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Earthing system

Earthing system a protective earth (pe) connection ensures that all exposed conductive surfaces are at the same electrical potential as the surface of the earth, to ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• A protective earth (PE) connection ensures that all exposed conductive surfaces are at the same electrical potential as the surface of the Earth, to avoid the risk of electrical shock if a person touches a device in which an insulation fault has occurred. It also ensures that in the case of an insulation fault, a high fault current flows, which will trigger an overcurrent protection device (fuse, MCB) that disconnects the power supply.
• A functional earth connection serves a purpose other than providing protection against electrical shock. In contrast to a protective earth connection, a functional earth connection may carry a current during the normal operation of a device. Functional earth connections may be required by devices such as surge suppression and electromagnetic-compatibility filters, some types of antennas and various measurement instruments. Generally the protective earth is also used as a functional earth though this requires care in some situ
• The first letter indicates the connection between earth and the power-supply equipment (generator or transformer)
• T  direct connection of a point with earth (French terre
• I  no point is connected with earth (isolation), except perhaps via a high impedance
• .The second letter indicates the connection between earth and the electrical device being supplied
• T  direct connection with earth, independent of any other earth connection in the supply system
• N  connection to earth via the supply network
• In a TN earthing system, one of the points in the generator or transformer is connected with earth, usually the star point in a three-phase system. The body of the electrical device is connected with earth via this earth connection at the transformer
• ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????
• The conductor that connects the exposed metallic parts of the consumer is called protective earth PE
• . The conductor that connects to the star point in a three-phase system, or that carries the return current in a single-phase system is called neutral N
• . Three variants of TN systems are distinguished
• TN-S  PE and N are separate conductors that are only connected near the power source
• .TN-C  A combined PEN conductor fulfills the functions of both a PE and an N conductor
• TN-C-S  Part of the system uses a combined PEN conductor, which is at some point split up into separate PE and N lines. The combined PEN conductor typically occurs between the substation and the entry point into the building, whereas within the building separate PE and N conductors are used. (In the UK, this system is also known as protective multiple earthing (PME), because of the practice of connecting the combined neutral and earth to real earth at many locations to reduce the risk of broken neutrals.)
• TN-S separate protective earth (PE) and neutral (N) conductors from transformer to consuming device, which are not connected at any point after the building distribution point.
• TN-C combined PE and N conductor all the way from the transformer to the consuming device.
• TN-C-S earthing system combined PEN conductor from transformer to building distribution point, but separate PE and N conductors in fixed indoor wiring and flexible power cords.
• In a TT earthing system, the protective earth connection of the consumer is provided by a local connection to earth, independent of any earth connection at the generator.
• In an IT network, the distribution system has no connection to earth at all, or it has only a high impedance connection.
• TN networks save the cost of a low-impedance earth connection at the site of each consumer. Such a connection (a buried metal structure) is required to provide protective earth in IT and TT systems.
• TN-C networks save the cost of an additional conductor needed for separate N and PE connections. However to mitigate the risk of broken neutrals, special cable types and lots of connections to earth are needed.
• TT networks require RCD protection and often an expensive time delay type is needed to provide discrimination with an RCD downstream
• In TN an insulation fault is very likely to lead to a high short-circuit current that will trigger an overcurrent circuit-breaker or fuse and disconnect the L conductors.
• In the majority of TT systems the earth fault loop impedance will be too high to do this and so an RCD must be employed
• In TN-S and TT systems (and in TN-C-S beyond the point of the split), a residual-current device can be used as an additional protection. In the absence of any insulation fault in the consumer device, the equation IL1IL2IL3IN 0 holds, and an RCD can disconnect the supply as soon as this sum reaches a threshold (typically 10-500 mA). An insulation fault between either L or N and PE will trigger an RCD with high probability
• In IT and TN-C networks, residual current devices are far less likely to detect an insulation fault.
• In a TN-C system they would also be very vulnerable to unwanted triggering from contact between earths of circuits on different RCDs or with real ground thus making their use impractical. Also RCDs usually isolate the neutral core which is dangerous in a TN-C system.
• In single-ended single-phase systems where the Earth and neutral are combined (TN-C and the part of TN-C-S systems which uses a combined neutral and earth core) if there is a contact problem in the PEN conductor, then all parts of the earthing system beyond the break will raise to the potential of the L conductor. In an unbalanced multi phase system the potential of the earthing system will move towards that of the most loaded live conductor. Therefore, TN-C connections must not go across plug/socket connections or flexible cables, where there is a higher probability of contact problems than with fixed wiring. There is also a risk if a cable is damaged which can be mitigated by the use of concentric cable construction and/or multiple earth electrodes. Due to the (small) risks of the lost neutral, use of TN-C-S supplies is banned for caravans and boats in the UK and it is often recommended to make outdoor wiring TT with a separate earth electrode
• In IT systems, a single insulation fault is unlikely to cause dangerous currents to flow through a human body in contact with earth, because no low-impedance circuit exists for such a current to flow. However, a first insulation fault can effectively turn an IT system into a TN system, and then a second insulation fault can lead to dangerous body currents. Worse, in a multi-phase system if one of the lives made contact with earth it would cause the other phase cores to rise to the phase-phase voltage relative to earth rather than the phase-neutral voltage. IT systems also experience larger transient overvoltages than other systems
• In TN-C and TN-C-S systems any connection between the combined neutral and earth core and the body of the earth could end up carrying significant current under normal conditions and could carry even more under a broken neutral situation.
• Therefore main equipotential bonding conductors must be sized with this in mind and use of TN-C-S is inadvisable in situations like petrol stations where there is a combination of lots of buried metalwork and explosive gases.
• In TN-C and TN-C-S systems any break in the combined neutral and earth core which didn't also affect the live conductor could theoretically result in exposed metalwork rising to near "live" potential 
• In TN-S and TT systems, the consumer has a low-noise connection to earth, which does not suffer from the voltage that appears on the N conductor as a result of the return currents and the impedance of that conductor. This is of particular importance with some types of telecommunication and measurement equipment.
• In TT systems, each consumer has its own high-quality connection with earth, and will not notice any currents that may be caused by other consumers on a shared PE line.
• In most residential installations in the U. S. and Canada, the feed from the distribution transformer uses a combined neutral and grounding conductor (two phase and one neutral, for three wires total), but within the residence separated neutral and protective earth conductors are used (TN-C-S). The neutral must only be connected to earth ground on the supply side of the customer's disconnecting switch. Additional connections of neutral to ground within the customer's wiring are prohibited.
• For wiring less than 1000 V, the United States National Electrical Code and Canadian electrical code forbid the use of systems that combine the grounding conductor and neutral beyond the customer's disconnecting switch.
• In Argentina and France the customer must provide its own ground connection (TT).
• Most modern homes in Europe have a TN-C-S earthing system. The combined neutral and earth occurs between the nearest transformer substation and the service cut out (the fuse before the meter). After this separate earth and neutral cores are used in all the internal wiring.
• Older urban and suburban homes in the UK tend to have TN-S supplies with the earth delivered through the lead sheath of the underground lead and paper cable.
• Some older homes, especially those built before the invention of residual-current circuit breakers and wired home area networks, use an in-house TN-C arrangement. This is no longer recommended practice
• Laboratory rooms, medical facilities, construction sites, repair workshops, and other environments where there is an increased risk of insulation faults often use an IT earthing arrangement supplied from an isolation transformer. To mitigate the two fault issues with IT systems the isolation transformers should only supply a small number of loads each and/or should be protected with special monitoring gear (generally only medical IT systems are done with such gear because of the cost).
• In remote areas, where the cost of an additional PE conductor outweighs the cost of a local earth connection, TT networks are commonly used in some countries especially in older properties.
• TT supplies to individual properties are also seen in mostly TN-C-S systems where an individual property is considered unsuitable for TN-C-S supply. (e.g. petrol stations).

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ELECTRICAL EARTHING

Dec 19, 2019

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ELECTRICAL EARTHING. Objectives of grounding:. Provides an electrical supply system with a reference to the groundmass (system grounding) Protective grounding of electrical equipment enclosures Makes them safe to persons who may come into contact with them

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Objectives of grounding: • Provides an electrical supply system with a reference to the groundmass (system grounding) • Protective grounding of electrical equipment enclosures • Makes them safe to persons who may come into contact with them • Enables the flow of fault current in the event of a failure • Provides a low impedance path for accumulated static charges and surges (lightning protection grounding) • Helps in mitigating the generation and propagation of noise (grounding of shields and signal reference planes)

Earthing System Shall satisfy Safety, Functional requirements of electrical installation Shall ensure • Protection against indirect contact • Proper functioning of electrical protective devices • Protective and functional requirements are met under expected conditions • Earth fault, earth leakage currents can be carried safely • Adequate strength appropriate to external influences • Adequate value of earthing resistance

Benefits (1) • Fault damage now minimal • Reduces fire hazard (especially in mines) • Lower outage times • Less lost production, less lost revenue • Touch potentials kept within safe limits • Protects human life

Benefits (2) • Low Fault Currents reduce possibility of igniting gases • Minimizes explosion hazard • Lower Magnetic or thermal stresses imposed on plant during fault • Transient overvoltages limited • Prevents stressing of insulation, breaker restrikes

Fault in an Ungrounded System:

System grounding • Provides reference for the entire power system to groundmass • Establishes a path for current to ground during insulation failure • Provides protection against equipment damage due to faults • Provides protection against high voltage transients • Enables detection by circuit protective devices for isolation • Reduces maintenance time and expenditure

Fault in Ungrounded system • Single phase ground fault does not result in flow of high fault currents • Voltage to ground of other two phases rises by 73% - Causes insulation stress • Fault current = Vector sum of capacitive currents in the distributed capacitive reactance of other two phases

Fault in Ungrounded system • Intermittent first fault causes transient voltages up to 6 to 8 times nominal system voltage • Such high transient voltage can initiate a second fault at weakest insulation point • Uncleared arcing fault can cause extensive damage to system • Early detection of first fault therefore of paramount importance

Effect of neutral (system) grounding:

Ground fault current flow:

Ungrounded System Neutral connection on Generator/ Transformer is not connected to earth at all Grounding methods 1

Grounding methods 2 Solid grounding • Neutral connection on Generator / Transformer is connected to earth by a solid Conductor • Cost Reductiuons due to avoidance of sensitive relays and grounding device, Grading of insulation towards neutral end. • But Circulation of third harmonic currents between neutrals

Grounding methods 3 • Resistance grounding • Neutral connection on Generator / Transformer is connected to earth (0V) through a fixed resistance to limit the earth fault current • Mainly used below 33 KV • Full line to line insulation required towards neutral

Grounding methods 4 • Reactance grounding • Neutral connection on Generator / transformer is connected to earth (0V) through a fixed reactance to limit the earth fault current • Can be cheaper compared to resistance

Grounding methods 5 • Petersen Coil grounding (arc suppression) • Neutral connection on transformer is connected to earth (0V) through a variable reactance to neutralise the capacitive earth fault current. Results in arc extinction

Grounding methods 6 • NEC grounding (with and without resistance) • In HV delta systems no earth connection is available. A 3 phase neutral grounding compensator is connected to allow earth fault currents to flow - allowing detection of these faults

Protective grounding • Protects personnel against shocks • Personnel do not experience dangerous high voltages when contacting enclosure accidentally connected to live parts • Provides a low impedance path for accumulated static charges and surges (lightning protection grounding) • Helps in mitigating the generation and propagation of noise (grounding of shields and signal reference planes)

Importance for Earthing • An Electrical equipment is considered dead when • At or about zero potential • Disconnected/ Isolated from live system • Disconnection alone not adequate • Can retain stored charge • Can acquire a static charge • Can accidentally be made alive • Nearby live conductors may induce voltage

Importance of Earthing • !Ensure earthing before working on electrical equipment • Earthing • Connect apparatus electrically to general mass of earth in such a manner as will ensure at all times an immediate safe discharge of electrical energy • Connect to earthed metal earth bar or spike with good metallic conductor • Earthing by • Closing of earthing links • Attaching of fixed earthing devices • Affixing of portable earthing straps

Importance of Earthing • Ensure before applying earth • Earthing connection is mechanically, electrically in good condition • No broken strands • Clamps should be rigid and without defect • Applied properly in intimate contact with conductors and earth-bar/ spike • Earthing cable tails as short as possible • Connect to earth first when installing earthing, disconnect earth last while removing earthing

Hazards of improper Earthing • Electrocution • Burns from arcing • Electric shock leading to falls

Bonding • Connecting of various grounding systems and non current carrying parts • To achieve potential equalization between different accessible conducting surfaces • Potential difference between different accessible conducting surfaces, different grounding systems hazardous

Typical Earthing System

Touch, Step, Transferred Voltages

Touch Voltage Permissible Touch Voltage Voltage at any point of contact with uninsulated metal work • Within 2.5 mtrs from ground surface and • Any point on ground surface within horizontal distance of 1.25 mtrs from vertical projection of point of contact with uninsulated metal work

Step Voltage • Difference in surface potential experienced by a person bridging a distance of 1 mtr with his feet apart, without contacting any other earthed object • Shall not exceed twice the value of Touch voltage

Touch potentials (Reb =1 ) Person touches transformer tank now live

Touch potentials (Reb = 10 ) Lower touch potential

Transferred Potential Make Allowances for • Transferred potential during design, installation • Voltage drop in conductors (where voltage rise in earthing system is transferred by metal work to remote location) • Otherwise regard Transferred potential as earthing system voltage rise

Transferred Earth Potential Rise Earthing system shall be designed to prevent • Transfer of earth grid potentials to a remote earth • Transfer of a remote earth potential into a station • Breakdown of cable over-sheaths due to voltage differences

Substation grounding practices-1: • Grounding design approach depends upon: • Voltage class of the system • Type of installation (Utility or consumer) • LV Systems: • Usually solidly grounded • Metallic contact between ground of consumer and system neutral • Special cases such as SELV power supplies may be of ungrounded type

Substation grounding practices-2: • MV Systems: • Self contained systems (E.g., Turbo generators): High resistance grounding • Industrial systems: Low resistance • Critical systems: Tuned grounding OR Ungrounded (for small systems) • Utilities: Solid grounding • HV/EHV Systems: Solid grounding

A typical ground electrode: Materials • Copper • Copper clad steel • Galvanized steel • Copper clad stainless steel

A typical chemical electrode: • Sometimes called a leach electrode • Chemical mixtures are added to lower resistance of soil • Needs regular maintenance

Ground Potential Rise-Example:

Voltages in grounding system:

Area of ground grid: • HV (outdoor) substations use a buried ground grid for dissipation of fault current to the soil • Lower grid resistance to earth is preferable • It reduces the ground potential rise with ref. to remote earth • Also reduces mesh voltage. Lower mesh voltage is safer because it lowers touch/step voltages • Grid of larger area has lower ground resistance and results in lower grid voltage and mesh voltage • Further reduction by using vertical electrodes welded to the grid

Soil resistivity: • Soil resistivity should be based on an average of measurements done in the substation area • Simple designs assume uniform soil • Non uniform soil involves complex design steps and requires computer programs • Lower resistivity results in lower ground resistance of the grid

Other issues to be taken note of: • Soil layers may differ in resistivity • Two layer soil model to be considered if variations are found to be high at different depths • Transferred potential due to buried services going to/ from the substation (water mains, cable metallic sheath) • Introduce non-conducting sections where feasible to avoid transfer of Ground potential

Special attention to be paid to: • Operating handles of equipment: • Most fatalities occur due to high touch potential at these points • Should be made safe by special arrangements • Substation fence: • Decision regarding keeping isolated vs connecting to substation ground • Surge arrestors: • Short, direct and low impedance connections • GIS extensions

Effective substation grounding - 1: • Size ground conductors adequately • Use proper bonding and jointing in ground conductors. Poor joints cause high temperatures during a fault to ground • Select appropriate ground electrode system • Pay attention to soil resistivity. Carry out soil improvement if resistivity is too high. Use chemical electrodes if situation warrants

Effective substation grounding - 2: • Pay attention to step and touch potentials • Building foundations can also be used as grounding electrodes • Integrate fence of outdoor substations as far as possible. Avoid transferred potential from services entering or leaving a substation • Pay special attention to operating handles

Effective substation grounding - 3: • Cable trays to be properly grounded • Surge arrestors to be grounded using short low impedance connections • Carry out temporary grounding for safety when personnel have to work on parts which are normally live

Rings of equal potential on earth fault

Recommended maximum grounding resistance values

Grounding Methods - Comparison

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Chemical Earthing System

A Right Chemical Earthing Solution For The Right Application Chemical Earthing is the use of bentonite-based or graphite-based compound along with the earthing electrode (a pipe or a rod) that helps in improving soil condition and reducing the soil resistivity. Remedies Earthing System is the largest Manufacturer and supplier of Chemical Earthing. If you are looking for the best chemical earthing solution for your application then you landed in the right place. Chemical Earthing is one of the important aspects of the Electrical line. If you are using expensive and delicate equipment then Chemical Earthing is a must in order to avoid shocked or any major hazard. Chemical Earthing has its own importance in the electrical segment. When it comes to spending money on the electrical arrangement. We generally avoid spending on Earthing and Lightning protection. In that case, you might compromise on quality. Chemical Earthing system is also very important and using good quality product is very important. Remedies Earthing System always meets the customer requirement and at the same time, we also maintain the quality. Applications: 1. LT and HT applications u2013 Residental / Industries 2.Telecommunication, Transmission and Distribution systems 3.Lightning protection systems 4.Safety for accidents caused by static charge and stray currents 5.Substation and Power generated stations 6.Equipment earthing / Electrical machines 7.Ground fault neutralization 8.Lightning arrester, Diesel generators, etc.

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Buy Earthing Grounding Products | Grooni Earthing

Buy the best quality earthing grounding products in the USA from our online store Grooniearthing.com. We want to help you improve your lifestyle and directly benefit from the incredible benefits that the Earth has to offer. To know more, visit our site. https://grooniearthing.com/

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Chemical Earthing | Chemical Earthing Manufacturer

Chemical earthing manufacturer is a process whereby chemicals are added to the soil in which the ground rod is inserted. This lowers the ground rod's resistivity (to the soil), making the ground-connection all-the-better.Earthing Compound - Bentonite and Marconite.

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