essay about emotional stress

• Bipolar Disorder
• Therapy Center
• When To See a Therapist
• Types of Therapy
• Best Online Therapy
• Best Couples Therapy
• Best Family Therapy
• Managing Stress
• Sleep and Dreaming
• Understanding Emotions
• Self-Improvement
• Healthy Relationships
• Student Resources
• Personality Types
• Verywell Mind Insights
• 2023 Verywell Mind 25
• Mental Health in the Classroom
• Editorial Process
• Meet Our Review Board
• Crisis Support
• Signs of Burnout
• Stress and Weight Gain
• Stress Reduction Tips
• Self-Care Practices
• Mindful Living

What Is Stress?

Your Body's Response to a Situation That Requires Attention or Action

Elizabeth Scott, PhD is an author, workshop leader, educator, and award-winning blogger on stress management, positive psychology, relationships, and emotional wellbeing.

• Identifying
• Next in How Stress Impacts Your Health Guide How to Recognize Burnout Symptoms

Stress can be defined as any type of change that causes physical , emotional, or psychological strain. Stress is your body's response to anything that requires attention or action. 

Everyone experiences stress to some degree. The way you respond to stress, however, makes a big difference to your overall well-being.

Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin

Sometimes, the best way to manage your stress involves changing your situation. At other times, the best strategy involves changing the way you respond to the situation.

Developing a clear understanding of how stress impacts your physical and mental health is important. It's also important to recognize how your mental and physical health affects your stress level.

Watch Now: 5 Ways Stress Can Cause Weight Gain

Signs of stress.

Stress can be short-term or long-term. Both can lead to a variety of symptoms, but chronic stress can take a serious toll on the body over time and have long-lasting health effects.

Some common signs of stress include:

• Changes in mood
• Clammy or sweaty palms
• Decreased sex drive
• Difficulty sleeping
• Digestive problems
• Feeling anxious
• Frequent sickness
• Grinding teeth
• Muscle tension, especially in the neck and shoulders
• Physical aches and pains
• Racing heartbeat

Identifying Stress

What does stress feel like? What does stress feel like? It often contributes to irritability, fear, overwork, and frustration. You may feel physically exhausted, worn out, and unable to cope.

Stress is not always easy to recognize, but there are some ways to identify some signs that you might be experiencing too much pressure. Sometimes stress can come from an obvious source, but sometimes even small daily stresses from work, school, family, and friends can take a toll on your mind and body.

If you think stress might be affecting you, there are a few things you can watch for:

• Psychological signs such as difficulty concentrating, worrying, anxiety, and trouble remembering
• Emotional signs such as being angry, irritated, moody, or frustrated
• Physical signs such as high blood pressure, changes in weight, frequent colds or infections, and changes in the menstrual cycle and libido
• Behavioral signs such as poor self-care, not having time for the things you enjoy, or relying on drugs and alcohol to cope

Stress vs. Anxiety

Stress can sometimes be mistaken for anxiety, and experiencing a great deal of stress can contribute to feelings of anxiety. Experiencing anxiety can make it more difficult to cope with stress and may contribute to other health issues, including increased depression, susceptibility to illness, and digestive problems.

Stress and anxiety contribute to nervousness, poor sleep, high blood pressure , muscle tension, and excess worry. In most cases, stress is caused by external events, while anxiety is caused by your internal reaction to stress. Stress may go away once the threat or the situation resolves, whereas anxiety may persist even after the original stressor is gone.

Causes of Stress

There are many different things in life that can cause stress. Some of the main sources of stress include work, finances, relationships, parenting, and day-to-day inconveniences.

Stress can trigger the body’s response to a perceived threat or danger, known as the fight-or-flight response .   During this reaction, certain hormones like adrenaline and cortisol are released. This speeds the heart rate, slows digestion, shunts blood flow to major muscle groups, and changes various other autonomic nervous functions, giving the body a burst of energy and strength.

Originally named for its ability to enable us to physically fight or run away when faced with danger, the fight-or-flight response is now activated in situations where neither response is appropriate—like in traffic or during a stressful day at work.

When the perceived threat is gone, systems are designed to return to normal function via the relaxation response .   But in cases of chronic stress, the relaxation response doesn't occur often enough, and being in a near-constant state of fight-or-flight can cause damage to the body.

Stress can also lead to some unhealthy habits that have a negative impact on your health. For example, many people cope with stress by eating too much or by smoking. These unhealthy habits damage the body and create bigger problems in the long-term.  

Mental Health in the Workplace Webinar

On May 19, 2022, Verywell Mind hosted a virtual Mental Health in the Workplace webinar, hosted by Amy Morin, LCSW. If you missed it, check out  this recap  to learn ways to foster supportive work environments and helpful strategies to improve your well-being on the job.

Types of Stress

Not all types of stress are harmful or even negative. Some of the different types of stress that you might experience include:

• Acute stress : Acute stress is a very short-term type of stress that can either be positive or more distressing; this is the type of stress we most often encounter in day-to-day life.
• Chronic stress : Chronic stress is stress that seems never-ending and inescapable, like the stress of a bad marriage or an extremely taxing job; chronic stress can also stem from traumatic experiences and childhood trauma.
• Episodic acute stress : Episodic acute stress is acute stress that seems to run rampant and be a way of life, creating a life of ongoing distress.
• Eustress : Eustress is fun and exciting. It's known as a positive type of stress that can keep you energized. It's associated with surges of adrenaline, such as when you are skiing or racing to meet a deadline. 

4 Main Types of Stress:

The main harmful types of stress are acute stress, chronic stress, and episodic acute stress. Acute stress is usually brief, chronic stress is prolonged, and episodic acute stress is short-term but frequent. Positive stress, known as eustress, can be fun and exciting, but it can also take a toll.

Impact of Stress

Stress can have several effects on your health and well-being. It can make it more challenging to deal with life's daily hassles, affect your interpersonal relationships, and have detrimental effects on your health. The connection between your mind and body is apparent when you examine stress's impact on your life.

Feeling stressed over a relationship, money, or living situation can create physical health issues. The inverse is also true. Health problems, whether you're dealing with high blood pressure or diabetes , will also affect your stress level and mental health. When your brain experiences high degrees of stress , your body reacts accordingly.

Serious acute stress, like being involved in a natural disaster or getting into a verbal altercation, can trigger heart attacks, arrhythmias, and even sudden death. However, this happens mostly in individuals who already have heart disease.

Stress also takes an emotional toll. While some stress may produce feelings of mild anxiety or frustration, prolonged stress can also lead to burnout , anxiety disorders , and depression.

Chronic stress can have a serious impact on your health as well. If you experience chronic stress, your autonomic nervous system will be overactive, which is likely to damage your body.

Stress-Influenced Conditions

• Heart disease
• Hyperthyroidism
• Sexual dysfunction
• Tooth and gum disease

Treatments for Stress

Stress is not a distinct medical diagnosis and there is no single, specific treatment for it. Treatment for stress focuses on changing the situation, developing stress coping skills , implementing relaxation techniques, and treating symptoms or conditions that may have been caused by chronic stress.

Some interventions that may be helpful include therapy, medication, and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).

Press Play for Advice On Managing Stress

Hosted by therapist Amy Morin, LCSW, this episode of The Verywell Mind Podcast featuring professor Elissa Epel, shares ways to manage stress. Click below to listen now.

Follow Now : Apple Podcasts / Spotify / Google Podcasts / Amazon Music

Psychotherapy

Some forms of therapy that may be particularly helpful in addressing symptoms of stress including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) . CBT focuses on helping people identify and change negative thinking patterns, while MBSR utilizes meditation and mindfulness to help reduce stress levels.

Medication may sometimes be prescribed to address some specific symptoms that are related to stress. Such medications may include sleep aids, antacids, antidepressants, and anti-anxiety medications.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Some complementary approaches that may also be helpful for reducing stress include acupuncture, aromatherapy, massage, yoga, and meditation .

Coping With Stress

Although stress is inevitable, it can be manageable. When you understand the toll it takes on you and the steps to combat stress, you can take charge of your health and reduce the impact stress has on your life.

• Learn to recognize the signs of burnout. High levels of stress may place you at a high risk of burnout. Burnout can leave you feeling exhausted and apathetic about your job.   When you start to feel symptoms of emotional exhaustion, it's a sign that you need to find a way to get a handle on your stress.
• Try to get regular exercise. Physical activity has a big impact on your brain and your body . Whether you enjoy Tai Chi or you want to begin jogging, exercise reduces stress and improves many symptoms associated with mental illness.  
• Take care of yourself. Incorporating regular self-care activities into your daily life is essential to stress management. Learn how to take care of your mind, body, and spirit and discover how to equip yourself to live your best life.  
• Practice mindfulness in your life. Mindfulness isn't just something you practice for 10 minutes each day. It can also be a way of life. Discover how to live more mindfully throughout your day so you can become more awake and conscious throughout your life.  

If you or a loved one are struggling with stress, contact the  Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helpline  at 1-800-662-4357 for information on support and treatment facilities in your area.

For more mental health resources, see our  National Helpline Database .

Cleveland Clinic. Stress .

National institute of Mental Health. I'm so stressed out! Fact sheet .

Goldstein DS. Adrenal responses to stress .  Cell Mol Neurobiol . 2010;30(8):1433–1440. doi:10.1007/s10571-010-9606-9

Stahl JE, Dossett ML, LaJoie AS, et al. Relaxation response and resiliency training and its effect on healthcare resource utilization [published correction appears in PLoS One . 2017 Feb 21;12 (2):e0172874].  PLoS One . 2015;10(10):e0140212. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140212

American Heart Association. Stress and Heart Health.

Chi JS, Kloner RA. Stress and myocardial infarction .  Heart . 2003;89(5):475–476. doi:10.1136/heart.89.5.475

Salvagioni DAJ, Melanda FN, Mesas AE, González AD, Gabani FL, Andrade SM. Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies .  PLoS One . 2017;12(10):e0185781. Published 2017 Oct 4. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185781

Bitonte RA, DeSanto DJ 2nd. Mandatory physical exercise for the prevention of mental illness in medical students .  Ment Illn . 2014;6(2):5549. doi:10.4081/mi.2014.5549

Ayala EE, Winseman JS, Johnsen RD, Mason HRC. U.S. medical students who engage in self-care report less stress and higher quality of life .  BMC Med Educ . 2018;18(1):189. doi:10.1186/s12909-018-1296-x

Richards KC, Campenni CE, Muse-Burke JL. Self-care and well-being in mental health professionals: The mediating effects of self-awareness and mindfulness .  J Ment Health Couns . 2010;32(3):247. doi:10.17744/mehc.32.3.0n31v88304423806.

American Psychological Association. 2015 Stress in America .

Krantz DS, Whittaker KS, Sheps DS.  Psychosocial risk factors for coronary heart disease: Pathophysiologic mechanisms .  In R. Allan & J. Fisher,  Heart and mind: The practice of cardiac psychology. American Psychological Association; 2011:91-113. doi:10.1037/13086-004

By Elizabeth Scott, PhD Elizabeth Scott, PhD is an author, workshop leader, educator, and award-winning blogger on stress management, positive psychology, relationships, and emotional wellbeing.

Essays About Emotions: Top 6 Examples and Prompts

We all experience a vast range of emotions; read on to see our top examples of essays about emotions, and thought-provoking writing prompts.

Human beings use their emotions as an internal compass. They guide us through tough challenges and help create memorable moments that build relationships and communities. They give us strength that’s incomparable to intellect. They are powerful enough to drive our survival, bring down invincible-seeming tyrants, and even shape the future.

If you want to express your emotions through writing, creating an essay is a perfect way to materialize your thoughts and feelings. Read on for the best essay examples and help with your next essay about emotions.

1. Managing Emotions by Charlotte Nelson

2. how to deal with your emotions effectively by jayaram v, 3. music affects mood by delores goodwin, 4. emotions, stress, and ways to cope with them by anonymous on ivypanda, 5. essay on emotions: definition, characteristics, and importance by reshma s, 6. the most powerful emotion in marketing may surprise you by oliver yonchev, 9 writing prompts on essays about emotions to write about, 1. what are positive and negative emotions, 2. how to control and manage emotions for emotional people, 3. why it can benefit you to hide your emotions, 4. the power of emotional connection between siblings, 5. emotions make music, and music drives emotions, 6. psychopathic individuals and their emotions, 7. emotions expressed in art, 8. dance: physical expression of emotion, 9. lessons to learn from highly emotional scenes on screen.

“Emotions. They not just leave an impact on the organizations but on the organizational structure as well, and it is vital for leaders in the organization to deal with it.”

Nelson’s essay focuses on how emotions can be harmful if not managed properly. She also differentiates moods from emotions and the proper and improper emotional management methods.

“They are essential for your survival and serve a definite purpose in your life by giving you advance warning signals and alerting you to different situations.”  

Our feelings are important, and this essay points out that negative emotions aren’t always a bad thing. The important thing is we learn how to cope with them appropriately.

“So we just listen and close our eyes, and it is our song for three minutes because the singers understand.”

Goodwin’s essay explores how we feel various moods or emotions from listening to different genres of music. For example, she writes about how rock masks pain and releases daily tensions, how classical music encourages babies’ development, etc.

“Emotions play a unique role in the experiences and health outcomes of all people. A proper understanding of how to cope with emotions and stress can empower more individuals to record positive health outcomes.”

This essay incorporates stress into the topic of emotions and how to manage it. It’s no surprise that people can feel stress as a strong emotion. The essay explores the various methods of managing the two things and promoting health.

“Emotions can be understood as some sort of feelings or affective experiences which are characterized by some physiological changes that generally lead them to perform some of the other types of behavioral acts.”

Reshma uses a scientific approach to define emotion, the types of emotions, and how it works. The essay provides the characteristics of emotions, like being feeling being the core of emotion. It also included the importance of emotions and theories around them.

“The emotional part of the brain processes information five times more quickly than the rational part, which is why tapping into people’s emotions is so powerful.”

Instead of discussing emotions only, Yonchev uses his essay to write about the emotions used in marketing tactics. He focuses on how brands use powerful emotions like happiness and fear in their marketing strategies. A great example is Coca-Cola’s iconic use of marketing happiness, giving the brand a positive emotional connection to consumers.

You’ve read various essays about emotions. Now, it’s your turn to write about them. Here are essay ideas and prompts to help you find a specific track to write about.

Work out the definition of positive and negative emotions. Use this essay to provide examples of both types of emotions. For example, joy is a positive emotion, while irritation is negative. Read about emotions to back up your writing.

Depending on the scenario, many people are very open with their emotions and are quite emotional. The workplace is an example of a place where it’s better to put your emotions aside. Write an essay if you want to explore the best ways to handle your emotions during stressful moments.

You need to know when to hide your emotions, like in a poker game. Even if you don’t play poker, controlling or hiding your emotions provides some advantages. Keeping emotional reactions to yourself can help you remain professional in certain situations. Emotional reactions can also overwhelm you and keep you from thinking of a solution on the fly.

Close-knit families have powerful emotional connections to one another. Siblings have an incredibly unique relationship. You can think back to your experiences with your siblings and discuss how your relationship has driven you to be more emotionally open or distant from them.

Create a narrative essay to share your best memory with your siblings.

There’s a reason so many songs revolve around the “love at first sight” idea. A powerful emotion is something like giddiness from meeting someone for the first time and feeling love-struck by their behavior. Grief, anger, and betrayal are emotions that drive artists to create emotionally charged songs.

Some people have a misbelief that psychopaths don’t have emotions. If you’re diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) , the true definition of a psychopath in psychiatry, this is a perfect essay prompt. You can also use this if you’re studying psychology or have a keen interest in psychopathic behaviors or people around you.

Like music, art also has a deep link to emotions. People who see art have subjective reactions to it. If you’ve been given a piece of art to react to, consider writing an essay to express how you perceive and understand the piece, whether it’s a 2D abstract painting or a 3D wire sculpture.

A widely appreciated branch of art is dance. Contemporary dance is a popular way of expressing emotion today, but other types of dance are also great options. Whether classical ballroom, group hip hop, or ballet, your choice will depend on the type of dance you enjoy watching or doing. If you’re more physical or prefer watching dance, you may enjoy writing about emotional expression through dance instead of writing about art.

Do you have a favorite scene from a film or TV show? Use this essay topic to discuss your favorite scene and explain why you loved the emotional reactions of its characters. You can also compare them to a more realistic reaction.

Write a descriptive essay to describe your favorite scene before discussing the emotions involved.  

Maria Caballero is a freelance writer who has been writing since high school. She believes that to be a writer doesn't only refer to excellent syntax and semantics but also knowing how to weave words together to communicate to any reader effectively.

View all posts

Psychology Discussion

Essay on stress: it’s meaning, effects and coping with stress.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

Essay on Stress: It’s Meaning, Effects and Coping with Stress!

Stress is a very common problem being faced today. Every individual will experience stress in one or the other time.

The term stress has many definitions, Lazarus and Folkman (1984) have defined stress as “an internal state which can be caused by physical demands of body or by environmental and social situations, which are evaluated as potentially harmful, uncontrollable, or exceeding our resources for coping”.

According to David Fontana “stress is a demand made upon the adaptive capacities of the mind and body”.

These definitions indicate that stress represents those conditions under which individuals have demand made upon them, that they cannot physically or psychologically meet, leading to breakdown at one or other of these levels.

Stress is usually thought of in negative terms. But ii can manifest itself in both positive and negative way. It is said to be positive when the situation offers an opportunity for one, to gain something.

Eustress (the Greek word ‘eu’ means good) is the term used to describe positive stress. It is often viewed as motivator, since in its absence the individual lacks the spirit necessary for peak performance. Distress is the term used to indicate negative stress.

Almost any change in the environment- even a pleasant change such as a joyful trip- demands some coping, and a little stress is useful in helping us to adapt. But beyond some point, stress becomes a ‘distress’.

What acts to produce distress varies from person to person, but some events seem to be stressors for every person.

Examples of stressors are:

1. Injury or infections of the body, dangers in environment, major changes or transitions in life which force us to cope in new ways.

2. Physical stressors like noise, pollutions, climatic changes, etc.

3. Hustles of everyday life centering on work, family, social activities, health and finances.

4. Frustrations and conflicts.

The physical, environmental and social causes of the stress state are termed stressors. Once induced by stressors the internal stress state can then lead to various responses. On the other hand, psychological responses such as anxiety, hopelessness, depression, irritability, and a general feeling of not being able to cope with the world, can result from the stress state.

Stress cycles:

Stress has a number of immediate effects. If the stressors are maintained, long-term behavioural, physiological, emotional and cognitive effects occur. If these effects hinder adaptation to the environment or create discomfort and distress, they themselves become stressors and, tend to perpetuate a ‘cycle’ of distress.

Example, a patient spends more money on treatment, may experience continued stress even after the cure of the disease, because repayment of debt cause stress for long time in him or a patient whose leg is amputated after accident may continue to worry about it.

On the other hand, many people have developed ways of coping with stressors, so that they are able to respond adaptively. This is the ‘wellness cycle’. Teaching people adaptive ways of handling stress, so as to promote the wellness cycle is an important part of the newly emerging field of behavioural medicine.

Effects of stress:

Stress is not always harmful. In fact, it is recognised that low levels of stress can even helps for better performance. For example, a student can prepare well for forthcoming examination only if he has some stress. However, excess level of stress is undoubtedly harmful.

The effects of stress are divided into three categories:

a. Physiological effects:

Commonly appearing stress related bodily disorders are-peptic ulcers, hypertension, chronic fatigue, hormonal changes, increased heart rate, difficulty in breathing, numbness of limbs, heart disease and reduction in immunity, etc.

b. Psychological effects:

Anxiety, depression, hopelessness, helplessness, anger, nervousness, irritability, tension and boredom may be experienced.

c. Behavioural changes:

Decreasing efficiency, making mistakes, inability to take decisions, under eating or overeating, sleeplessness, increased smoking, develop addiction to alcohol and drugs, forgetfulness, hypersensitivity or passiveness, accident proneness and interpersonal difficulties are seen.

Stress is linked to disorders such as cancer and heart disorders. There are several mediating variables that determine whether stress becomes dangerous or not. For example, good coping mechanisms which can help to reduce stress, having good social support, often help in reducing stress.

Perception of stress or how a person views stress is also very important. For example, a person may not perceive a situation as stressful whereas the same situation may be perceived as highly stressful by some other person.

People with personality type ‘A’ are more prone to be affected by stress related disorders like cardiovascular diseases. Personality character like hardiness or emotional stability helps to withstand effects of stress.

Hans Selye, a renowned biological scientist defines stress as the nonspecific response of the body to any demand upon it. He termed the body’s response to stressors the “General Adaptation Syndrome” (GAS).

The GAS consists of 3 stages:

1. Alarm reaction:

It is an emergency response of the body. In this stage prompt responses of the body, many of them mediated by the sympathetic nervous system, prepare us to cope with the stressor here and now.

2. Stage of resistance:

If the stressor continues to be present, the stage of resistance begins, wherein the body resists the effects of the continuous stressor. During this stage certain hormonal responses of the body are an important line of defence in resisting the effects of stressors (For example, release of ACTH).

3. Stage of exhaustion:

In this stage, the body’s capacity to respond to both continuous and new stressors has been seriously compromised. The person will no longer be able to face stressor and he will finally succumb to it. The person may develop psychosomatic illness.

The stress leads to many psychosomatic diseases. Treatment for such diseases involves medical help for the physical problems and, at the same time, attention to the psychological factors producing the stress.

Coping with Stress :

There are different ways of coping with stress such as: confronting (facing), distancing (remoteness), self-control, seeking social support, accepting responsibility, escape or avoid (from the stressor), plan a problem solving strategy and positive reappraisal.

Usually two broad type of coping types are seen- Instrumental coping and Emotional coping.

In instrumental coping, a person focuses on the problem and tries to solve it. In emotional coping, the focus is more on the feelings generated by the problem.

Today, self- help remedies, Do to yourself approaches, weight loss clinics and diets, health foods and physical exercise are being given much attention in mass media. People are actually taking more responsibility to maintain good health.

However, some specific techniques to eliminate or to manage more effectively the inevitable, prolonged stress are as follows:

Good physical exercise like walking, jogging, swimming, riding bicycle, playing soft ball, tennis are necessary to cope with stress.

Relaxation:

Whether a person simply takes it easy once in a while or uses specific relaxation techniques such as bio-feedback, or meditation, the intent is to eliminate the immediately stressful situation or manage a prolonged stressful situation more effectively.

Taking it easy may mean curling up with a good book on an easy chair or watching some light programme on television or listening to a light music. Meditation is scientifically proved to be very useful, both physically and mentally to cope with stress.

Behavioural self-control:

By deliberately managing the antecedents and the consequence of their own behaviour, people can achieve self-control. Besides managing their own behaviour to reduce stress, people can also become more aware of their limits and of ‘red flags’ that signal trouble ahead. They can avoid people or situations that they know will put them under stress.

Maladaptive strategies, rigid strategies or relying on one type of coping method lead to increase in the stress. Social support helps reduce the effect of stress. People may provide help, advice, material support or moral support that helps to reduce stress.

In addition to the above, psychotherapy (Beck’s cognitive therapy, Ellis’s rational emotive therapy and Meichenbaum’s stress- inoculation training), skill training, environmental changes, Bio-feedback (control of physical signs such as Blood pressure, headache, etc), family therapy, group therapy, hypnosis, yoga, are found to be very useful. Finally, uses of drugs are some of the other strategies adopted in coping with stress.

Related Articles:

• Essay on Tension: Meaning, Causes and Effects
• Stress: Meaning, Causes and Suggestions to Manage It
• Essay on Stress: Top 7 Essays | Human Behaviour | Psychology
• Emotions in Children: Meaning, Effects and Hints | Term Paper | Psychology

420 Stress Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

To write a stress essay, you’ll need a good idea to start your research and writing process. We have some for you to check.

📑 Aspects to Cover in a Stress Essay

🏆 best stress topic ideas & essay examples, 🥇 most interesting stress topics to write about, 🎓 simple & easy stress essay topics, 📌 research titles about stress, 👍 good stress essay topics, 💡 interesting topics to write about stress, ❓ stress research questions.

As a student, you’re likely familiar with the subject already. Yet, you may struggle to choose between composing about stress management or mental health issues. That’s why our team has prepared this list of stress essay topics. Look through them to consider every possible title and pick the most suitable one.

Stress has become one of the most common problem individuals experience today. It is possible to say that everyone has felt stressed out at least once in their life.

Stress essays are challenging and engaging assignments that can help students to learn more about the issue. We are here to help you write an outstanding essay on stress.

Let us start by choosing the subject for your paper. We would suggest choosing one of the following stress essay topics and titles:

• Stress management techniques and their significance

The effects of stress on the body

• How bullying increases stress among students
• Causes and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (you can choose another mental health disorder, too)
• Benefits of leisure activities to reduce the level of stress
• The link between nutrition and stress
• Consequences of workplace stress
• Common causes of stress among students

Note that you can select one of the other stress essay titles, too. You can search for them online. Remember to only use online examples as an inspiration for your paper and avoid copying the information you will find.

Once you have chosen one of the topics, you are ready to work on your outstanding essay. Here are the aspects you should cover in your paper on stress:

• Think about what you already know about the subject you had selected. Check out stress essay examples online if you are not sure that your topic is relevant. Research the information about the issue, using credible sources (Wikipedia is not one of them!).
• Select the sources that you cite in your paper. The general rule is that you should use peer-reviewed articles and scholarly books. Ask your professor about the sources in advance.
• A well-developed stress essay outline is important. Include an introductory paragraph, several body paragraphs (we would recommend writing at least three), and a conclusion.
• Think about the purpose of your paper. Do you want to help the reader to minimize stress? Should your essay provide statistical data? Do you want to address workplace stress or school-related stress? Consider these questions while working on the essay.

A thesis statement is a must. Generally, it should be present in the last sentence of your introduction. Here is how a thesis can look like:

Nutrition is directly linked to the level of stress in an individual. / Workplace stress can lead to depression among employees.

• Define stress. Provide a dictionary definition of stress or select one from the articles you have studied. Your reader should understand the concept of stress clearly. Remember that there are different types of stress based on its causes.
• Discuss the consequences of stress, referring to the sources you have selected. Address the physical and emotional outcomes of stress.
• Discuss the potential ways of dealing with stress. According to the purpose of your paper, address one or several methods in detail. What are the positive changes an individual can feel after these interventions? Reflect on this question, too.
• Remember to support your claims with evidence from the sources you have studied. Cite the literature properly using the citation style guide.
• Your concluding paragraph should restate the main arguments of the paper. Avoid adding new information or in-text citations in this section.

Please feel free to analyze our free samples and get the best ideas for your essay!

• The Study of Human Behavior and Stress Article four In the article, “The Effects of Stress on Mental Health” by Paul Hata, the mental effects that stress can manifest in a person are seen to be the major underpinning for the article.
• Work-Related Stress: Impeding Organization’s Success Considering the detrimental nature of stress on individuals’ well-being and level of work performance, it is crucial for individuals and organizations to adopt appropriate and practical stress management methodologies The level of job stress primarily […]
• Analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Personnel The experiences that military personnel undergo determine the nature and extent of the posttraumatic stress disorder they develop during and after their deployment. However, Ramirez had resilience factors that helped him to cope and manage […]
• Time Management and Its Effect in Reducing Stress among Students One of the causes of stress among high school students and college students is the difficulty in interacting with a completely new set of students and an even larger social group within the body of […]
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a Health Issue in the Society The treatment is aimed at relieving the symptoms that the patient seems to be experiencing so that the individual can be able to deal with the traumatic experience.
• Stress Management While undertaking the survey on management of stress in organizations, I came to realize that the sources of stress to employees are many and vary from one employee to another.
• Characteristics and Treatments of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder For in-depth understanding of the background of PTSD is, this paper will adopt a specific definition of abnormality that relates to the disorder itself. The category of the syndrome will also determine the type of […]
• Self Efficacy, Stress & Coping, and Headspace Program This is, perhaps, because I have to juggle between the chores and my challenging studies, thus making me strain in balancing the activities within the time limited. This compels me to adhere to the schedule […]
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans and How Family Relationships Are Affected Both qualitative and quantitative data shall be used with numbers being used to provide evidence of the occurrence and magnitude of the effects of the condition on the population.
• Research Application of How College Athletes Deal with Stress and Manage Time This project intervention will evaluate the specific problems college student athletes face in terms of stress from their sporting activities, social life and academics.
• Controlling Stress and Tension In dealing with stress one has to identify the source of it; after identifying the problem the best option to take as a first measure is to take a short break from it but not […]
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Assessment and Treatment Strategies If PTSD is ignored and fails to be treated, it can lead to disturbing consequences which widely affects not only the PTSD victim but also the relationships of the victim with his family and the […]
• The Experiment to Prove the Fact That Psychological Stress Causes Headache Here the experiment will be introduced First, it is necessary to determine the methodology of the experiment, and, secondly, it is important to state that it has already been “a common clinical observation” that stress […]
• How Stress Affects Your Physical Health? Among other effects, stress can increase the rate of heart beat, paralyze the immune system, the risk of heart attack and stroke, affect a person’s fertility, and raise the general levels of fatigue and aging […]
• Randomized Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders in Adult Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse However, in spite of the fact that there exist a wealth of clinical literature on treatment methodologies of victims of sexual abuse, the evidence base concerning the treatment of victims of childhood sexual abuse exhibiting […]
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Tim O’Brien’s “In the Lake of Woods” Furthermore, during the war, John wrote letters to Kathy, he stated to her in pride of his involvement in a massacre of a village as well as his identity as the Sorcerer. John did not […]
• Managing Time and Stress Trying to do all the things at one and the same time, I understood that it was impossible for me to complete all the tasks and I hardly met the deadlines.
• The Problem of Workplace Stress Stress at work can be defined as “the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of a job do not match the capabilities, resources or needs of the worker”. A variety of […]
• Comparison of Stress Level Among Traditional Learning and Online Learning College Students The distance learners have been perceived to be enjoying a suitable environment of learning as opposed to the traditional classroom learners who experience high levels of stress.
• People Should Consider Owning a Pet Because Doing So Can Relieve Stress These are great techniques, but the issue of having a pet as a best friend is unique and one of the recently discovered best practices of relieving work-related strains or stress.
• Problems of the Employee Stress in Organizations A combination of personal stress and organizational stress can overwhelm an employee and in the process lowering their performance and motivation. The use of cell phones and the internet has contributed a great way in […]
• Diverse Effects of the Work Related Stress So in a broad way, stress is when there is poor match between the job and the numerous demands of a worker at the work place resulting to physical, emotional and psychological distances.
• Abnormal Psychology: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder In addition, some of this research indicates that the differences in the degree of the disorder are due to the varying nature of the trauma experienced by that individual.
• Social Impact of Stress in Childhood Stress in childhood can profoundly affect the cognitive and social development of a person. They can have a life-long impact on the behavior and identify of a person.
• Effects of Stress on Human Health There are numerous theories and researches on stress and health, they all agree that stress has an adverse effect on human health; the statement goes “a stressed man is an unhealthy man”.
• How Stress Affects Different Personality Types Type B Personality Type B personality is regarded as the inverse of Type A since people with this type lack the Type A attributes of competitiveness and time orientation.
• Conflict and Stress: Their Potential Impact on a Project It is thus essential for the management of an organization to have a clear understanding of conflicts and the effects they may have.
• Reaction to Stress: Flight or Fight The response of human cadiovascular system in such situations is that the heart beats faster in order to increase oxygen supply to the limbs and the brain for quicker thinking and action.
• Stress and Burnout in the Workplace This paper investigates the causes of stress and burnout in the workplace and suggests ways of minimizing stress and burnout. This will also result in stress and burnout, ultimately affecting the performance of the workers.
• Pre-Stressed Concrete The aim of this paper is to discuss the historical developments of pre-stressed concrete, the basic concepts of pre-stressed concrete, and the manufacturing of the pre-stressed concrete.
• Stress related to workplace conditions Physical factors are those related to the ability of the body to function correctly in the work environment. Unpredictability and uncertainty of work situations are recognized as the main causes of stress in the workplace.
• Adjustment in Psychology: Stress Humor has been used since time immemorial, to reduce stress and help one keep a positive attitude irrespective of the situation.
• The Relationship between Stress Management and Criminal Recidivism Employment tends to increase the social capital of individuals, what is usually referred to as the networks of shared norms and values, which augments the access to the much-needed necessities.
• The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Perceived Stress The last hypothesis is that there is a significant gender difference in the measures of self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, and perceived stress.
• “Denial: A Memoir” a Book by Jessica Stern This book examines the nature of sexual assault and ways to overcome the trauma and pain associated with the experience. Through “denial”, the author believes that individuals facing stress and trauma can “lock away” the […]
• Human Stress and Dale Carnegie As such, stress is a reaction of the central nervous system to the conditions that happen outside of the organism and as such, physical and mental suppression is required.
• Stress at the Workplace for Correctional Officers To do so, the present study strives to understand the predictors of occupational stress among correctional officers Research Aim To understand the predictors of occupational stress among correctional officers Research Objectives To investigate the impact […]
• Stresses of Being a Student Eustress is a form of stress which is normally thrilling and fun and a good example of this is when one is rushing to meet a deadline for an assignment submission.
• Effects of stress on physical health When the body is subjected to stressful conditions, stress hormones such as cortisol hormones are released by the pituitary and adrenal glands so as to initiate the stress response in the body.
• Family, Stress and Delinquency among Adolescent In addition to coping, depending on the level of support and attention children receive from their parents, in terms of meeting their needs, most children who lack the required support tend to seek other ways […]
• Stress and Injury in Sports In addition to the possibility of injury that is inherent with sports, stress is also likely to increase the possibility of injury for the athlete.
• Towards Understanding Stress-Related Issues Affecting First Year Students on Their Transition Into University Culture On the other hand, situational challenges occur as fresher students attempt to adjust to new situations, and are influenced by such variables as length of stay at the university, social interaction with students and instructors, […]
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Developed in Repeated War Zones Deployment Most of the combatants, usually, tailored a war awareness state to manage the consistent pressure of battle duty. Majority of the combat soldiers that were repeatedly deployed to war zones suffered post traumatic stress disorders.
• Reducing Stress in Al-Khobar This report gives a general definition of stress, presents the general causes of stress, provides the effects of stress in individual’s lives and provides ways of handling or managing stress.
• Workplace Stress Problem Reducing working hours The main reason of stress is to do work in the time limit. If a mind is relaxed, one can do more and more work in short period of time than a […]
• Earthquakes as a Cause of the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Although earthquake is a major cause of the post traumatic stress disorder, there are other factors that determine the development of the same.
• The Causes of Stress in the Contemporary Society The motivation system must be tailored to the situation and to the organization”. It is important to look at different views that exist on stress The manner in which managers handle stress in their employees’ […]
• The Impact of Stress & Unpleasant Feelings on People While stress is a routine normal reaction to some specific life experiences, studies have revealed that a constant cycle of stress is not only dangerous to the health and wellbeing of the victim, but cannot […]
• Work Stress and Its Effects on Individuals Managers of leading companies have long realized that this phenomenon is dangerous to both employees and companies, and one of their priorities is to remove the causes of work stress and or at least minimize […]
• Depression: Law Enforcement Officers and Stress The traumatic experiences that the police officers encounter and endure during the course of their duties make them susceptible to depression.
• Problem Solving: What Can We Do About Our Stress? Since we can decide on what to believe or think, we posses the aptitude on how we can respond to the exigent events and circumstances in our daily lives.
• Stress Management among Customer Service Employees: Antecedents & Interventions A focus on the identification of current and potential stressors affecting this group of employees, and the subsequent development of interventions which could be used by the employees to manage and curtail stress effectively, is […]
• Posttraumatic stress. The Case of Mary In the case of Mary, who is a police officer, she experienced a traumatic event when she was travelling in a police car; the police car was driven at a high speed at a roundabout […]
• Stress Management in the Hospitality Industry In the event of such aspects the body tries to bring its system to a balance by building adequate energy as well as staying alert to face any possibility of the threat happening.
• Biological Factors Involved in Stress The Role of Brain in Stress In addition, the brain is the main organ that plays a major role in the body’s view and reaction to stress.
• Acute Stress and Attachment Theory At the point of stress, the person will feel vulnerable or in danger and will need something to offer them security.
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: History and Symptoms This essay looks into the history, the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, and the individuals who are likely to suffer from this condition, psychological problems associated with this condition and the treatment of the disorder.
• Acute Stress Reaction and Acute Stress Disorder The paper will go a notch higher to discuss the symptoms, treatment strategies, including spiritual and professional treatment, and finally the impact of the symptoms to human behavior.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Abused Women In most cases, these incidences of women abuse occur within the confine of a family set up or relationship where one partner tends to mistreat, mishandle, abuse and assaults the other partner and in most […]
• Frustration and Stress Managing The stress that is a result of waiting and anticipation is a kind of stress that can be controlled. Humor is one of the many forms that can be used to blow up stress.
• Stress and Burnout in Organizations Stress may refer to a state of psychological and physical discomfort of an individual, which is derivative of the interaction of external and biological factors. This paper discusses the organizations’ and workers’ challenges related to […]
• Impact and Strategies of Fiscal Stress on States and Municipalities Worst still, the California Local Government Machinery has been constrained in terms of the level of public services it can offer to the public due to shortage in financial revenue, and lack of fiscal ability […]
• How College Athletes Deal with Stress and Manage Time The study provides the historical background of the sources of stress for the college student athletes providing information as to how college athletes perceive stress, influences such as race and gender as well as the […]
• Time and Stress Management for Better Productivity Procrastination is the forwarding of events that have to be done at a specific time to another time in the future.
• Underlying Issues Associated with Sleep Disorders and Stress Of fundamental importance to this research paper is the realization that the amount of sleep that an individual gets is one of the internal factors that influence his or her own capacity to handle stress.
• Stress Management and Work Performance in the United Kingdom In this society, it is very important for the management of various firms and governmental organizations to take care of the interests of the employees.
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Its Treatment In this case a person constantly relieves the event through any of the following exposure to a situation that is similar to the event, vivid memories of the event, perceptions, and sometimes through dreams.
• Critical Review of a Mental Disorder: The Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in DSM-IV-TR However, the risk to contracting the condition is always determined by the resilience of the personnel to these exposures, past unsettled concerns in their life history, and the quantity as well as intensity of depiction […]
• Stress Management in Work Environment Leka, Griffiths and Cox are of the opinion that work related stress arises from the disparity between the demands of the job and the pressure on the employee on one hand and the mismatch between […]
• How to Cope with Stress Essay The identification of the stressor also opens a window for an individual to explore other adaptation methods, which can be of help in the future such as avoidance.
• Effect of Stress on Relations and Marriage Therefore, this paper had the aim of discussing the effects of stress on a marriage and relationships and how the stress can be reduced and controlled.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments One who is trying to numb and avoid remembrance of the event is likely to avoid thoughts, activities, places and even feelings that may associate with the trauma, have a feeling of detachment from others […]
• Critical Evaluation of Stress Management Approaches Thus, the objective of this paper is to analyze the approaches used by individuals and organizations to manage stress. A clear chain of command helps employees to avoid the stress that can result from uncertainty […]
• Stress: causes and effects This is due to the research methods used in the process of analyzing and finding solutions to the global psychological challenges and problems.
• How to Manage Stress at Work Essay Work stress is one of the ailments that are acknowledged worldwide to be affecting the healthiness of the organization and the health or workers.
• The Effects of Forgiveness Therapy on Depression, Anxiety and Posttraumatic Stress for Women After Spousal Emotional Abuse Enright forgiveness model applied in the study proved effective since it systematically addressed the forgiveness process identified the negative attributes caused by the abuse, and prepared the women for positive responses.
• Yoga for Stress Management For instance, Karma yoga, which is one of Yoga types, aids in controlling stress through the development of appropriate attitudes in relation to work environment coupled with enhancing the ability to respond positively to professional […]
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans Patient education is important in order to eradicate any form of misconception that the patients may have about PTSD, and enhance the levels of understanding of the patients, along with an improvement on their ability […]
• Solutions for Students to Reduce Stress in University Life The six major solutions university students can apply in reducing stress include avoiding unnecessary stress, altering the situation, adapting to the stressor, accepting things that cannot be changed, making time for relaxation and fun and […]
• Definition of Fiscal Stress The state government and local authorities may use different services they provide to the public to measure the level of fiscal stress.
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Principles and Types The affected areas of the body include the nervous system, the brain and hormonal system. A number of issues are to be taken into consideration as for the treatment of the PDST.
• The Caregiver Burnout and Long-Term Stress The physical and emotional exhaustion can lead to the situation when the caregiver cannot help the client because of symptoms of the burnout.
• The Relationship Between Employee Productivity and Work Related Stress The objectives of the study includes To identify the work related stresses To determine the effects of work related stresses on the employees’ productivity To determine the relationships between the workers performances and the work […]
• Stress Management and Work Performance in the UK The goal of the study is to establish the relationship between stress management and work performance and the best approach to manage stress to meet organizational goals.
• Ability to Manage Stress as the Most Important Skill of Effective Communicators This is why it is critical to remember about the methods that can reduce the level of stress. This is one of the main arguments that can be put forward.
• Stress & Its Effects on the Brain and Body The experience of the event in the past may either improve the ability of the individual to cope with stress or worsen it.
• Correlation Study of the Relationship Between Individual Resilience, Hope, Stress and Humour This is advisable to ensure that the attitude, approach, and performance of individuals remain apposite and competitive within the organization. From these findings, it is possible to formulate a hypothesis thus; Hypothesis 1: That there […]
• Suggestions on Stress Management It can thus be summarized that if a stress victim adheres strictly to the suggestions made in the article, the victim is bound to reduce his/her level of stress.
• Stress’ Definition and Effects Hormones, neurotransmitters, and peptides which are crucial for the proper functioning of the immune system are released through a physiological stress response system.
• Stress Reduction at Work In case of anything, he or she is unable to handle or may require some assistance; such a person would be in a position to pass his worries to the others and find a solution.
• Defining The Stress Response Across Scientific Disciplines To capture the varying levels of stress among different patients, Holmes and Rahe use percentages to explain the different degrees of a person’s stress level.
• Walmart Company: Reducing Employee Stress The first function of this programme is “to encourage more employees to identify their sources of stress”. In conclusion, the above strategy will train more employees and clients in order to deal with their sources […]
• Infidelity as a Cause of Divorce and Stress Disorder Divorces, as well as stress disorders, may be caused by different reasons, still, the idea of infidelity is rather provocative as people themselves have a right to choose whether to cheat and break the vow […]
• Anger, Stress and Aggression in Violent Offenders The intentions of the aggressor and the nature of the aggression offer the description of that form of aggression. Thus, understanding the relationship between anger, stress and aggression is important to the practitioners involved in […]
• Stress and Strains in the Renaissance Society In this essay, the stressors are outlined, a major stressor is identified from among the many and how the renaissance society responded to the stressor is discussed in detail. The rebellion by peasants caused a […]
• Police and Corrections Officers’ Stress – Psychology According to Zapf, “Emotional dissonance refers to the structural discrepancy between emotions on one hand and the emotional-display requirement that is appropriate in the working context on the other”.
• Stress and Burnout in Law Enforcement The peer relationship strand, on the other hand, studies the major factors related to peer victimization and the results of it.
• Job’ Stress and Depression It also investigates the various approaches that have been applied by many employees in managing job stress and depression, and the identification of the most appropriate approach to be used. The method that is to […]
• Managing Stress and Depression at Work Places – Psychology It investigates the various approaches that have been applied by many employees in managing the job stress and depression and the identification of the most appropriate approach to be used.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – Psychology Post-traumatic stress disorder is thought to be as a result of either corporeal disturbance or emotional disturbance, or more often a mishmash of both.
• Mood and Stress Psychology: Causes, Effects and Treatments Hence, the need for a meta-synthesis of literature aimed to review the relation between mood and stress in relation to influential factors.’Mood and stress’ is an imperative area of focus because of the detrimental effects […]
• The Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory – Psychology To evaluate my stress levels using the inventory, I was required to identify the major life changing events that I had experienced in the last one year.
• Stress and Recovery After Rape This essay discusses the rape of an acquaintance, the stress she went through, and the approach she used to cope with the problem.
• Health Psychology: Eating and Stress’ Relations The aim of the study is to investigate the connection between eating and stress. The results demonstrate the purpose of this study, which is to determine the link between eating and stress.
• Stress: Effects and Management Proposal In management of stress, one needs to analyze the causes of the stress, the level of the stress and the effects caused to the body and mind.
• Reducing Stress: Cognitive Patterns and Behaviors Changing In case I discover that my thoughts are negative, I should find a way to accentuate the positive thoughts, at the expense of the negative ones.
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Joseph Wolpe Treatment Theory This is similar to the concept of phobias wherein a person is presented with an animal that he is irrationally afraid of and the result is fear or in the case of an inanimate object […]
• Stress Levels and Stress Management Methods In my opinion, some useful strategies should be used to reduce the level and perception of stress. Stress is considered to be a negative psychological experience, which influences people’s quality of life.
• Stress Impacts on the Human Development To narrow down on the diverse nature of stress, this paper will focus on one of the mechanism that has been identified as a possible solution of controlling stress levels in individuals.
• Stress, Its Causes and Effects Relationship Understanding the diverse nature of the causes of the stress is crucial to the effective elimination of its effects, as these two factors heavily depend on each other.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Gender Variations In this regard, the aim of the current research is to provide evidence that women have the same probability of getting PTSD as men.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Soldiers With the help of the course materials, I was able to understand that Huerta had a panic attack just from its description. It is critical to be honest with oneself and to accept the problem.
• Stress Management Strategies in Applied Psychology It is possible to note that the development of applied psychology was a natural stage of the evolution of psychology as a field of study.
• Food and Stress Relationship: Psychological Factor The purpose of this study is to investigate this claim and come up with an explanation on the relationship between stress and food.
• Great Recession Impact on Workplace Stress The recent recession directly increased the level of stress that people experienced in the US and other countries in the following ways. The responses of businesses to the recession affected employees’ stress levels in the […]
• Acute Stress Disorder: Cynthia’s Treatment Case This essay elaborates on Cynthia’s ASD condition with a view of examining the appropriate treatment to correct the disorder using differential analysis.
• Positive Psychology and Academic Stress With the rising cases of academic stress among students in the United States, the federal government has introduced positive psychology programs in schools across the country.
• Students’ Stress Levels in Kean University To some degree, these results confirm the findings of other scholars; for instance, one can refer to the studies showing that there is a significant correlation between the consumption of food and emotional experiences of […]
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Caucasian Girl’ Case In Mary’s case, the medical practitioner will listen and encourage her to talk about the events when she feels ready. As a result, she will be in a better position to cope with the problem.
• Stress Management in the Adulthood To effectively handle stress, an individual must be able to recognize the symptoms of stress and understand the possible cause which is easy as stress changes an individual’s happiness level, health, and behavior.
• Stress, Depression, and Responses to Them A great number of people are not able or willing to find meaning in stressful experiences that they get through; for example, they often cannot understand the cause of their difficulties or the strengths that […]
• Genentech Inc.’s Workplace Stress Management The relationship between the management and the employees also encourages the latter to contribute tirelessly towards the organisation’s mission and goals.
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or Combat Fatigue According to Walser, the use of acceptance and commitment therapy is effective in treating a case of post-traumatic stress disorder, which entails the patients to experience positive and negative events without treating them as reality.
• Office 2010 Transformation: Stress Management Plan The current stress management plan depends on the following factors: The team should be properly motivated to accept the Office 2010 transformation, and the manager has to understand what kind of strategy is more appropriate.
• Ethics Code for Human Participation in Stress Reduction In this case, the researcher should elucidate the type of services, potential effects, and the expected roles of the participants in the research.
• The Effect Job Stress on Satisfaction with Life According to Stohr, Walsh, & Hemmens, the immediate environment of a person and achievements made in life are some of the factors that determine the level of satisfaction with life.
• Organizational Stress and Job Satisfaction Relationships This issue should be investigated in order to identify the specificities determining higher levels of occupational stress and lower levels of job satisfaction so that it becomes possible to create a comfortable working environment.
• “Stress” Video and “A Natural Fix for ADHD” Article There certainly are some deeper reasons for people to get stressed, and the video documentary “Stress: Portrait of a Killer” and the article “A Natural Fix for A.D.H.D”.by Dr.
• Stress in College Students, Its Causes and Effects Recognizing the cause and effect of stress in college students is an important aspect in college management and leadership as it will lead to a better understanding and development of the appropriate methods for intervention.
• To Better Cope With Stress, Listen to Your Body The article To better cope with stress, listen to your body, talks about the impact of the internal body response to a stressful situation, and the ability of individuals to be resilient.
• Exam Stress: Effective Management It is important for a child to get enough rest for the relaxation of the mind and body. In line with Hemmings, it is important for parents to analyze the mood of a child who […]
• Police Stress Within Law Enforcement The author of the research proposal reaches a rational verdict concerning the insinuations of further investigation and discusses the present strengths and limitations of the study.
• Ways to Manage Stress and Enhance Well-Being for Students Some students suffer from stress that is caused by the necessity to follow full schedules and the inabilities to meet deadlines.
• Stress and Eating Behavior The research sample included 101 low-income women, and the evaluation of the sample let researchers find the correlations between stress and severe obesity, independent of unhealthy eating behavior.
• Housewives’ Compensation and Stress Factors Several factors prove that being a housewife is not a profession, to those aspects belong to the system of payment, supervision, schedule.
• Minority Stress and Health: Societal Issues Due to the peculiarities of the LGBT people’s personal life, they might experience limited support and restricted access to medical services.
• Stress Among College Students: Causes, Effects and Overcomes Due to stress, college students may experience such adverse outcomes as the decreased levels of cognitive functioning, the impaired ability to study, and, consequently, lower academic performance.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Assets and Facilities It was easy to detect PTSD assets and facilities in the area, as the society and the government are currently establishing a vast amount of amenities for this disorder.
• Stress as a Risk Factor for Inflammation In their article “Proinflammatory cytokines and DHEA-S in women with fibromyalgia: Impact of psychological distress and menopausal status,” Sturgeon et al.evaluate the role of salient patient characteristics such as psychological stress and menopause on the […]
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorders: Psychological Assessment PTSD was adopted by experts in the third revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders to replace terms like “shell shock, nervous shock, and combat fatigue” that described the response to traumatic […]
• Post-Traumatic Stress and Evidence-Based Practice The application of this strategy to work with clients includes concentration on the ideas received due to the traumatic events of the past for the purpose of reevaluation of behavior patterns they dictate.
• Physiological Mechanism of Stress Stress is defined as any deviation from physical and mental equilibrium, which results in the release of hormones in the body that initiate a fight or flight response.
• Stress Statistics, Definition, and Perception The point is that it is not difficult for me to find a number of definitions of “stress”. It is high time to take a lesson from the past and re-evaluate stress in human life.
• Intimate Partner Violence and Maternal Stress Given that parenting plays a central role in shaping the growth and development of children, the wellbeing of mothers determines the nature of parenting.
• Kant’s and Mill’s Ideas for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder From this review, the fourth section of the paper outlines the more compelling view, which is that Kant’s vision of a good life is more superior to Mill’s vision of the same.
• Workplace Stress Management Programs For instance, the Lazarus and transactional models of stress will be used to provide the definition of stress and the environmental factors that cause it. Interviews will be used to collect data on the causes […]
• Discretion, Job Stress, and Other Policing Issues Others believe that the police do not operate well and underlines the fact that it is not able to fulfill its main goals and satisfy the needs of the population.
• Prenatal Maternal Stress Outcomes The research of causes and effects of prenatal stress helped to achieve significant results in the elaboration of effective intervention practices that allow mothers to improve their life quality, reduce the level of stress hormones, […]
• Sexual Harassment and Psychological Stress This is consistent with the current understanding of the phenomenon: the majority of incidents of sexual harassment are driven by the power abuse.
• Stress Management for Life According to the Yerkes-Dodson principle, a small amount of stress is beneficial for performance and well-being; however, the prolonged influence of the level of stress that surpasses one’s coping ability might translate into the reduction […]
• Meditation as a Way to Alleviate Stress According to practitioners, meditation is a mental method that enables the individual to focus on a single item. It is also crucial to remember that this technique is not an attempt to empty the mind […]
• Stress in Policing: Reasons and Effects The definition of stress however in most cases is aligned to the notion that it is a form of a disorder.
• Stress Assessment Questionnaire Ethical Usage The main goal of this paper is to discuss the SAQ, taking into consideration the ethical use of this type of assessment.
• How to Beat Stress? Stress seems to follow us everywhere and every minute, so that it is not always possible for people to find the time and think of the ways to beat stress and live quietly with no […]
• Organisational Stress and Its Possible Transformations The main problem is the inability to understand how organisational stress could influence the work of teachers and if it is necessary to cope with it or neglect its possibility.
• Burnout, Compassion Fatigue and Stress at Workplace Screening of professional quality of life and its analysis can be useful for the evaluation of a person’s condition and development of personal characteristics that can support compassion satisfaction and reduce the risk of burnout […]
• How Coffee Affects Stress? This research report examines the influence of coffee on the person’s psycho-emotional state, that is, on sleep and stressful situations, and also considers the possible consequences of excessive consumption of this drink.
• Stress Increases the Desire to Eat Sweets There are plenty of people increasing the consumption of sweets during the period of stress and depression and having the drive to eat.
• Stress, Conflict and Misunderstandings in the Workplace To prevent miscommunication and workplace stress in the future, the company must establish a system of workplace climate supervision where the head of each department would be responsible for the communication within the department.
• Early-Life Stress and Adult Inflammation In the article, “Early-Life Stress and Adult Inflammation,” the authors provide a literature synopsis of the relationship between early-life stress and inflammation in adulthood.
• Stress Factors in the Fire Service
• Workplace Stress and Mitigating Measures
• Emotion Regulation and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Its Theories
• Crisis Intervention Model and Critical Stress Management
• Anxiety Disorder: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Modality Treatment Plan
• Employee Motivation, Termination, and Work Stress
• Stress Impact on Self-Esteam and Personal Growth
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatment in Soldier
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Hispanic Teenager
• Racial Disparities in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatment
• Occupational Stress in the Maritime Industry
• Modern Workplace Issues: Stress, Conflict, Quality
• Does Locus of Control and Motivation Predict Occupational Stress?
• Stress Management: Personal Success Plan
• Workplace Stress and Labor Law in the United Kingdom
• Productivity and Work-Related Stress in the UAE
• Interviewing the Patient: Stress and Anxiety Reasons
• Spiritual Life: Avoiding Stress Burnout
• Employment and Stress Management
• Heat Stress in Flight Cockpits in the Desert Climate
• Newly Graduated Nurses and Stress: Study Analysis
• Horse Transportation and Stress-Reducing Strategies
• Chronobiology and Stress in Horses
• Stress Factors in the Queer Community
• College Student Work Habits, Interruptions, and Stress
• Emotions, Stress and Ways to Cope with Them
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Management in Children
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Missouri Veterans
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Treatment Effectiveness
• “Emotional Freedom Technique and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder” by Rebecca L. Fahey
• Organizational Concern: Job Stress and Burnout
• UAE: Stress Management and Organizational Performance
• Evidence-Based Procedures That Reduce Stress and Promote Health
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Veteran Community
• A Healthy Way To Cope With Stress
• Stress Can Affect Future Generations’ Genes
• Stress Among African American College Students
• Family Stress and Crisis: We Got Through It
• How Nurses Cope with Job Stress
• Student Loans and Financial Stress
• Mental Healthcare in Louisiana: Growth in Stress Rates
• Depression and Anxiety Due to School and Work-Related Stress
• Transactional Model of Stress and Coping in Intravenous Drug Users
• Reducing Nurses’ Stress: A Web-Based Management Program
• Holmes and Rahe Stress Test and Coping Strategies
• Sports Demands and Stress Management in Athletics
• Can Stress Be Fattening: Discussion
• Preventing Burnout in Preschool Teachers
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: German Researches
• Stress and Higher Education Student: A Critical Review
• Stress Management Under Organizational Psychology
• Impacts of High Stress Levels on Teachers
• Acute and Post Traumatic Stress Disorders
• “Stress: How It Affects Us”: Critical Analysis
• Educational Psychology: Student Learning and Stress
• Stress of Police Officers and How They Cope With It
• Impact of Stress on Intimate Relationship
• Stress and Medical Students’ Lifes
• Sources of Stress Among African American Students
• Stress: Causes, Sources and Symptoms
• Health and Stress in College Students
• The Relationship Between Emotion Regulation Suppression and the Academic and Life Stress Levels
• Work Stress: Coping Through Work-Life Programs
• Stress Management and Wellness Programs by Corporate Sector
• Academic Related Sicknesses: Stress in Medical Students
• Causes and Effects of Marital Stress on the Health of Women
• Stress, Its Effects on Health
• How Can College Students Cope With Stress
• Stress, Depression and Psychoneuroimmunology
• Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Disease
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes and Consequences
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Rape Attempt
• Socio-Cultural and Stress Models in Diagnosis
• Employee Stress Causes in Different Countries
• Stress: Definition and Different Types of Stress
• The Role of Stress in Our Everyday Life
• Motivation, Emotion, Stress, Health and Work
• How Stress Affects Learning in Middle School
• Living With Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Stress Symptoms and Management
• Personal & Professional Development: Managing Stress
• Managing Stress: A Reflection of Personal Experience
• Yoga and Stress Reduction
• Disaster Crisis: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms
• Employees’ Stress and Burnout
• Stress Test Process to a Community Issue
• Client Diagnosis: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Stress at Work: Main Aspects, Globalization Influence
• Work Related Stress: Symptoms and Management
• Teen Stress: How to Help Them Manage It?
• Stress in the Teaching Fraternity
• Women in the West Who Are Put Under Stress Due to Social Media
• Stress Management in University Students
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment in Intellectually Disabled Patients: The Promise of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy
• ANOVA Analysis: The Influence of Physical Activity on Stress Levels
• Nurses and Stress: Mindfulness Meditation Program
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Overview
• How Does Stress Affect the Body?
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Among Vets
• Emotions and Stress on the Job
• Nursing Burnout: Increased Stress Experienced by Nurses
• Definition and Concept of Stress in Nursing
• Identifying Causes of Stress among Nurses
• Factors and Consequences of a Plane Crash: Traumatic Stress
• Stress-Strain Relation of Stainless Steel After Exposure to Fire
• Mindfulness-Based Stress and Burnout Reduction in Nurses
• The Effectiveness of ICU Nurses in Reducing Stress among Family Members
• Managing Stress Through Communication Skills in Nursing
• Stress, Emotional Intelligence, and Job Performance Correlation in Nursing
• Relation Work – Stress – Health
• Personal Stress Management and Relaxation Techniques
• Adult Life Stress: Assessment Tools Analysis
• Family Nursing and Stress Theory
• Wholeness Meeting to Deal With Stress in School
• Stress at Work: Creating Healthy Organisations
• Dealing With Grief – Stress Factors
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Conger’s Stress and Family With Children
• BMI and Stress Levels Among Students in the US
• Effect of Stress Hormones on Brain Cells
• Burnout Stress in Nursing Related With Lazarus and Folkman’s Theory
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Diagnostics and Screening
• Effective Use of Prazosin for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Health and Wellness: Stress, Diabetes and Tobacco Related Problems
• Effects of Obesity on Neuroendocrine, and Immune Cell Responses to Stress
• Stress Sources in a Detective’s Life
• The Unified Trauma Theory of High-Stress Level Fatigue a Case of Loyola University
• Advanced Stress Analysis – Characteristic of Model
• Stress Analysis of Thin Walled Structures and Results
• Stress Management Through Transcendental Meditation
• Nursing Work Stress Level During Pandemics
• Stress Management for Patients With Arthritis
• Changes in Life and Psychological Stress Assessment
• Coping With Stress in Breast Cancer Patients
• The Effectiveness of Occupational Stress Management
• Cross-National Job Stress: A Quantitative and Qualitative Study
• Workplace Yoga Reducing Stress in Employees
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Pathophysiology
• Dealing With Stress: What Makes One’s Life Complete
• Stress From a Biblical Perspective
• Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants
• Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in the Workplace
• Stress Reduction Among College Students
• Stress Among Secondary and Tertiary Students
• Occupational Stress: Patient Teaching Plan
• Stress Patterns in Police Work: A Longitudinal Study
• Workplace Stress and Absenteeism in the Ship-Repair Industry: A Case Study
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorder
• Humor as the Leading Strategy of Stress Relief
• Improving Stress Resistance in Agricultural Crops
• Occupational Health: Workplace Stress
• Stress Management Techniques
• Assessing the Personal Stress Levels
• The Resilience Handbook: Approaches to Stress and Trauma
• Adaptation to Stress of Endocrine and Sympathetic Nervous System
• Phonetics and Phonology of English Word Stress
• Analysis of Stress Management Aspects
• Stress as a Result of Combining Work and Family
• Prefrontal Cortex and Effects of Stress Exposure
• “Poverty, Toxic Stress, and Education…” Study by Kelly & Li
• Coping with Stress: Stress and Health
• The Stress of Working with Families
• Stress and Depression Among Nursing Students
• Healthcare Workers’ Stress Coping Strategies
• Durations of Vowels: Effect of Stress, Lexical Focus, and Segmental Focus
• Heat Stress at Provincial, Federal, and International Levels
• Working Conditions That Lead to Stress at Amazon
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Parenting Style
• Secondary Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children
• Workplace Stress Among American Nurses During the Coronavirus Pandemic
• Thoughts on Stress Management and Happiness
• Sexual Aversion and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Stress Management Techniques for Students: Yoga
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Development
• Employee Stress and Burnout at the Workplace
• A Theorist View of Stress, Human Body and Mind
• Coping with Stress and Physical Health Problems
• Stress Management Skills of Student-Athletes
• Improving Nurses’ Stress Response During the COVID-19
• The Relationship Between Stress and Health: Article Summary
• Nurses’ Mental Health and Stress at Workplace
• Stress Management Benefits for Health
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in A Journal for Jordan
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Case Conceptualization
• Smoking and Stress Among Veterans
• Traumatic Stress Disorders & Treatment
• Stress as an Important Psychological Issue
• Sex-Specific Effects of Music Listening on Couples’ Stress in Everyday Life
• Toxic Stress and Its Negative Effects
• The Impact of Chronic Stress on Pathological Conditions
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Opioid Use in Veterans
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Misapprehension
• Coping with Stress in Clinical Neuropsychiatry
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatment Research
• Early Life Stress: Resilience Development in Children
• The DSM-5 Criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Effects of Support on Stress in School Principals
• Panel: Women’s Stress and COVID-19
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Case Presentation Report
• Academic Stress and Its Impact on Teenagers
• Stress and Deviance in College Education
• Meditation Effects on Anxiety and Stress
• Major Depressive Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Mishele’s Theory Applied to Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes and Symptoms
• Circumstances Causing Stress in Adolescence
• Understanding and Addressing Family Stress: Parental Responses and Impact on Children
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Preliminary Care Coordination
• COVID-19, Secondary Traumatic Stress and Burnout
• Stress and Related Risks in Vulnerable Communities
• The Traumas from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Teachers Wellbeing: Becoming Aware of Work-Relate Stress
• Pathophysiology of Stress, Processed Foods, and Risky Alcohol Consumption
• The Effect of Emotional Freedom Techniques on Nurses’ Stress
• Stress Management in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
• Stress and Its Adverse Health Effects
• Self SWOT: Stress Resistance as the Main Strength
• Coronary Heart Disease Caused by Stress
• Stress and Its Effects on Health
• Self-Reported PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress) Symptoms and Social Support
• Dogs: The Stress Coping Mechanisms
• Family Health Assessment: Child Poverty, Toxic Stress
• Aspects of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Stress and Its Influence on Human Body
• Relationship Between Stress and Greying of the Hair
• Stress Among Criminal Justice Workers
• Mindfulness Meditation to Reduce Nursing Stress Levels
• The Effect of Stress on the Immunity
• Does Cardiorespiratory Fitness Buffer Stress Reactivity and Stress Recovery in Police Officers?
• What Does Stress Really Stress?
• Where Does Stress Come From and How Does It Affect a Pregnant Mother and Her Unborn Child?
• Can Stress Cause Severe Headache?
• Does Compressing High School Duration Affect Students’ Stress and Mental Health?
• Does Regular Exercise Reduce Stress Levels?
• How Long Does Birth Trauma Last?
• Does Telework Stress Employees Out?
• Can Detox Tea Relieve Stress?
• Are Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Avoidant Coping Inhibitory Factors?
• What makes Stress and Burnout?
• Can Stress Cause Coronary Heart Disease?
• Can Local Stress Enhancement Induce Stability in Fracture Processes?
• What Cause Students Stress?
• Does Practical Parenting Stress You Out?
• What Does Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Truly Mean?
• Does Elevated Job Stress Affect Smoking Levels?
• What Causes Psychological Stress?
• Does Prolonged Stress Increase the Likelihood of a Stroke?
• Can Music Therapy Improve Stress Anxiety?
• Does Emotional Intelligence Buffer the Effects of Acute Stress?
• Whether Stress Have Any Effect on the Productivity of Employees in an Organization?
• Can Simulated Green Exercise Improve Recovery From Acute Mental Stress?
• Can Social Support Alleviate Stress While Shopping in Crowded Retail Environments?
• Can the Attention Training Technique Reduce Stress in Students?
• Are Certain Personalities More Prone to Stress?
• Can Stress Trigger Diseases?
• Does Acute Stress Impact Declarative and Procedural Learning?
• Does Prenatal Stress Shape Postnatal Resilience?
• Are Quebecers More Stressed Out at Work Than Others?
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2024, February 29). 420 Stress Essay Topic Ideas & Examples. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/stress-essay-examples/

"420 Stress Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." IvyPanda , 29 Feb. 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/topic/stress-essay-examples/.

IvyPanda . (2024) '420 Stress Essay Topic Ideas & Examples'. 29 February.

IvyPanda . 2024. "420 Stress Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 29, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/stress-essay-examples/.

1. IvyPanda . "420 Stress Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 29, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/stress-essay-examples/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "420 Stress Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 29, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/stress-essay-examples/.

• Stress Management Paper Topics
• Anxiety Essay Topics
• Mental Disorder Essay Topics
• Burnout Questions
• Developmental Psychology Essay Ideas
• Mental Health Essay Ideas
• Emotional Development Questions
• Mental Illness Research Topics
• Human Development Research Ideas
• Abnormal Psychology Paper Topics
• Cognitive Development Essay Ideas
• Depression Essay Topics
• Health Promotion Research Topics
• Mindfulness Research Ideas
• Positive Psychology Titles

• Mental Health

Why Zero Stress Shouldn’t Be Your Goal

H ow many times have you heard that squashing stress is crucial for good health? Stress has become such a wellness buzzword that the quest to get rid of it can feel, well, stressful. But stress isn’t always the enemy. In fact, research suggests some is actually good for you , with potential benefits ranging from enhanced brain function to healthier aging .

In recent decades, some people have grown overly fearful of stress, concluding that it's "the most horrible thing that can happen to you," says Daniela Kaufer, a professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley. But “it’s a much more complex story," she says. "Stress is a vital, required response.”

What is stress, anyway?

For one thing, it’s ubiquitous: research suggests people feel at least some stress on up to 90% of their days. But what’s actually going on in your body when you’re dealing with family drama or work deadlines?

In a high-stakes situation, your brain directs the adrenal glands to release hormones including adrenaline, causing physiological changes throughout the body that lead to the sweaty palms, fast breathing, and racing heart many people experience when they’re under pressure. The body also releases oxytocin , or the "bonding hormone," during times of stress.

When stress festers for a long time, unaddressed, it’s linked to mental and physical health issues, even raising your risk for chronic conditions like heart disease . But in an immediate sense, a stress response is vital. It can help you power through a hard time or even escape physical danger. And, when acute stress is managed well, it can set you up for better health and well-being in the future.

How stress improves health

In toxicology, there’s a phenomenon known as “hormesis,” which describes substances that are beneficial at low doses but dangerous at high doses. Assaf Oshri, an associate professor of human development and family science at the University of Georgia, has applied that concept to his research on adversity , demonstrating that it works in largely the same way.

Chronic stress, as well as stress resulting from highly traumatic experiences, can be damaging—but moderate amounts of stress can benefit the body and mind, improving cognitive function and boosting resilience , according to Oshri's work. In studies on rats , Kaufer has also demonstrated that acute stress may help the brain work better and prime animals for better reactions next time they encounter stressors.

“ Resilience is a process. It’s not a trait,” Oshri says. “It emerges from your interactions with the environment.” If people aren’t exposed to any stress, he says, they may not build up that resilience muscle. If they’re exposed to too much—or to particularly traumatic forms, like abuse or discrimination—their well-being may suffer. But there seems to be a sweet spot in between, where stress fortifies psychological health and helps people bounce back from difficult situations. (Exactly where that sweet spot is may vary from person to person, Oshri says.)

Even physical health can benefit from some level of stress. Exercising is, at its core, a process of putting stress on the body so it can grow stronger. And some studies also show that short-term stress exposure boosts immune function.

How you deal with stress matters

It’s not just the amount of pressure you’re under that influences well-being; it’s also how you respond to it. Studies have shown that people who believe they can learn and grow from hard experiences fare better during challenging times, as opposed to those who view stressors as completely negative.

Still, it’s okay—even healthy—to be a little rattled by life’s curveballs. A 2024 study found that there’s a “Goldilocks zone” when it comes to emotional responses to stress. People who tend to have either extremely strong or extremely weak reactions to challenging situations are at increased risk of poor health and well-being, explains co-author Jonathan Rush, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Victoria in Canada. People in the middle, who respond a little but not too much, tend to be healthiest, he says.

“One of the main purposes of having emotions is that they alert us to things in our environment” so we can deal with them appropriately, Rush says. Blocking out your emotions entirely is akin to ignoring a leaky faucet in your bathroom: “eventually,” Rush says, “you’re going to have a flood in your home.”

Mindfulness practices like yoga and meditation can help people cultivate a balance between going off and shutting down in the face of stress, Rush says. Mindfulness isn’t about ignoring negative feelings, but rather acknowledging them so you can manage them in healthier ways, he explains.

Leaning on loved ones during tough times is important too, Kaufer adds, since social support can serve as a buffer against the negative effects of stress and trauma. And if you can, she says, remind yourself that stress is a difficult but necessary part of life.

“You can’t choose exactly what happens to you, but you can choose your response in the moment,” Kaufer says. “Having the idea that you can overcome things, you can grow from things, whatever happens you will have a path forward”—that’s what matters most.

More Must-Reads From TIME

• Why We're Spending So Much Money Now
• The Fight to Free Evan Gershkovich
• Meet the 2024 Women of the Year
• John Kerry's Next Move
• The Quiet Work Trees Do for the Planet
• Breaker Sunny Choi Is Heading to Paris
• Column: The Internet Made Romantic Betrayal Even More Devastating
• Want Weekly Recs on What to Watch, Read, and More? Sign Up for Worth Your Time

Write to Jamie Ducharme at [email protected]

You May Also Like

Appointments at Mayo Clinic

• Stress management

Stress symptoms: Effects on your body and behavior

Stress symptoms may be affecting your health, even though you might not know it. You may blame sickness for that annoying headache, your sleeping troubles, feeling unwell or your lack of focus at work. But stress may really be the cause.

Common effects of stress

Stress symptoms can affect your body, your thoughts and feelings, and your behavior. Knowing common stress symptoms can help you manage them. Stress that's not dealt with can lead to many health problems, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, obesity and diabetes.

Act to manage stress

If you have stress symptoms, taking steps to manage your stress can have many health benefits. Check out many possible stress management tips. For example:

• Get regular physical activity on most days of the week.
• Practice relaxation techniques. Try deep breathing, meditation, yoga, tai chi or massage.
• Keep a sense of humor.
• Spend time with family and friends.
• Set aside time for hobbies. Read a book, listen to music or go for a walk. Schedule time for your passions.
• Write in a journal.
• Get enough sleep.
• Eat a healthy, balanced diet.
• Stay away from tobacco and alcohol use, and use of illegal substances.

Aim to find active ways to manage your stress. Idle ways to manage stress that don't get you moving may seem relaxing. But they may make your stress go up over time. Examples are watching television, going on the internet or playing video games.

When to ask for help

If you're not sure if stress is the cause, or if you've taken steps to control your stress but you keep having symptoms, see your health care provider. Your health care provider may want to check for other potential causes. Or think about seeing a counselor or therapist, who can help you find the sources of your stress and learn new coping tools. And if you are concerned about harming yourself, call 911 or a suicide hotline.

Also, get emergency help right away if you have chest pain, especially if you also have shortness of breath; jaw, back, shoulder or arm pain; sweating; dizziness; or nausea. These may be warning signs of a heart attack and not simply stress symptoms.

There is a problem with information submitted for this request. Review/update the information highlighted below and resubmit the form.

From Mayo Clinic to your inbox

Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. Click here for an email preview.

Error Email field is required

Error Include a valid email address

To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could include protected health information. If we combine this information with your protected health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of privacy practices. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the e-mail.

Thank you for subscribing!

You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox.

Sorry something went wrong with your subscription

Please, try again in a couple of minutes

• How stress affects your health. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/stress. Accessed Jan. 25, 2023.
• Stress and your health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.womenshealth.gov/mental-health/good-mental-health/stress-and-your-health. Accessed Jan. 24, 2023.
• Manage stress. Healthfinder.gov. http://healthfinder.gov/healthtopics/population/men/mental-health-and-relationships/manage-stress. Accessed Jan. 25, 2023.
• Warning signs of a heart attack. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/warning-signs-of-a-heart-attack#.VsZCDtj2bIU. Accessed Jan. 25, 2023.
• Seaward BL. Essentials of Managing Stress. 5th ed. Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2021.
• Creagan ET (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. Feb. 14, 2023.

Products and Services

• A Book: Live Younger Longer
• A Book: Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure
• A Book: Mayo Clinic Book of Home Remedies
• A Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition
• Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter — Digital Edition
• Stress and your health
• Headaches and stress
• Stress hair loss

Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission.

• Opportunities

Mayo Clinic Press

Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press .

• Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press Mayo Clinic on Incontinence
• The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press The Essential Diabetes Book
• Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance
• FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment
• Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book
• Healthy Lifestyle
• Stress symptoms Effects on your body and behavior

Your gift holds great power – donate today!

Make your tax-deductible gift and be a part of the cutting-edge research and care that's changing medicine.

Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Stress — Narrative Essay On Stress

Narrative Essay on Stress

• Categories: Discrimination Stress

About this sample

Words: 716 |

Published: Mar 14, 2024

Words: 716 | Pages: 2 | 4 min read

Cite this Essay

Let us write you an essay from scratch

• 450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help
• Custom essay delivered in as few as 3 hours

Get high-quality help

Verified writer

• Expert in: Social Issues Nursing & Health

+ 120 experts online

By clicking “Check Writers’ Offers”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy . We’ll occasionally send you promo and account related email

No need to pay just yet!

Related Essays

2 pages / 931 words

3 pages / 1301 words

6 pages / 2564 words

2 pages / 978 words

Remember! This is just a sample.

You can get your custom paper by one of our expert writers.

121 writers online

Still can’t find what you need?

Browse our vast selection of original essay samples, each expertly formatted and styled

Related Essays on Stress

In today's fast-paced and demanding world, stress has become a common experience for many college students. The pressures of academic life, maintaining social relationships, and preparing for the future can all contribute to [...]

Psychopathology refers to the study of mental disorders and the factors that contribute to their development. Understanding the causes and development of psychopathology is crucial for effective prevention and intervention [...]

American Heart Association. (2018, April 4). Stress and Heart Health. American Heart Association. https://www.sleepeducation.org/sleep-topics/stress-and-sleep

Adolescence is a pivotal period in an individual's life, marked by significant physical, emotional, and psychological changes. It is a time of transition from childhood to adulthood and is often accompanied by a myriad of [...]

For many people, a low-grade amount of stress is a part of everyday life. So, they may not recognize that it has a negative impact on their overall health. Studies have shown that feeling stress or anxiety on a long-term basis [...]

Child rearing is incredibly stressful. Adding school to a mother’s busy life increases stress levels immensely. So, why add school to an already stressful life? Moms want what is best for their children, thus maybe they return [...]

Related Topics

By clicking “Send”, you agree to our Terms of service and Privacy statement . We will occasionally send you account related emails.

Where do you want us to send this sample?

By clicking “Continue”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy.

Be careful. This essay is not unique

This essay was donated by a student and is likely to have been used and submitted before

Download this Sample

Free samples may contain mistakes and not unique parts

Sorry, we could not paraphrase this essay. Our professional writers can rewrite it and get you a unique paper.

Please check your inbox.

We can write you a custom essay that will follow your exact instructions and meet the deadlines. Let's fix your grades together!

Get Your Personalized Essay in 3 Hours or Less!

We use cookies to personalyze your web-site experience. By continuing we’ll assume you board with our cookie policy .

• Instructions Followed To The Letter
• Deadlines Met At Every Stage
• Unique And Plagiarism Free

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• SAGE - PMC COVID-19 Collection

COVID-19 Pandemic and Stress: Coping with the New Normal

Anjana bhattacharjee.

1 Dept. of Psychology, Tripura University, Suryamani Nagar, Tripura, India

Tatini Ghosh

COVID-19 is the new face of pandemic. Since the discovery of COVID-19 in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, it has spread all over the world and the numbers are increasing day by day. Anyone can be susceptible to this infection but children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with comorbidity are more vulnerable. The spread of coronavirus resulted in closures of schools, businesses, and public spaces worldwide and forced many communities to enact stay at home orders, causing stress to all irrespective of their age, gender, or socioeconomic status. The sudden and unexpected changes caused by the outbreak of coronavirus are overwhelming for both adults and children, causing stress and evoking negative emotions like fear, anxiety, and depression, among different populations. The aim of the paper is to ascertain how stress during this pandemic inculcates various psychological health issues like depression anxiety, OCD, panic behavior, and so on. Further, the paper is an attempt to identify different general as well as population specific coping strategies to reduce the stress level among individuals and prevent various stress-induced psychological disorders with reference to different theories and research articles.

COVID-19, also known as coronavirus disease, is a severe respiratory disease first discovered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Since then, it has spread globally. The World Health Organization declared it a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern” on the 30 th of January 2020. There were more than 365,000 confirmed cases worldwide by October 2020 ( World Health Organization, 2020 ). According to report by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (2021), since the inception of COVID-19 in India, there were more than 10,130,000 cases till february 2021. Even though vaccination has started in India and many parts of the world, the COVID-19 cases are still increasing day by day. The common symptoms of coronavirus are fever, cough, shortness of breath, and in some cases no symptoms at all. Anyone can be susceptible to this infection but children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with comorbidity are more vulnerable to this virus ( World Health Organization, 2020 ; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 2020 ).

According to the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences ( NIMHANS, 2020 ) the sudden lockdown and restricted mobility, along with isolation and social distancing during the starting of the pandemic, has caused stress, boredom, irritation, adjustment disorder, frustration and aggressive behavior. The sudden drastic change in known usual life acted as a gateway for increasing mental illness. A study shows that any severe epidemic or outbreak in society generally has severe negative effects on the society as well on the lives of humans ( Dodgen et al., 2002 ).

The unexpected outbreak of COVID-19 and its related consequences are causing severe changes in our lifestyle. These sudden changes can be overwhelming for both adults and children causing stress and evoking negative emotions like stress, fear, anxiety, depression among different populations. Several studies stated that the most prevalent mental health issues reported during the pandemic are stress, anxiety, fear, anger, insomnia, and denial. These issues were seen among different population groups ranging from children to older people, frontline workers, and people with pre-existing physical and mental health issues ( Roy et al., 2020 ; Torales et al., 2020 ). Different studies found that stress, anxiety, and depression coincide with the COVID-19 pandemic and due to the ongoing pandemic, there is an increase in the prevalence rate of these mental health issues around the globe ( Mohindra et al., 2020 ; Xiao et al., 2020 ).

A study comprising of 113,285 participants from India, China, Spain, Italy, and Iran revealed that among this surveyed population, the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 20%, 35%, and 53%, respectively, during the pandemic and it seems to be increasing day by day ( Lakhan et al., 2020 ). A similar study found prevalence of post-traumatic stress among the general population has increased from 23.88% to 24.84% during the pandemic ( Cooke et al., 2020 ). A study on racial and ethnic disparity of stress and other mental health conditions during COVID-19 showed that Hispanic adults have four times higher prevalence of psychological stress and mental health issues than any other ethnic groups in the United States, along with increases in substance use and suicidal ideation ( McKnight-Eily et al., 2021 ). Wu et al. (2020) reported in a study that life stress, especially stress associated with uncertainty, has led to mental health disorders. The higher the level of perceived uncertainty stress, the greater the prevalence of mental health disorders. The study further found that the prevalence of mental health disorders due to the COVID-19 pandemic was 22.8%.

Abbott (2021) investigated stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its related consequences and found that there is an increase in prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression in the U.S. population from 11% to 42% due to this pandemic. The surge in stress among people is also during the rise of new COVID-19 covariant cases. A recent study showed an association between high level of stress, anxiety, and sleep disturbance and the period of social distancing ( Esteves et al., 2021 ).

Currently, several vaccines are being produced and vaccination has started, resulting in the discontinuation of lockdown orders in most countries. Educational institutions and workplaces are reopening and people are returning to the new normal life, maintaining social distancing. Recently Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2021) reported a sudden surge during December 2020 in COVID-19 cases all over the world, due to a new covariant of COVID-19 virus that was first, testified by the Government of United Kingdom (UK) to World Health Organization (WHO). The new variants are reported to be more infectious and spread more easily among people. This is again aggravating the situation and increasing stress in people even after being vaccinated due to excessive fear and uncertainty.

The objectives of this article are two-fold. First it explores how stress plays a significant role in increasing the number of mental health problems during this pandemic. Second, it tries to identify different general as well as population specific coping mechanisms for dealing with this stressful situation with reference to different theories (both on stress and coping) and research articles.

Methodology

This paper reviews secondary data available through conceptual models, various past journals, research papers, and other useful websites related to coronavirus pandemic and its psychological effect on people. Finally, the paper extensively reviews different articles related to psycho-social coping mechanisms to reduce stress level among individuals.

When conducting this review research, related articles were focused on and keywords like “coronavirus,” “coronavirus and mental health,” “COVID-19,” “stress,” “psychological disorder,” and “coping strategies” were used. In order to identify articles that focused on specific terms like, “stress,” “pandemic and mental health,” “depression,” “anxiety,” “post-traumatic stress disorder,” and other related terms were used. The databases that were used for identifying related articles were Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), and various other journals. Figure 1

PRISM diagram of systematic literature review process.

The systematic review started with 1137 articles, which were screened and reviewed and some were removed on different grounds. Finally, 106 articles were selected for the review article based on aims and objectives of the paper. The selection process of different articles is shown in the following PRISM flow chart. Finally, conclusions have been made on the basis of findings from different reviewed articles. Figure 2

Table showing discussion.

Theories of Stress

Hans selye’s theory.

In the year of 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, Han Selye elaborated on the Walter Cannon’s theory of fight-or-flight reaction to stress and named it general adaptation syndrome (GAS). In this theory, Han Selye explained GAS as a physiological reaction to stress consisting of three stage reactions, namely: alarm reaction stage, resistance stage, and exhaustion stage ( Selye, 1956 ). When a person faces a stressful situation, alarm reaction stage is initiated. During this stage the body prepares itself for fight-or-flight reaction and makes the necessary physiological changes in body. If the stressor persists, the body progress to the second stage (the resistance stage), where the body reacts in an opposite way of alarm reaction and tries to repair the body from any damage. If the stressor still continues, in the third stage (exhaustion stage), the body’s energy is depleted and the person succumbs to various mental and physical health issues caused by the extreme stress. Selye (1991) further stated that prolonged exposure to extreme stress can cause mental and physical illness, or even death.

The transactional model of Stress

The transactional model of stress developed by Lazarus and Folkman (1984) explained that the feeling of stress is cumulative in nature. The amount of stress we experience is the result of our thoughts, feelings, emotions, and behaviors attached with our evaluation of our external and internal demands. When the demands of the external and internal environment exceed the resources we possess, it causes stress. If the situational demands are more than that of the available resources, it causes stress in multiple ways: acute, episodic or intermittent, and chronic, which further result in physical and mental dysfunction.

Conservation of resources (COR) theory

This theory ( Hobfoll, 1989 ) proposed a framework of stress and what resources are needed to be conserved for physical and mental well-being, in the face of stressors. According to COR theory, the primary motive of human beings is to conserve resources and tools that would help to maintain their overall well-being. COR states that there are four primary kinds of resources (e.g., objects, conditions, personal characteristics, and energies) that help in fostering and protecting well-being. It proposes that individuals lacking in resources will be more vulnerable to experience stress and those with abundant resources will be resilient to stress ( Hobfoll et al., 1996 ).

Holmes and Rahe’s model of stress

Holmes and Rahe’s (1967) developed a model of stress associated with major life changes, which cause stress and ultimately may result in illness. The model states that there is a positive correlation between stress inducing major life changes and illness. In other words, with an increase in major life events, there is greater likelihood of developing subsequent illness.

Stress-disease model

According to the stress-disease model by Kagan and Levi (1971) , there are several components explain how stress can lead to disease. First, stressors or stressful situations (both social or psychological stressors), second, the individual psychobiological programming (genetic and predisposing factors, learning, and previous experiences), third, how an individual reacts to stress. When the three components work together, it leads to the fourth component, that is, precursors of disease, which ultimately leads to the final outcome which is physical illness. This model explains how different physiological pathways can act as a mediator between stress and physical illness/disease ( Levi & Kagan, 1971 ).

Stress-Induced Mental Health Problems During COVID-19

Humans are social animals and it is a human tendency to establish social interactions with others. Due to COVID-19, our social interactions have been cut down, thus resulting in psychological distress ( Usher et al., 2020 ). Brodeur et al. (2004) revealed that the pandemic is severely affecting our mental health and there is an increase in web searches for loneliness, anxiety, depression, suicide, and divorce. Similarly, other studies also showed that epidemic and post-epidemic situations can cause psychological problems like stress, anxiety, and stigma as well as long lasting effects like post-traumatic stress symptoms and physical conditions like migraines and headaches ( Bhugra, 2004 ; Brooks et al., 2020 ; Cheng et al., 2004 ; Duan & Zhu, 2020 ; Fan et al., 2015 ). Post-traumatic stress disorder is a serious concern in the times of the COVID-19 pandemic, and females were found to be more prone psychological problems ( Alshehri et al., 2020 ; Bridgland et al., 2021 ).

In a recent study, Dubey et al. (2020) revealed that the current pandemic situation has not only affected the health of people but also badly affected the economy of the country. It has caused fear amongst people, which they have termed as “coronaphobia.” Many studies have revealed that stress, anxiety, fear, depression, and other psychological disorders are very commonly experienced during pandemic situations. The pandemic stress has a devastating effect on mental health ( Kumar & Nayar, 2021 ; Montano & Acebes, 2020 ; Van Bortel et al., 2016 ). Many studies over the past few decades proved that the impact of psychological stress is harmful for the immune system and the body’s response to vaccines, and these findings are applicable for COVID-19 vaccine as well ( Madison et al., 2021 ; Xiang et al., 2020 ).

A study by Shrilatha and Durga (2020) revealed that during this pandemic there was a rise in the use of social media and smartphones to is more than four hours a day, and the most used app was found to be WHATSAPP . Along with the increase in social media use, the use of other apps like ZOOM and HOUSE PARTY are also increasing since people are working from home ( Chanchani & Mishra, 2020 ). Even though social media helps in connecting with others from home, still there is a big disadvantage to it. During the coronavirus pandemic, social media is overloaded with misinformation and rumors that create more stress, fear, and panic among all ( Kumar & Nayar, 2021 ). Fear of COVID-19 due to misinformation results in the spread of maladaptive, obsessive-compulsive behaviors. Fear of contamination and regular washing of hands are common symptoms of OCD. Stress during COVID-19 and unavailability of proper treatment and therapy can lead to initiation and maintenance of OCD ( Adams et al., 2018 ).

The study of Kashif et al. (2020) revealed that along with the spike in screen usage, there has been a spike in cyber-crime during the coronavirus period. It has been further reported that personal data have also been stolen and hacked. Similar studies showed that there has been an increase in the number of cyber-crimes and cyber frauds since the first case of coronavirus in China and cyber fraud can lead to fear, panic, and stress ( Gross et al., 2016 ; Lallie et al., 2020 ). At such critical times, when hard earned money is lost, it can cause mental distress that may further develop severe psychological disorders. Hence financial loss and hardships can lead to psychological distress ( Bradshaw & Ellison, 2020 ).

Increased stress also plays a key role in substance abuse and addiction ( Sinha, 2001 ), and the stress, anxiety, and increased isolation lead people to indulge in use of psychoactive substances (like smoking, drugs, and alcohol drinking) and other substance dependent behaviors (like excessive use of social media, online gaming, and pornography). This results in substance abuse disorders during the pandemic ( Clay & Parker, 2020 ; Columb et al., 2020 ).

According to the WHO (2020) , due to the current pandemic and related measures taken to control it like social distancing, lockdown, etc., there has been a rise in the hazardous use of alcohol and drug, as well as suicidal ideation and attempts. Similarly, studies by Cheung et al. (2008) and Gardner et al. (2020) showed that pandemics can increase the rate of suicide among older adults. Not only isolation and loneliness but also death of a near one from COVID-19 are also risk factors for the suicidal ideation of an individual ( Sahoo et al., 2020 ). Figure 3

Summary of review on stress induced mental health problems during COVID-19.

Theories of Coping

Haan’s model of coping, defense, and fragmentation.

Norma Haan (1963) proposed a triarchic model of coping and described how the ego processes different stressors of daily life by using coping, defense, and fragmentation. She proposed in her model that “ego process” is a psychological approach in dealing with the stressors of daily life, which ultimately helps in sustaining a realistic connection with the self and the environment ( Haan, 1969 ). Haan (1993) defined three ways of dealing with stressors: coping, defense, and fragmentation. Coping is an effort to overcome the hardships of life by reaching out and within self for resources. Defense is an unconscious mechanism that greatly helps in reducing anxiety from harmful stimuli. Fragmentation is a method to adapt or accept failure when the stress is too extreme to handle/cope and may result in psychotic behavior. Thus, by controlling belief or behavior (defense), an individual can cope with the stressors, whereas when coping or defense fails, fragmentation occurs ( Haan, 1977 ).

Lazarus and Folkman’s theory of coping

Lazarus and Folkman propounded a theory of coping with stress ( Folkman & Lazarus, 1885 , 1991 ; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984 ), and the theory emphasized how coping transactionally interacts with cognition and emotion. According to the theory ( Lazarus & Folkman, 1987 ), there are two types of coping, namely: problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. Problem-focused coping deals with focusing with the problem, planning, and taking action and steps proactively about the problem, which may include gathering resources, seeking social support, or taking action to change or to overcome the problematic situation. On the contrary, emotion-focused coping deals with focusing more on the emotions, while dealing and managing the emotions caused due to the stressors. Emotions can be dealt by meditation, yoga, venting out frustrations, focusing on the positive, etc. Folkman (2013) explained that coping involves resorting to both cognitive and behavioral responses to manage the internal and external stressors.

The Hardiness Theory

Kobasa (1979) had defined hardiness as a personality type that helps in overcoming stress related illness. Hardiness is a general feeling of being satisfied with the environment. Maddi and Kobasa’s (1984) , hardiness theory of coping emphasizes that a hardy person would view stressful or challenging situations as a meaningful and interesting situation and an opportunity for personal growth. Such kind of outlook towards challenges helps people to remain healthy during stress. According to the theory, there are three ways to adhere to hardiness as coping: First, “controlling” the beliefs that can influence their environment; second, “commitment” and deep involvement in their tasks and duties; third, viewing “challenges” as an opportunity for growth and working for it.

The sense of coherence theory

Sense of coherence (SOC) ( Antonovsky, 1987 ) refers to a coping technique to deal with life stressors and emotional distress. It a feeling of confidence that both internal and external environment are predictable. According to the sense of coherence theory, there are three elements that are necessary for coping with daily life stressors: comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness. People with weak SOC have a pessimistic outlook that things will go wrong in the end, whereas people with strong SOC have a good understanding of life and anticipate that all will turn good in the end. By successfully applying the elements of coherency, it is possible to cope with stress without hampering the physical health.

Stress and coping social support theory

The stress and coping social support theory by Cohen and Wills (1985) explained that social support acts as a coping method that protects the people from the stresses of life and the harmful physical effect of stressors. The theory further suggests that social support promotes adaptive appraisal and coping techniques in dealing with stressful events ( Thoits, 2010 ). According to Glanz et al. (2015) there are four types of social support that assist in coping with stress: emotional support comprising love, care, understanding; information support referring to information, guidance, and counseling; appraisal support referring to providing evaluative help; and finally, instrumental support referring to the physical or action-oriented help.

Suggestive Coping Strategies (General and Specific) During Pandemic

General psycho-social coping techniques.

According to various reports by International and National Institutes, like Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, 2021 ; National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), 2020 and World Health Organization, 2020 , different psychological coping strategies have been suggested to reduce stress levels among individuals and to prevent various psychological disorders. COVID-19 has increased people's psychological burden and caused severe stress, which has challenged the resilience and coping ability to overcome hardships ( Polizzi et al., 2020 ). So, it is very requisite of the moment to foster and practice some psycho-social coping strategies to overcome stresses associated with COVID-19.

• 1. Psycho-education refers to educating people about various psychological disorders and their consequences. A study showed that psycho-education has helped people to deal with psychological disorders more successfully than those who were not given psycho-education ( Vieta, 2005 ).
• 2. Acceptance is an important coping mechanism to deal with stressors. If acceptance of the prevailing circumstances is not there, then it can lead to a negative coping strategy known as denial, which is very dangerous. In denial, the person will not follow any guidelines and it may affect others as well. One study shows that acceptance is a good way to cope with stressors and their harmful physical effects ( Lindsay et al., 2018 ).
• 3. Practice Positive Thinking. One negative thought leads to another and it creates a chain reaction of negative thoughts. To break this cycle, positive thinking practice should be adopted. Positive thinking refers to the process of focusing on positive emotions and positive behavioral habits. One study on positive thinking shows that it helps in coping with stress, anxiety, and other psychological disorders as well ( Naseem & Khalid, 2010 ).
• 4. Cognitive redefinition is a psychological coping strategy to redefine or change the way we see, perceive, and feel about any situation or events. Instead of perceiving this current pandemic situation as something very stressful, cognitive redefining can help in perceiving this as time to reconnect with family and to indulge in creative activities and self-care. One study shows that cognitive redefinition or change in mindset is helpful in dealing with stressful situations ( Crum et al., 2013 ).
• 5. Limiting Social Media and News. According to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, too much information and news about the COVID-19 pandemic can be overwhelming and upsetting, and it can cause panic among the people. So, it has been suggested to limit social media use and listening/reading news about the current pandemic situation. It has also been suggested by WHO to read about it from trusted sources only, as, factual information can help lessen fear and panic.
• 6. Proper Sleep Hygiene. The current pandemic situation is very crucial for everyone and it is very important to be biologically fit so as to reduce the risk of COVID-19 and its associated issues. Studies proved that having proper sleep hygiene can help in dealing with stress, anxiety, mood disturbances, and other mental health problems associated with the current pandemic ( Jakupcak et al., 2020 ; Thoits, 2010 ).
• 7. Physical Fitness. It has been reported that regular physical exercise not only boosts physical health but also helps in mental health by reducing stress, anxiety, and depression. It would be helpful to do regular physical exercises at home during this pandemic to stay fit both physically and mentally ( Altena et al., 2020 ; Muraki et al., 1993 ; Sunder et al., 2020 ).
• 8. Spending Time on Hobbies. Currently, we are either locked at home or have restricted mobility due to the pandemic situation. So, there is an immense amount of time for us at home now. We can utilize the time by indulging in various activities like cooking, painting, gardening, etc. One study shows that people who indulges in hobbies in their leisure time are less likely to have mental health issues than those who do not have hobbies ( Jeoung et al., 2013 ). Reports by NIMHANS advised people to indulge in various activities so as to distract themselves from the constant worrying about the situation.
• 9. Work life Balance. During the current COVID-19 outbreak when many people are working from home to avoid contamination, it has become very important to maintain work–life balance. Work–life balance is the process of maintaining a proper balance between work and other activities of daily life in a way that one does not hamper the other. Studies also prove that maintaining a proper work life balance boosts positive mental health and reduces anxiety and depression among employees ( LaBrie et al., 2010 ).
• 10. Healthy Daily Routine. Day-to-day routines have been disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic, and it negatively hampers our both physical and mental health. Various reports show that unhealthy life styles impede our physical and mental health whereas healthy lifestyle like eating healthy, getting enough sleep, focusing on positive thoughts, etc. can boost healthy mind and body ( Haar et al., 2014 ; Takeda et al., 2015 ).
• 11. Mindfulness Practice. Mindfulness refers to the state of physical and mental awareness of a person, without being affected by the surroundings. There are various mindfulness techniques like meditation, physical exercise, yoga, guiding imagery and spiritual practices. Studies also show that mindfulness practices help in dealing with mental and emotional disorders and also boost physical health ( Call et al., 2014 ; Koenig, 2010 ; Mayo Clinic, 2020 ; Melnyk et al., 2006 ).
• 12. Following Government Guidelines. It is being advised all the time to follow the Government guidelines to curb the COVID-19 outbreak. Some of the guidelines by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India suggest to maintain social distancing, wear face coverings whenever outside, wash hands using soap regularly and avoid public gathering.
• 13. Professional Help. Urgent professional help has to be sought if the person is not able to deal with the sudden life changes and if it is severely hampering their physical and mental health. If people are suffering from any kind of physical and emotional disorder, professional help like consulting a psychologist, counselor, or psychiatrist is advisable ( Wang et al., 2020 ).
• 14. Avoid Stigmatization. There has been negative attitudes and stigma about mental health exist. Due to stigma attached to mental health and mental health care providers, people hesitate to express their mental turmoil or stress, which further leads to serious psychological conditions. So, it is suggested to avoid stigmatizing mental health or mental health professionals and seek help whenever needed ( Yang, 2007 ).
• 15. Good Social Support. Studies reveal that people who have good social support are less likely to have any psychological disorders. People with good social networking will have less or no depression, suicidal thoughts, or suicidal risk in the future ( Duan & Zhu, 2020 ). So, it is important to have good social support during this pandemic situation and to stay connected with family or friends through various online mediums.

Specific coping techniques

Besides the above-mentioned general coping strategies, which are suggested for everyone irrespective of any sociodemographic differences to cope up with a stressful life, there are certain coping techniques that are being followed by people belonging to specific age, gender, and community.

• • Age Specific Coping. People of different age groups face different levels of stress, and hence, their coping techniques are different as well ( Paykel, 1983 ). Cognitive behavior therapy seems to help in reducing PTSD, stress, depression, and anxiety among youth during periods of crisis and improves resilience ( Chen et al., 2014 ) whereas, avoidant coping seems to escalate PTSD ( McGregor et al., 2015 ). Youth also seem to apply approach coping and habitual coping styles ( Steiner et al., 2002 ); active coping followed by social coping and avoidant coping style (Brown et al., 2015). Further studies revealed that older adults seem to prefer problem-focused coping in terms of stressful events ( Chen et al., 2017 ); proactive coping ( Pearman et al., 2021 ); adaptive and active strategies of coping ( Kuria, 2012 ).
• • Gender Specific Coping. Several studies have reported gender-differences in terms of coping strategies ( Matud, 2004 ; Ptacek et al., 1994 ). Men seem to resort to approach coping style (Gan et al., 2009), problem-focused approach ( Sinha & Latha, 2018 ; Tolor & Fehon, 1987 ), rational, detachment and rumination coping style ( Matud, 2004) , and cognitive hardiness ( Beasley et al., 2003 ), whereas women are found to use emotion-focused coping style ( Loukzadeh & Mazloom Bafrooi, 2013 ; Manna et al., 2007 ), avoidance coping style followed by approach coping style ( Gan et al., 2009 ), planned-breather leisure coping method ( Tsaur & Tang, 2012 ), active coping strategies ( Lin, 2016 ), and social support ( Linnabery et al., 2014 ).
• • Community Specific Coping. There are variations in the use of coping strategies based on community and racial differences. White Americans are found to use approach behavior coping style, whereas African-Americans are more likely to use avoidance cognitive coping style ( Anshel et al., 2009 ). Similarly, African-American young adults were found to resort to avoidance coping style in comparison to White young adults, who prefer problem-focused coping ( Van Gundy et al., 2015 ). White women seem to use a self-directing coping style, whereas African-American women more often use religious coping ( Ark et al., 2006 ).

COVID-19 is the new face of the pandemic, and it has put the whole world into a pause. It has become a threat to the entire civilization. The COVID-19 pandemic not only affects physical health but also severely affects the mental health of people, whether infected or not. Nationwide lockdowns, social isolation, and restricted mobility have increased the prevalence of mental health problems, and people all over the world are suffering from loneliness, feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, anxiety, stress, and adjustment disorder. Not only these, dependency on social media and alcohol and other psychoactive substances has increased, which further raises the incidents of domestic violence or intimate partner violence. So, healthcare providers should give attention to both physical and psychological well-being of the people. Hence, it is the need of the hour to follow all the physical measures suggested by the healthcare professionals to prevent COVID-19, along with practicing psycho-social coping strategies for better quality of life and overall sound health and well-being of the individual.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Tatini Ghosh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7221-9381

• Abbott A. (2021). COVID's mental-health toll: how scientists are tracking a surge in depression . Nature , 590 , 194–195. 10.1038/d41586-021-00175-z. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Adams T. G., Kelmendi B., Brake C. A., Gruner P., Badour C. L., Pittenger C. (2018). The role of stress in the pathogenesis and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder . Chronic Stress , 2 , 2470547018758043. 10.1177/2470547018758043. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Alshehri F. S., Alatawi Y., Alghamdi B. S., Alhifany A. A., Alharbi A. (2020). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia . Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal , 28 ( 12 ), 1666–1673. 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.10.013. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Altena E., Baglioni C., Espie C. A., Ellis J., Gavriloff D., Holzinger B., Schlarb A., Frase L., Jernelöv S., Riemann D. (2020). Dealing with sleep problems during home confinementdue to the COVID‐19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT‐I Academy . Journal of Sleep Research , 29 ( 4 ), e13052. 10.1111/jsr.13052. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Anshel M. H., Sutarso T., Jubenville C. (2009). Racial and gender differences on sources of acute stress and coping style among competitive athletes . The Journal of Social Psychology , 149 ( 2 ), 159–178. 10.3200/socp.149.2.159-178. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Antonovsky A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health: How people manage stress and stay well : Jossey-Bass. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1987-97506-000 . [ Google Scholar ]
• Ark P. D., Hull P. C., Husaini B. A., Craun C. (2006). Religiosity, religious coping styles, and health service use: racial differences among elderly women . Journal of Gerontological Nursing , 32 ( 8 ), 20–29. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16915743/ . [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Beasley M., Thompson T., Davidson J. (2003). Resilience in response to life stress: the effects of coping style and cognitive hardiness . Personality and Individual Differences , 34 ( 1 ), 77–95. 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00027-2. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Bhugra D. (2004). Migration and mental health . Acta Psychiatricascandinavica , 109 ( 4 ), 243–258. 10.1046/j.0001-690x.2003.00246.x. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Bradshaw M., Ellison C. G. (20201982). Financial hardship and psychological distress: Exploring the buffering effects of religion . Social Science & Medicine , 71 ( 1 ), 196–204. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.015. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Bridgland V. M. E., Moeck E. K., Green D. M., Swain T. L., Nayda D. M., Matson L. A., Hutchison N. P., Takarangi M. K. T. (2021). Why the COVID-19 pandemic is a traumatic stressor . Plos One , 16 ( 1 ), e0240146. 10.1371/journal.pone.0240146. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Brodeur A., Clark A. E., Fleche S., Powdthavee N. (2004). Assessing the impact of the coronavirus lockdown on unhappiness, loneliness, and boredom using Google Trends . arXiv preprint arXiv:.12129 https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.12129 .
• Brooks S. K., Webster R. K., Smith L. E., Woodland L., Wessely S., Greenberg N., Rubin G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence . Lancet , 395 ( 10227 ), 912–920. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Brown S. M., Begun S., Bender K., Ferguson K. M., Thompson S. J. (2015). An exploratory factor analysis of coping styles and relationship to depression among a sample of homeless youth . Community Mental Health Journal , 51 ( 7 ), 818–827. 10.1007/s10597-015-9870-8. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Call D., Miron L., Orcutt H. (2014). Effectiveness of brief mindfulness techniques in reducing symptoms of anxiety and stress . Mindfulness , 5 ( 6 ), 658–668. 10.1007/s12671-013-0218-6. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020). U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-anxiety.html .
• Chanchani M., Mishra D. (15th April 2020). “Mobile apps’ usage spikes in lockdown” . Times of India https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/mobile-apps-usage-spikes-in-lockdown/articleshow/75148768.cms .13
• Cheng S. K. W., Wong C. W., Tsang J., Wong K. C. (2004). Psychological distress and negative appraisals in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) . Psychological Medicine , i ( 4 ), 1187–1195. 10.1017/s0033291704002272. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Chen Y., Peng Y., Xu H., O’Brien W. (2017). Age differences in stress and coping: problem-focused strategies mediate the relationship between age and positive affect . The International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 86 ( 4 ), 347–363. 10.1177/0091415017720890. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Chen Y., Shen W. W., Gao K., Lam C. S., Chang W. C., Deng H. (2014). Effectiveness RCT of a CBT intervention for youths who lost parents in the Sichuan, China, earthquake . Psychiatric Services , 65 ( 2 ), 259–262. 10.1176/appi.ps.201200470. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cheung Y. T., Chau P. H., Yip P. S. (2008). A revisit on older adults’ suicides and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Hong Kong . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 23 ( 12 ), 1231–1238. 10.1002/gps.2056. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Clay J. M., Parker M. O. (2020). Alcohol use and misuse during the COVID-19 pandemic: a potential public health crisis? The Lancet. Public Health , 5 ( 5 ), e259. 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30088-8. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cohen S., Wills T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis . Psychological Bulletin , 98 ( 2 ), 310–357. 10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Columb D., Hussain R., O’Gara C. (2020). Addiction psychiatry and COVID-19: Impact on patients and service provision . Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine , 37 ( 3 ), 164–168. 10.1017/ipm.2020.47. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cooke J. E., Eirich R., Racine N., Madigan S. (2020). Prevalence of posttraumatic and general psychological stress during COVID-19: A rapid review and meta-analysis . Psychiatry Research , 292 , 113347. 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113347. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Crum A. J., Salovey P., Achor S. (2013). Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 104 ( 4 ), 716–733. 10.1037/a0031201. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS) (2020). Mental health in the times of COVID-19 Pandemic, guidelines for general medical and specialised mental health care settings (pp. 1–177). National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS). Retrieved from: http://nimhans.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/MentalHealthIssuesCOVID-19NIMHANS.pdf . [ Google Scholar ]
• Dodgen D., LaDue L. R., Kaul R. E. (2002). Coordinating a local response to a national tragedy: Community mental health in Washington, DC after the Pentagon attack . Military Medicine , 167 ( 4 ), 87–89. Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12363154/ . [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Duan L., Zhu G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic . The Lancet Psychiatry , 7 ( 4 ), 300–302. 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Dubey S., Biswas P., Ghosh R., Chatterjee S., Dubey M. J., Chatterjee S., Lahiri D., Lavie C. J. (2020). Psychosocial impact of COVID-19 . Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome , 14 ( 5 ), 779–788. 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Esteves C. S., Oliveira C. R. D., Argimon I. I. D. L. (2021). Social distancing: Prevalence of depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms among Brazilian students during the COVID-19 pandemic . Frontiers in Public Health , 8 , 589966. 10.3389/fpubh.2020.589966. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Fan F., Long K., Zhou Y., Zheng Y., Liu X. (2015). Longitudinal trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake in China . Psychological Medicine , 45 ( 13 ), 2885–2896. 10.1017/S0033291715000884. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Folkman S. (2013). Stress: Appraisal and Coping . In Gellman M.D., Turner J.R. (Eds), Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine New York, NY: Springer. 10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Folkman S., Lazarus R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 ( 1 ), 150–170. 10.1037//0022-3514.48.1.150. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Folkman S., Lazarus R. S. (1991). Coping and emotion . In Monat A., Lazarus R. S. (Eds), Stress and Coping: An anthology (pp. 208–227)New York: Columbia University Press. https://www.scirp.org/(S(lz5mqp453edsnp55rrgjct55))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1955093 . [ Google Scholar ]
• Gan Q., Anshel M. H., Kim J. K. (2009). Sources and cognitive appraisals of acute stress as predictors of coping style among male and female Chinese athletes . International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 7 ( 1 ), 68–88. 10.1080/1612197x.2009.9671893. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Gardner W., States D., Bagley N. (2020). The Coronavirus and the risks to the elderly in long-term care . Journal of Aging & Social Policy , 32 ( 4-5 ), 310–315. 10.1080/08959420.2020.1750543. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Glanz K., Rimer B. K., Viswanath K. (Eds), (2015). John Wiley & Sons. https://www.wiley.com/en-in/Health+Behavior:+Theory,+Research,+and+Practice,+5th+Edition-p-9781118628980 . Health behavior: Theory, research, and practice [ Google Scholar ]
• Gross M. L., Canetti D., Vashdi D. R. (2016). The psychological effects of cyber terrorism . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 72 ( 5 ), 284–291. 10.1080/00963402.2016.1216502. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Haan N. (1963). Proposed model of ego functioning: Coping and defense mechanisms in relationship to IQ change . Psychological Monographs , 77 ( 8 ), 1–23. 10.1037/h0093848. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Haan N. (1969). A tripartite model of ego functioning values and clinical and research applications . Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease , 148 ( 1 ), 14–30. 10.1097/00005053-196901000-00003. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Haan N. (1977). Coping and defending: Processes of self-environment organization : Academic Press. https://www.elsevier.com/books/coping-and-defending/haan/978-0-12-312350-3 . [ Google Scholar ]
• Haan N. (1993). The assessment of coping, defense, and stress . In Goldberger L., Breznitz S. (Eds), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects (2nd ed., pp. 258-273)New York: Free Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-97397-013 . [ Google Scholar ]
• Haar J. M., Russo M., Suñe A., Ollier-Malaterre A. (2014). Outcomes of work–life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures . Journal of Vocational Behaviour , 85 ( 3 ), 361–373. 10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hobfoll S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress . American Psychologist , 44 ( 3 ), 513–524. 10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hobfoll S. E., Freedy J. R., Green B. L., Solomon S D. (19961996). Coping reactions to extreme stress: The roles of resource loss and resource availability . In Zeidner M, Endler N S. (Eds), Handbook of Coping: Theory, Research, Applications (pp. 322–349)New York: Wiley. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1996-97004-015 . [ Google Scholar ]
• Holmes T. H., Rahe R. H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 11 ( 2 ), 213–218. 10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Jakupcak M., Vannoy S., Imel Z., Cook J. W., Fontana A., Rosenheck R., McFall M. (2020). Does PTSD moderate the relationship between social support and suicide risk in Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans seeking mental health treatment? Depression and Anxiety , 27 ( 11 ), 1001–1005. 10.1002/da.20722. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Jeoung B. J., Hong M. S., Lee Y.C. (2013). The relationship between mental health and health-related physical fitness of university students . Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation , 9 ( 6 ), 544–548. 10.12965/jer.130082. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kagan A., Levi L. (1971). Adaptation of the psychosocial environment to man's abilities and needs . Society, Stress and Disease , 1 , 399–404. 10.1002/da.20722. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kashif M., Javed M. K., Pandey D. (2020). A surge in cyber-crime during COVID-19 . Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues , 1 ( 2 ), 48–52. 10.47540/ijsei.v1i2.22. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kobasa S. C. (1979). Personality and resistance to illness . American Journal of Community Psychology , 7 ( 4 ), 413–423. 10.1007/bf00894383. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Koenig H. G. (2010). Spirituality and mental health . International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies , 7 ( 2 ), 116–122. 10.1002/aps.239. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kumar A., Nayar K. R. (2021). COVID 19 and its mental health consequences . Journal of Mental Health , 30 ( 1 ), 1–2. 10.1080/09638237.2020.1757052. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kuria W. (2012). Coping with age related changes in the elderly . Available at: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/42261 .
• LaBrie J. W., Kenney S. R., Lac A. (2010). The use of protective behavioral strategies is related to reduced risk in heavy drinking college students with poorer mental and physical health . Journal of Drug Education , 40 ( 4 ), 361–378. 10.2190/DE.40.4.c. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Lakhan R., Agrawal A., Sharma M. (2020). Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress during COVID-19 Pandemic . Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice , 11 ( 4 ), 519–525. 10.1055/s-0040-1716442. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Lallie H. S., Shepherd L. A., Nurse J. R., Erola A., Epiphaniou G., Maple C., Bellekens X. (2020). Cyber security in the age of COVID-19: A timeline and analysis of cyber-crime and cyber-attacks during the Pandemic. Computers & Security . arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.11929, 1–20 10.1016/j.cose.2021.102248. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ]
• Lazarus R. S., Folkman S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping New York. Link: Springer Publishing Company. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=i-ySQQuUpr8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&ots=DgEPjrjeLa&sig=63fQrxM63vph60T1t7U7oIwhVDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false . [ Google Scholar ]
• Lazarus R. S., Folkman S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping . European Journal of Personality , 1 ( 3 ), 141–169. 10.1002/per.2410010304. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Levi L., Kagan A. (1971). A synopsis of ecology and psychiatry: Some theoretical psychosomatic considerations, review of some studies and discussion of preventive aspects . Excerpta Medica International Congress Series , 274 , 369–379. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1975-27742-001 . [ Google Scholar ]
• Lin C. C. (2016). The roles of social support and coping style in the relationship between gratitude and well-being . Personality and Individual Differences , 89 , 13–18. 10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.032. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Lindsay E. K., Young S., Smyth J. M., Brown K. W., Creswell J. D. (2018). Acceptance lowers stress reactivity: Dismantling mindfulness training in a randomized controlled trial . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 87 , 63–73. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.015. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Linnabery E., Stuhlmacher A. F., Towler A. (2014). From whence cometh their strength: Social support, coping, and well-being of Black women professionals . Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology , 20 ( 4 ), 541–549. 10.1037/a0037873. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Loukzadeh Z., Mazloom Bafrooi N. (2013). Association of coping style and psychological well-being in hospital nurses . Journal of Caring Sciences , 2 ( 4 ), 313–319. 10.5681/jcs.2013.037. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Maddi S. R., Kobasa S. C. (1984). The hardy executive: Health under stress : Dow Jones-Irwin. [ Google Scholar ]
• Madison A. A., Shrout M. R., Renna M. E., Kiecolt-Glaser J. K. (2021). Psychological and behavioral predictors of vaccine efficacy: Considerations for COVID-19 . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 16 ( 2 ), 191–203. 10.1177/1745691621989243. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Manna G., Foddai E., Di Maggio M., Pace F., Colucci G., Gebbia N., Russo A. (2007). Emotional expression and coping style in female breast cancer . Annals of Oncology , 18 ( 6 ), vi77–vi80. 10.1093/annonc/mdm231. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Matud M. P. (2004). Gender differences in stress and coping styles . Personality and Individual Differences , 37 ( 7 ), 1401–1415. 10.1016/j.paid.2004.01.010. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Mayo Clinic (2020). COVID-19 and your mental health : Mayo Clinic. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/mental-health-covid-19/art-20482731 . [ Google Scholar ]
• McGregor L. S., Melvin G. A., Newman L. K. (2015). Familial Separations, Coping Styles, and PTSD Symptomatology in Resettled Refugee Youth . The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 203 ( 6 ), 431–438. 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000312. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• McKnight-Eily L. R., Okoro C. A., Strine T. W., Verlenden J., Hollis N. D., Njai R., Mitchell E. W., Board A., Puddy R., Thomas C. (2021). Racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of stress and worry, mental health conditions, and increased substance use among adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, April and May 2020 . MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 70 ( 5 ), 162–166. 10.15585/mmwr.mm7005a3. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Melnyk B. M., Small L., Morrison-Beedy D., Strasser A., Spath L., Kreipe R., Crean H., Jacobson D., Van Blankenstein S. (2006). Mental health correlates of healthy lifestyle attitudes, beliefs, choices, and behaviors in overweight adolescents . Journal of Pediatric Health Care , 20 ( 6 ), 401–406. 10.1016/j.pedhc.2006.03.004. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Government of India (2021). Novel Coronavirus (COVID19) . Available from: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/ProtectivemeasuresEng.pdf .
• Mohindra R., Ravaki R., Suri V., Bhalla A., Singh S. M. (2020). Issues relevant to mental health promotion in frontline health care providers managing quarantined/isolated COVID19 patients . Asian Journal of Psychiatry , 51 , 102084. 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102084. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Montano R. L. T., Acebes K. M. L. (2020). Covid stress predicts depression, anxiety and stress symptoms of Filipino respondents . International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) , 9 ( 4 ), 78–103. 10.20525/ijrbs.v9i4.773. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Muraki S., Maehara T., Ishii K., Ajimoto M., Kikuchi K. (1993). Gender difference in the relationship between physical fitness and mental health . The Annals of Physiological Anthropology , 12 ( 6 ), 379–384. 10.2114/ahs1983.12.379. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Naseem Z., Khalid R. (2010). Positive thinking in coping with stress and health outcomes: Literature review . Journal of Research & Reflections in Education (JRRE) , 4 ( 1 ), 42–61. http://www.ue.edu.pk/jrre . [ Google Scholar ]
• Paykel E. S. (1983). Methodological aspects of life events research . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 27 ( 5 ), 341–352. 10.1016/0022-3999(83)90065-x. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Pearman A., Hughes M. L., Smith E. L., Neupert S. D. (2021). Age differences in risk and resilience factors in COVID-19-related stress . The Journals of Gerontology: Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 76 ( 2 ), e38–e44. 10.1093/geronb/gbaa120. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Polizzi C., Lynn S. J., Perry A. (2020). Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: pathways to resilience and recovery . Clinical Neuropsychiatry , 17 ( 2 ), 59–62. 10.36131/CN20200204. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ptacek J. T., Smith R. E., Dodge K. L. (1994). Gender differences in coping with stress: When stressor and appraisals do not differ . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 20 ( 4 ), 421–430. 10.1016/0022-3999(83)90065-x. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Roy D., Tripathy S., Kar S. K., Sharma N., Verma S. K., Kaushal V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic . Asian Journal of Psychiatry , 51 , 102083. 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sahoo S., Rani S., Parveen S., Pal Singh A., Mehra A., Chakrabarti S., Grover S., Tandup C. (2020). Self-harm and COVID-19 Pandemic: An emerging concern - A report of 2 cases from India (Advance online publication) . Asian Journal of Psychiatry , 51 , 102104. 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102104. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Selye H. (1956). The stress of life . McGraw-Hill Book Company. [ Google Scholar ]
• Selye H. (1991). History and present status of the stress concept In: Stress and coping: An Anthology (pp. 21–35). Columbia University Press. [ Google Scholar ]
• Shrilatha S., Durga M. S. J. (2020). The role of social media apps and its cyber-attacks during Covid-19 lockdown at Vellore City . Purakala with ISSN 0971-2143 is an UGC CARE Journal , 31 ( 17 ), 446–461. 10.4103/IJAM.IJAM_50_20. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sinha R. (2001). How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse? Psychopharmacology , 158 ( 4 ), 343–359. 10.1007/s002130100917. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sinha S., Latha G. S. (2018). Coping response to same stressors varies with gender . National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology , 8 ( 7 ), 1053–1057. 10.5455/njppp.2018.8.0206921032018. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Steiner H., Erickson S. J., Hernandez N. L., Pavelski R. (2002). Coping styles as correlates of health in high school students . Journal of Adolescent Health , 30 ( 5 ), 326–335. 10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00326-3. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sunder P., Prabhu A., Parameswaran U. (2020). Psychosocial interventions for COVID-19-Supporting document . e-Book On Palliative Care Guidelines For Covid-19 Pandemic , 42 , 21–24. https://wp.ufpel.edu.br/francielefrc/files/2020/04/e-book-Palliative-Care-Guidelines-for-COVID19-ver1.pdf . [ Google Scholar ]
• Takeda F., Noguchi H., Monma T., Tamiya N. (2015). How possibly do leisure and social activities impact mental health of middle-aged adults in Japan?: an evidence from a national longitudinal survey . PLoS One , 10 ( 10 ), e0139777. 10.1371/journal.pone.0139777. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Thoits P. A. (2010). Perceived social support and the voluntary, mixed, or pressured use of mental health services . Society and Mental Health , 1 ( 1 ), 4–19. 10.1177/2156869310392793. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Tolor A., Fehon D. (1987). Coping with stress: A study of male adolescents' coping strategies as related to adjustment . Journal of Adolescent Research , 2 ( 1 ), 33–42. 10.1177/074355488721003. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Torales J., O’Higgins M., Castaldelli-Maia J. M., Ventriglio A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health . International Journal of Social Psychiatry , 66 ( 4 ), 317–320. 10.1177/0020764020915212. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Tsaur S., Tang Y. (2012). Job stress and well-being of female employees in hospitality: The role of regulatory leisure coping styles . International Journal of Hospitality Management , 31 ( 4 ), 1038–1044. 10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.12.009. [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Usher K., Durkin J., Bhullar N. (2020). The COVID‐19 pandemic and mental health impacts . International Journal of Mental Health Nursing , 29 ( 3 ), 315–318. 10.1111/inm.12726. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Van Bortel T., Basnayake A., Wurie F., Jambai M., Koroma A. S., Muana A. T., Hann K., Eaton J., Martin S., Nellums L. B. (2016). Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at Individual, Community and International levels . Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 94 ( 3 ), 210–214. 10.2471/BLT.15.158543. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Van Gundy K. T., Howerton-Orcutt A., Mills M. L. (2015). Race, coping style, and substance use disorder among non-hispanic African American and white young adults in South Florida . Substance Use & Misuse , 50 ( 11 ), 1459–1469. 10.3109/10826084.2015.1018544. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Vieta E. (2005). Improving treatment adherence in bipolar disorder through psychoeducation . The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 66 ( 1 ), 24–29. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15693749/ . [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Wang Y., Zhao X., Feng Q., Liu L., Yao Y., Shi J. (2020). Psychological assistance during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China . Journal of Health Psychology , 25 ( 6 ), 733–737. 10.1177/1359105320919177. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• World Health Organization (2020). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak, (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/Mental Health/2020.1) : World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus . [ Google Scholar ]
• Wu D., Yu L., Yang T., Cottrell R., Peng S., Guo W., Jiang S. (2020). The impacts of uncertainty stress on mental disorders of Chinese college students: Evidence from a nationwide study . Frontiers in Psychology , 11 , 243. 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00243. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Xiang Y. T., Yang Y., Li W., Zhang L., Zhang Q., Cheung T., Ng C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed . The Lancet Psychiatry , 7 ( 3 ), 228–229. 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30046-8. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Xiao H., Zhang Y., Kong D., Li S., Yang N. (2020). The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China . Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research , 26 , e923549. 10.12659/MSM.923549. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Yang L. H. (2007). Application of mental illness stigma theory to Chinese societies: Synthesis and new direction . Singapore Medical Journal , 48 ( 11 ), 977–985. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17975685/ . [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]