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General Biology

(11 reviews)

free biology essays pdf download

Paul Doerder, Cleveland State University

Ralph Gibson, Cleveland State University

Copyright Year: 2015

Publisher: WikiBooks

Language: English

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Reviewed by Tricia Paramore, Biology instructor and Department Chair, Hutchinson Community College on 3/2/22

While the book does touch upon many areas, the text reads more like a student notes packet and it fails to address the ecology side of biology. Ecology makes up one unit of my course, so this book would not work. The following is written on... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 3 see less

While the book does touch upon many areas, the text reads more like a student notes packet and it fails to address the ecology side of biology. Ecology makes up one unit of my course, so this book would not work. The following is written on random pages throughout: "This text is based on notes very generously donated by Dr. Paul Doerder, Ph.D., of the Cleveland State University." So, it appears that is it really just intended to be a notes packet.

Content Accuracy rating: 2

The bulleted list "notes packet" of facts/topics is supported only by links to Wikipedia which is not really a source I would want to encourage students to use on a regular basis. I'm giving this a 2/5 primarily because of the lack of detail in the "text" and sole use of Wikipedia for diagrams and other information.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 2

This book relies on Wikipedia information to be up-to-date.

Clarity rating: 2

This isn't really written like a textbook, but more as a notes packet for students. Bare bones facts, no diagrams included in the text (just Wiki links). There would be some value to adding in transitional information to help tie together topics.

Consistency rating: 2

The style of "writing" is consistent. Bulleted list, outline format. Some pages/topics are blank, though.

Modularity rating: 2

Given that this is a notes packet, it is easily divisible into smaller sections, as a lecture might be. The missing information and the lack of details are both problems for me, though.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 2

Yes, but a lot of information is missing. For instance, Chapter 12's coverage of fermentation is virtually non-existent.

Interface rating: 1

The lack of diagrams within the text and use of Wikipedia links is a concern.

Grammatical Errors rating: 3

Much is written in bulleted notes format.

Cultural Relevance rating: 3

I didn't notice issues with cultural sensitivity.

Overall, this is not a "book" that I would use or recommend. The fact that it is just a notes packet and is missing a lot of detail, missing all diagrams that can help students understand processes, etc., makes it a no for me.

free biology essays pdf download

Reviewed by Nipun Chopra, Assistant Professor, DePauw University on 1/6/21

I think this textbook covers the breadth of Intro Biology well, but, certainly not in a deep enough way to help students along. read more

I think this textbook covers the breadth of Intro Biology well, but, certainly not in a deep enough way to help students along.

Most of the content is accurate, simply in how brief it is. However, there are significant problems which brings into question the validity of this textbook in Biology courses. Most notably, it considers “Special creation” as an equally valid hypothesis as natural selection, while it is not a hypothesis... as it is largely untestable. The text talks about Miller-Urey as “weak science” without recognizing the recent work at Indiana University confirming his methodology and conclusions. This segment should be re-written by someone who understands evolutionary theory and the Miller-Urey experiment better. It was also surprising to see the use of the word “disproved” in a Bio textbook.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

The textbook would be highly update-able as it relies significantly in students reading Wikipedia articles - which are being constantly updated.

Clarity rating: 3

This textbook is essentially aset of “notes” accompanied by hyperlinks to Wikipedia. There is not enough detail to educate students on important concepts. For example, “fluid mosaic”, is truncated to two sentences without any attached image. This is a notoriously confusing concept that cannot be understood by students without assistance visualizing it. Meanwhile, the section on cell organelles is more expansive - but still far too simplistic. Same overly-simplistic issue of understanding things like protein transport, different protein types, etc. On the other hand, the description of photosynthesis is concise, but informative. Similarly, Mendelian Genetics is described reasonably well, while X-inactivation - another potentially confusing concept - is described in one sentence. Chapter 23 and onwards are better, with students getting a flavor of biodiversity, tissue systems, body plans, basic animal physiology and anatomy in a succinct way.

Consistency rating: 3

The text is somewhat consistent in its format. But significant differences in level of depth across chapters.

Modularity rating: 4

The textbook is divided nicely into smaller areas of exploration.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

The flow of the textbook is as logical as any other Biology textbook. No complaints here.

Interface rating: 3

The figures seem rudimentary, and are certainly not high-resolution images.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

No noticeable grammatical errors.

Not applicable

Reviewed by Ken Kruta, senior visiting lecturer, Bunker Hill Community College on 6/8/20

Although all of the important topics for an Intro to Bio course are listed as chapters, unfortunately, they are often missing information and details. read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 2 see less

Although all of the important topics for an Intro to Bio course are listed as chapters, unfortunately, they are often missing information and details.

The chapter references are simply Wikipedia pages.

It is from 2015 and used Wikipedia as references.

In many places it reads like simply a list of bullet points without enough explanation.

Some of the chapters change stylistic approaches as if collected from different sources/writers.

Modularity rating: 3

It is customizable, although incomplete in many sections.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 4

There is a logical flow between chapters.

Some of the images are of poor quality.

There are a few grammatical errors throughout the text.

Cultural Relevance rating: 1

Almost nonexistent, as info comes from Wikipedia.

I would not chose this as a primary text. One would need to supply significant supplemental material in order to cover the topics more completely.

Reviewed by Angela Nugent, Instructor, Northeastern Illinois University on 5/7/20

The text covers all of the important topics for an introductory biology course. However, the text is missing enough detail and explanation. Some sections were empty and didn't have any information. For most of the text, I felt as if I was reading... read more

The text covers all of the important topics for an introductory biology course. However, the text is missing enough detail and explanation. Some sections were empty and didn't have any information. For most of the text, I felt as if I was reading a vague outline/bullet points from lecture slide notes. Also, the glossary is incomplete and limited/short.

The text just references Wikipedia pages for information (e.g. cell components) instead of providing information in the chapter.

Copyright is 2015, so it's not the most up to date information. The information covers the bare basics though. Figures also appear outdated where some graphics are poor quality.

Some bullet points have no explanation provided. I think readers without a solid background in biology might have difficulty reading through the text. I'd be concerned that the professor might need to provide a lot more supplemental instruction/material for the lack of detail in the textbook. In addition, some bullet points and terms are not explained in the text or glossary. Instead the term is referenced to a Wikipedia page in some sections.

The framework between chapters is not consistent.

The writing style changes throughout the book, which I personally found disruptive and unfavorable. Some sections were bullet points, whereas others were paragraphs or short single sentences. Also the amount of information/detail varied per section. The various writing styles could maybe appeal to a wider variety of learners, but it was all too inconsistent for me.

Overall major topics flow in a logical order and were clear in how they were organized. Some sections didn't have any information though. So it wasn't clear why it was present, but didn't have any additional content.

Interface rating: 4

Some images are poor quality.

Grammatical errors were found.

Cultural Relevance rating: 2

The text really seems to just go over the bare basics. Examples are not really inclusive because examples are limited and sparse in general. I was really disappointed to not find more examples.

Reviewed by Sandra Yarema, Assistant Professor, Clinical, Wayne State University on 11/30/18

The book addresses all the important topic areas of biology, but does not provide much detailed information necessary to be the primary text for a comprehensive biology course. read more

The book addresses all the important topic areas of biology, but does not provide much detailed information necessary to be the primary text for a comprehensive biology course.

Content Accuracy rating: 3

Content is accurate, but limited. Using Wikipedia as a resource is not really best scientific practice.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 3

Content is up-to-date, not really detailed enough in cutting-edge discoveries to need updating.

Clarity rating: 4

Text is clear, but perhaps not enough detail provided for each topic. More diagrams would be useful.

Terminology and framework consistently adequate.

Modularity rating: 5

Chapters are organized in a way to easily subdivide into units of study.

Bullet points and topic designations are useful.

Interface adequate. Font could be larger.

No grammatical errors found.

Cultural Relevance rating: 4

No culturally insensitive or offensive material noted. Few inclusive examples provided.

This could be useful as a review for a general biology course or testing program. Not really detailed or comprehensive enough to use as the primary text for a biology course in a science-based program.

Reviewed by Nicholas Stewart, Instructor, Fort Hays State University on 11/29/18

The book does contain a comprehensive list of biological topics for an introductory biology class. However, the book lacks the detail required to be the primary textbook for students. It is a good outline for an introductory class for the... read more

The book does contain a comprehensive list of biological topics for an introductory biology class. However, the book lacks the detail required to be the primary textbook for students. It is a good outline for an introductory class for the instructor. The material is often presented in bullet points, which I don't have an issue with, but there needs to be more information to help connect those bullet points together to get a more complete picture. However, an instructor could use this as a guide and fill in the gaps themselves. Additionally, multiple of the Genetics sections and a couple of the later chapters appear to be incomplete.

Content Accuracy rating: 4

The majority of the information appears to be accurate. Noticed a few mistakes but nothing that could be fixed quickly by the instructor or authors.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 4

This book is a few years old, therefore new technologies could be added to help the relevance. Given the bullet point style of the text it could be done fairly easily.

The information is written in a way that students should be able to understand. However, the lack of connective text between different bullet points and/or topics will make it hard to form a complete picture of the major topics presented in the book. There isn't enough figures or examples supporting the text.

I pointed out the the inconsistency in the organization in the organization section. Not all topics headers have information associated with them.

I did not have an issue finding specific sections within the book. The outline style of the text makes it easy to find topics.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 3

I don't have an issue with the logical order of the topics. However, Section 6 "Cell" and Section 15 "Genetics" appear to be major headings and the following chapters are subsection of the major topic. The authors use of the same numbering between these headings and the other chapters makes for a slightly awkward flow.

The lack of figures makes the interface easy. The text is in a straightforward style, thus easy to read.

I did not find any glaring errors

I did not notice anything offensive. The lack of examples helps the text steer away from controversial topics.

This book I think is a helpful outline of an introductory course. It can help an instructor who is unsure about the topics that should be covered. It isn't comprehensive enough to be a stand alone resource for a class.

Reviewed by Erika Young, Lecturer, University of North Carolina at Pembroke on 6/19/18

While the text covers a multitude of topics, it doesn't give the details often required for thorough understanding. read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 4 see less

While the text covers a multitude of topics, it doesn't give the details often required for thorough understanding.

I do not agree with citing Wikipedia as a scientist, because of the ability to edit the information. I learned it was always best to use peer reviewed materials.

The text is more of a bulleted list of topics that doesn't seem to need the majority of the sub-categories and is sometimes redundant in placement of the material.

Very clear for general understanding. Not nearly enough diagrams/figures.

Consistency rating: 4

Text seems consistent but has details in some sections, and rather vague in others to be considered a general biology text.

Short bullet points help, and it seems very helpful as a study guide for something larger with more in depth discussions.

Flow was adequate.

Text was very clear, font perhaps could be larger.

No grammatical error found.

Not culturally insensitive or offensive.

Reviewed by Qing Li, Masters student, Oklahoma State University on 5/21/18

This book covers almost every topic that biology major students should know, however, it misses information in every topic. In another word, it tries to cover everything but failed to cover everything in detailed, especially it misses some... read more

This book covers almost every topic that biology major students should know, however, it misses information in every topic. In another word, it tries to cover everything but failed to cover everything in detailed, especially it misses some important information that a regular textbook should contain. It more looks like a study guide for test instead of a learning material. It tells you what type of information you should know, however, you probably have to search more detailed information in each unit somewhere else.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

Content appeared to be accurate for me. Probably it needs to be added more updated knowledge in a newer version.

This book is not up-dated as I mentioned above. It definitely can be added more update information as the progress of the technology. However, this book is easy to be updated by any instructors with newer and more information in their own manner due to the special structure of this book.

It does not contain enough information for most chapters and it doesn’t explain some concepts or jargons very clearly due to the shortness of this textbook. Some concepts should be explained with more words and sentences.

This textbook is somewhat inconsistent. As for the structure, some chapters contains more information than other chapters. In another word, some chapters use a bullets format, but the others use a paragraph format and try to explain more detailed information.

This book is very easy to be divided into smaller reading sections for sure due to its special structure. It is easy to reorganized and realigned by any instructor based on how he or she wants to structure his or her course.

The topics in the text are presented in a logical order, however, it can use more subunit under each chapter to make this textbook look more organized.

Interface rating: 2

This book does not contain too many figures. It might be a good way in some purpose, for example, you only want to use this book as a study guide. However, as a real textbook, it definitely needs more graphs and figures to improve the readability of this textbook.

I didn’t find much grammatical errors in this textbook.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

This book is not culturally insensitive or offensive in any way. It doesn’t contain any examples can be regarded as racial discrimination.

This textbook can be good or bad for you depends on how you want to use it and in which way. It is more like a quick study review for general biology instead of a regular textbook. As I mentioned above, if you want to quickly go through every topic covered by general biology in a really basic level, this book can be useful for you. However, if you want more detailed information and use this book as a main textbook resource for your two semester length course, this book is not your best choice.

Reviewed by Haiying Liang, Associate Professor, Clemson University on 2/1/18

The text covers most subjects of general biology. Because it is very concise (using bullets in many places), not many information is included. The knowledge depth is not adequate for a real textbook. read more

The text covers most subjects of general biology. Because it is very concise (using bullets in many places), not many information is included. The knowledge depth is not adequate for a real textbook.

Content appears accurate. DNA sequencing section may need to be updated with next generation sequencing information.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 1

The text is too short. It does not contain enough information to be a textbook. It can be useful for quick review for exams.

Clarity rating: 1

Certain chapters and paragraphs are clear and contain enough information. However, most of the text does not contain enough information, largely due to the fact that this book is more like a summary of various topics in biology, not a real textbook.

The text is not consistent in terms of style, formatting, clarity, and information provided. For instance, only practice questions are provided for a couple of topics.

The text uses a bullet point style, which makes the modularity very clear. However, by doing so, lots of information is omitted.

The topics are divided into chapters only. It can be improved if the chapters are organized by units.

The text is not user friendly. Options are very limited.

Grammatical Errors rating: 4

There are some grammatical errors, such as misspellings, extra words or numbers, and incorrect use of plurals. Formats are not consistent.

The materials are not culturally sensitive

This book summarizes the main concepts in general biology. It can be used for preview and review purposes. The text is easy to read.

Reviewed by Allyse Ferrara, Professor, Nicholls State University on 2/15/17

This is not a comprehensive text. If all of the topics that are missing from this text were included in this review, the review would be as long as the text. The PDF is less than 200 pages long for what is typically taught in two one-semester... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 1 see less

This is not a comprehensive text. If all of the topics that are missing from this text were included in this review, the review would be as long as the text. The PDF is less than 200 pages long for what is typically taught in two one-semester classes. Sufficient detail and background information is not provided. The entire PDF only includes six figures. In particular, information on diversity is incomplete with the majority of taxonomic levels and categories missing. For example, in Chapter 24 Chordates, information on Class Osteichthyes consists of a couple of sentences on Subclass Sarcopterygii. Ray-finned fishes are not included. Class Reptilia lists Subclass Diapsida under which there are four words – “dinosaurs, snakes, most stuff”. Only one half page of information is provided on Class Aves. Class Mammalia is covered in less than one page. Section 23.4 on Plant Phylogeny contains no text. Developmental biology, comparative physiology, ecology (at any level), behavior, endosymbiosis, plant anatomy and plant physiology are a few of the topics absent from the PDF. The glossary is half of a page with many definitions missing. No index is included.

Content Accuracy rating: 1

Text content is not accurate, error-free and unbiased. Very little organismal and diversity of life information is provided. Unfortunately, adequate and appropriate quantity of information is not provided for any topic. For example, in Chapter 7 Cell Structure, swelling is defined as “pressure of the water inside the vacuole” and isotonic is defined as “the cytoplasm fluid of the interior of the cells is the same that the outer”. Proof reading did not occur. Under the section 23.21 Angiosperm flower, the following text is included "Insert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text here".

The PDF is outdated and no longer relevant. Old and outdated classification system(s) is/are used and the PDF uses outdated terms vascular and non-vascular to describe different groups of plants. An incomplete and outdated classification of Kingdom Animalia is used. Important plant, fungi and protist phyla are missing as are milestones in animal evolution and characteristics that allowed plants to colonize land. The minimal amount of biotechnology information included in the PDF is also outdated.

The PDF is loaded with jargon and is not well written.

Consistency rating: 1

The PDF is highly inconsistent. Scientific and genus names frequently appear in regular font (neither italicized nor underlined) and capitalization is not consistent. A few sections include complete sentences and paragraphs and the remaining sections contain no text or only bulleted lists. The majority of chapters do not practice questions. If practice questions are included, answers to questions are not consistently included, if at all. In some sections, references made to pages and figures in an unnamed textbook.

Modularity rating: 1

Modularity is not present. Sections and chapters are not presented in similar formats.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 1

Text organization is not logical. The text is not divided into units but would benefit by organization into units rather than using placeholder chapters as is used for Chapter 1 Getting Started, Chapter 6 Cells, Chapter 15 Genetics and Chapter 25 Tissues and Systems. No text included in these placeholder chapters. Information is not logically organized. For example, Chapter 13 on Photosynthesis includes unrelated sections on prokaryote cell division, eukaryote chromosomes, chromosome organization (no text included), human karyotype stained by chromosome paints (no text included), human chromosomes (a quarter page with a bulleted list), mitotic cell cycle (three bullets and one text box consisting of one sentence), replicated human chromosomes (no text included), mitosis (half page of information), plant mitosis (one quarter page), controlling the cell cycle, cancer and mutations and cancer (no text included). The glossary (Chapter 34) is half of a page with some terms undefined. The list of figures does not correspond to the six figures included in the text.

Some of the links in the footnotes connect to Wikibooks pages that do not contain any information. After connecting to a Wikibooks link, clicking the back arrow brings you to the beginning of the PDF, not to the section you were reading. Navigation between footnotes and text is cumbersome.

Grammatical Errors rating: 1

The text is filled with misspellings, incorrect word use, jargon, incorrect use of plurals, grammatical errors, incomplete sentences and statements without explanation or support.

Considering the brevity of information provided the text is not culturally sensitive. The term “man” is used rather than the more appropriate term “human”.

This is not a textbook. The information provided is incomplete and outdated and is little more than an incomplete and unedited draft of course notes.

Reviewed by Takamitsu Kato, Associate Professor, Colorado State University on 12/5/16

This open book is very comprehensive, however, I believe that the context of the book may be too comprehensive. Moreover, the text covers very broad fields of biology that students may not be able to grasp. However, the text is not in a... read more

This open book is very comprehensive, however, I believe that the context of the book may be too comprehensive. Moreover, the text covers very broad fields of biology that students may not be able to grasp. However, the text is not in a traditional style, meaning that it contains less than 200 pages. Therefore, students will not get in depth knowledge. Some chapters appear to be incomplete.

The book appeared to be accurate. More specifically, the paragraphs, sentences, and phrases are very short resulting in great accuracy. Moreover, students can learn many topics very quickly and efficiently. Lastly, I noticed some mistakes but they were minor problems.

Importantly, this book is very up-to-date and can be updated quickly if authors want. On-the-other-hand various chapters seem to be incomplete or too short (i.e. section 8.3.2). But the unique style of this book enables authors to update information easily.

Clarity rating: 5

The text was written very clearly, while the book is very short. It is very easy to read but scholars need prerequisite information before reading the material in this book.

The text is usually consistent but there are some exceptions. Many chapters were written with bullet points and short sentences. However, a few chapters were written with more information; leaving inconsistencies . The inconsistencies can be improved by further updates.

The text is very easily divisible. The text can be used for just quick review but not for extensive information. If the authors decide to keep the bullet point style this could be useful for students early in the biology world.

The book is divided into many chapters and subchapters. The topics in the text are presented in a very clear fashion. Individual chapters are appropriately organized.

The text sometimes contains graphical figures but additional figures would greatly improve the context. However, if the purpose of this book is quick review, the figures and charts are not necessary.

I did not notice any grammatical errors.

The text is not culturally insensitive or offensive.

This book is very unique. It is not like regular books. It is more like a summary of wikipedia's knowledge on biology. This book is very useful to review what students learned in class or try to understand the concept quickly before class starts. Reading this text does not take too much time. Personally, I like this book. I can use this as a quick reference. For class this book can be used as an alternative book with combination of traditional general biology book. This book would be a great alternative for students who are trying to be fiscally smart.

Table of Contents

  • 1 Getting Started
  • 2 Biology - The Life Science
  • 3 The Nature of Molecules
  • 4 Chemical Building Blocks of Life
  • 5 Life: History and Origin
  • 7 Cell structure
  • 8 Structure of Eukaryotic cells
  • 9 Membranes
  • 10 Cell-cell interactions
  • 11 Energy and Metabolism
  • 12 Respiration: harvesting of energy
  • 13 Photosynthesis
  • 14 Sexual reproduction
  • 15 Genetics
  • 16 Gregor Mendel and biological inheritance
  • 17 DNA: The Genetic Material
  • 18 Gene expression
  • 19 Gene regulation
  • 20 Mutation
  • 21 Recombinant DNA technology
  • 22 Classification of Living Things
  • 23 Multicellular Photosynthetic Autotrophs
  • 24 Chordates
  • 25 Tissues and Systems
  • 26 Epithelial tissue
  • 27 Connective tissue
  • 28 Muscle tissue
  • 29 Vertebrate digestive system
  • 30 Circulatory system
  • 31 Respiratory system
  • 32 Sensory systems
  • 33 Additional material
  • 34 Glossary
  • 35 Contributors
  • 36 Licenses

Ancillary Material

About the book.

The word biology means, "the science of life", from the Greek bios, life, and logos, wordor knowledge. Therefore, Biology is the science of Living Things. That is why Biology issometimes known as Life Science.

About the Contributors

Paul Doerder is a biology professor at Cleveland State University located in Cleveland, Ohio. 

Ralph Gibson   is an assistant professor at Cleveland State University located in Cleveland, Ohio. 

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Biology Worksheets, Notes, and Quizzes (PDF and PNG)

Biology Notes, Worksheets, and Quizzes

This is a collection of free biology worksheets, notes, handouts, slides, study guides and quizzes. Most content targets high school, AP biology, genetics, anatomy/physiology, immunology, and biology 101 and 102 in college. There is also biochemistry and physics for biologists. However, some resources are at the grade school and middle school level.

The files are PDF, PNG, JPG, and formats using Google Apps for Google Classroom. Most of the time, these formats are interchangeable. So, if you see something you like, but want a different format, just let us know. Print these resources, make transparencies and slides, etc.

In the interest of quick load time, not all of the images are shown. If you’d rather see them all, just contact us!

Biochemistry

Understanding the Differences Between RNA and DNA - Worksheet

[ Google apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ answers PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Enzymes Worksheet

Enzymes Definitions

[ Google Slides worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ answers PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

  • 20 Amino Acids [ PNG ][ PDF ]
  • Amino Acid Side Chains [ PNG ][ PDF ]
  • Identifying Type of Biological Macromolecules [ Google Slides worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ answers PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
  • Disaccharide Examples [ PNG ]
  • Products of Photosynthesis [ JPG ]
  • Anabolism vs Catabolism [ PNG ]
  • 3 Parts of a Nucleotide [ PNG ]
  • Fermentation Definition and Examples [ PNG ]

General and Cell Biology

Major Organelles and Their Function Worksheet

Organelles and Their Functions

Parts of a Plant Cell Worksheet

Parts of a Plant Cell

Anatomy of a Chloroplast Worksheet

Label Parts of a Chloroplast

[ Google Apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ answers PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Anatomy of the Mitochondria Worksheet

Label Parts of a Mitochondria

Animal Cell Worksheet

Label the Animal Cell

[ Google Apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Worksheet

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Worksheet

Stages of the Cell Cycle Worksheet

Steps of the Cell Cycle

Stages of Mitosis Worksheet

Steps of Mitosis

Membrane Transport Worksheet

Membrane Transport Terms and Definitions

Membrane Transport Worksheet 2

Membrane Transport Worksheet #2

The Plasma Membrane Worksheet

The Plasma Membrane

Bacterial Cell Anatomy Worksheet

Label a Bacterial Cell

  • Label a Bacteriophage [ Google Apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
  • Evidence of Evolution Worksheet [ Google Apps worksheet ][ Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answers PNG ]
  • Evolutionary Processes Worksheet [ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
  • Major Receptor Families [ Google Apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
  • Label a Bacterial Cell Membrane ( E. coli ) [ Google Apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Anatomy and Physiology

These worksheets are only a portion of the available anatomy and physiology worksheets. Human anatomy and physiology worksheets have their own section.

Anatomy of the Heart Worksheet

Label the Heart

Anatomy of the Eye Worksheet

Label the Eye

[ Google Apps worksheet ][ worksheet PDF ][ answers PDF ][ worksheet PNG ]

Types of Blood Cells Worksheet

Types of Blood Cells

[ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

The Main Anterior Muscles Worksheet

Label the Muscles

[ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Anatomy of the ear worksheet

Label the Ear

[ Google Apps worksheet ][ Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answers PNG ]

Anatomy of the Lungs Worksheet

Label the Lungs

Anatomy of a Kidney Worksheet

Label the Kidney

Anatomy of the Liver Worksheet

Label the Liver

Anatomy of the Large Intestine Worksheet

Label the Large Intestine

Anatomy of the Stomach Worksheet

Label the Stomach

[ Google Apps worksheet ] [Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answers PNG ]

External Nose Anatomy Worksheet

External Nose Anatomy

[ Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet Google Apps ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answers PNG ]

Anatomy of the Nose Worksheet

Parts of the Nose

The Skeletal System Worksheet

Label Bones of the Skeleton

Anatomy of a Lymph Node - Worksheet

Label the Lymph Node

Anatomy of of the Brain Worksheet

Label the Parts of the Brain

Lobes of the Brain Worksheet

Label the Lobes of the Brain

Anatomical Directions of the Brain Worksheet

Brain Anatomical Sections

Arteries of the Brain Worksheet

Arteries of the Brain

Anatomy of the Pancreas Worksheet

Label the Pancreas

Anatomy of the Spleen Worksheet

Label the Spleen

The Digestive System Worksheet

Label the Digestive System

The Respiratory System Worksheet

Label the Respiratory System

Anatomy of a Neuron Worksheet

Parts of a Neuron

Lip Anatomy Worksheet

Label the Lips

Anatomy of the Skin Worksheet

Label the Skin

The Circulatory System Worksheet

Label the Circulatory System

The Excretory System Worksheet

The Urinary Tract

[ Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet Google Apps ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answer Key PNG ]

Anatomy of the Bladder Worksheet

The Bladder

  • The Female Reproductive System [ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Parts of a Flower Worksheet

Parts of a Flower

Anatomy of an orchid Worksheet

Label the Orchid Plant

[ Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet Google Apps ][ Worksheet PNG ] [Answer Key PNG ]

Parts of an orchid flower Worksheet

Parts of an Orchid Flower

Parts of a monocot seed Worksheet

Parts of a Monocot Seed

Parts of a fern Worksheet

Parts of a Fern

Parts of a tree trunk Worksheet

Parts of a Tree Trunk

Parts of a Tree Worksheet

Parts of a Tree

[ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Basic Anatomy of a Mushroom Worksheet

Parts of a Mushroom

Parts of a Shark Worksheet

Label the Shark

Anatomy of a Fish Worksheet

Label the Fish

Parts of a Bird Worksheet

Parts of a Bird

Basic Anatomy of a Bird Worksheet

Bird Anatomy

Life Cycle of a Frog Worksheet

Frog Life Cycle

Basic Mosquito Anatomy Worksheet

Parts of a Mosquito (Insect)

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Bones of the T. rex Skull

[ worksheets PDF ][ worksheet Google Slides ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

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Holes of the T. rex Skull

  • Label the T. rex Skeleton [ worksheets PDF ][ worksheet Google Slides ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
  • Label Human Teeth [ Worksheet PDF ][ Worksheet Google Apps ][ Worksheet PNG ][ Answer Key PNG ]
  • Monocot vs Dicot Seeds [ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet Google Slides ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
  • Label the Moss [ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet Google Slides ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
  • Diagram of the Human Eye [ JPG ]

Use a completed worksheet as a study guide.

Cells of the Immune System Worksheet

Cells of the Immune System

Immune Cell Functions - Worksheet 1

Immune Cell Functions

[ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG #1][ answers PNG #1][ worksheet PNG #2][ answers PNG #2]

Methods to Study Virus Structures Worksheet

Methods to Study Virus Structures

[ worksheet Google Slide ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Icosahedral Virus Capsids Worksheet

Icosahedral Virus Capsids

Human DNA Viruses Worksheet

Human DNA Viruses

Human RNA Viruses Worksheet

Human RNA Viruses

This is selection of worksheets relating to DNA, RNA, transcription, translation, genetic crosses, plasmid mapping, etc. See the full collection of genetics worksheets if you’re don’t see what you need.

DNA Replication Worksheet

DNA Replication

Types of Mutations Worksheet

Types of Mutations

Monohybrid Cross - Worksheet #1

Monohybrid Cross Worksheet #1

Monohybrid Cross - Worksheet #2

Monohybrid Cross Worksheet #2

Monohybrid Cross - Worksheet #3

Monohybrid Cross Worksheet #3

Monohybrid Cross 4 Multiple Alleles - Worksheet

Monohybrid Cross #4 – Multiple Alleles

  • Monohybrid Cross Worksheet #5: Multiple Alleles [ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Monohybrid Cross 6 Sex-Linked Inheritance Worksheet

Monohybrid Cross #6 – Sex-Linked Inheritance

Sex-Linked Inheritance Worksheet

Monohybrid Cross #7 – Sex-Linked Inheritance

Dihybrid Cross - Worksheet #1

Dihybrid Cross Worksheet #1

Dihybrid Cross 2 - Worksheet (8.5 × 11 in)

Dihybrid Cross Worksheet #2

Dihybrid Cross 3 - Student (8.5 × 11 in)

Dihybrid Cross Worksheet #3

Dihybrid Cross 4 - Student (8.5 × 11 in)

Dihybrid Cross Worksheet #4

Dihybrid Cross 5 Epistasis Worksheet

Dihybrid Cross #5 – Epistasis

Dihybrid Cross 6 Epistasis Worksheet

Dihybrid Cross #6 – Epistasis

Incomplete Dominance - Worksheet #1

Incomplete Dominance Worksheet #1

Incomplete Dominance - Worksheet #2

Incomplete Dominance Worksheet #2

Natural Selection Worksheet

Natural Selection Worksheet

Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution Worksheet

Convergent vs Divergent Evolution Worksheet

Pedigree Worksheet 1 Worksheet

Intro to Pedigrees Worksheet #1

Pedigree Worksheet 2 (Student)

Pedigrees/Genealogy Worksheet #2

Pedigree Worksheet 3 (Student)

Pedigrees/Genealogy Worksheet #3 – X-Linked Dominant Traits

Pedigree Worksheet 4 X-Linked Recessive Traits (Student)

Pedigrees/Genealogy Worksheet #4 – X-Linked Recessive Traits

Pedigree Worksheet 5 Autosomal Dominant Traits (Student)

Pedigrees/Genealogy Worksheet #5 – Autosomal Dominant Traits

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Pedigrees/Genealogy Worksheet #6 – Autosomal Recessive Traits

Pedigree Worksheet 7 (Student)

Pedigrees/Genealogy Worksheet #7 – Comprehension Skills

Pedigree Worksheet 8 Worksheet

Pedigrees/Genealogy Worksheet #8 – Identifying Inheritance Patterns

Autosomal vs Sex-Linked Inheritance Worksheet

Autosomal vs Sex-Linked Inheritance

Plasmid Mapping Worksheet 1 (Student)

Plasmid Mapping

  • Genotype vs Phenotype [ PNG ]
  • Genetic Codon Chart [ PNG ][ PDF ]
  • RNA vs DNA [ JPG ]

Use labelled diagrams as study guides.

Ecosystem Worksheet 1

Ecosystems Worksheet

Levels of organization in ecology Worksheet

Levels of Organization (Ecosystem)

Levels of Primary Succession Worksheet

Primary Succession

Levels of Secondary Succession Worksheet

Secondary Succession

Parts of the Insect Worksheet

Label the Insect

Anatomy of a Bee Worksheet

Label the Bee

Life Cycle of a Chicken Worksheet

Chicken Life Cycle (Basic)

Life Cycle of a Bird Worksheet

Bird Life Cycle (Basic)

Frog Life Cycle Worksheet

Butterfly Life Cycle

  • Biotic and Abiotic Factors [ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]
  • Kingdoms of Life Graphic [ PNG ]
  • Autotroph vs Heterotroph Graphic [ PNG ]
  • Commensalism Definition and Examples [ PNG ]
  • Difference Between Butterflies and Moths [ JPG ]
  • Difference Between Bugs and Insects [ PNG ]

Parasitology

Schistosome Life Cycle Worksheet

Schistosome Life Cycle

Adult Schistosome Worksheet

Schistosome Anatomy

  • Giardia Life Cycle [ worksheet Google Apps ][ worksheet PDF ][ worksheet PNG ][ answers PNG ]

Physical Science for Biology

There is also an entire section devoted to physical science worksheets and study guides.

  • Adhesion vs Cohesion Graphic [ PNG ]
  • What Is Entropy? [ PNG ]
  • Freezing Point of Water [ PNG ]

Biology Labs

  • How to Extract DNA From a Banana [ PNG ]

Biology Word Search Puzzles

  • DNA Replication Word Search
  • Gel Electrophoresis Word Search
  • Citrus Fruits
  • General Biology Word Search Puzzle [ PNG ]
  • Life Science Word Search [ PNG ][ PDF ]
  • Cell Biology Word Search [ PNG ][ PDF ]
  • Amino Acid Word Search [ PNG ][ PDF ]
  • Biome Word Search [ PNG ][ PDF ]
  • Environmental Science Word Search [ PNG ][ PDF ]
  • Photosynthesis Word Search [ PNG ]
  • Human Skeleton Bones Word Search [ PNG ]
  • Dinosaur Word Search [ PNG ][ PDF ]
  • Different Dinosaur Word Search [ PNG ][ PDF ]
  • Wild Cats Word Search [ PNG ][ PDF ]
  • Shark Word Search [ PNG ]
  • Trees Word Search [ PNG ][ PDF ]
  • Flowers Word Search [ PNG ][ PDF ]
  • Butterfly Word Search [ PNG ][ PDF ]
  • Genetics Word Search [ PNG ][ PDF ]

Miscellaneous Biology Notes and Resouces

  • How Long Can Germs Live on Surfaces? [ PNG ]
  • 10 Radioactive Foods [ PNG ]
  • Examples of Organic Compounds [ PNG ]

Biology Notes Terms of Use

You are welcome to print these resources for personal or classroom use. They may be used as handouts or posters. They may  not  be posted elsewhere online, sold, or used on products for sale.

This page doesn’t include all of the assets on the Science Notes site. If there’s a table or worksheet you need but don’t see, just let us know.

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InfoBooks.org

50+ Biology Books for Free! [PDF]

* If you have doubts about how to download free books from InfoBooks, visit our guide to downloading books .

Biology-Books

Welcome, biology lover! If you’re searching for the best biology books to download for free, you’ve come to the right place!

Our platform is dedicated to providing quality educational resources, and we take pride in being your reliable source for everything related to biology.

Here you’ll find an extensive library of biology books, covering topics from cell biology to genetics and ecology. We’ve got everything you need to feed your curiosity and expand your knowledge in this exciting discipline.

Our biology books are available in PDF format, meaning you can access them from any device, at any time. This way, you can continue learning about the fascinating world of living beings, no matter where you are.

In addition to offering free access to these valuable resources, we also strive to keep our library up-to-date and constantly growing.

Are you ready to dive into the thrilling world of biology? Explore our collection of free biology books and start uncovering the secrets of life today!

1) Animal Biology Books

Animal Biology Books

Animal biology  is the science that deals with the study of what is called the  Kingdom Animalia . This kingdom comprises all  multicellular organisms . And which take energy through the digestion of food and also contain cells that are organized into tissues.

This is different from plants, which produce their nutrients from inorganic substances through the process of photosynthesis. Animals actively provide themselves with food. And they proceed to digest it in their internal system.

In animal biology, animal tissues are made up of different cells, which are joined together. Likewise, the extracellular matrix is formed through characteristic junctions.

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FREE BOOKS [PDF]

2) Bacteriology Books

Bacteriology Books

Bacteriology is the science that studies bacteria , the etymological origin of the term is Latin in which “Bacterio” means “Small animals” and “ L ogy” means “Study”. Bacteriology is a very extensive science, its study is almost infinite due to the millions of types of bacteria that have not yet been discovered or that have not yet manifested themselves in multicellular organisms.

Bacteriology specialists can prevent, diagnose and treat diseases caused by bacteria. These professionals are part of teams that work alongside physicians, nurses and others in the healthcare field. Bacteriologists study urine and blood samples, to name two possibilities. They are also able to examine soil, water and other elements for bacteria.

Bacteriology as a discipline appears as a necessity for physicians to test and apply the microbial theory of disease, as well as economic concerns related to food and wine spoilage.

3) Biotechnology Books

Biotechnology Books

Biotechnology is defined as a multidisciplinary area, employing biology, chemistry and various processes, with great utility in agriculture , pharmacy, food science, forestry and medicine . The term was probably first used by the Hungarian engineer Karoly Ereky in 1919.

Biotechnology dates back to ancient times, when techniques for manipulating living organisms were already being used to obtain certain results, such as the production of wine or bread, the secret of which is fermentation by microorganisms, yeasts, known as traditional biotechnology.

However, with the development of various scientific areas, especially those related to the DNA molecule, they transformed the way of manipulating organisms, relying in part on recombinant DNA techniques, which led to the use of genetic engineering techniques, giving rise to modern biotechnology.

4) Botany Books

Botany Books

Botany  (from the Greek botanē that means grass) is a science whose object of study is the kingdom plantae, comprising plants, fungi and algae. Botany is a part of biology, which is the science that studies all living organisms.

Core botany studies plants, fungi and algae in their composition, functions, development, location, adaptations, etc., but there is also applied botany that studies the possibilities of using these species as remedies, in cosmetic products or other uses.

The father of botany was  Theophrastus , a disciple of  Aristotle , who in the 4th century B.C. published the first works focused on the study of plants. Few advances were made in the following centuries. Perhaps the most outstanding figure in the field of botany is  Carl Linnaeus , an eminent Swedish scientist of the 18th century who devoted most of his life to studying and classifying plants and animals.

5) Cell Biology Books

Cell Biology Books

Cell biology  is the science that studies the properties, characteristics, evolution, life cycle and interaction of the  cell  with its environment. Cell biology is also known as cellular  biochemistry . Cell biology studies derive from previous disciplines such as cytology (the branch of biology that studies cells) and histology (the discipline that studies organic tissues).

Cell biology is essential for the quality of life of human beings. This is because its findings and research are decisive, for example, in preventing diseases such as cancer or Alzheimer’s disease.

It also helps to propose therapeutic alternatives to improve the repair processes of human tissues and organs, as well as to combat agents that cause severe disorders in living organisms, such as those that occur when bacteria or viruses appear.

6) Ecology Books

Ecology Books

Ecology  is the science that studies the relationship between living organisms and the environment they inhabit. The definition of ecology is simple but the object of its study is very complex.

It was  Ernst Haeckel , a German scientist, who created the term ecology in 1869 in order to designate a name for the science that studies the relationship between living organisms and the environment.

In particular, it studies how the environment influences their distribution, quantity, biodiversity, behavior, the interactions between different species and the modifications they can cause in the environment. Its levels of study are at the level of organisms, populations and communities of populations that make up ecosystems and the biosphere in general.

7) Environmental Biology Books

Environmental Biology Books

Environmental biology  is a science that studies the possible solution to environmental problems and fundamentally requires a broad knowledge and understanding of the basic physical, chemical and biological processes that occur in nature, for which it is necessary to have qualified personnel to face this problem that integrates almost all branches of knowledge and that should converge in an effort to achieve an adequate relationship between humans and their environment.

Environmental problems are analyzed from a broad biological perspective, with a comprehensive vision of the components of the environment, in such a way that environmental policies can be formulated based on research processes.

The life sciences have undergone an extraordinary development in recent decades, which has led to a great diversification of the fields of study. Specifically, environmental biology studies the relationship of biological systems (organisms, species, ecosystems) with their environment.

8) Evolutionary Biology Books

Evolutionary Biology Books

Evolutionary biology is the branch or discipline of biology that studies the origin of species and their changes, dissemination, differentiation and any evolutionary process that arises over time.

In short, it studies from the beginning of the species, covering all the transformations it has undergone over time, since it is in charge of identifying each species with its reproductive capacity and comparing the changes observed between each generation of the species studied.

To better understand this context, it is necessary to give a clear definition of evolution ; evolution is defined as the progressive or successive change to which a population undergoes, this is influenced by the characteristics of the environment in which it lives, these changes are transmitted without alteration to subsequent generations since the changes are made at the level of the genetic structure .

9) Genetics Books

Genetics Books

Genetics  is a branch of biology that studies how hereditary traits are transmitted from generation to generation.

Genes are the units of information used by organisms to transfer characteristics to their offspring. The gene contains encoded instructions for synthesizing all the proteins of an organism. These proteins are the ones that will eventually give rise to all the characteristics of an individual (phenotype).

Genetics takes on special relevance when studying the transmission of diseases. In the same way that eye color is inherited from parents to children, there are also diseases that can be transmitted to offspring, in this case we speak of genetic or hereditary diseases.

10) Histology Books

Histology Books

Histology  is a branch of biology that studies the organic tissues of animals and plants in their microscopic aspects: characteristics, composition, structure and function. For this reason, its fundamental tool is the microscope.

The Italian  Marcello Malpighi  (1628-1694) is considered the founder of histology. It was this biologist and anatomist who detected living cells for the first time. Thanks to increasingly powerful microscopes, histology progressed throughout the 17th century and in the following years.

The results of histological studies are key to  medicine  and biology, both for understanding the properties of the organism under normal conditions and for examining the presence of pathologies, their evolution and possible diagnosis.

11) Marine Biology Books

Marine Biology Books

Marine biology  is the scientific study of all organisms and species living in the aquatic environment. It must be taken into account that our planet is made up of two thirds of water and there are millions of living organisms that live in this natural environment.

Marine biology is strongly related to  oceanography , the scientific study of the oceans. Within oceanography we can distinguish geological oceanography, which studies the seafloor, chemical oceanography, which studies the chemical components of the oceans, and physical oceanography, which studies the waves, currents, tides and other physical aspects of the sea.

12) Microbiology Books

Microbiology Books

Microbiology  is the branch of biology that studies microorganisms, both prokaryotes and viruses as well as simple eukaryotes, uni and multicellular. The organisms that are the object of this branch are those that are only visible under the microscope. Etymologically it comes from the Greek mīkros (small), bios (life) and -logia (treatise, science).

In the field of health and  medicine , microbiology is of great importance since it is in charge of studying pathogenic microorganisms such as fungi, viruses, parasites and bacteria that can cause disease in humans.

Through microbiology, infectious diseases suffered by any patient are studied and thanks to it, the most appropriate treatment for each disease and patient can be determined.

13) Molecular Biology Books

Molecular Biology Books

Molecular Biology  is the scientific discipline that aims to study the processes that take place in living organisms from a molecular point of view. The following definition of Molecular Biology can be found in the  Human Genome  Project: The study of the structure, function and makeup of biologically important molecules.

This area is related to other fields of Biology and Chemistry, particularly Genetics and Biochemistry. Molecular biology is mainly concerned with understanding the interactions of the different systems of the cell, which includes many relationships, including those of DNA with RNA, protein synthesis, metabolism, and how all these interactions are regulated to achieve proper cell function.

14) Physiology Books

Physiology Books

Physiology is the science that deals with the knowledge and analysis of the functions of living organisms. By bringing together the principles proposed by the other exact sciences (physics, chemistry, biology), this discipline gives meaning to the relationships between the elements that give life to living organisms.

Through the scientific method and experimentation, physiology is able to understand how living organisms change within an environment and to establish rules that determine the behavior of matter and energy in the course of life.

Depending on the type of living organism, we can distinguish three major groups: plant physiology, dedicated to the study of the functioning of the organs and tissues of plants, phyto-physiology is part of this group of physiology and develops specific taxa of plants; animal physiology; and human physiology, which is part of animal physiology.

15) Zoology Books

Zoology Books

The term “ zoology ” comes from the Greek and translates as “science or study of animals”. The main objective of zoology is the examination of the morphological and anatomical description of the different animal species: their reproduction, development, behavior and distribution. Aristotle was the first zoologist since he devoted himself to taxonomy, which is, to the description and cataloguing of numerous species.

Zoologists are the specialists in charge of the biological taxonomy of all animal species, both living and dead. Some zoologists work in museums and are responsible for the maintenance and description of zoological collections.

Zoology has many subspecialties that deal with different groups, such as arachnology (spiders), herpetology (reptiles and amphibians), ichthyology (fish), ornithology (birds), malacology (mollusks),…

16) Biochemistry Books

Biochemistry Books

Biochemistry  studies the chemical composition of living organisms, especially proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. It attempts to understand the chemical basis of life: the molecules that make up cells and tissues, which catalyze the chemical reactions of cellular metabolism such as digestion, photosynthesis and immunity, among many other things. It is applied in many areas of  medicine , agri-food,  pharmacology , and several other areas.

It is an eminently experimental science, which resorts to the scientific method, that is to say, to the verification of experiments by means of numerous instrumental techniques of its own and also of other branches of science such as  statistics  and  physics .

The beginning of this discipline dates back to 1828, when Friedrich Wöhler published an article on the synthesis of urea, which demonstrated that organic compounds, contrary to what was believed, can be produced artificially in a laboratory.

So, here ends our selection of free books about Biology. We hope you liked it and that you already have your next book!

If you found this list useful, don’t forget to share it on your main social networks. Remember that «Sharing is Caring».

And remember that if you have any book to recommend us you can do it in the comments.

Alternative Therapy Books

Alternative Therapy

Animal Books

Art & Photography

Biology Books

Children's

Computer Science Books

Computer Science

Engineering Books

Engineering

Esoteric Books

Esotericism

Food & Drinks Books

Food & Drinks

French Books

French Books

History Books

Mystery and Thriller

Mythology Books

Portuguese Books

Psychology Books

Self Improvement

Short Stories

Short Stories

Spanish Books

Spanish Books

Sports Books

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Biology notes Form 1 to 4 free downloads.

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Sample College Essays.pdf

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A collection of college essays for students to learn how to write college essays

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Paul Perkins

free biology essays pdf download

Mateusz Janiszewski

Erdy Joshua Dayrit

In the world nowadays, it is common to see people being surrounded with their gadgets, scrolling through their laptops and smart phones browsing social media websites particularly Facebook. Facebook was made to help students and its users to socialize with other people and do urgent tasks online but due to many negative effects, it does not help its users anymore if abused. Facebook must be used in limited time and reasonable purpose to be productive. The problem is that there are negative effects of using Facebook which can greatly affect the students and the fact that it is left unsettled. The students may not be aware of the possible consequences they may encounter with the irresponsible use of Facebook. The growing problem needs to be solved to avoid acquiring the negative effects that Facebook can bring to its users. After comparing the data gathered from the survey and the literature and studies, the researchers conclude that 18 percent of the male junior high school is addicted to Facebook and 15 percent are overly addicted to it. The researchers found out that positive effects are more dominant to students than the negative effects. The researchers conclude that one of the negative effects of Facebook is distraction as supported by the result of the survey. The last conclusion that the researchers have come up with is that one of the greatest positive effect of Facebook to students is being updated on the news as supported by the survey and the gathered references.

khandakar Al Farid Uddin

Nathalie Delise DuPont

Naomi Smith

This thesis explores the ways in which Facebook is created as a space and how this space is produced through the presentation of the self and the friendships that Facebook contains. The focus of the thesis is on understanding the interplay between the constraints of Facebook’s framework, and how users act within it. To address this focus, this research takes a critical realist approach. To embody a critical realist approach in the social sciences is to use a combination of methods in order to elucidate the phenomena at hand. As such, this research takes a case study approach to Facebook which combines a variety of methods in order to approach the object of study. These methods include a structured questionnaire, semi-structured interviewing and observation. From the results generated by these methods, I argue that Facebook, while new in many ways, is not inherently more disruptive to friendship than other forms of mediation that have preceded it and should be understood as part of a continuum of changes that have shaped the expression of friendship. In fact, Facebook removes some of the temporal aspects of friendship, being no longer location or place specific as it relocates some of these characteristics to Facebook. The architecture of Facebook means that friendships become simultaneously dynamic and static, as they can be maintained with little effort, while remaining current. Using Facebook as a hub through which to manage friendships means that users must present at least a portion of their selves to be presented for consumption and comment. Not doing so tacitly resists the pressure that Facebook puts on users to be part of its social hum. Deciding on the ‘right’ way to present the self requires accounting for the space one is acting in, similar to face-to-face interaction. The sharing of the self helps to facilitate impromptu socialising regardless of corporeal presence.Building on these results, I argue Facebook can be best understood as a parochial space that contains known, although not necessarily intimate others. Facebook is a place and a space – an abstract space rather than an organic space created by capital for its own purposes. Even so, abstract space can be resisted and re-shaped. People demonstrate agency in reshaping both in how space is used to ‘get around’, but also in how social relations are formed, maintained, ordered and sustained. The popularity of Facebook has helped foster a reconfigured parochial sphere that be framed as a return to gemeinschaft,and the ‘village square’. There is little of the public realm or the stranger about Facebook. Although Facebook potentially gives the comfort of Tönnies’ gemeinschaft village square it does have some important differences. Rather than bestowed through birth and kinship,this village is intentionally created and ‘curated’ by the user to meet varied social and relational needs and obligations. Relationships are formed, ordered and sustained reflexively according to the dictates of Facebook’s architecture and the reflexive preferences of the user. This research extends the current literature by critically re-examining how Facebook can be understood as a space beyond dichotomies of public and private. This thesis argues that re-contextualising Facebook as a parochial space means that the implications of this space for the presentation of the self and the friendships represented within this space must also be examined. In critically examining these aspects, this thesis concludes that users can and do exert agency to use Facebook in a way that best suits their needs. However, social obligations, technical structures, and corporate interests, mean the village is not fully within our control.

Revista Conhecimento Online

Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining - ASONAM '13

Historia Mexicana

Carlos Tormo Camallonga

A lo largo de todo el periodo colonial, la Universidad de México fue mayoritariamente canonista en cuanto a las preferencias de sus estudiantes juristas. Sin embargo, hemos podido comprobar que para el tránsito de los siglos XVII a XVIII se aprecia alguna diferencia o particularidad, en cuanto que, respecto a algunos parámetros, las referencias sobre Leyes llegan a superar a las de Cánones. La cronología de esta singularidad resulta coincidente con los cambios en la política de nombramiento de las autoridades novohispanas, especialmente para la Audiencia. En este estudio intentamos acercarnos a la relación explicativa que pudiera haber entre estas dos realidades, cuestionándonos algunas posibles interpretaciones.

Tribology Online

Shivam Kumar

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ICSE Class 10 Biology Question paper 2024 with Answers and Solutions, Get Free PDF Download

ICSE Class 10 Biology Question Paper 2024: Get the ICSE Class 10 Biology question paper and answer key for board exam 2024. All the questions have been answered by subject matter experts. Download the question paper and answer key in PDF here. 

Gurmeet Kaur

ICSE Class 10 Biology Question Paper 2024: ICSE Class 10 Biology exam was conducted today, March 18. The paper was held for 2 hours and 15 minutes, including the question paper reading time. This was Science Paper 3 for ICSE students, Physics and  Chemistry being Paper 1 and Paper 2 respectively. Students and teachers have reviewed the Biology paper to be moderately easy. Here’s the question paper PDF for the ICSE Class 10 Biology Exam 2024 along with its answer key. The answer key includes answers and solutions to the questions asked in the Biology paper. These answers have been crafted by the subject matter experts. Students can use these resources to know the correctness of their answers and evaluate their performance in the exam.

ICSE Class 10 Biology  Paper Pattern 2024

  • There were 8 questions divided into two sections:
  • Section A - MCQs and Objective Type Questions (40 Marks)
  • Section B - Descriptive Answer Type Questions (40 Marks)
  • All the questions in Section A were compulsory.
  • In Section B students were required to attempt any four questions.

ICSE Class 10 Biology  Question Paper 2024

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ICSE Class 10 Biology  Paper Answer Key 2024

Select the correct answers to the questions from the given options.

(i)Duplicated chromosomes are joined at a point termed:

(a) Centrosome

(b) Centromere

(c) Centriole

(d) Chromatid

Answer: (b) Centromere

(ii)The process of conversion of ADP to ATP during photosynthesis is called:

(a) Photolysis

(b) Phagocytosis

(c) Photophosphorylation

(d) Polymerisation

Answer: (c) Photophosphorylation

(iii)The process in which water is lost from the margins of strawberry leaves is

(a) Osmosis

(b) Imbibition

(c) Diffusion

(d) Guttation

Answer: (d) Guttation

(iv) The hormone that affects urination is:

(a) Adrenaline

(b) Vasopressin

(c) Oestrogen

(d) Thyroxine

Answer: (b) Vasopressin

(v)Which one of the following helps in the opening of stomata:

(a) Cobalt ions

(b) Potassium ions

(c) Magnesium ions

(d) Aluminium ions

Answer: (b) Potassium ions

(vi)A zygote which has Y chromosome inherited from the father will develop into a:

(a) Will depend on the chromosome inherited from the mother

(c) Either boy or a girl

Answer: (d) Boy

Explanation:  Sex chromosomes of women have two X chromosomes and men have one X and one Y chromosome. If an X chromosome arrives from the male then the zygote will have XX chromosomes on fusion with the X chromosome of the female and the resulting offspring will be a girl. On the other hand, If a Y chromosome arrives from the male then the zygote will have XY chromosomes on fusion with the X chromosome of the female and the resulting offspring will be a boy.

(vii)The ear ossicle that transports sound vibrations to the inner ear.

(b) Malleus

(d) Cochlea

Answer: (b) Malleus

(viii) If a person has a heart attack, what must be done immediately?

P. Loosen his/her clothing

Q. Make him/her lie down in an airy room

R. Rush him/her to the hospital

S. Engage him/her in a conversation

(a) P and Q

(b) P and S

(c) R and S

(d) P, Q and R

Answer: (d) P, Q and R

(ix)Adjusting the focal length of the eye lens to view objects at different distances is done by:

(c) Ciliary muscles

Answer: (c) Ciliary muscles

(x)Four friends P, Q, R and S were discussing the examples of genetic disorders. The examples they quoted were as follows:

P.Colour blindness and Malaria

Q.Albinism and Cholera

R.Haemophilia and Colour blindness

S.Haemophilia and Albinism

Who gave the correct examples?

(b) R and S

(c) P and R

(d) Q and S

Also Check:

ICSE Class 10 Specimen Paper 2024

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