.
The six technologies included in the final study featured two products of each type and are shown in
Table 1 below.
Table 1. NILM Technologies Included in the Study
Manufacturer Product Name Technology Category
Belkin Unnamed Utility Meter Device
Bidgley Bidgley Software-Only
Energy Aware PowerBlaster CT-Based Device
Energy, Inc. TED 5000 CT-Based Device
Enetics SPEED Utility Meter Device
PlottWatt PlottWatt Software-Only
More-detailed descriptions of the six technologies included in the PNNL and NEEA study are given
Belkin: Belkin is currently developing a NILM product that is designed to be installed at the
external utility meter of a home, though the final commercial product may be installed in the breaker
panel with CTs. This device then tracks and transmits load usage data to a central cloud server where the
total load is disaggregated into its base components based on algorithms developed by Belkin. Users will
eventually be able to access their data from a website-based dashboard that displays their electricity use
by common appliances once the product is commercially released.
Bidgely: Bidgely offers a cloud-based software program that collects meter data from third-party
hardware, such as The Energy Detective (TED). Bidgely does not manufacture hardware of their own,
and uses analytical algorithms to disaggregate energy consumption. Once disaggregated, the software
presents the user with recommended behavioral changes or appliance replacements to conserve electricity
based on the disaggregated electricity consumption data. The Bidgely website reports that the software
learns energy use behavior without any plug-level sensors, suggesting that the software has an automated
learning capability and that there is no training period where the user must manually tell the unit which
loads are operating. The algorithm also requests that users enter information about themselves to improve
the accuracy of the disaggregation. The service is compatible with many other energy metering products
(such as TED 5000 or Wattless), or with smart meters equipped with ZigBee interfaces. For both the
PNNL and NEEA test homes, data will be collected and sent to the Bidgley servers via panel-installed
The Energy Detective 5000 (TED 5000TM
): A commercially available residential energy meter,
the TED 5000 (versions are available for both single and three-phase) is installed in the breaker panel.
The system is installed with CTs at the power mains into the panel and voltage taps at two unused
breakersone for each phase. Data are collected and delivered using power-line carrier technology
through the homes existing electrical wiring to a gateway device connected to the homes internet
service, which then uploads the data to a cloud-based server. The product combines both the metering
hardware as well as a software application. In order to disaggregate the homes load, users must
manually teach the program when certain appliances are operating based on event recognition. This
product can reportedly disaggregate up to five appliances and produce energy conservation suggestions
for the user based on energy use data.
Energy-Aware: The product, called the PowerBlasterTM
, combines metering hardware that is
installed at the electrical panel (CTs and voltage taps similar to the TED), to measure energy use. Data
are collected and transferred using power-line carrier technology to a gateway where they are uploaded to
the companys servers. Once uploaded, the user can reportedly access and disaggregate the data via
web-based analytical tools. The Energy-Aware product reportedly does not have a limit on the number of
appliances it can disaggregate, and does not require the users to manually teach the algorithm which
electrical loads are currently operating to improve the disaggregation.
Enetics: This device, called SPEED TM
(Single Point End-use Energy Disaggregation), includes
metering hardware and software packages for disaggregating loads and generating reports on individual
appliance energy consumption. The system is designed to be installed at the homes external power meter
coupled with an interior device that reads interior home temperature. Data collected by the meter is
uploaded and processed via algorithms to determine the load distribution among appliances in the home.
While the system is primarily intended for use by utilities or property management organizations, the
company is reportedly interested in becoming involved in the home NILM market by producing a system
that is intended to be directly used by homeowners.
PlotWatt: PlottWatt has developed a software-only tool for disaggregating residential load data
collected from a preexisting utility smart meter (such as WattVision) or panel-installed meter (such as
). The product is currently available to the public for use with a limited number of smart
meters and power meters, with more expected in the future. The software is free for residential users.
Data collected by the meters is uploaded to the companys cloud-based server and then disaggregated.
2.0 Literature Review
Testing each of these technologies requires the development of testing protocols and metrics that
measure the accuracy of load disaggregation, applicable to all three of the identified product groups.
Prior to the development of these testing protocols, a literature review was conducted to assess what, if
any, conventions presently exist for testing these technologies. This literature review was also intended to
identify other laboratory or field evaluations of NILM devices and to survey the protocols and metrics
used. A general finding of this literature review was that a consistent set of NILM evaluation metrics or
protocols has not been previously developed or described in the literature. Interviews with technology
manufacturers further reflected a lack of consensus with regard to NILM evaluation metrics, as many
were themselves uncertain about what norms or best practices, if any, existed for testing NILM
disaggregation results.
In all, over 50 technical papers, reports, presentations and research papers were identified and
reviewed as part of this effort; Appendix A presents 35 of the most relevant documents reviewed. In
addition, standard testing protocols for similar electrical metering equipment were examined. As an
outcome of this review, three documents referencing protocols for testing and evaluating NILM
technologies were identified to have relevance to this task (Ziefman et al. 2011, Zoha et al. 2012, and
Liang et al., 2010).
Although not included in this literature review due to accessibility and expense challenges, the
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has reportedly conducted some laboratory assessments on the
accuracy of four available residential NILM technologies. Their report, published in May, 2013, (copies
may be purchased from EPRI for $25,000) and includes a summary of available technologies, taxonomy
of NILM technologies, and the results of EPRIs laboratory evaluations.
Given the absence of consensus within both the literature and from the manufacturers, a testing
protocol was developed with input from both parties and following guidelines developed by Liang (Liang,
et al. 2010) to create a series of metrics for product evaluation.
3.0 Laboratory Protocol
Due to the variation found in the available NILM technologies, testing protocols had to be developed
to evaluate the NILM technologies in a consistent, equitable, and repeatable manner. Testing protocols
were designed to be agnostic to the technical approach employed by each product, quantifying only the
disaggregation accuracy while excluding any other considerations from the analysis (such as ease of use,
price, etc.).
Specifically, this protocol was designed only for technical assessment purposes. The developed
protocol will evaluate technologies along two primary dimensions. First, each technology will be tested
with regard to the metering hardware that is installed in either the breaker panel or power meter itself
(referred to here as Monitoring Metrics): the equipments ability to correctly detect operational
characteristics of a load, load magnitude, load duration, and coincidence of several loads simultaneously.
In the case of the software solutions, the reliant metering hardware, while not part of the vendor product,
will be assessed for performance.
The second metric is designed to evaluate the load disaggregation technology based on its
disaggregation performance (denoted collectively as Disaggregation Metrics): specifically unique event
detection, event disaggregation, overall event accuracy, event power use, energy share of total home load,
and repeatability of performance. See Table 2 below for a list of the criteria under each metric.
Table 2. NILM Testing Protocol: Monitoring and Disaggregation Metrics
Monitoring Metrics
Disaggregation Metrics
Operational Characteristic
Event Detection
Load Magnitude
Event Disaggregation
Event Accuracy
Load Duration
Coincidence of Load
Energy Shares
Repeatability
Execution of these testing protocols will be conducted in in two stages: the first will occur in August
and September, 2013, in the PNNL Lab Homes once all technologies have been acquired, installed, and
configured. During this phase both homes will be used to evaluate the accuracy of the NILM regarding
the aforementioned performance parameters using a series of simulated resistive (such as electric
resistance heaters) and reactive (such as the motor in a washing machine) plug loads on a set schedule in
accordance with the testing protocols over a two-week period. The second stage will be conducted in
both the PNNL Lab Homes and the NEEA Residential Test Bed homes for approximately one year of
data collection where the meters are allowed to run in the background during normal occupation of the
homes and will be subject to the dynamic loads of typical household operation.
The initial two-week protocol testing period in the Lab Homes will be used to extensively test the
technologies in a controlled setting to determine their sensitivity to and accuracy with different load types,
magnitudes, durations, and frequencies, and under coincident loads, in a standardized manner. Meters
installed in the NEEA Residential Test Bed Homes will not be subject to any specific test protocol or
have any set duration, and will instead be used as the basis for assessing the accuracy of disaggregation
under real-world conditions in owner-occupied homes. These initial tests will be used to make
preliminary observations regarding the accuracy of each technology under controlled conditions.
Appendix B presents the Lab Homes NILM test protocol in more detail.
The subsequent testing of each technology will be conducted by virtue of the meters remaining in
place in both the PNNL Lab Homes and in the NEEA Residential Test Bed homes over the coming year
and may serve as the basis of a broader analysis about the accuracy of their disaggregations over a
prolonged period of time and over different occupancy patterns. The metering and sensor equipment used
in the Lab Homes to measure the loads that are not directly associated with NILM technologies are
covered in detail in Appendix C.
Appendix A. Literature Review: Relevant NILM Reports, Papers, and Presentations
The reports, papers, and presentations below represent the relevant body of research reviewed as part of
this project. While not all publications provided useful information to this specific effort, most contain
pertinent information to the larger NILM topic.
Alahmad M, and H Hasna. 2011. Non-Intrusive Electrical Load Monitoring and Profiling Methods for
Applications in Energy Management Systems. 2011 IEEE Long Island Systems, Applications and
Technology Conference (LISAT). University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/archengfacpub/49/.
Anderson KD, ME Berges, A Ocneanu, D Benitez, et al. 2012. Event Detection for Non Intrusive Load
Monitoring. IECON 2012 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. Montreal
Quebec, Canada. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6389367
Berges ME and E Goldman. 2010. Enhancing Electricity Audits in Residential Buildings with
Nonintrusive Load Monitoring. Journal of Industrial Ecology, Environmental Applications of
Information & Communication Technology 14(5): 844-858. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania. Accessed July 19, 2013 at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-
9290.2010.00280.x/abstract
Berges M, E Goldman, H Matthews, H Scott, and L Soibelman. 2008. Training Load Monitoring
Algorithms on Highly Sub-Metered Home Electricity Consumption Data. Tsinghua Science and
Technology 13(S1): 406-411. Tsinghua University Press, Beijing, China. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=6073013&contentType=Journals
+%26+Magazines
Carlson DR, M. Berges, and H. Matthews. 2012. How Many Appliances Does it Take To?
International Workshop on Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring. Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/abstracts/carlson_CMU_NILM2012_abstract.pdf
Cheng C, TJT Sung, GY Lin, and J.C Wen. 2011. Non-intrusive Appliance Monitoring Now: Effective
Data, Generative Modeling and LETE. In ENERGY 2011. The First International Conference on Smart
Grids, Green Communications and IT Energy-aware Technologies. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://www.thinkmind.org/index.php?view=article&articleid=energy_2011_5_10_50074
Froehlich J, and E Larson, 2010. Disaggregated End-Use Energy Sensing for the Smart Grid. Pervasive
Computing/IEEE. Volume 10, Issue 1. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 2011. Accessed
July 19, 2013 at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5590234
Goldman E, and M Berges. A real-world evaluation of NILM: tradeoffs between data collection and
information effectiveness. PowerPoint presentation. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~electricityconference/2009/2009%20CMU%20Smart%20Grids%20Conf%20D
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/archengfacpub/49/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6389367http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00280.x/abstracthttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00280.x/abstracthttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=6073013&contentType=Journals+%26+Magazineshttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=6073013&contentType=Journals+%26+Magazineshttp://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/abstracts/carlson_CMU_NILM2012_abstract.pdfhttp://www.thinkmind.org/index.php?view=article&articleid=energy_2011_5_10_50074http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5590234http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~electricityconference/2009/2009%20CMU%20Smart%20Grids%20Conf%20Disk/Presentations/Day%202/Session%204A/P1_E%20Goldman%20and%20M%20Berges_A%20real-world%20evaluation%20of%20NILM.pdf
isk/Presentations/Day%202/Session%204A/P1_E%20Goldman%20and%20M%20Berges_A%20real-
world%20evaluation%20of%20NILM.pdf
Gomaton K, and C Holmes. 2012. Evaluation of NILMs Technologies for Electric Load
Disaggregation. PowerPoint presentation. First International Workshop on Non-Intrusive Load
Monitoring. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/slides/gomatom_EPRI_NILM2012_slides.pdf
Gray J. Big Data Scale and Energy Insight. Verlitics, Portland, Oregon. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/abstracts/gray_Verlitics_NILM2012_abstract.pdf
Irwin D, A Wu S Barker, A Mishra, P Shenoy, and J Albrecht. Exploiting Home Automation Protocols
for Load Monitoring in Smart Buildings. University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst,
Massachusetts; Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts; and Williams College, Williamstown,
Massachusetts. Accessed July 19, 2013 at http://lass.cs.umass.edu/papers/pdf/buildsys11-insteon.pdf
Kolter JZ, and T Jaakkola. 2012. NILM Beyond Event Detection. PowerPoint presentation. 2012 NILM
Workshop. MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Accessed July 19, 2013 at http://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/slides/kolter_MIT_NILM2012_slides.pdf
Kolter J, and MJ Johnson. REDD: A Public Data Set for Energy Disaggregation Research. Computer
Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://redd.csail.mit.edu/kolter-kddsust11.pdf
Kuhns H, M Roberts, and B Bastami. Closure Rules for Non-Intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring.
PowerPoint presentation. Reno, Nevada. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/slides/kuhns_LoadIQ_NILM2012_slides.pdf
Lai S, M Trayer, S Ramakrishna, and Y Li. Database Establishment for Machine Learning in NILM.
PowerPoint presentation. Samsung Telecommunications America, Richardson, Texas. Accessed July 19,
2013 at http://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/slides/lai_Samsung_NILM2012_slides.pdf
Lai PH, M Trayer, S Ramakrishna, and Y Li. Database Establishment for Machine Learning in NILM,
Samsung Dallas Technology Lab, Richardson, Texas. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/abstracts/lai_Samsung_NILM2012_abstract.pdf
Liang J, KK Ng Simon, G Kendall, and JWM Cheng. 2010. Load Signature Study Part 1: Basic
Concept, Structure, and Methodology. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 25 (2) (2010). IEEE Power
& Energy Society, New York, New York. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5337912
Marceau ML, and R Zmeureanu. 1999. Nonintrusive load disaggregation computer program to estimate
the energy consumption of major end uses in residential buildings. Department of Building, Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Portland, Oregon. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/816/
http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~electricityconference/2009/2009%20CMU%20Smart%20Grids%20Conf%20Disk/Presentations/Day%202/Session%204A/P1_E%20Goldman%20and%20M%20Berges_A%20real-world%20evaluation%20of%20NILM.pdfhttp://www.ece.cmu.edu/~electricityconference/2009/2009%20CMU%20Smart%20Grids%20Conf%20Disk/Presentations/Day%202/Session%204A/P1_E%20Goldman%20and%20M%20Berges_A%20real-world%20evaluation%20of%20NILM.pdfhttp://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/slides/gomatom_EPRI_NILM2012_slides.pdfhttp://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/abstracts/gray_Verlitics_NILM2012_abstract.pdfhttp://lass.cs.umass.edu/papers/pdf/buildsys11-insteon.pdfhttp://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/slides/kolter_MIT_NILM2012_slides.pdfhttp://redd.csail.mit.edu/kolter-kddsust11.pdfhttp://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/slides/kuhns_LoadIQ_NILM2012_slides.pdfhttp://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/slides/lai_Samsung_NILM2012_slides.pdfhttp://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/abstracts/lai_Samsung_NILM2012_abstract.pdfhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5337912http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/816/
Marchiori A, and D Hakkarinen. 2011. Circuit-Level Load Monitoring for Household Energy
Management. Pervasive Computing, IEEE. Volume 10, Issue 1. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5582070
Matthews HS and L Soibelman, M Berges, and E Goldman. 2008. Automatically Disaggregating the
Total Electrical Load in Residential Buildings: a Profile of the Required Solution. Proc. Intelligent
Computing Engineering, 381-389. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Accessed July
19, 2013 at http://www.mendeley.com/research/automatically-disaggregating-total-electrical-load-
residential-buildings-profile-required-solution-1/
May S, L Fishback, D Arneman, J Cunningham, and M Jog. Data in the Wild. PlotWatt, Durham, North
Carolina. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/abstracts/may_PlotWatt_NILM2012_abstract.pdf
Norford L, and S Leeb, 1996. Non-Intrusive Electric Load Monitoring in Commercial Buildings Based
on Steady-State and Transient Load-Detection Algorithms. Energy in Buildings 24 (1996) 51-64.
Accessed July 19, 2013 at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378778895009582
Nunes NJ, and L Pereira. Deploying and Evaluating the Effectiveness of Energy Eco-Feedback Through
a Low-Cost NILM Solution. M-ITI, U. Madeira Campus da Penteada, Funchal, Portugal. Accessed July
19, 2013 at
http://www.academia.edu/2242616/Deploying_and_evaluating_the_effectiveness_of_energy_eco-
feedback_through_a_low-cost_NILM_solution
Parson O, S Ghosh, M Weal, and A Rogers. 2012. NIALM using Prior Models of General Appliance
Types. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-12).
Toronto, California, July 22-26, 2012. Accessed July 19, 2013 at http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/336812/
Perez MNV. 2011. A Non-Intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring System for Identifying Kitchen
Activities. Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Finland. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://www.diem.fi/files/news/Master_Thesis_Noemi_Valero.pdf
Pihala H. 1998. Non-Intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring System Based on a Modern kWh-Meter.
VTT Energy, Technical Research Center of Finland, Finland. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/1998/P356.pdf
Proper E, and RW Cox. Field Demonstration of a Real-Time Non-Intrusive Monitoring System for
Condition-Based Maintenance. USCG, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://esrdc.mit.edu/library/ESRDC_library/MITSG_09-24.pdf
Ruzzelli AG, C Nicolas, A Schoofs, and GMP OHare. Real-Time Recognition and Profiling of
Appliances through a Single Electricity Sensor. Clarity: Centre for Sensor Web Technologies, School of
Computer Science and Informatics, University College Dublin, Ireland. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5508244
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5582070http://www.mendeley.com/research/automatically-disaggregating-total-electrical-load-residential-buildings-profile-required-solution-1/http://www.mendeley.com/research/automatically-disaggregating-total-electrical-load-residential-buildings-profile-required-solution-1/http://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/abstracts/may_PlotWatt_NILM2012_abstract.pdfhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378778895009582http://www.academia.edu/2242616/Deploying_and_evaluating_the_effectiveness_of_energy_eco-feedback_through_a_low-cost_NILM_solutionhttp://www.academia.edu/2242616/Deploying_and_evaluating_the_effectiveness_of_energy_eco-feedback_through_a_low-cost_NILM_solutionhttp://eprints.soton.ac.uk/336812/http://www.diem.fi/files/news/Master_Thesis_Noemi_Valero.pdfhttp://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/1998/P356.pdfhttp://esrdc.mit.edu/library/ESRDC_library/MITSG_09-24.pdfhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5508244
Tomek S. 2012. NIALM for Smart Buildings LoReMA Load Recognition Monitoring and Acting,
iHomeLab Research Center. PowerPoint Presentation. International Workshop on Non-Intrusive Load
Monitoring, May 7, 2012. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. Accessed July 19, 2013
http://www.ihomelab.ch/fileadmin/Dateien/PDF/NewsEvents/2012/iHomeLab_NILAM_WS_Pittsburgh_
20120507_Tos.pdf
Tomek S, and A Andrushevich. 2012. iHomeLab Experience with NIALM for Smart Buildings.
International Workshop on Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring, May 7, 2012. iHomeLab Research Center,
Lucerne University, Luzern, Switzerland. Accessed July 19, 2013 at http://www.iot-
butler.eu/publications/ihomelab-experience-with-non-intrusive-appliance-load-monitoring-nialm-for-
smart-buildings
Zeifman M. 2012.An Approximate Probabilistic Approach for Event-based Disaggregation.
International Workshop on Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring., Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy
Systems, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/abstracts/zeifman_CSE_NILM2012_abstract.pdf.
Zeifman M, C Akers, and K Roth. Nonintrusive appliance load monitoring (NIALM) for energy control
in residential buildings. Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Accessed July 19, 2013 at http://cse.fraunhofer.org/publications/eedal-2011/
Zeifman M, and K Roth. 2011. Nonintrusive Appliance Load Monitoring: Review and Outlook. IEEE
Transactions on Consumer Electronics. 2011:57(1):76-84. IEEE Consumer Electronics Society, New
York, New York. Accessed July 19, 2013 at
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5735484
Zoha A, A Gluhak, MA Imran, and S Rajasegarar. 2012. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Approaches for
Disaggregated Energy Sensing: A Survey. Sensors. 2012 Vol: 12(12) 16838:16866. Basel, Switzerland.
Accessed July 19, 2013 at www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/12/16838.pdf
http://www.ihomelab.ch/fileadmin/Dateien/PDF/NewsEvents/2012/iHomeLab_NILAM_WS_Pittsburgh_20120507_Tos.pdfhttp://www.ihomelab.ch/fileadmin/Dateien/PDF/NewsEvents/2012/iHomeLab_NILAM_WS_Pittsburgh_20120507_Tos.pdfhttp://www.iot-butler.eu/publications/ihomelab-experience-with-non-intrusive-appliance-load-monitoring-nialm-for-smart-buildingshttp://www.iot-butler.eu/publications/ihomelab-experience-with-non-intrusive-appliance-load-monitoring-nialm-for-smart-buildingshttp://www.iot-butler.eu/publications/ihomelab-experience-with-non-intrusive-appliance-load-monitoring-nialm-for-smart-buildingshttp://www.ices.cmu.edu/psii/nilm/abstracts/zeifman_CSE_NILM2012_abstract.pdfhttp://cse.fraunhofer.org/publications/eedal-2011/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5735484http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/12/16838.pdf
Appendix B. NILM Protocol Mechanics: Monitoring and Disaggregation Metrics
This protocol is designed to facilitate the evaluation of a variety of the NILM technologies in a consistent,
unbiased, and repeatable manner. Because of the variety of new and existing NILM offerings (both
hardware and software solutions) this protocol was purposely kept general and as encompassing as
The protocol was designed for technical assessment and not for assessment of market potential or
acceptance. It is designed to give guidance for application and not competitive advantage or status.
B.1 Definitions
Consistent Load: Electrical loads that will engage or disengage independently of direct action from the
user and are always on. These loads may alternate between an active and inactive state as
needed/required. In some instances these loads operate completely automatically and independently of
the users input, such as refrigerators or water heaters which do not require user interaction to operate as
intended. Other loads operate automatically according to user-provided settings, such as resistance
heaters which will activate as necessary to achieve the users desired temperature. In both of these
instances the devices are active in the background and alternating between an inactive state that uses little
to no electricity, and an active state.
User-Activated Load: These loads can vary from type of appliance, but require the user to directly
interact with the load in order to become active. These loads may or may not disengage themselves
automatically after a set function or interval of time has passed (such as a sleep timer on a TV, or the
function of a toaster), but they do not automatically enter an active state from an inactive state without
user intervention.
Metering Hardware: Refers to the physical metering components that must be installed in the home to
meter or record electrical load use data. This also includes any additional components, such as
communications equipment or gateways that are required to transmit the collected load data to software or
a vendors remote server.
Metering Software: Any software, located either integral to the NILM or at the vendors remote server,
which processes raw electrical load use data and disaggregates these into its component electrical loads.
NILM Technology: Refers to any combination of physical hardware, metering equipment, software, or
remote vendor-based disaggregation services from a single manufacturer that was sold with the explicit
intention of being used to disaggregate the electrical load of a home with a single metering point.
B.2 Instrumentation Specifications
All vendor supplied metering equipment is to be installed as directed by accompanying product literature
in order to test the NILM technology in a state that is as close to the manufacturers specifications as
possible. No deviation from the installation guidance is expected to ensure that the metering hardware
will collect data as accurately as possible. Additionally, no calibration or alteration of either the metering
hardware or software is expected; each technology is to be tested as is from the manufacturer in a state
that the end-consumer would receive it. Precautions will be taken to secure the metering hardware in
place where necessary, specifically for CT sensors, with plastic zip-ties to prevent sensors from shifting
and interfering with any other equipment. All subsequent setup or configuration of the metering hardware
will be conducted following the steps specified in the owners documentation accompanying each
technology. This also includes establishing any necessary connection between the metering hardware and
associated software or vendor-based disaggregation algorithm services.
B.3 Load Testing Protocol
Load testing of individual system components will take place first to verify test equipment,
communications systems, load activation procedures, and all metering. In most cases, loads will be
activated automatically according to a schedule uploaded to custom electrical panel installed in each of
the PNNL Lab Homes. These electrical panels, 42-breaker modified commercial lighting panels
specifically designed for this application, use motorized breakers to turn on and off circuits according to a
programmed schedule. Installed with this panel is a multi-channel, true-power, data logging system that
affords circuit-level metering of all 42 defined breakers. This programmable panel and multi-channel
data logger form the load control and the baseline reference data collection systems necessary for NILM
evaluation. Appendix C provides further details on these two systems. Once all system components are
verified, the individual load testing will begin first with the individual loads and then the multi-load
B.3.1 Load Testing Protocol: Individual Loads
The following steps are proposed for the individual (i.e., single load) testing procedures.
1. Verify that all loads are operating correctly prior to testing. Malfunctioning loads may not be
recognizable to the meters, or individual components within the appliance or device itself may not be
fully powering up, producing erratic or invalid testing results. Operate each load prior to testing and
consult the homes data logging system to verify that the load in question is powering up and
functioning correctly.
2. Prior to testing any appliance or electrical load, determine if the load is a consistent load or a user-
activated load. Be aware that some consistent loads may require manual activation during the testing
protocol, as may be the case with electric heaters if the homes temperature is above the current set
point, while others will automatically engage over time. If the load is user/panel activated, note if
there are a variety of modes that the user may select. Washing machines, for example, commonly
have different wash modes that run shorter or longer than others, and may also have different load
profiles between modes.
3. Make note of which appliances have a consistent load even when switched off by consulting the
homes data logger system while testing user/panel-activated loads. These loads should be
completely disengaged, either by unplugging or turning off at the breaker panel, prior to the testing of
other loads as their inactive state load use may interfere with the testing of other equipment.
4. Before the testing period, note the time on the homes data logger/electrical panel display, the
NILM technologys display (if present), and local accurate clock. It is important to make note of
which time each system is displaying for reference before and after testing period to match the time
stamps of the load disaggregation and sub-meter readings.
5. Activate the electrical load by turning the appliance on (or allowing the programmable panel to operate) and selecting the desired use mode (if applicable). If the appliance has multiple modes that
the user is required to choose from, treat each consecutive mode individually (i.e. each mode is an
individual and unique load). Do not change modes during the operation of that load unless the device
or appliance does so automatically. Manually record the time that the load was powered up, as well
as the time that the load ended all testing durations will be according to a prescribed schedule by
load and load type see Section B.4.1 below for scheduling protocol.
6. After running the load for the specified duration, completely power down (or allow the panel to
control) the device or appliance. If the device has an inactive state, unplug or disengage the breaker
for that load to prevent its interference with other loads.
7. Execute steps 1 through 6 for all scheduled devices as part of the PNNL Lab Homes protocol,
recording the times that each load was tested (beginning and end) and according to the schedule
protocol in Section B.4.1.
8. Match the sub-metering data with the load disaggregation data received from the NILM vendor or
vendor web site for each of the NILM technologies. These two data sets will form the basis for
NILM evaluation according to evaluation metrics presented below in Section B.4.2.
B.3.2 Load Testing Protocol: Multiple Loads
The multiple load protocol will follow the same procedure as the individual load testing except specific
(multiple) electrical devices will be cycled on over the testing period to verify accuracy with coincident
device use.
Multiple load testing will make use of the controllable breaker panel to initiate and terminate device
runtimes according to propose schedules. It is anticipated that load activation will be staggered by
predetermined intervals (2 minutes and 10 minutes are proposed) to allow recognition in the
accompanying data sets.
B.4 Load Testing Protocol: Monitoring and Disaggregation Metrics
The defined protocol will explore two key performance metrics; monitoring metrics (i.e., the ability to
correctly assess load, load magnitude, and duration) and disaggregation metrics (i.e., the ability to
accurately determine and classify specific loads and events). These are defined/described in the
subsequent sections.
B.4.1 Monitoring Metrics
This portion of the protocol focuses on specific loads and load types, as well as load functional states.
Presented below are recommended load types and proposed magnitudes. The loads are to be
representative of typical residential equipment and have a mix of resistive and reactive power
characteristics. The values and ranges presented are considered as sample magnitudes; actual
magnitudes will be specific to the proposed test load and be determined at time of testing.
Low Wattage Protocol: 10 Watts to 100 Watts
o Lighting: incandescent, fluorescent, and LED fixtures o Home electronics: residential audio, video, set-top box devices o Miscellaneous plug loads: fans, kitchen appliances, etc.
Mid Wattage Protocol: 100 Watts to 1,000 Watts o Lighting: multiple incandescent, fluorescent, and LED fixtures o Home electronics: desktop computer/monitor, printer, television o Miscellaneous plug loads: refrigerator, clothes washer, dishwasher
High Wattage Protocol: Above 1,000 Watts o Lighting: multiple lighting circuits o Home appliances: clothes dryer, water heater, HVAC
B. 4.1.1 Operational Characteristics and Load Scheduling
For each of the above wattage protocols (low, mid, and high) a schedule of load duration has been
proposed. This schedule was developed based on typical residential load activation patterns, the
recognition of evaluation limitations of vendor-based NILM systems, and the need for efficient testing
The evaluation load and activation schedules incorporate one-minute, ten-minute and one-hour load
activations. While sub one-minute load durations were initially considered, after review of typical
residential load patterns and discussions with NILM vendors it was decided that this was too narrow an
interval and may be better left for a Phase 2 testing protocol.
The proposed load schedule follows a progression from the low to high wattage loads. For each of the
sample loads within the three categories (low wattage, mid wattage, and high wattage), a 1-minute, 10-
minute and 1-hour load duration is proposed. Additionally, each load will cycle on and off at a
predetermined frequency within that load duration window.
By way of example, consider the low-wattage protocol (a 25-watt incandescent lamp) and the one-minute
duration schedule. This protocol is defined such that the lamp will cycle on for one minute and off for
one minute. This pattern will repeat for four cycles before moving to the next low-wattage load, perhaps
a 70-watt linear fluorescent fixture. After the low-wattage protocol is completed, the mid-wattage and
high-wattage protocols will be executed. This progression will be complete when all loads have been
cycled through the one-minute, ten-minute, and one-hour schedules.
For the multiple load protocol, the proposed schedule includes the 10-minute and 1-hour load activation
intervals; the 1-minute activation with multiple loads requires too many cycles for accurate control.
B.4.2 Disaggregation Metrics
To evaluate disaggregation accuracy, a set of metrics was developed based on work proposed by Liang
and Ziefman (Liang, et.al. 2010, Ziefman, et.al. 2011). The metrics proposed below allow for a
comparison between NILM reported events and load magnitudes with the actual event information. The
metrics are presented as a series of calculated accuracy values, specific to the event activity.
A. Event Detection (single and multiple events, metric reported as percent accuracy)
Detection Accuracy is a ratio of the correctly detected events over the total number of events detected by
the NILM including the effects of wrongfully detected (false positive) events. In other words, out of all
the loads the NILM detected, including false positive events, what percentage were correctly detected:
{( ) ( ) ( )}
Or equivalently
True events = Number of actual events
Detected events = Number of detected events (i.e., total detected events including false events)
Properly detected events = Number of accurately detected and classified events (i.e., accurate specific
event and event classification)
Wrong events = Number of wrongfully detected events (i.e., false positive events)
Missed events = Number of missed events (i.e., events not detected)
B. Event Disaggregation (correct disaggregation of single and multiple/coincident events)
Disaggregation Accuracy is a measure of ration of the number of events the NILM properly identified
and classified over the number of events the NILM detected which were true events. In other words, out
of all the loads/events the NILM detected that were real events, what percentage was disaggregated
correctly? This describes how well the NILM is able to disaggregate the loads in identifies.
C. Overall Event Accuracy (correct disaggregation of single and multiple/coincident
Overall Accuracy is a ratio of the number of correctly identified and classified events over the number of
actual events. In other words, it is a measure of theoretical accuracy where 100% would mean the
NILM identified every real event, did not register any false positive events, and classified all events
D. Power/Energy Use. Accurate calculation of energy use (single and multiple events,
metric reported as percent accuracy)
Energy Accuracy is a measure of accurate energy use by individual appliances (single use), multiple
appliances (coincident single uses), and multiple appliances over a duration (multiple uses/multiple
Measured energy = energy measured by meter (watt-hours) over the defined interval
NILM energy = energy measured by NILM (watt-hours) over the defined interval
Consider the calculation of energy accuracy for:
Single appliance and single event (fixed event duration)
Multiple appliances and single event (fixed event duration)
Multiple appliances and multiple events (variable event durations)
E. Energy Shares. Accurate calculation of energy shares (energy use of specific event
recorded as a percentage of total energy use)
Overall Energy Share Accuracy is a measure of accurate energy use/share by individual appliances as a
function of total test (i.e., multiple appliances) energy use.
Measured energy share = {(measured appliance energy) / (measured total energy share)
NILM energy share = {(NILM appliance energy) / (NILM total energy share)
F. Repeatability. Consistency of all evaluation criteria over multiple tests
As time and resources permit, multiple applications of key metric evaluations will be completed to compare for consistency.
Appendix C. Controllable Electrical Panel and Reference/Baseline Metering Equipment
C.1 Controllable Electrical Panel
Figure C.1. Square D Power Link Electrical Panel
C.1.1 Schneider Electric/Square D Power Link G3 Control System
The Square D Powerlink G3 offers programmable and controllable breakers affording the ability to
schedule on/off events at 1-minute resolution intervals.
C.1.1.1 Specifications
Square D Powerlink G3 Controllers accept commands from both dry-contact inputs and serial
communications. Typical control devices include low voltage pushbutton wall switches, occupancy
sensors, photo sensors, card access, and building automation systems.
Terminals on the controller allow connection to external control devices. The 500-level controllers
can accept up to eight separate control inputs, while the 1000, 2000, and 3000 level controllers can
accommodate either eight 3-wire or sixteen 2-wire inputs. All controllers provide 24 Vdc control power
[National Electric Code (NEC) Class 2] for sensing input contact status. Input types include:
maintained NO (normally open with or without blink)
maintained NC (normally closed with or without blink)
momentary toggle/maintained toggle
momentary on/momentary off
dual momentary
Controller inputs can be configured for status feedback to operate pilot lights or actuate other control
equipment. A total maximum current of 60 mA at 24 Vdc is available to eight status outputs.
Input timers, with settings from 1 second to 18 hours, can also be incorporated into the input
configuration to provide timed override control
It combines the control, input, and scheduling features of the other systems with the added benefit of
embedded Ethernet connectivity.
It provides control capabilities and communication with a true peer-to-peer (P2P) control network to
allow different controllers to share input signals, schedules, and lighting zone states.
Ethernet connectivity reduces network installation costs and enhances reliability by eliminating the
need for a dedicated lighting control network.
Ethernet infrastructure can also be more cost effective: it uses commonly available off-the-shelf
components rather than manufacturer-specific proprietary components.
It provides enhanced system reliability: local IT staff can quickly diagnose and resolve most problems
associated with the network infrastructure.
Web-enabled benefits include: ability to override zones, change schedules, and view system status
from the convenience of a standard web browser.
C.2 Reference/Baseline Metering Data Logger
Figure C.2 Campbell CR 1000
C.2.1 Campbell CR 1000 Specifications and Features
4 Mbyte memory
Program execution rate of up to 100 Hz
CS input/output (I/O) and RS-232 serial ports
13-bit analog-to-digital conversions
16-bit H8S Renesas Microcontroller with 32-bit internal central processing unit (CPU) architecture
Temperature-compensated real-time clock
Background system calibration for accurate measurements over time and temperature changes
Single DAC used for excitation and measurements to give ratio metric measurements
Gas discharge tube protected inputs
Data values stored in tables with a time stamp and record number
Battery-backed static random access memory (SRAM) and clock maintaining data, programs, and
accurate time while the CR1000 is disconnected from its main power source
Serial communications with serial sensors and devices supported via I/O port pairs
PakBus, Modbus, Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3), Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP), FTP, and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) protocols supported
C.2.2 Communications Protocols
The CR1000 supports the PakBus, Modbus, DNP3, TCP/IP, FTP, and SMTP communication
protocols. With the PakBus protocol, networks have the distributed routing intelligence to continually
evaluate links. Continually evaluating links optimizes delivery times and, in the case of delivery failure,
allows automatic switchover to a configured backup route.
The Modbus remote terminal unit (RTU) protocol supports both floating-point and long formats. The
data logger can act as a slave and/or master.
The DNP3 protocol supports only long data formats. The data loggers are Level 2 slave compliant,
with some of the operations found in a Level 3 implementation.
The TCP/IP, FTP, and SMTP protocols provide TCP/IP functionality when the CR1000 is used in
conjunction with an NL115, NL120, or third-party serial internet protocol (IP) device.
4.0 References
Liang J., Ng S.K.K., Kendall G., Cheng J.W.M. Load signature study Part I: Basic concept, structure, and methodology. IEEE Trans. Power Del. 2010;25:551560.
Zeifman M., Roth K. Nonintrusive appliance load monitoring: Review and outlook. IEEE Trans. Consum.
Electron. 2011;57:7684.
Zoah, A., Alexander G, Muhammad A.I., Sutharshan R. Non-intrusive load monitoring approaches for
disaggregated energy sensing: A Survey. University of Surrey, UK. 2012;1424-8220.
Ankita Gandhi Literature Survey
2. literature survey - shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2389/10/10_chapter 2.pdf · 22 2. literature survey 2.1. literature survey on microwave synthesis: heterocycles, optical watermarking literature survey, literature survey · 2010. 4. 20. · literature survey published by underlying principles in organic and “low-input food” processing – literature survey otto schmid, alex beck, maths literature survey, 02 literature survey, chapter ii literature survey the survey of literature focuses , chapter i literature survey - shodhganga : a …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/32091/9/09_chapter 1.pdf · chapter i literature survey ... for example, in [cu(nh3) 4]so4,, literature survey, literature comprehension, & literature review, literature survey in biotechnology, literature survey - wiredspace.wits.ac.za, literature survey latex, approaches and literature survey, risk management literature survey, a literature survey, generating storylines (literature survey), 2. literature survey, literature survey andrei_manta_0, 3. literature survey, literature survey - iit bombay, 2. literature survey - shodhganga, literature survey, literature survey 2, 26.10.15 literature survey, literature survey for research, apa literature review outline example, english literature critical survey, literature survey presentation, vivarana literature survey, complete literature survey report, literature survey on unsupervised word sense disambiguation · literature survey on unsupervised word sense disambiguation devendra singh chaplot roll no: 100050033 ... example of, literature survey: text segmentation, active learning literature survey, chapter- ii review of literature 2.1 literature survey, literature survey final report.
Researched by Consultants from Top-Tier Management Companies
Powerpoint Templates
Kpi Dashboard
Professional
Business Plans
Swot Analysis
Gantt Chart
Business Proposal
Marketing Plan
Project Management
Business Case
Business Model
Cyber Security
Business PPT
Digital Marketing
Digital Transformation
Human Resources
Product Management
Artificial Intelligence
Company Profile
Acknowledgement PPT
PPT Presentation
Reports Brochures
One Page Pitch
Interview PPT
All Categories
[Updated 2023] Top 15 PowerPoint Templates to Compile and Assess Your Survey Results
![[Updated 2023] Top 15 PowerPoint Templates to Compile and Assess Your Survey Results](https://www.slideteam.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Survey-Results1-1013x441.png "literature survey example ppt")
Kritika Saini
The world of marketing has changed. There are no specific rules on what or how to market a product, but there is one dominating factor that most companies still abide by – survey results!
Companies survey their customers and ask them questions about their buying habits, preferences, demographics, etc. And after sorting and analyzing this data, they tailor the marketing techniques and messages to a specific audience. These surveys can also persuade organizations to figure out which products to develop next – it might be a new flavor of pasta or a fancy jacket design.
However, companies use this research method not only for marketing but also to scrutinize customer services, sales, human resources, production, and other team activities. Consequently, the survey results help companies uncover crucial answers, evoke discussions, provide objective information, and a benchmark for comparing results over time.
But how do you structure and collate survey results?
While drafting a survey, ensure to select an appropriate method from a cross-sectional study, longitudinal study, correlational study, e-mail, social media polls, QR code, API, SMS, and others. Along with this, have strict guidelines for questions and answers, frame questions without confusion or ambiguity, don’t ask too many, and keep the survey's primary goal in mind. All this will fetch you clear and crisp information.
But how to present it to your audience?
This is where our well-structured survey results templates step in! These incredible slides will help you represent a visually appealing questionnaire to the surveyee and survey results to your management. Besides, these PPT designs are easy to use and can help you create an engaging and informative presentation quickly. So without further ado, let’s explore them one by one!
Template 1: Survey Results Showing Customer Engagement
Our template is the perfect solution for anyone who wants to display their survey results in a clear and concise manner. With a focus on customer engagement, our template highlights the percentage share of users who took the survey based on their roles, including operations managers, marketing managers, customer support reps, and more. Our PPT Slides offer insights into the roles of your survey participants and sheds light on their locations and the topics that drive the most engagement. With this information at your fingertips, you can easily identify trends and patterns to help you make more informed business decisions. Get it now.
Download this template
Template 2: Customer Satisfaction Survey Results for Product
Looking to measure customer satisfaction for your product? Our PPT template is the perfect solution! This template provides a comprehensive survey analysis that will give you insights into the satisfaction of your customers. Our PPT Framework offers a detailed breakdown of customer satisfaction scores based on a well-rounded survey that considers all aspects of your product. You'll get an overall satisfaction score, factoring in key parameters like reliability, value, utility, and support services. With this template, you can deeply understand what your customers think about your product and take the necessary steps to improve their satisfaction. Don't settle for guesswork when it comes to measuring customer satisfaction. Let our template do the work for you and get the insights you need to make informed decisions for your product.
Grab this template
Template 3: Engagement Survey Results PowerPoint Template Bundle
This comprehensive PPT template offers an invaluable resource for those seeking to obtain valuable insights from engagement survey results. Its 4-step checklist provides a clear and concise roadmap to ensure effective survey results. Additionally, the pre-built dashboard is a valuable tool for highlighting stakeholder engagement, making it easier to identify key focus areas quickly. The template also offers key steps for analyzing survey results, allowing you to understand the data and make informed decisions. With this template, you can easily communicate your engagement survey results to stakeholders and take meaningful actions to improve engagement within your organization.
Template 4: Survey Dashboard on Basis of Gender and Demographic PowerPoint Template
You can use this PowerPoint template to create a dynamic and informative survey result dashboard. This PPT design will make it easy for you to compare data across different demographics and genders. With this content-ready presentation, you can quickly understand the key takeaways and impress your boss or clients. Therefore, download and edit it in minutes – get started today!
Grab this template
Template 5: Market Survey Insights PPT Template
This impressive template is the perfect tool for market researchers and business professionals who need a high-quality presentation for illustrating their survey results. With this slide, you can present your data in an engaging and persuasive way. So why wait? Get started today to wow your clients with this professional-grade graphic.
Template 6: Business-level Generic Strategies Dashboard for Market Survey
You can pick this template to highlight various business activities for conducting a market research survey. This presentation design is easy to edit, so you can change the text, color, font, or size conveniently. Besides, you can share it with your management using Google Slides. Download now!
Template 7: Corporate Meeting Survey PPT Design
Are you looking to run more efficient and exciting meetings? Use this pre-built survey slide design to gather feedback from meeting attendees on the conduct and activities involved. This PPT template can also be used to improve future meetings or keep records of past meetings. So download it right away and collect feedback on your next meeting today!
Template 8: Survey Questions Template Format
You can choose this presentation template to create appropriate survey questions for your research topic. Plus, this design will also help you create custom surveys that will look great on any device. So why wait? Download it instantly and start building powerful survey questions now.
Template 9: Ten Points of Shared Services Customer Satisfaction Survey
You can pick this PPT graphic to represent your findings from customer satisfaction surveys in a visually appealing and informative way. This template includes intuitive design elements and text holders to explain the survey questions or results. So download it and start impressing your boss or clients.
Template 10: Five Linear Slide for Online Opinion Paid Survey
You can choose this slide to share your online paid survey opinion with the management and superiors. This presentation includes a well-crafted linear diagram, so grab it right away and make changes with your research information. All just a click away!
Template 11: Employee Benefits Survey Template
Do you want to boost your employee engagement and performance? This employee benefits survey template will make it easy to gather feedback from your team. Just customize the questions to fit your needs, then send the survey out and start collecting data. You'll see how your employees feel about everything from pay and benefits to company culture and management. Armed with this presentation, you can also work on making improvements to motivate your team members. Download now!
Template 12: Technical Survey PPT Template
You can use this template to conduct a technical survey for your organization. This PPT design covers a few difficulty parameters for the problems – not a challenge, moderately challenging, difficult problem, prohibitive problem, and more. So download and customize it as per your requirement.
Template 13: Six Employee Survey PowerPoint Template
You can pick this survey results template to bring out the best in your team. This design uses an innovative diagram to depict a survey report of six employees in your company. So download and edit it with your feedback.
Template 14: Exit Survey Template
You can create an effective exit survey with this PPT template to understand why your employees are leaving and improve retention rates. This design can also help you gather standardized data and dive deeper into employee responses so that you can take actionable steps to improve engagement and reduce turnover. With its user-friendly interface, trend analysis capabilities, and demographic breakdowns, this presentation will make it easy to get the most out of your exit surveys. So don't wait any longer - download now!
Template 15: Employee Survey Form Template
You can use this employee survey results PowerPoint template to research your employee satisfaction levels. With this design, you can easily understand their reactions to the benefits they are enjoying in your organization. Besides, you can use this graphic to interpret the results and improve productivity. Download now without any hassle!
In the end – analyze your survey results
The systematic design of our survey results templates will help you analyze the observations efficiently. However, first, we encourage you to understand the four measurement levels, analyze quantitative data, use cross-tabulation, depict the statistical significance, consider causation vs. correlation, and establish a comparison.
The best part is that you don't need an in-house presentation department to design these surveys. With our pre-designed survey results templates, anyone can compose a professional-looking questionnaire or report. You can enjoy their unlimited access this moment itself by purchasing from our monthly, semi-annual, annual, and annual + custom design subscriptions here .
P.S: You can also share your business information concisely by exploring our handy guide featuring one-page fact sheet templates and reports.
FAQs on Survey Results
How to evaluate survey results.
Evaluating survey results involves analyzing the data collected in the survey to gain insights and draw conclusions. Here are some general steps to follow when evaluating survey results:
- Review the survey data: Look at the survey responses and check for missing data, errors, and inconsistencies.
- Identify key themes: Look for patterns or themes in the data, such as common responses to certain questions or trends over time.
- Calculate response rates: Calculate response rates to determine the level of participation in the survey.
- Compare data: Compare the survey data to previous survey results or industry benchmarks to get a sense of how your organization is performing.
- Conduct statistical analysis: Use statistical tools to analyze the data and identify significant findings.
- Interpret the results: Interpret the survey results in the context of your organization and determine what they mean for your business or strategy.
- Take action: Use the insights gained from the survey results to take action and make improvements in areas where they are needed.
What is survey analysis?
Survey analysis is the process of analyzing the data collected from a survey to draw insights and conclusions. The purpose of survey analysis is to understand the trends, patterns, and relationships within the data to inform decision-making.
How is survey data collected?
Survey data can be collected through various methods, depending on the research question, the target population, and available resources. Here are some common methods of collecting survey data:
- Online surveys: Online surveys are conducted over the internet, and respondents complete the survey using their computer or mobile device. Online surveys are often conducted through email invitations or social media, and they can be designed using survey software such as SurveyMonkey, Google Forms, or Qualtrics.
- Telephone surveys: Telephone surveys involve contacting respondents by phone and conducting the survey over the phone. Telephone surveys are often used for large-scale surveys, such as political polling or customer satisfaction surveys.
- Mail surveys: Mail surveys involve sending paper surveys to respondents through the mail, along with a pre-paid return envelope. Mail surveys can be used when the target population is not easily reachable through other methods, such as elderly people who do not use the internet.
- In-person surveys: In-person surveys involve face-to-face interaction with respondents, either by going door-to-door or by setting up a booth at a public location. In-person surveys are often used for surveys that require more detailed information or when a personal touch is required.
- Focus groups: Focus groups involve gathering a small group of people together to discuss a specific topic or issue. Focus groups are often used to gather qualitative data, such as opinions, attitudes, and beliefs.
Liked this blog? Please recommend us
Top 30 PowerPoint Templates to Analyze Dominant Market Drivers
Top 20 Root Cause Analysis Templates to Eliminate Your Business Problems
This form is protected by reCAPTCHA - the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Digital revolution powerpoint presentation slides
Sales funnel results presentation layouts
3d men joinning circular jigsaw puzzles ppt graphics icons
Business Strategic Planning Template For Organizations Powerpoint Presentation Slides
Future plan powerpoint template slide
Project Management Team Powerpoint Presentation Slides
Brand marketing powerpoint presentation slides
Launching a new service powerpoint presentation with slides go to market
Agenda powerpoint slide show
Four key metrics donut chart with percentage
Engineering and technology ppt inspiration example introduction continuous process improvement
Meet our team representing in circular format
- Preferences
Literature Survey, Comprehension - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Literature Survey, Comprehension
Literature survey, comprehension & review – powerpoint ppt presentation.
- Consider these as logical chapters, that is to say they might represent a number of physical chapters or a single section
- For example, Chapter 2, the Literature Review chapter might consist of a chapter on Knowledge Management, a separate chapter on Knowledge Elicitation
- Or for example, Chapter 5, the Evaluation Chapter might just exist as a section in the Conclusions and Future Work chapter.
- Finding out what is happening in your area of research is a vital step along your journey to discovery, to find and understand how leading researchers in your field have tackled similar problems and the results they obtained, shortcomings they observed and methodologies they employed are the goals of the literature review process.
- The objective of this process is to systematically analyse the existing research and classify it in one of two dimensions.
- The breadth of the review is concerned with setting the scene, in terms of describing the foundational research in this particular domain, there will be research mentioned from each of the areas you have included in your spider diagram.
- The depth of the research concerns itself with the particular topic work that your research will be built upon. There should be approximately the same number of research papers covered in the depth and breath of the research review.
- Lets look at two examples
- Knowledge Management
- Information Technology
- The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, is a learned society for computing. It was founded in 1947 as the world's first scientific and educational computing society. Its membership is more than 92,000 as of 2009. ACM is organized into over 170 local chapters and 35 Special Interest Groups (SIGs), through which it conducts most of its activities. Many of the SIGs, like SIGGRAPH, SIGPLAN, SIGCSE and SIGCOMM, sponsor regular conferences which have become famous as the dominant venue for presenting new innovations in certain fields. The groups also publish a large number of specialized journals, magazines, and newsletters.
- Another significant group are IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) called eye-triple-e is a professional organization for the advancement of technology, it also publishes a number journals,
- including IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
- Journal Papers
- Conference Papers
- Other Books
- Company Whitepapers
- Company Websites
- The literature survey is the process of identifying and acquiring the research papers, textbooks, web-sites, theses, etc. that you will require to get a comprehensive overview of the research that has been done in the area that you are investigating.
- A focused survey technique is recommended to ensure you hit the ground running and using this technique you are almost immediately in a position to implement experiments. Recording the papers you have found and read is also of vital importance, and techniques and software available for these tasks are also covered in this section.
- The literature comprehension is the process of reading and understanding the research found in the survey process. Part of the comprehension process may require that experiments described in the research be replicated or implemented.
- This will normally mean that your supervisor or other people will need to help. The process of reading and trying to understand complex research can sometimes be a discouraging one, but a systematic approach to tackling this is described in this section.
- The literature review is the process of consolidating the various strands of past research into a single narrative describing the evolution of the research domain.
- There are checklists provided to assist you in this task, one that deals with the evaluation of a research paper, and the other which deals with questions to reflect upon regarding the overall structure of the literature review chapter in a dissertation.
- The underlying (or hidden) theme of the narrative is to show that there is a gap in the existing research and how your work will address this problem.
- If you know the exact domain of your research (from the research proposal stage, and further clarified by the mini-dissertation and dissertation shell phases) it makes sense to initially focus your search on papers that relate (almost) exactly to your own research, rather than spending a great deal of time reading every paper under the sun that seems remotely relevant.
- The technique is simple, find an up-to-date thesis that is closely related to your research question (your supervisor should be able to help you with this, if not, search the web) and use this as a launch pad to your research This is a very useful starting point since it will give you an immediate overview of your research field.
- Regional Variations Different countries, different regions and even different universities have differing standards for their dissertations, so, whilst the dissertation is a useful starting point, it can only be considered as such, and is not a template for your own work.
- Correspondence of Research The dissertation that you are using should have a significant overlap with your own research, but there are bound to be differences, therefore, your own literature review will be very different to the one you have found, since yours is aimed at highlighting the gap that you wish to address.
- Quality of Research The quality of the dissertation is something you will need to consider, how comprehensive is this persons work ? Have they missed any important papers or major blocks of research ?
- Effective Searching
- Let us consider searching for information relating to 'Project-Based Learning'
- The first thing to note is the hyphen between the words 'Project' and 'Based', will every web-page relating to this subject have the hyphen in it, or will some just leave it out. If you just leave it out the search engines will find the phrase with or without the hyphen.
- So the first search to try is
- "Project Based Learning"
- if this returns 10,000 links then try
- "Project Based Learning" "PhD Thesis"
- "Project Based Learning" "Masters Thesis
- Project Based Learning Masters Thesis Declaration
- this may return PhD or Masters thesis on the subject you require information on.
- To find other 'good' pages relating to your subject matter, try
- "Project Based Learning Link"
- for "PBL Links" or "PBL Link Page"
- "Project Based Learning Portal"
- for "PBL Portal" or "PBL Portal Page"
- "Project Based Learning Webring"
- for "PBL Webring" or "PBL Webrings"
- "Project Based Learning FAQ"
- for "PBL FAQ"or "PBL FAQs" or "PBL FAQL"or "PBL FAQLs"
- If you are looking for papers relating to "Project Based Learning", try
- "Project Based Learning" Bibliography
- "Project Based Learning" Literature Review
- "Project Based Learning" Literature Survey
- "Project Based Learning" Overview
- "Project Based Learning" A Roadmap
- Unlike the previous section where we were looking for 'good' pages and put the entire phrase in double quotes, in this section we are only putting the subject matter we are investigating in quotes and the rest of the terms are free text, in this way we can find pages which may not be titled, for example, "Project Based Learning Bibliography", but may be a bibliography which contain references to Project Based Learning.
- If you are looking for a more specific topic, for example, "The Impact of the Web on Project Based Learning", try
- "Impact of the Web on Project Based Learning" (unlikely)
- "Project Based Learning" overview web
- "Project Based Learning" survey web
- "Project Based Learning" review web
- "Project Based Learning" assessment web
- Also consider web-sites which will be using the acronym for "Project Based Learning"
- Consider the acronym for "Virtual Learning Environments", it could be "VLE"or "VLEs"or "V.L.E."or "V.L.E.s"or "V.L.Es", so try
- Community of practice
- Network of practice
- Virtual community
- Virtual Ethnography
- Virtual team
- Community-driven knowledge management
- Active Reading
- It is very important to read new research in an active manner, you shouldnt just skim read the material, but understand what you are reading, as you are reading it. It may be necessary to re-read a sentence, one phrase at a time, or one word at a time until the meaning is evident. It may be the case that you will have to consult some reference source to confirm the meaning of terminology, this being the case, it is only logical to keep reference material close to hand (textbooks, the internet, dictionaries, etc.)
- A typical research paper (from a conference or journal) consists of the following parts
- Introduction,
- Methodology,
- Results and
- Bibliography.
- When you encounter new terminology in the course of reading papers (which you invariably will), it is important that you note it down, and find out what it means. You can do this by looking it up on the web or in a textbook, if it is an acronym, synonym or a related term to your research topic, BUILD A LEXICON. This is a very important step, since any new term could be central to your research, it may describe a mathematical technique or it could be a synonym for the research domain itself, whatever the case.
- At the beginning of the research process you will be deluged with new terminology, the important thing is to hang in there, dont get overwhelmed by it all, the more papers you read, the less new terms you will be encountering, the more of an expert you will become. As you are learning more about the papers it is very important that you update the records you are keeping about this particular paper, in particular, the research topic or keywords sections.
- Introduction
- Methodology
- Bibliography
- The review itself is the final piece of the puzzle, it is a matter of tying together all the previous research that you have found and reviewed, and producing an artifact that is not just all those reviews put together, but a coherent and cohesive narrative of the research to date, and a narrative that points to a gap in the research that your work intends to fill. It also contextualises the work in the broader research scope.
- The first step in this process is to consider each article that you have reviewed, is it significant enough to go into the review ? How do you evaluate that ? The answer is simple does it help build towards the gap in the research you are identifying ? or to put it another way, could you take this article out and it wouldnt make any difference ? The articles should group together into research trends so you should list the articles by this grouping and see which ones are important.
- Remember that writing is not necessarily a linear process, write what sections you know about, when you know about them. As with all of the writing that you will be doing for you dissertation, there will be many drafts of the literature review chapter, so it is best to overwrite it first and then you can cut down, therefore you should include many of the questions for each article in the first draft of your work and chip away at it a piece at a time.
- The research should be seen as the zenith of the cumulative process of the scientific research that has already been done. Then the process becomes a matter of making these disparate stories into one single narrative, with one theme there is something missing in the research to date that you are going to address.
- The structure of the literature review will be the same as that of any document, it has a
- The beginning or introduction will introduce the main research topics and the end or conclusion will be that there has been a great deal of work done in this area, but there is a gap in the work that your research will address.
- The middle part of the literature review, can be presented in a number of way, depending on your personal preferences, the main research trends must be discussed, key researchers must be identified, and the work must spiral from its research beginnings towards the research gap that you are going to fill. This is the hurricane that we saw at the start of the chapter, the general research topics you discuss must lead logically to the specific research that you are undertaking.
- It may be the case that the trends in the research in your domain fall into two opposing camps, the for-and-against type paradigm, This being the case, whichever side your work is on, make sure that you present the merits of each side, this gives your readers a balanced view of the domain, and gives them the impression of a researcher who can take a sophisticated perspective on matters.
PowerShow.com is a leading presentation sharing website. It has millions of presentations already uploaded and available with 1,000s more being uploaded by its users every day. Whatever your area of interest, here you’ll be able to find and view presentations you’ll love and possibly download. And, best of all, it is completely free and easy to use.
You might even have a presentation you’d like to share with others. If so, just upload it to PowerShow.com. We’ll convert it to an HTML5 slideshow that includes all the media types you’ve already added: audio, video, music, pictures, animations and transition effects. Then you can share it with your target audience as well as PowerShow.com’s millions of monthly visitors. And, again, it’s all free.
About the Developers
PowerShow.com is brought to you by CrystalGraphics , the award-winning developer and market-leading publisher of rich-media enhancement products for presentations. Our product offerings include millions of PowerPoint templates, diagrams, animated 3D characters and more.
Literature Survey
' + $(".small_image_hover[rel='imgtip[" + id + "]']").attr("product_name") + '
- PowerPoint Templates (4)
Dissertation Research Literature Review Analysis Ppt Styles Examples PDF
Enterprise Thesis Literature Review Analysis Ppt Infographic Template Microsoft PDF
Academic Investigation Literature Review For Student Research Proposal Analysis Ppt Pictures...
Information Analysis Via Literature Review Vector Icon Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Icon Ideas...
Login into account
- Existing Users
Or login with
This is a required field.
I'd like to receive email about product updates, personalized recommendations, offers, and PowerPoint and presentation tips and tricks.
By signing up you indicate that you have read and agree to Slidegeeks Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Forgot your password?
Unsupported browser
This site was designed for modern browsers and tested with Internet Explorer version 10 and later.
It may not look or work correctly on your browser.
20 Best Research PowerPoint Presentation Templates (PPT Designs 2023)
Save the time designing research presentation PowerPoint slides by using a premium template. When using a ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">research presentation template , all you've got to do is add your research and any customizations. Get professional results fast. Discover the best options from Envato Elements and GraphicRiver:
5 Best PowerPoint PPT Research Templates From Envato Elements for 2023
Here's a hand-picked list of research PowerPoint presentation templates. Use these online or offline:
1. World Data Research Presentation Template PPT
World Data is a top research PowerPoint presentation template. It comes with 30 unique slides that are customizable. That gives you room to add your data and research to the presentation template.
If you've got a lot of data, this research template PPT comes with many charts. Customization is easy, and so is adding animations and images.
2. MARKETING RESEARCH - PowerPoint V239
This market research presentation PowerPoint template comes with 150 total editable slides. With the number of slides that comes with this template, you'll have plenty of room to add all your research. This research paper PowerPoint presentation template comes with five color schemes. Easily add any image of your choice by dragging and dropping the image into the placeholder.
3. Scientist - Research Presentation PowerPoint Template
Scientist is a research presentation template PPT for anyone in the scientific field or science teacher. It'll also work for anyone in a science-related field. Here are some key features of this research PPT template:
- fully and easily editable
- comes with over 30 slides
- comes in widescreen format
- minimal design
This is one of the best PowerPoint templates for scientific presentations. All you need to do is add your research to the template PPT.
4. Capital Investment Research PowerPoint Template
This research presentation template is great for any corporate financial or banking purpose. Its research template PPT design won't distract from your research.
This research PowerPoint template comes with device mockups. So, you can show what information would look like on a website or a smart device. This is better than any research proposal PPT presentation template you find online for free.
5. University Research PowerPoint Presentation PPT Template
This research presentation PowerPoint example keeps your audience’s attention on your key points. This PPT template for your research will help you present in a more interesting and memorable way. Here are some highlights of this research presentation PPT example:
- seven premade color schemes
- high definition
This research proposal presentation PPT template works for students, professors, or other professionals.
15 More Great Research PowerPoint Presentation Templates From GraphicRiver for 2023
GraphicRiver has hundreds of ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">research presentation PowerPoint templates that you can buy individually. There are plenty of choices.
Research PowerPoint template PPTs help you make slideshows quickly without compromising on quality. Here are a few research presentation PPT examples to consider:
1. ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">Biopharm - Laboratory & Science Research PowerPoint Template
Biopharm is a research presentation template PPT with a minimal design. Here are some key features of this template:
- 30 unique slides
- editable graphics
- device mockups
- free support
The fresh and stylish design makes this research template PPT a worthy pick for this list.
2. ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">Blanc Market Research PPT Template
Highlighting data points has never looked as stylish as in this research presentation template for PPT. Blanc Market Research is designed to not only look great, but to also be functional.
Blanc is fully editable and comes with useful graphics to help you share your ideas. It's definitely one of the best research presentation PPT templates around.
3. ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">Analytics Dashboard PPT Research Template
This market research presentation PowerPoint template is ideal for a lot of businesses. It has vibrant elements that you can use to display all types of information. Analytics Dashboard comes with 30 slides and five color schemes. Try it if you need a marketing PowerPoint template for a research presentation.
4. ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">Laboratory & Science Research PowerPoint PPT Template
Here's a research PowerPoint template PPT designed to present innovative laboratory data. Novalabs comes with 36 slides for all your information. Add your images to the modern layout of this research presentation PowerPoint template. You won't get this kind of quality from a research proposal PPT template for free.
5. ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">SEO PowerPoint Presentation PPT Research Template
Here's a research presentation template that's laser-focused on search engine optimization (SEO). This download comes with graphs, infographics, and 256 slides. What I like about this research PPT template are the included illustrations. These elements will help you make your presentation more interesting to the audience.
6. ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">Labvire - Science PPT Research & Laboratory Template
Use Labvire as a lab research proposal presentation template or any other type of research topic. This research presentation PPT example comes with over 40 distinct slides. Labvire also comes with infographics, charts, and graphs. The minimal and professional theme is great for making high-quality research presentations.
7. ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">Miza - Business Clean Theme
Miza is a multipurpose template that can be used as a research presentation PowerPoint example. Use this PPT PowerPoint template for research or any other purpose. Here are some key features of this template:
- comes with 115 slides
- five color scheme options
- comes with icons, chart, infographics and more
This PPT research template is great for anyone needing to present a lot of data. The minimal design won't distract from the information in your presentation.
8. ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">Creative PowerPoint Template Research Theme
If you're in the creative field and needing a research PowerPoint template, then Creative PowerPoint Theme is great for you. This PowerPoint PPT for research presentations comes with:
- over 50 slides
- dark & light versions
- over 1,000 icons
- charts and graphs
This research presentation PowerPoint example is also a great choice if you just want a creative design for your slideshow. Instead of a research proposal PPT template that's free, try this download.
9. ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">Volle – Multipurpose Template
Volle is a multipurpose PowerPoint PPT template that can be used for research presentations. This is one of the best research presentation PPTs because it's easily customizable. Here are some key features of this template:
- 92 unique slides
- dark and light version
- icons, charts, infographics
- image placeholders
Volle is great for research that's got data because of the slide designs that the template comes with. The features make it one of the best alternatives to a research proposal PPT template that's free.
10. ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">Appex Minimal PowerPoint V.2
Appex has a clean and minimal theme that won't distract the audience from your research. Here are some highlights of this research presentation PowerPoint example:
- 1680 total slides
- comes with infographics, charts, and maps
- image placeholder
- includes icons
This PowerPoint PPT template for research presentations is great for a data-heavy slideshow.
11. ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">Drops Multipurpose and Creative PowerPoint Template
Drops Multipurpose template has a creative and professional design. This research PowerPoint PPT template for research presentations comes with over 100 slides. Drops also comes with over 1000 icons that'll help you break up the text. This PPT template for research comes with charts and tables so you can present data. Drops is completely customizable and a better option than a research proposal PPT template that's free.
12. ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">Elonara - Astronomy PowerPoint Template
Use the Elonara PPT template for your research presentation about astronomy. It's built specifically for this purpose, so all the elements are designed for the topic. The charts, graphs, and maps make it easy to add data to this research PPT template.
Elonara comes with 30 unique slides and 1200 slides total. You won't find many research proposal presentation templates for free that offer you these features.
13. ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">Medical PowerPoint Template for Research Presentation
Present your medical research with this template PPT. It comes with 31 editable slides.
Take advantage of the maps, charts, and infographics to bring your stats and figures to life. Adjust everything from images to colors to create the best research presentation from this PPT.
14. ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">Partner Multipurpose PowerPoint Template
Use the Partner PowerPoint template for your research presentation purposes. It's a great research PPT template, but it's also versatile. Here are some of the features of Partner:
- over 250 unique slides
- more than 10,000 icons
- 300 color schemes
- fully editable
This PPT template for research presentations has the features to go along with its modern looks. Try this instead of a research presentation PowerPoint template that's free.
15. ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">Research and Development PowerPoint Presentation Template
We're closing out our list of the best PowerPoint templates for research presentations with another great design. It's got an incredible layout that's made for the present and beyond. This research paper PowerPoint presentation template comes with editable vectors.
How to Create a Research PowerPoint Presentation Outline
Are you wondering how to turn your presentation template into a research presentation template ? We'll show you how in this short tutorial.
This tutorial is based on the MARKETING RESEARCH - PowerPoint V239 template pictured below:
Most research PowerPoint presentation templates start with an introduction. Next, there are several points. In this tutorial we'll showcase a variety of slide layouts you can use to illustrate your research points. Finally, there's a summary followed by a conclusion.
Now, let's get started on the PPT research template tutorial:
1. Change the Introduction Slide
Slide #2 would be an excellent introduction slide. An introduction is an important part of the research presentation. It gives people the background and context of what you're presenting. This slide also allows you to add a photo if you choose to. Here's slide #2 without any editing:
To change this slide into an introduction slide, change the text. Do this by highlighting the text that you want to change. You'll know that you've highlighted the correct text selection when the handles appear around it. Then tap Delete on your keyboard. Type what you want to say.
By dragging the handles, you can also change the size of the text box.
2. Change the Text Slide
If you've got a main point that's a fact or all text, then slide #4 is great choice. Here's slide #4 without any edits:
To turn this into a text point slide, highlight the text you want to remove. You'll know that you've highlighted the correct text when the handles appear. Next, tap Delete on your keyboard. Type what you want to type.
This makes a good text point slide because it's got a red border that emphasizes your text. This PowerPoint template research slide also lets you add a photo next to the text point if you want.
3. Graphic Slide
If you've got a graph or chart that you want to present, slide #8 is great to use. Drag and drop the picture into the placeholder. Here's slide #8 without any edits:
First, get rid of the icons. Then, change the heading text.
To get rid of icons, click on the icon. Then tap Delete on your keyboard. Now, select the text box for the heading. Highlight the text inside and click Delete . Now type your new heading.
This slide takes more steps to turn into a great slide for your research, but it can be easily done.
Before you finish your presentation, you'll want to summarize your research. This will help the audience remember the research. Slide #26 makes a great summary slide. Here's slide #26 without edits:
To turn this slide layout into a great summary slide, I changed two of the headings to the fact numbers. Then I moved the title to the top of the slide. This can be done when the handles appear.
Since the title comes in the color white, I changed the title font color to black. To change the font color, highlight the text that you want to change the color of. Then, click the arrow next to the Font Color button, This will cause a drop-down menu to appear. Select the color that you want to change the font to.
5. Conclusion Slide
A conclusion is important. It summarizes everything you've said so that the audience remembers your important points. It also contains your call to action if you've got one. A perfect conclusion is slide #30. Here's slide #30 with no edits:
To make this into more of a conclusion slide, I changed the title. Also, maybe you want another text box on your slide? To add another textbox to your slide, click the Insert tab on your toolbar. Then, click the Text Box button. Next, draw the text box where you want it.
Most designs can be turned into a research presentation template for PPT. By following this tutorial, you'll be able to customize the templates you download to fit your needs.
Find More Research Presentation Templates
To find even more PowerPoint templates you can use as research templates online or for a live presentation, review the articles below:
Download a Research PowerPoint template today!
You've seen many different examples of great research presentation templates for PPT. You've also learned how to turn the templates into a research PowerPoint presentation outline. Download a ga-analytics#sendMarketClickEvent">research project PowerPoint template and get started on your presentation today! And learn more about presentation templates on Envato Elements.
Editorial Note: This post was originally published on October 26, 2019. It's been updated with contributions from Sarah Joy , Maria Villanueva , and Nathan Umoh . Sarah is a freelance instructor with Envato Tuts+. Maria is the Associate Editor of the Tuts+ Design channel. Nathan is a staff writers with Envato Tuts+.
Log in using your username and password
- Search More Search for this keyword Advanced search
- Latest content
- Current issue
- Write for Us
- BMJ Journals
You are here
- Volume 24, Issue 2
- Five tips for developing useful literature summary tables for writing review articles
- Article Text
- Article info
- Citation Tools
- Rapid Responses
- Article metrics
- http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0157-5319 Ahtisham Younas 1 , 2 ,
- http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7839-8130 Parveen Ali 3 , 4
- 1 Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John's , Newfoundland , Canada
- 2 Swat College of Nursing , Pakistan
- 3 School of Nursing and Midwifery , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , South Yorkshire , UK
- 4 Sheffield University Interpersonal Violence Research Group , Sheffield University , Sheffield , UK
- Correspondence to Ahtisham Younas, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL A1C 5C4, Canada; ay6133{at}mun.ca
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2021-103417
Statistics from Altmetric.com
Request permissions.
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.
Introduction
Literature reviews offer a critical synthesis of empirical and theoretical literature to assess the strength of evidence, develop guidelines for practice and policymaking, and identify areas for future research. 1 It is often essential and usually the first task in any research endeavour, particularly in masters or doctoral level education. For effective data extraction and rigorous synthesis in reviews, the use of literature summary tables is of utmost importance. A literature summary table provides a synopsis of an included article. It succinctly presents its purpose, methods, findings and other relevant information pertinent to the review. The aim of developing these literature summary tables is to provide the reader with the information at one glance. Since there are multiple types of reviews (eg, systematic, integrative, scoping, critical and mixed methods) with distinct purposes and techniques, 2 there could be various approaches for developing literature summary tables making it a complex task specialty for the novice researchers or reviewers. Here, we offer five tips for authors of the review articles, relevant to all types of reviews, for creating useful and relevant literature summary tables. We also provide examples from our published reviews to illustrate how useful literature summary tables can be developed and what sort of information should be provided.
Tip 1: provide detailed information about frameworks and methods
- Download figure
- Open in new tab
- Download powerpoint
Tabular literature summaries from a scoping review. Source: Rasheed et al . 3
The provision of information about conceptual and theoretical frameworks and methods is useful for several reasons. First, in quantitative (reviews synthesising the results of quantitative studies) and mixed reviews (reviews synthesising the results of both qualitative and quantitative studies to address a mixed review question), it allows the readers to assess the congruence of the core findings and methods with the adapted framework and tested assumptions. In qualitative reviews (reviews synthesising results of qualitative studies), this information is beneficial for readers to recognise the underlying philosophical and paradigmatic stance of the authors of the included articles. For example, imagine the authors of an article, included in a review, used phenomenological inquiry for their research. In that case, the review authors and the readers of the review need to know what kind of (transcendental or hermeneutic) philosophical stance guided the inquiry. Review authors should, therefore, include the philosophical stance in their literature summary for the particular article. Second, information about frameworks and methods enables review authors and readers to judge the quality of the research, which allows for discerning the strengths and limitations of the article. For example, if authors of an included article intended to develop a new scale and test its psychometric properties. To achieve this aim, they used a convenience sample of 150 participants and performed exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the same sample. Such an approach would indicate a flawed methodology because EFA and CFA should not be conducted on the same sample. The review authors must include this information in their summary table. Omitting this information from a summary could lead to the inclusion of a flawed article in the review, thereby jeopardising the review’s rigour.
Tip 2: include strengths and limitations for each article
Critical appraisal of individual articles included in a review is crucial for increasing the rigour of the review. Despite using various templates for critical appraisal, authors often do not provide detailed information about each reviewed article’s strengths and limitations. Merely noting the quality score based on standardised critical appraisal templates is not adequate because the readers should be able to identify the reasons for assigning a weak or moderate rating. Many recent critical appraisal checklists (eg, Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool) discourage review authors from assigning a quality score and recommend noting the main strengths and limitations of included studies. It is also vital that methodological and conceptual limitations and strengths of the articles included in the review are provided because not all review articles include empirical research papers. Rather some review synthesises the theoretical aspects of articles. Providing information about conceptual limitations is also important for readers to judge the quality of foundations of the research. For example, if you included a mixed-methods study in the review, reporting the methodological and conceptual limitations about ‘integration’ is critical for evaluating the study’s strength. Suppose the authors only collected qualitative and quantitative data and did not state the intent and timing of integration. In that case, the strength of the study is weak. Integration only occurred at the levels of data collection. However, integration may not have occurred at the analysis, interpretation and reporting levels.
Tip 3: write conceptual contribution of each reviewed article
While reading and evaluating review papers, we have observed that many review authors only provide core results of the article included in a review and do not explain the conceptual contribution offered by the included article. We refer to conceptual contribution as a description of how the article’s key results contribute towards the development of potential codes, themes or subthemes, or emerging patterns that are reported as the review findings. For example, the authors of a review article noted that one of the research articles included in their review demonstrated the usefulness of case studies and reflective logs as strategies for fostering compassion in nursing students. The conceptual contribution of this research article could be that experiential learning is one way to teach compassion to nursing students, as supported by case studies and reflective logs. This conceptual contribution of the article should be mentioned in the literature summary table. Delineating each reviewed article’s conceptual contribution is particularly beneficial in qualitative reviews, mixed-methods reviews, and critical reviews that often focus on developing models and describing or explaining various phenomena. Figure 2 offers an example of a literature summary table. 4
Tabular literature summaries from a critical review. Source: Younas and Maddigan. 4
Tip 4: compose potential themes from each article during summary writing
While developing literature summary tables, many authors use themes or subthemes reported in the given articles as the key results of their own review. Such an approach prevents the review authors from understanding the article’s conceptual contribution, developing rigorous synthesis and drawing reasonable interpretations of results from an individual article. Ultimately, it affects the generation of novel review findings. For example, one of the articles about women’s healthcare-seeking behaviours in developing countries reported a theme ‘social-cultural determinants of health as precursors of delays’. Instead of using this theme as one of the review findings, the reviewers should read and interpret beyond the given description in an article, compare and contrast themes, findings from one article with findings and themes from another article to find similarities and differences and to understand and explain bigger picture for their readers. Therefore, while developing literature summary tables, think twice before using the predeveloped themes. Including your themes in the summary tables (see figure 1 ) demonstrates to the readers that a robust method of data extraction and synthesis has been followed.
Tip 5: create your personalised template for literature summaries
Often templates are available for data extraction and development of literature summary tables. The available templates may be in the form of a table, chart or a structured framework that extracts some essential information about every article. The commonly used information may include authors, purpose, methods, key results and quality scores. While extracting all relevant information is important, such templates should be tailored to meet the needs of the individuals’ review. For example, for a review about the effectiveness of healthcare interventions, a literature summary table must include information about the intervention, its type, content timing, duration, setting, effectiveness, negative consequences, and receivers and implementers’ experiences of its usage. Similarly, literature summary tables for articles included in a meta-synthesis must include information about the participants’ characteristics, research context and conceptual contribution of each reviewed article so as to help the reader make an informed decision about the usefulness or lack of usefulness of the individual article in the review and the whole review.
In conclusion, narrative or systematic reviews are almost always conducted as a part of any educational project (thesis or dissertation) or academic or clinical research. Literature reviews are the foundation of research on a given topic. Robust and high-quality reviews play an instrumental role in guiding research, practice and policymaking. However, the quality of reviews is also contingent on rigorous data extraction and synthesis, which require developing literature summaries. We have outlined five tips that could enhance the quality of the data extraction and synthesis process by developing useful literature summaries.
- Aromataris E ,
- Rasheed SP ,
Twitter @Ahtisham04, @parveenazamali
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Read the full text or download the PDF:
- USC Libraries
- Research Guides
Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper
- 5. The Literature Review
- Purpose of Guide
- Design Flaws to Avoid
- Independent and Dependent Variables
- Glossary of Research Terms
- Reading Research Effectively
- Narrowing a Topic Idea
- Broadening a Topic Idea
- Extending the Timeliness of a Topic Idea
- Academic Writing Style
- Choosing a Title
- Making an Outline
- Paragraph Development
- Research Process Video Series
- Executive Summary
- The C.A.R.S. Model
- Background Information
- The Research Problem/Question
- Theoretical Framework
- Citation Tracking
- Content Alert Services
- Evaluating Sources
- Primary Sources
- Secondary Sources
- Tiertiary Sources
- Scholarly vs. Popular Publications
- Qualitative Methods
- Quantitative Methods
- Insiderness
- Using Non-Textual Elements
- Limitations of the Study
- Common Grammar Mistakes
- Writing Concisely
- Avoiding Plagiarism
- Footnotes or Endnotes?
- Further Readings
- Bibliography
A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of study.
Fink, Arlene. Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper . Fourth edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2014.
Importance of a Good Literature Review
A literature review may consist of simply a summary of key sources, but in the social sciences, a literature review usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis, often within specific conceptual categories . A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information in a way that informs how you are planning to investigate a research problem. The analytical features of a literature review might:
- Give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations,
- Trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates,
- Depending on the situation, evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant research, or
- Usually in the conclusion of a literature review, identify where gaps exist in how a problem has been researched to date.
Given this, the purpose of a literature review is to:
- Place each work in the context of its contribution to understanding the research problem being studied.
- Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration.
- Identify new ways to interpret prior research.
- Reveal any gaps that exist in the literature.
- Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies.
- Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort.
- Point the way in fulfilling a need for additional research.
- Locate your own research within the context of existing literature [very important].
Fink, Arlene. Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005; Hart, Chris. Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998; Jesson, Jill. Doing Your Literature Review: Traditional and Systematic Techniques . Los Angeles, CA: SAGE, 2011; Knopf, Jeffrey W. "Doing a Literature Review." PS: Political Science and Politics 39 (January 2006): 127-132; Ridley, Diana. The Literature Review: A Step-by-Step Guide for Students . 2nd ed. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE, 2012.
Types of Literature Reviews
It is important to think of knowledge in a given field as consisting of three layers. First, there are the primary studies that researchers conduct and publish. Second are the reviews of those studies that summarize and offer new interpretations built from and often extending beyond the primary studies. Third, there are the perceptions, conclusions, opinion, and interpretations that are shared informally among scholars that become part of the body of epistemological traditions within the field.
In composing a literature review, it is important to note that it is often this third layer of knowledge that is cited as "true" even though it often has only a loose relationship to the primary studies and secondary literature reviews. Given this, while literature reviews are designed to provide an overview and synthesis of pertinent sources you have explored, there are a number of approaches you could adopt depending upon the type of analysis underpinning your study.
Argumentative Review This form examines literature selectively in order to support or refute an argument, deeply embedded assumption, or philosophical problem already established in the literature. The purpose is to develop a body of literature that establishes a contrarian viewpoint. Given the value-laden nature of some social science research [e.g., educational reform; immigration control], argumentative approaches to analyzing the literature can be a legitimate and important form of discourse. However, note that they can also introduce problems of bias when they are used to make summary claims of the sort found in systematic reviews [see below].
Integrative Review Considered a form of research that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated. The body of literature includes all studies that address related or identical hypotheses or research problems. A well-done integrative review meets the same standards as primary research in regard to clarity, rigor, and replication. This is the most common form of review in the social sciences.
Historical Review Few things rest in isolation from historical precedent. Historical literature reviews focus on examining research throughout a period of time, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, phenomena emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of a discipline. The purpose is to place research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art developments and to identify the likely directions for future research.
Methodological Review A review does not always focus on what someone said [findings], but how they came about saying what they say [method of analysis]. Reviewing methods of analysis provides a framework of understanding at different levels [i.e. those of theory, substantive fields, research approaches, and data collection and analysis techniques], how researchers draw upon a wide variety of knowledge ranging from the conceptual level to practical documents for use in fieldwork in the areas of ontological and epistemological consideration, quantitative and qualitative integration, sampling, interviewing, data collection, and data analysis. This approach helps highlight ethical issues which you should be aware of and consider as you go through your own study.
Systematic Review This form consists of an overview of existing evidence pertinent to a clearly formulated research question, which uses pre-specified and standardized methods to identify and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect, report, and analyze data from the studies that are included in the review. The goal is to deliberately document, critically evaluate, and summarize scientifically all of the research about a clearly defined research problem . Typically it focuses on a very specific empirical question, often posed in a cause-and-effect form, such as "To what extent does A contribute to B?" This type of literature review is primarily applied to examining prior research studies in clinical medicine and allied health fields, but it is increasingly being used in the social sciences.
Theoretical Review The purpose of this form is to examine the corpus of theory that has accumulated in regard to an issue, concept, theory, phenomena. The theoretical literature review helps to establish what theories already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree the existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested. Often this form is used to help establish a lack of appropriate theories or reveal that current theories are inadequate for explaining new or emerging research problems. The unit of analysis can focus on a theoretical concept or a whole theory or framework.
NOTE : Most often the literature review will incorporate some combination of types. For example, a review that examines literature supporting or refuting an argument, assumption, or philosophical problem related to the research problem will also need to include writing supported by sources that establish the history of these arguments in the literature.
Baumeister, Roy F. and Mark R. Leary. "Writing Narrative Literature Reviews." Review of General Psychology 1 (September 1997): 311-320; Mark R. Fink, Arlene. Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper . 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005; Hart, Chris. Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998; Kennedy, Mary M. "Defining a Literature." Educational Researcher 36 (April 2007): 139-147; Petticrew, Mark and Helen Roberts. Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide . Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2006; Torracro, Richard. "Writing Integrative Literature Reviews: Guidelines and Examples." Human Resource Development Review 4 (September 2005): 356-367; Rocco, Tonette S. and Maria S. Plakhotnik. "Literature Reviews, Conceptual Frameworks, and Theoretical Frameworks: Terms, Functions, and Distinctions." Human Ressource Development Review 8 (March 2008): 120-130; Sutton, Anthea. Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review . Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, 2016.
Structure and Writing Style
I. Thinking About Your Literature Review
The structure of a literature review should include the following in support of understanding the research problem :
- An overview of the subject, issue, or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review,
- Division of works under review into themes or categories [e.g. works that support a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative approaches entirely],
- An explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others,
- Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research.
The critical evaluation of each work should consider :
- Provenance -- what are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence [e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings]?
- Methodology -- were the techniques used to identify, gather, and analyze the data appropriate to addressing the research problem? Was the sample size appropriate? Were the results effectively interpreted and reported?
- Objectivity -- is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point?
- Persuasiveness -- which of the author's theses are most convincing or least convincing?
- Validity -- are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject?
II. Development of the Literature Review
Four Basic Stages of Writing 1. Problem formulation -- which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues? 2. Literature search -- finding materials relevant to the subject being explored. 3. Data evaluation -- determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic. 4. Analysis and interpretation -- discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature.
Consider the following issues before writing the literature review: Clarify If your assignment is not specific about what form your literature review should take, seek clarification from your professor by asking these questions: 1. Roughly how many sources would be appropriate to include? 2. What types of sources should I review (books, journal articles, websites; scholarly versus popular sources)? 3. Should I summarize, synthesize, or critique sources by discussing a common theme or issue? 4. Should I evaluate the sources in any way beyond evaluating how they relate to understanding the research problem? 5. Should I provide subheadings and other background information, such as definitions and/or a history? Find Models Use the exercise of reviewing the literature to examine how authors in your discipline or area of interest have composed their literature review sections. Read them to get a sense of the types of themes you might want to look for in your own research or to identify ways to organize your final review. The bibliography or reference section of sources you've already read, such as required readings in the course syllabus, are also excellent entry points into your own research. Narrow the Topic The narrower your topic, the easier it will be to limit the number of sources you need to read in order to obtain a good survey of relevant resources. Your professor will probably not expect you to read everything that's available about the topic, but you'll make the act of reviewing easier if you first limit scope of the research problem. A good strategy is to begin by searching the USC Libraries Catalog for recent books about the topic and review the table of contents for chapters that focuses on specific issues. You can also review the indexes of books to find references to specific issues that can serve as the focus of your research. For example, a book surveying the history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict may include a chapter on the role Egypt has played in mediating the conflict, or look in the index for the pages where Egypt is mentioned in the text. Consider Whether Your Sources are Current Some disciplines require that you use information that is as current as possible. This is particularly true in disciplines in medicine and the sciences where research conducted becomes obsolete very quickly as new discoveries are made. However, when writing a review in the social sciences, a survey of the history of the literature may be required. In other words, a complete understanding the research problem requires you to deliberately examine how knowledge and perspectives have changed over time. Sort through other current bibliographies or literature reviews in the field to get a sense of what your discipline expects. You can also use this method to explore what is considered by scholars to be a "hot topic" and what is not.
III. Ways to Organize Your Literature Review
Chronology of Events If your review follows the chronological method, you could write about the materials according to when they were published. This approach should only be followed if a clear path of research building on previous research can be identified and that these trends follow a clear chronological order of development. For example, a literature review that focuses on continuing research about the emergence of German economic power after the fall of the Soviet Union. By Publication Order your sources by publication chronology, then, only if the order demonstrates a more important trend. For instance, you could order a review of literature on environmental studies of brown fields if the progression revealed, for example, a change in the soil collection practices of the researchers who wrote and/or conducted the studies. Thematic [“conceptual categories”] Thematic reviews of literature are organized around a topic or issue, rather than the progression of time. However, progression of time may still be an important factor in a thematic review. For example, a review of the Internet’s impact on American presidential politics could focus on the development of online political satire. While the study focuses on one topic, the Internet’s impact on American presidential politics, it will still be organized chronologically reflecting technological developments in media. The only difference here between a "chronological" and a "thematic" approach is what is emphasized the most: the role of the Internet in presidential politics. Note however that more authentic thematic reviews tend to break away from chronological order. A review organized in this manner would shift between time periods within each section according to the point made. Note that this is the most common approach in the social and behavioral sciences. Methodological A methodological approach focuses on the methods utilized by the researcher. For the Internet in American presidential politics project, one methodological approach would be to look at cultural differences between the portrayal of American presidents on American, British, and French websites. Or the review might focus on the fundraising impact of the Internet on a particular political party. A methodological scope will influence either the types of documents in the review or the way in which these documents are discussed.
Other Sections of Your Literature Review Once you've decided on the organizational method for your literature review, the sections you need to include in the paper should be easy to figure out because they arise from your organizational strategy. In other words, a chronological review would have subsections for each vital time period; a thematic review would have subtopics based upon factors that relate to the theme or issue. However, sometimes you may need to add additional sections that are necessary for your study, but do not fit in the organizational strategy of the body. What other sections you include in the body is up to you. However, only include what is necessary for the reader to locate your study within the larger scholarship about the research problem.
Here are examples of other sections, usually in the form of a single paragraph, you may need to include depending on the type of review you write:
- Current Situation : Information necessary to understand the current topic or focus of the literature review.
- Sources Used : Describes the methods and resources [e.g., databases] you used to identify the literature you reviewed.
- History : The chronological progression of the field, the literature, or an idea that is necessary to understand the literature review, if the body of the literature review is not already a chronology.
- Selection Methods : Criteria you used to select (and perhaps exclude) sources in your literature review. For instance, you might explain that your review includes only peer-reviewed articles and journals.
- Standards : Description of the way in which you present your information.
- Questions for Further Research : What questions about the field has the review sparked? How will you further your research as a result of the review?
IV. Writing Your Literature Review
Once you've settled on how to organize your literature review, you're ready to write each section. When writing your review, keep in mind these issues.
Use Evidence A literature review section is, in this sense, just like any other academic research paper. Your interpretation of the available sources must be backed up with evidence [citations] that demonstrates that what you are saying is valid. Be Selective Select only the most important points in each source to highlight in the review. The type of information you choose to mention should relate directly to the research problem, whether it is thematic, methodological, or chronological. Related items that provide additional information but that are not key to understanding the research problem can be included in a list of further readings . Use Quotes Sparingly Some short quotes are appropriate if you want to emphasize a point, or if what an author stated cannot be easily paraphrased. Sometimes you may need to quote certain terminology that was coined by the author, is not common knowledge, or taken directly from the study. Do not use extensive quotes as a substitute for using your own words in reviewing the literature. Summarize and Synthesize Remember to summarize and synthesize your sources within each thematic paragraph as well as throughout the review. Recapitulate important features of a research study, but then synthesize it by rephrasing the study's significance and relating it to your own work and the work of others. Keep Your Own Voice While the literature review presents others' ideas, your voice [the writer's] should remain front and center. For example, weave references to other sources into what you are writing but maintain your own voice by starting and ending the paragraph with your own ideas and wording. Use Caution When Paraphrasing When paraphrasing a source that is not your own, be sure to represent the author's information or opinions accurately and in your own words. Even when paraphrasing an author’s work, you still must provide a citation to that work.
V. Common Mistakes to Avoid
These are the most common mistakes made in reviewing social science research literature.
- Sources in your literature review do not clearly relate to the research problem;
- You do not take sufficient time to define and identify the most relevant sources to use in the literature review related to the research problem;
- Relies exclusively on secondary analytical sources rather than including relevant primary research studies or data;
- Uncritically accepts another researcher's findings and interpretations as valid, rather than examining critically all aspects of the research design and analysis;
- Does not describe the search procedures that were used in identifying the literature to review;
- Reports isolated statistical results rather than synthesizing them in chi-squared or meta-analytic methods; and,
- Only includes research that validates assumptions and does not consider contrary findings and alternative interpretations found in the literature.
Cook, Kathleen E. and Elise Murowchick. “Do Literature Review Skills Transfer from One Course to Another?” Psychology Learning and Teaching 13 (March 2014): 3-11; Fink, Arlene. Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper . 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005; Hart, Chris. Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998; Jesson, Jill. Doing Your Literature Review: Traditional and Systematic Techniques . London: SAGE, 2011; Literature Review Handout. Online Writing Center. Liberty University; Literature Reviews. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J. and Rebecca Frels. Seven Steps to a Comprehensive Literature Review: A Multimodal and Cultural Approach . Los Angeles, CA: SAGE, 2016; Ridley, Diana. The Literature Review: A Step-by-Step Guide for Students . 2nd ed. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE, 2012; Randolph, Justus J. “A Guide to Writing the Dissertation Literature Review." Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation. vol. 14, June 2009; Sutton, Anthea. Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review . Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, 2016; Taylor, Dena. The Literature Review: A Few Tips On Conducting It. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Writing a Literature Review. Academic Skills Centre. University of Canberra.
Writing Tip
Break Out of Your Disciplinary Box!
Thinking interdisciplinarily about a research problem can be a rewarding exercise in applying new ideas, theories, or concepts to an old problem. For example, what might cultural anthropologists say about the continuing conflict in the Middle East? In what ways might geographers view the need for better distribution of social service agencies in large cities than how social workers might study the issue? You don’t want to substitute a thorough review of core research literature in your discipline for studies conducted in other fields of study. However, particularly in the social sciences, thinking about research problems from multiple vectors is a key strategy for finding new solutions to a problem or gaining a new perspective. Consult with a librarian about identifying research databases in other disciplines; almost every field of study has at least one comprehensive database devoted to indexing its research literature.
Frodeman, Robert. The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity . New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Another Writing Tip
Don't Just Review for Content!
While conducting a review of the literature, maximize the time you devote to writing this part of your paper by thinking broadly about what you should be looking for and evaluating. Review not just what scholars are saying, but how are they saying it. Some questions to ask:
- How are they organizing their ideas?
- What methods have they used to study the problem?
- What theories have been used to explain, predict, or understand their research problem?
- What sources have they cited to support their conclusions?
- How have they used non-textual elements [e.g., charts, graphs, figures, etc.] to illustrate key points?
When you begin to write your literature review section, you'll be glad you dug deeper into how the research was designed and constructed because it establishes a means for developing more substantial analysis and interpretation of the research problem.
Hart, Chris. Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1 998.
Yet Another Writing Tip
When Do I Know I Can Stop Looking and Move On?
Here are several strategies you can utilize to assess whether you've thoroughly reviewed the literature:
- Look for repeating patterns in the research findings . If the same thing is being said, just by different people, then this likely demonstrates that the research problem has hit a conceptual dead end. At this point consider: Does your study extend current research? Does it forge a new path? Or, does is merely add more of the same thing being said?
- Look at sources the authors cite to in their work . If you begin to see the same researchers cited again and again, then this is often an indication that no new ideas have been generated to address the research problem.
- Search Google Scholar to identify who has subsequently cited leading scholars already identified in your literature review [see next sub-tab]. This is called citation tracking and there are a number of sources that can help you identify who has cited whom, particularly scholars from outside of your discipline. Here again, if the same authors are being cited again and again, this may indicate no new literature has been written on the topic.
Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J. and Rebecca Frels. Seven Steps to a Comprehensive Literature Review: A Multimodal and Cultural Approach . Los Angeles, CA: Sage, 2016; Sutton, Anthea. Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review . Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, 2016.
- << Previous: Theoretical Framework
- Next: Citation Tracking >>
- Last Updated: Feb 16, 2023 1:36 PM
- URL: https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Examples of literature reviews Step 1 - Search for relevant literature Step 2 - Evaluate and select sources Step 3 - Identify themes, debates, and gaps Step 4 - Outline your literature review's structure Step 5 - Write your literature review Free lecture slides Frequently asked questions Introduction Quick Run-through Step 1 & 2 Step 3 Step 4
steps of literature survey under the course of research methodology Anamika Banerjee Follow Research Scholar Advertisement Recommended Writing the literature review Ariadne Rooney 1.5k views • 14 slides Literature review salonibansal21 364 views • 16 slides Literature review GC University Faisalabad Pakistan 339 views • 26 slides
1. Literature survey ppt powerpoint presentation model clipart. Knowledge management gap analysis ppt sample file. Business development strategy startups marketing strategy for establishment of brand identity. Literature review ppt summary slide portrait. Five Tools Of Gathering Data For Training Needs Analysis.
• Example of the content of a literature survey • Applying the table of contents and some tips • Guiding sessions • Contact information 2 . Objectives of literature survey ... - Draft of literature survey - Draft of presentation • If you sent the materials at least one day in advance, you will
A research literature survey reviews books, articles and other sources (journals, conference papers, dissertations, etc.) concerning a particular issue, research question or theory. It includes revision, summarizing, and critical estimation of all sources you found on the topic. 3.
Sample Literature Reviews; Search this Guide Search. Literature Review: Conducting & Writing. This guide will provide research and writing tips to help students complete a literature review assignment. Home; Steps for Conducting a Lit Review; Finding "The Literature" Organizing/Writing; APA Style;
A literature survey is a guide that helps a researcher to find, identify and define a problem. This is the survey of the various reports, books, journals, articles that are related to your project work, which helps in the justification of your work. Here are a few survey templates that are available which you can use as a framework for your report.
There should be approximately the same number of research papers covered in the depth and breath of the research review. Examples • Let's look at two examples • Knowledge Management • Information Technology 2D Analysis Breadth of Research Depth of Research 2D Analysis Breadth of Research Knowledge Management Example Knowledge Management
A survey is a technique that is applied by conducting a questionnaire to a significant sample of a group of people. When we carry out the survey, we start from a hypothesis and it is this survey activity that will allow us to confirm the hypothesis or to see where the problem and solution of what we are investigating lies.
Literature Survey Example of 32 PNNL-22635 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Assessment: Literature Review and Laboratory Protocol RS Butner DJ Reid M Hoffman G Sullivan J Blanchard July 2013 Author: shilps1234abc Post on 22-Dec-2015 515 views Category: Documents 6 download
St. Cloud State University
Template 1. You can use this PowerPoint template to create a dynamic and informative survey result dashboard. This PPT design will make it easy for you to compare data across different demographics and genders. With this content-ready presentation, you can quickly understand the key takeaways and impress your boss or clients.
Description: Literature Survey, Literature Comprehension, & Literature Review ... - PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views: 866 Avg rating:3.0/5.0 Slides: 178 Provided by: x1176 Category: Tags: sigir | comprehension | literature | survey less Transcript and Presenter's Notes Title: Literature Survey, Literature Comprehension, 1
Literature Survey, Comprehension & Review - PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views: 250 Avg rating:3.0/5.0 Slides: 100 Provided by: x704 Category: Tags: antonyms | comprehension | literature | survey | synonyms less Transcript and Presenter's Notes Title: Literature Survey, Comprehension 1 Literature Survey, Comprehension Review 2
Literature Survey found in: Dissertation Research Literature Review Analysis Ppt Styles Examples PDF, Enterprise Thesis Literature Review Analysis Ppt Infographic Template Microsoft PDF, Academic Investigation Literature Review..
2. MARKETING RESEARCH - PowerPoint V239. This market research presentation PowerPoint template comes with 150 total editable slides. With the number of slides that comes with this template, you'll have plenty of room to add all your research. This research paper PowerPoint presentation template comes with five color schemes.
Literature reviews offer a critical synthesis of empirical and theoretical literature to assess the strength of evidence, develop guidelines for practice and policymaking, and identify areas for future research.1 It is often essential and usually the first task in any research endeavour, particularly in masters or doctoral level education. For effective data extraction and rigorous synthesis ...
About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators ...
Abstract. This presentation is to help students address problems of presentation of their literature review sections in their proposals and thesis. Content uploaded by Roland Ndille. Author ...
A literature review may consist of simply a summary of key sources, but in the social sciences, a literature review usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis, often within specific conceptual categories.A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information in a way that ...