speech on 23rd january

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Richard Nixon

Address to the nation announcing conclusion of an agreement on ending the war and restoring peace in vietnam.

Good evening:

I have asked for this radio and television time tonight for the purpose of announcing that we today have concluded an agreement to end the war and bring peace with honor in Vietnam and in Southeast Asia.

The following statement is being issued at this moment in Washington and Hanoi:

At 12:30 Paris time today, January 23, 1973, the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam was initialed by Dr. Henry Kissinger on behalf of the United States, and Special Adviser Le Duc Tho on behalf of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

The agreement will be formally signed by the parties participating in the Paris Conference on Vietnam on January 27, 1973, at the International Conference Center in Paris.

The cease-fire will take effect at 2400 Greenwich Mean Time, January 27, 1973. The United States and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam express the hope that this agreement will insure stable peace in Vietnam and contribute to the preservation of lasting peace in Indochina and Southeast Asia.

That concludes the formal statement. Throughout the years of negotiations, we have insisted on peace with honor. In my addresses to the Nation from this room of January 25 and May 8 [1972], I set forth the goals that we considered essential for peace with honor.

In the settlement that has now been agreed to, all the conditions that I laid down then have been met:

A cease-fire, internationally supervised, will begin at 7 p.m., this Saturday, January 27, Washington time.

Within 60 days from this Saturday, all Americans held prisoners of war throughout Indochina will be released. There will be the fullest possible accounting for all of those who are missing in action.

During the same 60-day period, all American forces will be withdrawn from South Vietnam.

The people of South Vietnam have been guaranteed the right to determine their own future, without outside interference.

By joint agreement, the full text of the agreement and the protocol to carry it out will be issued tomorrow.

Throughout these negotiations we have been in the closest consultation with President Thieu and other representatives of the Republic of Vietnam. This settlement meets the goals and has the full support of President Thieu and the Government of the Republic of Vietnam, as well as that of our other allies who are affected.

The United States will continue to recognize the Government of the Republic of Vietnam as the sole legitimate government of South Vietnam.

We shall continue to aid South Vietnam within the terms of the agreement, and we shall support efforts by the people of South Vietnam to settle their problems peacefully among themselves.

We must recognize that ending the war is only the first step toward building the peace. All parties must now see to it that this is a peace that lasts, and also a peace that heals--and a peace that not only ends the war in Southeast Asia but contributes to the prospects of peace in the whole world.

This will mean that the terms of the agreement must be scrupulously adhered to. We shall do everything the agreement requires of us, and we shall expect the other parties to do everything it requires of them. We shall also expect other interested nations to help insure that the agreement is carried out and peace is maintained.

As this long and very difficult war ends, I would like to address a few special words to each of those who have been parties in the conflict.

First, to the people and Government of South Vietnam: By your courage, by your sacrifice, you have won the precious right to determine your own future, and you have developed the strength to defend that right. We look forward to working with you in the future--friends in peace as we have been allies in war.

To the leaders of North Vietnam: As we have ended the war through negotiations, let us now build a peace of reconciliation. For our part, we are prepared to make a major effort to help achieve that goal. But just as reciprocity was needed to end the war, so too will it be needed to build and strengthen the peace.

To the other major powers that have been involved even indirectly: Now is the time for mutual restraint so that the peace we have achieved can last.

And finally, to all of you who are listening, the American people: Your steadfastness in supporting our insistence on peace with honor has made peace with honor possible. I know that you would not have wanted that peace jeopardized. With our secret negotiations at the sensitive stage they were in during this recent period, for me to have discussed publicly our efforts to secure peace would not only have violated our understanding with North Vietnam, it would have seriously harmed and possibly destroyed the chances for peace. Therefore, I know that you now can understand why, during these past several weeks, I have not made any public statements about those efforts.

The important thing was not to talk about peace, but to get peace--and to get the right kind of peace. This we have done.

Now that we have achieved an honorable agreement, let us be proud that America did not settle for a peace that would have betrayed our allies, that would have abandoned our prisoners of war, or that would have ended the war for us but would have continued the war for the 50 million people of Indochina. Let us be proud of the 2 1/2 million young Americans who served in Vietnam, who served with honor and distinction in one of the most selfless enterprises in the history of nations. And let us be proud of those who sacrificed, who gave their lives so that the people of South Vietnam might live in freedom and so that the world might live in peace.

In particular, I would like to say a word to some of the bravest people I have ever met--the wives, the children, the families of our prisoners of war and the missing in action. When others called on us to settle on any terms, you had the courage to stand for the right kind of peace so that those who died and those who suffered would not have died and suffered in vain, and so that where this generation knew war, the next generation would know peace. Nothing means more to me at this moment than the fact that your long vigil is coming to an end.

Just yesterday, a great American, who once occupied this office, died. In his life, President Johnson endured the vilification of those who sought to portray him as a man of war. But there was nothing he cared about more deeply than achieving a lasting peace in the world.

I remember the last time I talked with him. It was just the day after New Year's. He spoke then of his concern with bringing peace, with making it the right kind of peace, and I was grateful that he once again expressed his support for my efforts to gain such a peace. No one would have welcomed this peace more than he.

And I know .he would join me in asking-for those who died and for those who live--let us consecrate this moment by resolving together to make the peace we have achieved a peace that will last. Thank you and good evening.

Note: The President spoke at 10:01 p.m. in the Oval Office at the White House. His address was broadcast live on nationwide radio and television. An advance text of the President's address was released on the same day.

Before delivering the address, the President met separately with members of the Cabinet and 6 members of the bipartisan leadership of the Congress.

On January 24, 1973, the President met with the expanded bipartisan leadership of the Congress to discuss the agreement. On the same day, the White House released the following related material: the texts of the agreement and protocol to the agreement; the transcript of a news briefing on the agreement by Henry A. Kissinger, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs; and fact sheets on the basic elements of the agreement, the International Commission of Control and Supervision, and the Four-Party Joint Military Commission. The texts of the agreement and protocol and Dr. Kissinger's news briefing are printed in the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (vol. 9, pp. 45-74).

Richard Nixon, Address to the Nation Announcing Conclusion of an Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/255311

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The New York Times

The learning network | jan. 23, 1973 | nixon announces end of u.s. involvement in vietnam.

Jan. 23, 1973 | Nixon Announces End of U.S. Involvement in Vietnam

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On Jan. 23, 1973, President Richard Nixon announced an accord had been reached to end the Vietnam War. In a televised speech, Nixon said the accord would “end the war and bring peace with honor.”

The Paris Peace Accords, negotiated by Nixon’s national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, and North Vietnam’s Le Duc Tho, called for a ceasefire to begin on Jan. 27 between North and South Vietnamese troops that would allow Americans troops to begin a 60-day withdrawal. Additionally, North Vietnam agreed to release all American prisoners of war.

The New York Times reported, “Obviously pleased by the long-awaited development, ending the longest war in American history, Mr. Nixon said the Hanoi-Washington agreement ‘meets the goals’ and has the ‘full support’ of President Nguyen Van Thieu of South Vietnam.” The Paris Peace Accords ended America’s direct involvement in the Vietnam War. But despite the ceasefire and provisions calling for “genuinely free and democratic general elections” in South Vietnam and the reunification of Vietnam “through peaceful means,” it did nothing to end the war between North and South Vietnam. Mr. Kissinger and Tho were awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize, but Tho refused to accept because a true peace had not been reached.

North and South resumed fighting later in the year, and in January 1974, President Thieu declared the accords no longer in effect. North Vietnam forces advanced south, and by the spring of 1975 were nearing the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon. President Thieu asked Nixon’s successor for more financing, but was turned down. On April 21, he resigned and gave a speech accusing the United States of betraying South Vietnam and Kissinger for signing a treaty that brought about his country’s defeat. North Vietnamese troops overran Saigon on April 30, forcing South Vietnam to surrender and bring about an end to the war.

Connect to Today:

Marvin Kalb, co-author of “Haunting Legacy: Vietnam and the American Presidency from Ford to Obama,” compared the Vietnam War and the War in Afghanistan in an October 2011 opinion piece . Mr. Kalb argued that the defeat in Vietnam “was a humiliation, and it stripped the country of its illusions of omnipotence.” To post-Vietnam era leaders, he claimed, Vietnam has served as an “unwelcome memory of where America went wrong, a warning of what may yet go wrong.”

Mr. Kalb wrote that, even though President Obama was too young to have fully experienced the Vietnam War, “time and again, he has found himself entangled in its complexities.” He also wrote that the failure of Vietnam continues to “haunt” Mr. Obama as he navigates his way through two inherited wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, even though the president has consistently denounced any comparisons between Vietnam and Iraq and Afghanistan.

In what ways, if any, would you compare Vietnam to modern military operations abroad? Do you believe that the Vietnam will continue to serve as a warning that will influence future generations of leaders? Why or why not?

Learn more about what happened in history on January 23 »

Learn more about Historic Headlines and our collaboration with findingDulcinea »

Comments are no longer being accepted.

I find it odd that the Times solicits comments about an immoral, failed war that ended miserably nearly 35 years ago, yet does not offer comment space for more current affairs.

However, having said that, with regard to the war in Viet Nam, for me it is summed nicely by Nixon’s “peace with honor” speech; there was neither peace nor honor.

But how would the architect of Watergate and, further back, the author of the destruction of Helen Gagan Douglas (sp?) know anything about honor?

South Vietnam was attacked and defeated by Communists supported by Russia and China.

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Presidential Speeches

January 23, 1979: state of the union address, about this speech.

Jimmy Carter

January 23, 1979

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Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, members of the 96th Congress, and my fellow citizens:

Tonight I want to examine in a broad sense the state of our American Union—how we are building a new foundation for a peaceful and a prosperous world.

Our children who will be born this year will come of age in the 21st century. What kind of society, what kind of world are we building for them? Will we ourselves be at peace? Will our children enjoy a better quality of life? Will a strong and united America still be a force for freedom and prosperity around the world?

Tonight, there is every sign that the state of our Union is sound.

Our economy offers greater prosperity for more of our people than ever before. Real per capita income and real business profits have risen substantially in the last two years. Farm exports are setting an all-time record each year, and farm income last year, net farm income, was up more than 25 percent.

Our liberties are secure. Our military defenses are strong and growing stronger. And more importantly, tonight, America—our beloved country—is at peace.

Our earliest national commitments, modified and reshaped by succeeding generations, have served us well. But the problems that we face today are different from those that confronted earlier generations of Americans. They are more subtle, more complex, and more interrelated. At home, we are recognizing ever more clearly that government alone cannot solve these problems. And abroad, few of them can be solved by the United States alone. But Americans as a united people, working with our allies and friends, have never been afraid to face problems and to solve problems, either here or abroad.

The challenge to us is to build a new and firmer foundation for the future—for a sound economy, for a more effective government, for more political trust, and for a stable peace—so that the America our children inherit will be even stronger and even better than it is today.

We cannot resort to simplistic or extreme solutions which substitute myths for common sense.

In our economy, it is a myth that we must choose endlessly between inflation and recession. Together, we build the foundation for a strong economy, with lower inflation, without contriving either a recession with its high unemployment or unworkable, mandatory government controls.

In our government, it is a myth that we must choose between compassion and competence. Together, we build the foundation for a government that works—and works for people.

In our relations with our potential adversaries, it is a myth that we must choose between confrontation and capitulation. Together, we build the foundation for a stable world of both diversity and peace.

Together, we've already begun to build the foundation for confidence in our economic system. During the last two years, in bringing our economy out of the deepest recession since the 1930s, we've created 7,100,000 new jobs. The unemployment rate has gone down 25 percent. And now we must redouble our fight against the persistent inflation that has wracked our country for more than a decade. That's our important domestic issue, and we must do it together.

We know that inflation is a burden for all Americans, but it's a disaster for the poor, the sick, and the old. No American family should be forced to choose among food, warmth, health care, or decent housing because the cost of any of these basic necessities has climbed out of reach.

Three months ago, I outlined to the nation a balanced anti-inflation program that couples responsible government restraint with responsible wage and price restraint. It's based upon my knowledge that there is a more powerful force than government compulsion—the force created by the cooperative efforts of millions of Americans working toward a common goal.

Business and labor have been increasingly supportive. It's imperative that we in government do our part. We must stop excessive government growth, and we must control government spending habits.

I've sent to this Congress a stringent but a fair budget, one that, since I ran for President in 1976, will have cut the federal deficit in half. And as a percentage of our gross national product, the deficit will have dropped by almost 75 percent.

This Congress had a good record last year, and I now ask the 96th Congress to continue this partnership in holding the line on excess federal spending. It will not be easy. But we must be strong, and we must be persistent.

This budget is a clear message that, with the help of you and the American people, I am determined, as President, to bring inflation under control.

The 1980 budget provides enough spending restraint to begin unwinding inflation, but enough support for our country to keep American workers productive and to encourage the investments that provide new jobs. We will continue to mobilize our nation's resources to reduce our trade deficit substantially this year and to maintain the strength of the American dollar.

We've demonstrated in this restrained budget that we can build on the gains of the past two years to provide additional support to educate disadvantaged children, to care for the elderly, to provide nutrition and legal services for the poor, and to strengthen the economic base of our urban communities and, also, our rural areas.

This year, we will take our first steps to develop a national health plan.

We must never accept a permanent group of unemployed Americans, with no hope and no stake in building our society. For those left out of the economy because of discrimination, a lack of skills, or poverty, we must maintain high levels of training, and we must continue to provide jobs.

A responsible budget is not our only weapon to control inflation. We must act now to protect all Americans from health care costs that are rising $1 million per hour, 24 hours a day, doubling every five years. We must take control of the largest contributor to that inflation—skyrocketing hospital costs.

There will be no clearer test of the commitment of this Congress to the anti-inflation fight than the legislation that I will submit again this year to hold down inflation in hospital care.

Over the next five years, my proposals will save Americans a total of $60 billion, of which $25 billion will be savings to the American taxpayer in the federal budget itself. The American people have waited long enough. This year we must act on hospital cost containment.

We must also fight inflation by improvements and better enforcement of our antitrust laws and by reducing government obstacles to competition in the private sector.

We must begin to scrutinize the overall effect of regulation in our economy. Through deregulation of the airline industry we've increased profits, cut prices for all Americans, and begun—for one of the few times in the history of our nation—to actually dismantle a major federal bureaucracy. This year, we must begin the effort to reform our regulatory processes for the railroad, bus, and the trucking industries.

America has the greatest economic system in the world. Let's reduce government interference and give it a chance to work.

I call on Congress to take other anti-inflation action—to expand our exports to protect American jobs threatened by unfair trade, to conserve energy, to increase production and to speed development of solar power, and to reassess our nation's technological superiority. American workers who enlist in the fight against inflation deserve not just our gratitude, but they deserve the protection of the real wage insurance proposal that I have already made to the Congress.

To be successful, we must change our attitudes as well as our policies. We cannot afford to live beyond our means. We cannot afford to create programs that we can neither manage nor finance, or to waste our natural resources, and we cannot tolerate mismanagement and fraud. Above all, we must meet the challenges of inflation as a united people.

With the support of the American people, government in recent decades has helped to dismantle racial barriers, has provided assistance for the jobless and the retired, has fed the hungry, has protected the safety, health, and bargaining rights of American workers, and has helped to preserve our natural heritage.

But it's not enough to have created a lot of government programs. Now we must make the good programs more effective and improve or weed out those which are wasteful or unnecessary.

With the support of the Congress, we've begun to reorganize and to get control of the bureaucracy. We are reforming the civil service system, so that we can recognize and reward those who do a good job and correct or remove those who do not.

This year, we must extend major reorganization efforts to education, to economic development, and to the management of our natural resources. We need to enact a sunshine [sunset] law that when government programs have outlived their value, they will automatically be terminated.

There's no such thing as an effective and a noncontroversial reorganization and reform. But we know that honest, effective government is essential to restore public faith in our public action.

None of us can be satisfied when two-thirds of the American citizens chose not to vote last year in a national election. Too many Americans feel powerless against the influence of private lobbying groups and the unbelievable flood of private campaign money which threatens our electoral process.

This year, we must regain the public's faith by requiring limited financial funds from public funds for congressional election campaigns. House bill 1 provides for this public financing of campaigns. And I look forward with a great deal of anticipation to signing it at an early date.

A strong economy and an effective government will restore confidence in America. But the path of the future must be charted in peace. We must continue to build a new and a firm foundation for a stable world community.

We are building that new foundation from a position of national strength—the strength of our own defenses, the strength of our friendships with other nations, and of our oldest American ideals.

America's military power is a major force for security and stability in the world. We must maintain our strategic capability and continue the progress of the last two years with our NATO Allies, with whom we have increased our readiness, modernized our equipment, and strengthened our defense forces in Europe. I urge you to support the strong defense budget which I have proposed to the Congress.

But our national security in this complicated age requires more than just military might. In less than a lifetime, world population has more than doubled, colonial empires have disappeared, and a hundred new nations have been born. Mass communications, literacy, and migration to the world's cities have all awakened new yearnings for economic justice and human rights among people everywhere.

This demand for justice and human rights is a wave of the future. In such a world, the choice is not which super power will dominate the world. None can and none will. The choice instead is between a world of anarchy and destruction, or a world of cooperation and peace.

In such a world, we seek not to stifle inevitable change, but to influence its course in helpful and constructive ways that enhance our values, our national interests, and the cause of peace.

Towering over this volatile, changing world, like a thundercloud on a summer day, looms the awesome power of nuclear weapons.

We will continue to help shape the forces of change, to anticipate emerging problems of nuclear proliferation and conventional arms sales, and to use our great strength and influence to settle international conflicts in other parts of the world before they erupt and spread.

We have no desire to be the world's policeman. But America does want to be the world's peacemaker.

We are building the foundation for truly global cooperation, not only with Western and industrialized nations but with the developing countries as well. Our ties with Japan and our European allies are stronger than ever, and so are our friendly relations with the people of Latin America, Africa, and the Western Pacific and Asia.

We've won new respect in this hemisphere with the Panama Canal treaties. We've gained new trust with the developing world through our opposition to racism, our commitment to human rights, and our support for majority rule in Africa.

The multilateral trade negotiations are now reaching a successful conclusion, and congressional approval is essential to the economic well-being of our own country and of the world. This will be one of our top priorities in 1979.

We are entering a hopeful era in our relations with one-fourth of the world's people who live in China. The presence of Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping next week will help to inaugurate that new era. And with prompt congressional action on authorizing legislation, we will continue our commitment to a prosperous, peaceful, and secure life for the people of Taiwan.

I'm grateful that in the past year, as in the year before, no American has died in combat anywhere in the world. And in Iran, Nicaragua, Cyprus, Namibia, and Rhodesia, our country is working for peaceful solutions to dangerous conflicts.

In the Middle East, under the most difficult circumstances, we have sought to help ancient enemies lay aside deep-seated differences that have produced four bitter wars in our lifetime.

Our firm commitment to Israel's survival and security is rooted in our deepest convictions and in our knowledge of the strategic importance to our own nation of a stable Middle East. To promote peace and reconciliation in the region, we must retain the trust and the confidence both of Israel and also of the Arab nations that are sincerely searching for peace.

I am determined, as President, to use the full, beneficial influence of our country so that the precious opportunity for lasting peace between Israel and Egypt will not be lost. The new foundation of international cooperation that we seek excludes no nation. Cooperation with the Soviet Union serves the cause of peace, for in this nuclear age, world peace must include peace between the super powers—and it must mean the control of nuclear arms.

Ten years ago, the United States and the Soviet Union made the historic decision to open the strategic arms limitations talks, or SALT. The purpose of SALT, then as now, is not to gain a unilateral advantage for either nation, but to protect the security of both nations, to reverse the costly and dangerous momentum of the nuclear arms race, to preserve a stable balance of nuclear forces, and to demonstrate to a concerned world that we are determined to help preserve the peace.

The first SALT agreement was concluded in 1972. And since then, during six years of negotiation by both Republican and Democratic leaders, nearly all issues of SALT II have been resolved. If the Soviet Union continues to negotiate in good faith, a responsible SALT agreement will be reached.

It's important that the American people understand the nature of the SALT process.

SALT II is not based on sentiment; it's based on self-interest—of the United States and of the Soviet Union. Both nations share a powerful common interest in reducing the threat of a nuclear war. I will sign no agreement which does not enhance our national security.

SALT II does not rely on trust; it will be verifiable. We have very sophisticated, proven means, including our satellites, to determine for ourselves whether or not the Soviet Union is meeting its treaty obligations. I will sign no agreement which cannot he verified.

The American nuclear deterrent will remain strong after SALT II. For example, just one of our relatively invulnerable Poseidon submarines—comprising less than 2 percent of our total nuclear force of submarines, aircraft, and landbased missiles—carries enough warheads to destroy every large- and medium-sized city in the Soviet Union. Our deterrent is overwhelming, and I will sign no agreement unless our deterrent force will remain overwhelming.

A SALT agreement, of course, cannot substitute for wise diplomacy or a strong defense, nor will it end the danger of nuclear war. But it will certainly reduce that danger. It will strengthen our efforts to ban nuclear tests and to stop the spread of atomic weapons to other nations. And it can begin the process of negotiating new agreements which will further limit nuclear arms.

The path of arms control, backed by a strong defense—the path our nation and every President has walked for 30 years—can lead to a world of law and of international negotiation and consultation in which all peoples might live in peace. In this year 1979, nothing is more important than that the Congress and the people of the United States resolve to continue with me on that path of nuclear arms control and world peace. This is paramount.

I've outlined some of the changes that have transformed the world and which are continuing as we meet here tonight. But we in America need not fear change. The values on which our nation was founded—individual liberty, self-determination, the potential for human fulfillment in freedom—all of these endure. We find these democratic principles praised, even in books smuggled out of totalitarian nations and on wallposters in lands which we thought were closed to our influence. Our country has regained its special place of leadership in the worldwide struggle for human rights. And that is a commitment that we must keep at home, as well as abroad.

The civil rights revolution freed all Americans, black and white, but its full promise still remains unrealized. I will continue to work with all my strength for equal opportunity for all Americans—and for affirmative action for those who carry the extra burden of past denial of equal opportunity.

We remain committed to improving our labor laws to better protect the rights of American workers. And our nation must make it clear that the legal rights of women as citizens are guaranteed under the laws of our land by ratifying the equal rights amendment.

As long as I'm President, at home and around the world America's examples and America's influence will be marshaled to advance the cause of human rights.

To establish those values, two centuries ago a bold generation of Americans risked their property, their position, and life itself. We are their heirs, and they are sending us a message across the centuries. The words they made so vivid are now growing faintly indistinct, because they are not heard often enough. They are words like "justice," "equality," "unity," "truth," "sacrifice," "liberty," "faith," and "love."

These words remind us that the duty of our generation of Americans is to renew our nation's faith—not focused just against foreign threats but against the threats of selfishness, cynicism, and apathy.

The new foundation I've discussed tonight can help us build a nation and a world where every child is nurtured and can look to the future with hope, where the resources now wasted on war can be turned towards meeting human needs, where all people have enough to eat, a decent home, and protection against disease.

It can help us build a nation and a world where all people are free to seek the truth and to add to human understanding, so that all of us may live our lives in peace.

Tonight, I ask you, the members of the Congress, to join me in building that new foundation—a better foundation-for our beloved country and our world.

Thank you very much.

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Parakram Divas – January 23, 2025

Parakram Divas (also called Parakram Diwas) is celebrated on January 23 every year. It is an Indian national holiday marking the birthday of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose (popularly called Netaji), a prominent nationalist, politician, and freedom fighter. This day was set aside by the government of India on Netaji’s 125th birthday to inspire Indians, especially the youth, to emulate his courage, doggedness, selfless service, and patriotic fervor even in the face of oppression.

History of Parakram Divas

On January 19, 2021, the government of India through the Ministry of Culture issued a release that the nation would celebrate the posthumous 125th birthday of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose starting on January 23, 2021. This holiday was called Parakram Diwas (or Parakram Divas), meaning “Day of Courage” or “Day of Valor,” to acknowledge Netaji’s sacrifice and immense contribution to India’s independence movement.

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was born on January 23, 1897, in Cuttack, Orissa/Odisha. His parents were Janakinath Bose and Prabhavati Dutt. A brilliant scholar and true Indian patriot, Netaji Bose obtained a B.A. in Philosophy at the Scottish Church College under the University of Calcutta. He subsequently went to complete the Indian Civil Service (I.C.S.) in England in 1919 and was fourth in his class with the highest mark in English. However, he resigned from his position in 1921 and returned to India because he didn’t want to serve the British government.

Back in India, Netaji joined the Indian National Congress (I.N.C.) under the tutelage of Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das, who became his political mentor. He was also highly influenced by Swami Vivekananda’s ideologies and considered him his spiritual guru. In 1923, Bose became the President of the All India Youth Congress and later became the Congress President in 1938 and 1939.

In 1942, during WWII, Netaji formed and led a 5,000-man force known as the Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army) in Southeast Asia with the slogan of ‘Delhi Chalo.’ He also founded a new party, “the Forward Bloc,” to garner popular support in his home state Bengal.

Netaji reportedly died from third-degree burns sustained in a plane crash in Tohuku, Japanese Taiwan, on August 18, 1945. Although his demise was confirmed by the government in 2017, several conspiracy theories still exist about his disappearance.

Parakram Divas timeline

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose is born in Cuttack, Orissa/Odisha.

Netaji is forced to vacate his leadership position in the Indian National Congress due to ideological differences between Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress High Command.

Netaji announces the formation of the Indian National Army (I.N.A.) on October, 21 in Japanese-controlled Singapore.

India’s central government confirms Netaji’s death and the cause of his demise.

Parakram Divas FAQ s

What is parakram divas in india.

Parakram Divas or Parakram Diwas is the national day declared by the Central Government of India to commemorate the 125th birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. The day was declared in January 2021 as a day of courage to celebrate Netaji’s spirit of courage and patriotism on January 23 every year.

Which day is Parakram Divas?

Parakram Divas (day of valor) is observed on January 23 as an Indian national day. The day was inaugurated on January 19, 2021, as a day to commemorate prominent nationalist, politician, and leader Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’s 125th birth anniversary.

Why is Parakram Divas celebrated in India?

Parakram Divas is celebrated on January 23 to honor, celebrate and remember Netaji’s courageous spirit, devotion, commitment, and selfless service to India. The government of India also said the national day is aimed at inspiring citizens, especially the youth, to act with fortitude in the face of adversity, just like Netaji.

How to Observe Parakram Divas

Join the national programs.

You can simply observe Parakram Diwas by partaking in the national events as lined up by the central government. Be a part of the activities coordinated by the Union Ministry of Culture involving prominent citizens for the observance of this national day.

Read a book

A book based on Netaji’s letters titled “Book: Letters of Netaji (1926–1936)” was unveiled at the inaugural ceremony of Parakram Diwas. You can read this book and other relevant books about the lives and times of the iconic nationalist to understand his ideologies and tenets.

Teach others

How about educating others about the life and ideologies of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose on Parakram Diwas? Use the opportunity to teach about patriotism, speaking up for freedom, courage, and standing against injustice, in your school or organization.

5 INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT NETAJI SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE

Born into a large family.

Netaji Bose was born in Cuttack, Bengal Province, and had 14 siblings.

Once assaulted a professor

Netaji thrashed a British Professor E.F. Otten in the Presidency College of Calcutta in 1916 for his racist remark against Indians and was initially expelled from the college.

Imprisoned 11 times

Netaji was jailed 11 times for his anti-British radical activities and agitation for freedom.

Ventured into journalism

Before his I.N.C presidency, Netaji started the newspaper “Swaraj” and later worked as editor of Chittaranjan Das’s newspaper “Forward.”

Secretly married a typist

Subhash married Emily Shankel, a typist he had met on a medical trip to Austria, and they had a daughter, Anita Bose.

Why Parakram Divas is Important

It honors a patriotic nationalist.

Netaji stood for India’s freedom and liberation from British colonization, and against oppressive forces. He was an icon, the true epitome of selfless service and patriotism.

It celebrates courage

The central government of India aptly named Netaji’s birthday “Parakram Diwas” because courage and valor were the virtues the nationalist truly lived by. Netaji’s posthumous birthday is celebrated as a national day to honor and remember his dogged spirit and selfless service to India.

Inspiring the youth

According to the official statement by the Ministry of Culture, Parakram Diwas is celebrated to inspire Indians, “especially the youth, to act with fortitude in the face of adversity as Netaji did, and to infuse in them a spirit of patriotic fervor.”

Parakram Divas dates

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Under the leadership of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav is an initiative of the Government of India to celebrate and commemorate 75 years of independence and the glorious history of India’s people, culture and achievements Ministry of Home Affairs under the guidance of Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah to celebrate Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav Iconic Events Week from 17th to 23rd January, 2023 to commemorate 75 years of India’s Independence & Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’s 126th Birth Anniversary Shri Amit Shah will be the Chief Guest at a grand culmination event to be held in Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands on 23rd of January, 2023 Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi in his speech on the occasion of the 75th Independence Day had called upon all Indians to take pride in their heritage and legacy India has a rich and glorious history, which is replete with stories of unprecedented bravery, valour, sacrifice, penance, wars and victories of our heroes One of such great son of Mother India was Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose whose contributions to the independence movement has inspired generations of Indians and inculcates a sense of pride amongst the countrymen During the iconic week an array of activities will be organized at locations related to Netaji’s life and work in Manipur, Nagaland, Gujarat, Odisha, West Bengal and Andaman & Nicobar Island

Under the leadership of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav is an initiative of the Government of India to celebrate and commemorate 75 years of independence and the glorious history of India’s people, culture and achievements. Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi in his speech on the occasion of the 75th Independence Day, had called upon all Indians to take pride in their heritage and legacy. India has a rich and glorious history, which is replete with stories of unprecedented bravery, valour, sacrifice, penance, wars and victories of our heroes. One of such great son of Mother India was Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose whose contributions to the independence movement has inspired generations of Indians and inculcates a sense of pride amongst the countrymen.

The Ministry of Home Affairs under the guidance of Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah is celebrating Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav Iconic Events Week from 17th to 23rd January, 2023, to celebrate 75 years of India’s Independence. The events will be organized on the theme of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’s life and his contribution to the freedom struggle. Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah will be the Chief Guest at a grand culmination event to be held in Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands on the 23 rd of January, 2023.

The events will be organized in collaboration with the Central Armed Police Forces and Central Police Organisations, the Andaman & Nicobar Islands Administration, and the State Governments of Manipur, Nagaland, Gujarat, Odisha and West Bengal at locations which are related to Netaji’s life and work. In Manipur the events will be held at Mantripukhri, Keithalmanbi, Kangvai, Moirang and Nambol on 17 th January, in Nagaland at Ruzazho and Chesezu Villages, Kohima on 18 th January, in Gujarat at Haripura, Bardoli, and Surat on 19 th January, in Odisha at Cuttack on 20 th January and in West Bengal event will be organized in Kolkata on 21 st January, 2023. An array of activities celebrating Netaji’s immense contribution to India’s freedom struggle have been planned to be held throughout the week at these locations,

In the spirit of Jan Bhagidari, the programmes have been designed to promote large scale public involvement in all the events, so that the citizens can take inspiration from our national heroes and carry forward the great ideals that they stood for.

A grand mega event will be organized at Port Blair in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, where Netaji hoisted the Tri-colour on 30.12.1943 for the first time on the Indian soil, much before India attained Independence.

The Ministry of Home Affairs’ Iconic Events Week is an ode to the life and contributions of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose in the India’s struggle for freedom. It is a remembrance of his high ideals and a moment for all the country to draw inspiration from lives of our freedom fighters.

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Trump takes aim at Haley in combative New Hampshire primary victory speech

Ex-president criticizes his rival and former UN ambassador after winning primary as Nikki Haley vows to keep campaigning

Donald Trump has won the New Hampshire primary, likely cementing his place as the Republican presidential nominee.

The win over Nikki Haley, who had briefly threatened to rein in the former president, suggests there will be a smooth path to the GOP nomination for Trump, who also won easily in the Iowa caucuses last week. Addressing supporters in Nashua, Trump took a victory lap with a combative speech that included sharp criticism of Haley.

“She had a very bad night,” Trump said. “She came in third [in Iowa], and she’s still hanging around.”

The Associated Press called the race just as the last remaining polling places in New Hampshire closed at 8pm ET, following a contentious primary that saw groups backing both candidates spending millions of dollars in increasingly vicious TV advertising.

Haley, who branded Trump a “chaos” candidate , promised a more palatable version of the rightwing fire and brimstone that has come to characterize the Republican party. She surged in the polls in New Hampshire in mid-December, but could not capitalize on that momentum on Tuesday night.

Despite her disappointing performance in New Hampshire, Haley insisted she would continue on to her home state of South Carolina, which will hold its Republican primary next month. As she spoke to supporters in Concord on Tuesday, Haley congratulated Trump on his victory in the first primary state, but emphasized the importance of upcoming races.

“New Hampshire is first in the nation. It is not the last in the nation,” Haley told supporters in Concord. “This race is far from over. There are dozens of states left to go, and the next one is my sweet state of South Carolina.”

But polls show Trump maintaining a significant lead in South Carolina, so it is unclear how that primary might reshape the dynamics of the race. New Hampshire appeared to represent the last significant threat to what seems set to become a Trump coronation. In a purple state that voted for Joe Biden over Trump in 2020, Haley presented herself as a centrist Republican, while Trump continued to proffer rightwing populism in a series of rallies in recent days. Haley was Trump’s only serious contender in New Hampshire, after Ron DeSantis dropped out of the race on Sunday.

As he addressed supporters, Trump derided Haley’s efforts to downplay her loss in New Hampshire, saying: “Let’s not have somebody take a victory when she had a very bad night.”

New Hampshire primary: read more

Biden wins New Hampshire primary with write-in votes

Key dates for the 2024 election

Who’s running for president? The full list of candidates

Trump’s team similarly ridiculed Haley’s decision to stay in the race after two decisive losses, with one of the former president’s strategists mocking her as “delusional”. Appearing undaunted, Haley stuck to her campaign message that Trump was incapable of leading the Republican party into a more promising future, referencing the former president’s numerous legal battles. Trump has now been charged with 91 felony counts across four criminal cases, and he spent much of the past week in court for a defamation case.

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“With Donald Trump, you have one bout of chaos after another – this court case, that controversy, this tweet, that senior moment,” Haley said on Tuesday night. “You can’t fix Joe Biden’s chaos with Republican chaos.”

But Trump’s routine continues to appeal. Tina Lorenz, who said she had supported Donald Trump since 2016, was among those who voted for the former president on Tuesday.

“He is representing the American people. He is not out for himself. He’s not out for political gain. He’s not out for financial reasons. He doesn’t need money, he doesn’t need fame and fortune. He already has all of that,” Lorenz, 63, said.

“He is out there for the average person. And that’s what’s happening, we’ve become so polarized, that there’s nobody out there for just regular people.”

The result in New Hampshire suggests Trump will become his party’s presidential candidate for the third election in a row, and will likely face Biden in November. After Trump’s wins in Iowa and New Hampshire, more and more Republican lawmakers are lining up to endorse him. Speaking at Trump’s victory party on Tuesday, former presidential candidate Tim Scott, who dropped out of the primary race in November and endorsed the former president last week, called on Republicans to unify.

“It is time for the Republican party to coalesce around our nominee and the next president of United States: Donald Trump. Let’s get that party started tonight,” Scott said.

Despite Haley’s claims to the contrary, Democrats also clearly believe the Republican presidential primary is effectively over, and they are already turning their attention to the general election.

“Tonight’s results confirm Donald Trump has all but locked up the GOP nomination, and the election denying, anti-freedom Maga movement has completed its takeover of the Republican party,” said Julie Chavez Rodriguez, Biden’s campaign manager. “While we work toward November 2024, one thing is increasingly clear today: Donald Trump is headed straight into a general election matchup where he’ll face the only person to have ever beaten him at the ballot box: Joe Biden.”

• Donald Trump
• US elections 2024
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State of the Union: What to Watch as Biden Addresses the Nation

President Joe Biden will deliver his third State of the Union on Thursday night

J. Scott Applewhite

FILE - President Joe Biden delivers his State of the Union speech to a joint session of Congress, at the Capitol in Washington, Feb. 7, 2023. The State of the Union speech is one of the biggest pieces of political theater every year. But in modern times, it's a televised extravaganza where every detail is carefully scrutinized. This is Biden's third State of the Union and it will feature the third House speaker to hold the job since he was elected. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite, File)

WASHINGTON (AP) — The State of the Union speech is one of the biggest pieces of political theater every year. It's rooted in a simple requirement in the U.S. Constitution that directs the president to “give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.” But in modern times, it's a televised extravaganza where every detail is carefully scrutinized.

Here's how to watch and what to look for during Thursday's address by President Joe Biden.

Where to find it

You can find the State of the Union on all major networks, which will be carrying it live. It will also be streamed online by the White House and The Associated Press . The speech starts at 9 p.m. ET.

Cast of characters

You might notice a new face behind Biden when he starts his speech. Rep. Mike Johnson of Louisiana became the House speaker in October after unhappy Republicans ousted Rep. Kevin McCarthy of California. Rep. Nancy Pelosi had the job before McCarthy but lost it when Democrats failed to keep the majority in the 2022 midterm elections.

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That makes Johnson the third House speaker to sit behind Biden during a State of the Union, reflecting the political instability in Washington and a challenging shift for Biden. House leadership has fallen further under the sway of the chamber's right flank, making it harder for the president to cut deals with the opposing party.

Biden’s age

No president gets a free pass on the world’s biggest stage, but Biden will be watched more carefully than most because of his age. At 81 years old, he’s the oldest commander-in-chief in history, and he would be 86 at the end of a potential second term.

Donald Trump, Biden’s Republican predecessor and likely opponent in this year’s election, is 77. A majority of U.S. adults doubt either of them have the mental capabilities to serve as president, according to a new survey by The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research.

The State of the Union is a chance for Biden to dispel doubts about whether he's up for the job at an age when most Americans are retired. Any verbal slips or apparent confusion would provide fodder for his opponents.

Policy agenda

Keep your ears open for any new policy proposals. The State of the Union is a chance for presidents to lay out their goals and rally Americans to support their plans. For example, Biden used a previous speech to discuss his “unity agenda,” which included expanded healthcare benefits for veterans.

The White House hasn't disclosed specific proposals that will be in this year's speech. But he could reference unfinished business from his first term , and he'll likely press for military assistance for Ukraine to reinforce American leadership overseas.

Special guests

There are more than just lawmakers and top officials in the chamber for the speech. Politicians bring guests to the gallery to put a face to whatever issue they want to highlight.

The most high-profile guests are invited by the White House and are often recognized during the president's speech. So far the White House has disclosed only one, Kate Cox , a Texas woman who was unable to get an abortion in her home state even though her health was in danger and her fetus had a fatal condition. Democrats are eager to demonstrate how the U.S. Supreme Court's overturning of Roe v. Wade has limited reproductive rights.

Lawmakers will have their own guests too. Johnson and two New York representatives are bringing police officers whose brawl with migrants in Times Square caused a political uproar among Republicans who have blamed Biden for loose border security. Rep. Elise Stefanik, another New York Republican, invited a Border Patrol officer who also serves as a union official.

Fashion statements

Television cameras will pan across the chamber during the State of the Union, so you'll have a clear view of everyone in the audience too. This is a chance for lawmakers and guests to send a message of their own with their clothing.

Democratic women wore white, the color of the women’s suffrage movement, during Trump’s State of the Union in 2019. In 2022, some lawmakers wore blue and yellow ribbons to show their support for Ukraine. (The country’s ambassador to the United States, Oksana Markarova, was a guest as well.)

Protest potential

You might think that everything about the State of the Union is scripted, but that's not the case. Even in a tightly controlled environment, it's still possible that someone could stage an interruption. Biden has been shadowed around the country by protests over his support for Israel's war in Gaza. Activists have also planned a demonstration in Lafayette Square near the White House before the speech.

In addition, Republicans have earned a reputation for interruptions. Reps. Marjorie Taylor Greene of Georgia and Lauren Boebert of Colorado heckled Biden during his State of the Union in 2022. Then in 2023, some Republicans shouted at Biden when he accused them of trying to cut Social Security and Medicare. “I enjoy conversation,” Biden said as he urged Congress to unite behind protecting the safety net programs.

Johnson is trying to tamp down on outbursts from his caucus. He encouraged House Republicans to show “decorum” during the speech, according to a person familiar with his remarks at a private meeting on Wednesday.

Protests can come in other forms too. Pelosi theatrically ripped up a copy of Trump's speech after the State of the Union in 2020.

Republican response

If you're not tired of politics when the State of the Union is over, stay tuned for more. The opposing party traditionally stages its own response to the speech. This year, Republicans chose Sen. Katie Britt of Alabama . At 42 years old, she's the youngest female senator and some party leaders hope she could be a rising star .

But whatever she says, many will be waiting to see Trump's own response. In a post on his Truth Social account , Trump promised to provide “LIVE, Play by Play” commentary on Biden's speech. As Trump cruises toward the Republican presidential nomination, his remarks will help frame the stakes of the election.

Associated Press writer Lisa Mascaro contributed.

A previous version of this article had the incorrect age for Sen. Katie Britt. She is 42 years old.

Copyright 2024 The  Associated Press . All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

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PM warns Japan on brink of social dysfunction amid falling birthrate

TOKYO - Prime Minister Fumio Kishida warned Monday that Japan is "on the brink" of losing its social function due to its rapidly declining birthrate, pledging to focus on child-rearing policies as the most pressing agenda item this year.

In his policy speech at the beginning of a 150-day regular parliamentary session, Kishida voiced his readiness to revive the world's third-largest economy, beset by the COVID-19 pandemic, and to play a leading role in diplomacy as this year's chair of the Group of Seven summit.

Japan wage talks begin with unions, business agreeing raises needed

TOKYO - The heads of Japan's largest labor group and top business lobby met Monday to discuss the country's labor market as the annual union-management negotiations began, with both parties agreeing on the need for significant pay hikes to offset the impact of high inflation.

Tomoko Yoshino, the head of Rengo, or the Japanese Trade Union Confederation, called for pay hikes including base salary increases to ease the pain related to the fallout from the coronavirus pandemic and recent rapid inflation. She said this year "should be a turning point to change our future" through sustained pay raises at companies of all sizes across the country.

Japan court orders gov't to pay damages over forced sterilization

KUMAMOTO, Japan - The Japanese government was ordered Monday to pay damages to two people over their forced sterilization under a now-defunct eugenics protection law in the first such ruling by a district court.

The Kumamoto District Court found the 1948 law unconstitutional and awarded a total of 22 million yen ($170,000) in compensation to the plaintiffs, Kazumi Watanabe, 78, and a 76-year-old woman. It is the third case in which damages were awarded, after two high courts overturned lower court decisions.

Ex-U.S. Indo-Pacific commander sticks to 2027 window on Taiwan attack

TOKYO - Former chief of the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command Philip Davidson said Monday he is standing by his earlier assessments that China may try to attack Taiwan by 2027, with Beijing showing no signs of backing down from its threat of using force against the self-ruled island to achieve reunification.

In an interview in Tokyo, the 62-year-old retired admiral also welcomed Japan's recent decision to acquire long-range strike capabilities and to significantly increase its defense spending despite its long-held pacifism, calling them the "most profound change in the Japanese Self-Defense Forces in more than 60 years."

Japan finance chief warns of "unprecedented" fiscal health worsening

TOKYO - Japan's fiscal health has been deteriorating on an "unprecedented" scale after massive spending amid the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's war in Ukraine, Finance Minister Shunichi Suzuki said Monday, saying it is crucial to secure fiscal space for the debt-ridden nation in case of future crises.

Suzuki noted in his parliamentary speech that the environment surrounding Japan's economy is becoming "increasingly severe" due to rising prices and fears of a global economic slowdown caused by monetary tightening. The government will aim for economic revitalization before fiscal reconstruction, he told lawmakers on the first day of a regular Diet session.

Asia lagging in removal of unhealthy trans fat from food: WHO report

GENEVA - Asian and African countries are lagging in efforts to eliminate harmful trans fat from food products by the end of this year, despite the substantial progress made worldwide since the World Health Organization set the goal in 2018, a report said Monday.

"Asia is a region where progress (in the elimination of industrially produced trans fats) is relatively slow compared to Europe and the Americas," Rain Yamamoto, lead author of the report and scientist at the WHO's department of nutrition and food safety, said.

Robbers of east Japan homes suspected of striking other areas

TOKYO - Members of a group suspected of staging robberies across east Japan are believed to have been involved in similar crimes in two western prefectures as well, investigative sources said Monday.

The group is suspected of carrying out multiple robberies, including some causing death or injury in six prefectures in the Kanto region, including Tokyo, from November, with police investigating possible links between these cases and three others, including one in Hiroshima.

Ex-Kabukicho host club worker allegedly forced customer into prostitution

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Takuya Akiba, 27, allegedly forced the woman, who is in her 20s, to work at various brothels in Tokyo as well as Fukushima, Ehime, Kumamoto, Oita and Okinawa prefectures between October 2021 and March 2022, police said.

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Watch CBS News

State of the Union highlights and key moments from Biden's 2024 address

By Stefan Becket, Kaia Hubbard, Melissa Quinn

Updated on: March 8, 2024 / 10:22 AM EST / CBS News

Washington — President Biden delivered his third State of the Union address to a joint session of Congress on Thursday, issuing a full-throated defense of his record in one of his most energetic and assertive speeches of his presidency.

He used the address to contrast his vision for the country with that of "my predecessor," a reference to former President Donald Trump, who has all but wrapped up the Republican presidential nomination. Without naming him, Mr. Biden criticized Trump for the attack on the Capitol on Jan. 6, the overturning of Roe v. Wade, his economic record and his opposition to a bipartisan border security bill that stalled in Congress earlier this year.

The defiant speech came at a crucial time, when many voters are expressing doubts about Mr. Biden's age and his ability to do the job. He spoke for more than an hour, and took several interruptions in stride, responding to heckling lawmakers at some points. He lingered in the well of the House chamber long after the end of the speech, glad-handing and posing for photos with Democratic members.

Here are the highlights and key moments from Mr. Biden's 2024 State of the Union address:

"Freedom and democracy are under attack both at home and overseas"

Mr. Biden began his speech with a quip: "If I were smart, I'd go home."

He then turned serious and immediately raised the stakes of the election, telling those assembled in the House chamber that Americans "face an unprecedented moment in the history of the union."

Mr. Biden said he came to the House chamber to "wake up this Congress and alert the American people that this is no ordinary moment."

The president warned that not since President Abraham Lincoln have freedom and democracy been under threat in the U.S. But, Mr. Biden continued, "what makes our moment rare is that freedom and democracy are under attack both at home and overseas at the very same time."

He turned to foreign policy and urged lawmakers to pass assistance for Ukraine to help it defend itself from Russia. Mr. Biden took his first jab at Trump, criticizing his predecessor for his stance toward Russian President Vladimir Putin and accused him of bowing down to the Russian leader.

"It's outrageous. It's dangerous. It's unacceptable," the president said.

On Jan. 6: "You can't love your country only when you win"

Mr. Biden told lawmakers that "history is watching — just like history watched three years ago on Jan. 6, when an insurrection stormed this very Capitol and placed a dagger to the throat of American democracy."

He noted that many of the assembled lawmakers were present on Jan. 6, 2021, when a mob of hundreds of Trump supporters broke into the Capitol and violently tried to prevent the transfer of power.

"Jan. 6 [and] lies about the 2020 election and the plots to steal the election posed the gravest threat to democracy since the Civil War. But they failed," he continued. "My predecessor and some of you here seek to bury the truth about Jan. 6. I will not do that. This is the moment to speak the truth, and to bury the lies. Here's the simple truth: You can't love your country only when you win."

A testy exchange on immigration: "Send me the border bill now!"

Arguably the most contentious moment of the night came when the president turned to the subject of immigration. He implored Republican lawmakers to support a bill that would strengthen security along the U.S.-Mexico border. The legislation stalled last month after Trump signaled he opposed it. Some Republicans have said they don't want to hand Mr. Biden a victory on the issue heading into the election.

"I'm told my predecessor called members of Congress in the Senate to demand they block the bill," Mr. Biden said. Congressional Republicans, the president said, "owe it to the American people" to pass the proposal.

"We can fight about the border or we can fix it," he said. "I'm ready to fix it. Send me the border bill now."

Mr. Biden noted that the legislation was endorsed by the Border Patrol Union and Chamber of Commerce, which sparked yelling from Republicans.

"Look at the facts," he said. "I know you know how to read."

Trump, Mr. Biden added, should implore lawmakers to back the compromise,"instead of playing politics."

His comments drew heckles from Republican Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene of Georgia. The interruption prompted Mr. Biden to veer off script and express his condolences to the parents of Laken Riley, a Georgia nursing student who was killed last month. The suspect in the case is a Venezuelan migrant who crossed the U.S. southern border illegally in September 2022. Republican lawmakers have highlighted the murder extensively.

Mr. Biden held up a button with Riley's name that Greene handed him when he walked into the Senate chamber. He referred to Riley as an "innocent young woman who was killed by an illegal," and said "my heart goes out to" her family.

On abortion and Roe v. Wade: "[Trump] the reason it was overturned, and he brags about it" 

The president spoke extensively about the issue of reproductive rights and abortion, one of Republicans' major political vulnerabilities heading into the general election race. He called attention to a mother from Alabama who was attending as a guest of first lady Jill Biden. He said she and her husband were undergoing in vitro fertilization treatments when the Alabama Supreme Court ruled that embryos are legally considered children. Several IVF providers halted treatments in response. 

Mr. Biden tied that decision to the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in 2022 overturning Roe v. Wade, the landmark case that recognized a right to abortion nationwide. The 2022 ruling threw the issue of abortion back to the states. Trump appointed three of the justices who voted in favor of overturning Roe.

"My predecessor came into office determined to see Roe v. Wade overturned. He's the reason it was overturned, and he brags about it. Look at the chaos that has resulted," he said, calling on lawmakers to protect access to IVF nationwide.

He then introduced Kate Cox, a Texas woman who was forced to travel out of state to obtain an abortion after learning her fetus had a fatal condition. Mr. Biden criticized Republicans who have pledged to pass a national ban on abortion.

"Those bragging about overturning Roe v. Wade have no clue about the power of women. But they found out. When reproductive freedom was on the ballot, we won in 2022 and 2023, and we'll win again in 2024," Mr. Biden said, prompting another enthusiastic round of cheers from Democrats, many of whom were wearing white to express support for reproductive rights.

He continued: "If you, the American people, send me a Congress that supports the right to choose, I promise you, I will restore Roe v. Wade as the law of the land again."

A victory lap on the economy and infrastructure

The president touted his economic accomplishments, highlighting a $1.2 trillion infrastructure package meant to revitalize the nation's roads, bridges, waterways and public transit, and legislation that aims to boost domestic production of semiconductor chips.

Mr. Biden noted that some Republicans who opposed the infrastructure bill have been cheering investments in their districts.

"If any of you don't want that money in your district, just let me know," he said.

The president introduced Shawn Fain , president of the United Auto Workers, and Dawn Simms, a third-generation UAW worker in Belvidere, Illinois, to celebrate the end of the historic strike last year that resulted in a labor agreement with the Detroit Big 3 auto manufacturers. Mr. Biden became the first president to ever participate in a picket line amid that strike. 

"Wall Street didn't build this country. The middle class built this country, and unions built the middle class," he said. "When Americans get knocked down, we get back up!"

Obamacare: "Still a very big deal"

When he was vice president in 2010, Mr. Biden introduced President Barack Obama at the ceremony where Obama signed the Affordable Care Act into law. He was heard on a hot mic telling Obama, "This is a big f---ing deal."

Fourteen years later, in a section on prescription drugs and lowering health care costs in the State of the Union, the president harkened back to what became one of the most well-known lines of his career.

"Folks, the Affordable Care Act — the old Obamacare. It's still a very big deal," he said, eliciting a round of laughs and applause from Democratic lawmakers.

Shunning criticisms of his age and highlighting his experience

As he neared the end of his speech — even joking to Sen. Lindsey Graham that he has "a few more things" to say — Mr. Biden didn't shy away from his age, but instead said his years in public service have provided him clarity.

"I know it may not look like it, but I've been around a while. When you get to be my age, certain things become clearer than ever before," he said. "I know the American story. Again and again I've seen the contest between competing forces in the battle for the soul of our nation. Between those who want to pull America back to the past and those who want to move America into the future."

The president said he has learned to "embrace freedom and democracy, a future based on core values that have defined America: Honesty. Decency. Dignity. Equality. To respect everyone. To give everyone a fair shot. To give hate no safe harbor."

Mr. Biden then drew contrasts to Trump, though again, he did not mention him by name.

"Other people my age see a different story. The American story of resentment, revenge, and retribution," he said. "That's not me."

Mr. Biden is 81 years old and Trump is 77 years old.

The president noted that during his long career, he has been told he's too young and too old. But he said that despite his age, he has "always known what endures. I've known our North Star."

"The very idea of America, that we are all created equal and deserve to be treated equally throughout our lives," he said.

In closing, the president insisted he has "never been more optimistic about our future than I am now."

"So let's build a future together," Mr. Biden said.

Camilo Montoya-Galvez and Leo Rocha contributed to this report.

Stefan Becket is managing editor, digital politics, for CBSNews.com. He helps oversee a team covering the White House, Congress, the Supreme Court, immigration and federal law enforcement.

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• Parakram Diwas

Parakram Diwas - January 23 [UPSC Notes]

January 23, 2021, marked the 125th birth anniversary of Indian nationalist and one of the greatest freedom fighters who fought for the country, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. 

To honour him and his contribution to the freedom struggle of India, the Central Government had announced January 23rd as Parakram Diwas, beginning from 2021. 

Aspirants can also get the list of other Important Days and Dates from the perspective of the UPSC prelims examination at the linked article. 

Parakram Diwas [UPSC Notes]:- Download PDF Here

Discussed further below in this article is the significance of this day and why was it chosen as Parakram Diwas. All IAS Exam aspirants must refer to the details further below.

Why is January 23rd selected as Parakram Diwas?

In order to honour and remember Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’s indomitable spirit and selfless service to the nation, the Government of India has decided to celebrate his birthday on the 23rd day of January every year as “Parakram Diwas” to inspire people of the country, especially the youth, to act with fortitude in the face of adversity as Netaji did, and to infuse in them a spirit of patriotic fervour.

UPSC aspirants can also visit the linked article and read about the other Important Indian Freedom Fighters and their contributions towards the freedom fight.

About Parakram Diwas 2021

• A gazetted notification was issued by the government of India on January 19, 2021, in order to declare January 23rd as Parakram Diwas every year, henceforth
• Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Museum has been set up at Red Fort, New Delhi
• Commemorative coin and stamps on Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose were released on the occasion
• April 14 as Moirang Day – British army was defeated on the Indian soil
• October 21 – INA Rising Day

Also, get acquainted with the latest UPSC Syllabus for the prelims and mains examination and accordingly kickstart your preparation. 

For the latest exam updates, study material and preparation tips, turn to BYJU’S for assistance. 

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Republic Day Speech In English: 26 January 2024 Long & Short Speech for Students, Teachers & More

Republic day 2024 speech: national festivals and their celebrations are the best opportunity to teach history and patriotism to kids. to fulfil the same, below are the samples for india republic day long and short speeches..

Republic Day Speech 2024: India observes a national holiday on January 26 called Republic Day. It commemorates the day the Indian Constitution, which had previously replaced the Government of India Act of 1935, went into effect. This year's Republic Day celebration themes are 'Viksit Bharat' and 'Bharat - Loktantra ki Matruka.'

The national festival is enthusiastically observed throughout every school, college, and workplace. There are a number of competitions held in schools, including ones for dancing, singing, and speaking on Republic Day. If you're still looking for topics, check out the list of Republic Day speech ideas below. Also, check out some tips on how to deliver a Republic Day speech that will be memorable.

Topics/Ideas for Speech on Republic Day 2024

• Journey of Republic India
• Republic Day: All About Its Modern-Day Celebrations
• Republic Day and its Significance
• Republic Day and its Prominence in Indian History
• Republic Day and Indians
• Why do we celebrate Republic Day
• Importance of Republic Day for Social Harmony
• Republic Day and its Socio-Economic Importance

How to Write an Impressive Speech for Republic Day 2024?

• Before giving a speech on Republic Day in 2024, the students should take some time to relax and think about the points they can make that will be interesting to everyone in the audience.
• Intersperse the main points of your Republic Day speech with some inspirational quotes. In addition to expressing their gratitude for being given the opportunity to speak at the event, the students should start their speeches by extending greetings to any dignitaries, teachers, and other students who are present.
• The speech's length must be suitable and should not tyre the audience. It must also be pertinent, brief, unambiguous, and free of filler.
• The Republic Day speech should be revised as needed in the final moments, and should only be finalised after a careful reading. Last but not least, before giving a speech, practise a lot and project confidence.

Republic Day Short Speech Sample

Greetings to everyone in attendance on this auspicious day. We are all gathered here to commemorate our nation's 72nd Republic Day today. It is my duty and honor to speak on republic day. Every year on January 26, India celebrates Republic Day, which is special in Indian history. Every year, we celebrate the national event with great joy, happiness, and pride in order to make it memorable.

As we all know, the Indian constitution took effect on January 26, 1950, and ever since, the Indian people have celebrated that day as our nation's Republic Day. Although India gained independence on August 15, 1947, there was no national constitution at the time. But after much deliberation and thought, a committee led by Dr BR Ambedkar presented a draught of the Indian constitution, which was adopted on November 26, 1949, and took effect on January 26, 1950.

I just want to share a few interesting facts about the Indian constitution quickly. Do you know that the Indian Constitution, which has 444 articles divided into 22 parts, 12 schedules, 118 amendments, and 146,385 words in its English-language version, is the longest written constitution of any sovereign state in the world? The Assembly received a draught constitution from the committee in November 1947, but it took more than two months to receive the finishing touches amid discussions and amendments. The process was finally finished on November 26, 1949, when the Constitution was approved by the Constituent Assembly. Prem Behari Narain Raizda was the calligrapher who created the work in the book. It was published by Dehra Dun, photolithographed at the Survey of India Offices, and illuminated by Nandalal Bose and other artists. It is still kept in helium-filled cases in the parliament building's library. Additionally, the Indian Constitution declares nine fundamental rights to be everyone's fundamental human rights.

Respected Principal, Teachers, and all my dear friends.

I'm here in front of you right now to speak on Republic Day. I'd like to wish everyone in attendance a happy republic day before continuing. When my class teacher informed me a few days ago that you have been chosen to give a speech on January 26th, I was absolutely astonished. I have never given a speech before in my school career, so I am both excited and a little nervous.

As you are all aware, we are gathered here today to celebrate Republic Day, also known as "Gantantra Divas," and as you are also aware, our complete constitution was ratified on this day in 1950. However, Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar, who is well-known as the father of the Indian Constitution and one of the most influential figures in modern India at the time, presided over its adoption on November 26, 1949.

It should go without saying that our country's transformation into a republic nation was made possible by the efforts of all of our leaders at the time. The happiness of celebrating this day is completely incomprehensible. I feel incredibly proud to talk about our leaders, whose unwavering efforts laid the groundwork for our Republic Country. the individuals who fought against all odds to enact our nation's own constitution. The celebration of today serves as a reminder that we appreciate their work and will never forget it. On this special day, I also want to honor the courageous soldiers who have over the years defended our Republic Country against various threats.

As we start the celebration of this day, our hearts are overflowing with patriotism and pure love for our country. I just hope that in the years to come, this love for our country will only grow. We all continue to make contributions to our country's improvement and work together to address all of its issues. I just want to say that I am incredibly proud to be a citizen of our nation to wrap up my speech. I hope that everyone in our country continues to abide by the rules set forth in our constitution and preserves the integrity of this republican nation. Thank you!

Republic Day Long Speech Sample

Good Morning, on the auspicious occasion of Indian Republic Day, we have gathered here. India is commemorating its 74th Republic Day this year. I feel a great sense of pride and gratitude for everything our country has accomplished as we come together to celebrate the Republic Day of our country. On this day, we honour the struggles and sacrifices made by the people who fought for our country's independence and sovereignty.

The Indian Constitution, which took effect on this day in 1950, is evidence of the democratic, justice, libertarian, and egalitarian principles that have governed our country since its inception. It provides a framework for the government's transparent and accountable operation and ensures that certain fundamental rights are guaranteed to all of its citizens.

India has been hosting special guests every year as part of celebrations, including the head of state or the governments of other nations for the republic day celebration in the nation's capital. Since 1950, this has been a tradition for the celebration. For instance, on January 26, 2015, former US President Barack Obama attended Republic Day as a special guest. And for the 74th Republic Day celebration, Egypt's President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi will be the special guest.

The President delivers a speech on Republic Day at 8 a.m., and then the flag-hoisting ceremony at the Rajpath in the nation's capital is followed by a parade. The Republic Day March is regarded as a striking feature of the celebration and it highlights Indian cultural and social heritage. Additionally, it displays India's defence capabilities. The Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force's nine to twelve different regiments march while wearing all of their official regalia. The salute is accepted by the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, the President of India.

The heroes of our nation, the soldiers, are remembered on this prestigious occasion. Different Gallantry awards and recognitions are presented to the  Martyrs and heroes who dedicated their lives to protecting the motherland.

Happy Sunshine to all the dignitaries, chief guests,s and my dear fellow mates! Every year on January 26, India celebrates Republic Day with great fervor and pride. It marks the anniversary of the adoption of our constitution. We became a sovereign, secular, socialist, and democratic republic on January 26, 1950, nearly three years after gaining our independence.

On August 15, 1947, we declared our independence from British rule, but our nation was still without a written constitution. In addition, India lacked the specialists and political influence necessary to ensure the efficient operation of state affairs. Up until that point, the 1935 Government of India Act, which was more inclined toward colonial rule, had essentially been modified in order to govern. As a result, it was imperative to create a comprehensive constitution that would represent everything India stands for.

Additionally, this day also saw the start of the Indian Parliament's first session. Dr. Rajendra Prasad, India's first President, also took the oath of office on January 26. Because it signifies the end of British rule and the establishment of India as a Republic State, this day is crucial.

Every year on January 26, Indians celebrate with great fervour. Irrespective of sex, caste, religion, and other things whole nation comes together to celebrate this joyous day. It exemplifies how diverse our nation is in real life. India's capital city, New Delhi, observes the holiday with a Republic Day Parade that displays both the military might and cultural diversity of our nation.

These parades are held in numerous cities, and many schools participate in them. It is enjoyable to see the youngsters and experts work so hard. One can be proud of their country when one graces the parade. On this day, we hoist the national flag. The national anthem is played by the military band in New Delhi following a 21-gun salute after the President of India hoists the flag. It is a day to honour the spirit of freedom and support India's future ascent to greater heights.

Taking note of all that is written above, let's work together to build India of our desires. someone who really needs help this Christmas. With Faith in mind and pride in Soul, a very Happy Republic Day 2024!

Get here current GK and GK quiz questions in English and Hindi for India , World, Sports and Competitive exam preparation. Download the Jagran Josh Current Affairs App .

• What is Republic Day in English for kids? + Republic day is a national festival. It honours the day when the constitution of India came into effect.
• How do you write lines on Republic Day? + Republic Day is celebrated in every part of the country. It is celebrated to mark the day the Constitution of India came into effect. There is a grand parade in the capital city of New Delhi on Republic Day. The tri-colour National Flag of India is hoisted on this day.
• What is Republic Day in simple English? + Republic Day in India is celebrated on January 26 to commemorate the day on which the Constitution of India came into effect.
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EU speech at Bloomberg

Prime Minister David Cameron discussed the future of the European Union at Bloomberg.

This morning I want to talk about the future of Europe.

But first, let us remember the past.

70 years ago, Europe was being torn apart by its second catastrophic conflict in a generation. A war which saw the streets of European cities strewn with rubble. The skies of London lit by flames night after night. And millions dead across the world in the battle for peace and liberty.

As we remember their sacrifice, so we should also remember how the shift in Europe from war to sustained peace came about. It did not happen like a change in the weather. It happened because of determined work over generations. A commitment to friendship and a resolve never to re-visit that dark past - a commitment epitomised by the Elysee Treaty signed 50 years ago this week.

After the Berlin Wall came down I visited that city and I will never forget it.

The abandoned checkpoints. The sense of excitement about the future. The knowledge that a great continent was coming together. Healing those wounds of our history is the central story of the European Union.

What Churchill described as the twin marauders of war and tyranny have been almost entirely banished from our continent. Today, hundreds of millions dwell in freedom, from the Baltic to the Adriatic, from the Western Approaches to the Aegean.

And while we must never take this for granted, the first purpose of the European Union - to secure peace - has been achieved and we should pay tribute to all those in the EU, alongside NATO, who made that happen.

But today the main, over-riding purpose of the European Union is different: not to win peace, but to secure prosperity.

The challenges come not from within this continent but outside it. From the surging economies in the East and South. Of course a growing world economy benefits us all, but we should be in no doubt that a new global race of nations is underway today.

A race for the wealth and jobs of the future.

The map of global influence is changing before our eyes. And these changes are already being felt by the entrepreneur in the Netherlands, the worker in Germany, the family in Britain.

Deliver prosperity, retain support

So I want to speak to you today with urgency and frankness about the European Union and how it must change - both to deliver prosperity and to retain the support of its peoples.

But first, I want to set out the spirit in which I approach these issues.

I know that the United Kingdom is sometimes seen as an argumentative and rather strong-minded member of the family of European nations.

And it’s true that our geography has shaped our psychology.

We have the character of an island nation - independent, forthright, passionate in defence of our sovereignty.

We can no more change this British sensibility than we can drain the English Channel.

And because of this sensibility, we come to the European Union with a frame of mind that is more practical than emotional.

For us, the European Union is a means to an end - prosperity, stability, the anchor of freedom and democracy both within Europe and beyond her shores - not an end in itself.

We insistently ask: How? Why? To what end?

But all this doesn’t make us somehow un-European.

The fact is that ours is not just an island story - it is also a continental story.

For all our connections to the rest of the world - of which we are rightly proud - we have always been a European power - and we always will be.

From Caesar’s legions to the Napoleonic Wars. From the Reformation, the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution to the defeat of Nazism. We have helped to write European history, and Europe has helped write ours.

Over the years, Britain has made her own, unique contribution to Europe. We have provided a haven to those fleeing tyranny and persecution. And in Europe’s darkest hour, we helped keep the flame of liberty alight. Across the continent, in silent cemeteries, lie the hundreds of thousands of British servicemen who gave their lives for Europe’s freedom.

In more recent decades, we have played our part in tearing down the Iron Curtain and championing the entry into the EU of those countries that lost so many years to Communism. And contained in this history is the crucial point about Britain, our national character, our attitude to Europe.

Britain is characterised not just by its independence but, above all, by its openness.

We have always been a country that reaches out. That turns its face to the world…

That leads the charge in the fight for global trade and against protectionism.

This is Britain today, as it’s always been:Independent, yes - but open, too.

I never want us to pull up the drawbridge and retreat from the world.

I am not a British isolationist.

I don’t just want a better deal for Britain. I want a better deal for Europe too.

So I speak as British Prime Minister with a positive vision for the future of the European Union. A future in which Britain wants, and should want, to play a committed and active part.

Some might then ask: why raise fundamental questions about the future of Europe when Europe is already in the midst of a deep crisis?

Why raise questions about Britain’s role when support in Britain is already so thin.

There are always voices saying “don’t ask the difficult questions.”

3 major challenges

But it’s essential for Europe - and for Britain - that we do because there are 3 major challenges confronting us today.

First, the problems in the Eurozone are driving fundamental change in Europe.

Second, there is a crisis of European competitiveness, as other nations across the world soar ahead. And third, there is a gap between the EU and its citizens which has grown dramatically in recent years. And which represents a lack of democratic accountability and consent that is - yes - felt particularly acutely in Britain.

If we don’t address these challenges, the danger is that Europe will fail and the British people will drift towards the exit.

I do not want that to happen. I want the European Union to be a success. And I want a relationship between Britain and the EU that keeps us in it.

That is why I am here today: To acknowledge the nature of the challenges we face. To set out how I believe the European Union should respond to them. And to explain what I want to achieve for Britain and its place within the European Union.

Let me start with the nature of the challenges we face.

First, the Eurozone.

The future shape of Europe is being forged. There are some serious questions that will define the future of the European Union - and the future of every country within it.

The Union is changing to help fix the currency - and that has profound implications for all of us, whether we are in the single currency or not.

Britain is not in the single currency, and we’re not going to be. But we all need the Eurozone to have the right governance and structures to secure a successful currency for the long term.

And those of us outside the Eurozone also need certain safeguards to ensure, for example, that our access to the Single Market is not in any way compromised.

And it’s right we begin to address these issues now.

Second, while there are some countries within the EU which are doing pretty well. Taken as a whole, Europe’s share of world output is projected to fall by almost a third in the next 2 decades. This is the competitiveness challenge - and much of our weakness in meeting it is self-inflicted.

Complex rules restricting our labour markets are not some naturally occurring phenomenon. Just as excessive regulation is not some external plague that’s been visited on our businesses.

These problems have been around too long. And the progress in dealing with them, far too slow.

As Chancellor Merkel has said - if Europe today accounts for just over 7 per cent of the world’s population, produces around 25 per cent of global GDP and has to finance 50 per cent of global social spending, then it’s obvious that it will have to work very hard to maintain its prosperity and way of life.

Third, there is a growing frustration that the EU is seen as something that is done to people rather than acting on their behalf. And this is being intensified by the very solutions required to resolve the economic problems.

People are increasingly frustrated that decisions taken further and further away from them mean their living standards are slashed through enforced austerity or their taxes are used to bail out governments on the other side of the continent.

We are starting to see this in the demonstrations on the streets of Athens, Madrid and Rome. We are seeing it in the parliaments of Berlin, Helsinki and the Hague.

And yes, of course, we are seeing this frustration with the EU very dramatically in Britain.

Europe’s leaders have a duty to hear these concerns. Indeed, we have a duty to act on them. And not just to fix the problems in the Eurozone.

For just as in any emergency you should plan for the aftermath as well as dealing with the present crisis so too in the midst of the present challenges we should plan for the future, and what the world will look like when the difficulties in the Eurozone have been overcome.

The biggest danger to the European Union comes not from those who advocate change, but from those who denounce new thinking as heresy. In its long history Europe has experience of heretics who turned out to have a point.

And my point is this. More of the same will not secure a long-term future for the Eurozone. More of the same will not see the European Union keeping pace with the new powerhouse economies. More of the same will not bring the European Union any closer to its citizens. More of the same will just produce more of the same - less competitiveness, less growth, fewer jobs.

And that will make our countries weaker not stronger.

That is why we need fundamental, far-reaching change.

21st century European Union

So let me set out my vision for a new European Union, fit for the 21st Century.

It is built on 5 principles.

The first: competitiveness. At the core of the European Union must be, as it is now, the single market. Britain is at the heart of that Single Market, and must remain so.

But when the Single Market remains incomplete in services, energy and digital - the very sectors that are the engines of a modern economy - it is only half the success it could be.

It is nonsense that people shopping online in some parts of Europe are unable to access the best deals because of where they live. I want completing the single market to be our driving mission.

I want us to be at the forefront of transformative trade deals with the US, Japan and India as part of the drive towards global free trade. And I want us to be pushing to exempt Europe’s smallest entrepreneurial companies from more EU Directives.

These should be the tasks that get European officials up in the morning - and keep them working late into the night. And so we urgently need to address the sclerotic, ineffective decision making that is holding us back.

That means creating a leaner, less bureaucratic Union, relentlessly focused on helping its member countries to compete.

In a global race, can we really justify the huge number of expensive peripheral European institutions?

Can we justify a Commission that gets ever larger?

Can we carry on with an organisation that has a multi-billion pound budget but not enough focus on controlling spending and shutting down programmes that haven’t worked?

And I would ask: when the competitiveness of the Single Market is so important, why is there an environment council, a transport council, an education council but not a single market council?

The second principle should be flexibility.

We need a structure that can accommodate the diversity of its members - North, South, East, West, large, small, old and new. Some of whom are contemplating much closer economic and political integration. And many others, including Britain, who would never embrace that goal.

I accept, of course, that for the single market to function we need a common set of rules and a way of enforcing them. But we also need to be able to respond quickly to the latest developments and trends.

Competitiveness demands flexibility, choice and openness - or Europe will fetch up in a no-man’s land between the rising economies of Asia and market-driven North America.

The EU must be able to act with the speed and flexibility of a network, not the cumbersome rigidity of a bloc.

We must not be weighed down by an insistence on a one size fits all approach which implies that all countries want the same level of integration. The fact is that they don’t and we shouldn’t assert that they do.

Some will claim that this offends a central tenet of the EU’s founding philosophy. I say it merely reflects the reality of the European Union today. 17 members are part of the Eurozone. 10 are not.

26 European countries are members of Schengen - including 4 outside the European Union - Switzerland, Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland. 2 EU countries - Britain and Ireland - have retained their border controls.

Some members, like Britain and France, are ready, willing and able to take action in Libya or Mali. Others are uncomfortable with the use of military force.

Let’s welcome that diversity, instead of trying to snuff it out.

Let’s stop all this talk of 2-speed Europe, of fast lanes and slow lanes, of countries missing trains and buses, and consign the whole weary caravan of metaphors to a permanent siding.

Instead, let’s start from this proposition: we are a family of democratic nations, all members of 1 European Union, whose essential foundation is the single market rather than the single currency. Those of us outside the euro recognise that those in it are likely to need to make some big institutional changes.

By the same token, the members of the Eurozone should accept that we, and indeed all Member States, will have changes that we need to safeguard our interests and strengthen democratic legitimacy. And we should be able to make these changes too.

Some say this will unravel the principle of the EU - and that you can’t pick and choose on the basis of what your nation needs.

But far from unravelling the EU, this will in fact bind its Members more closely because such flexible, willing cooperation is a much stronger glue than compulsion from the centre.

Let me make a further heretical proposition.

The European Treaty commits the Member States to “lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe”.

This has been consistently interpreted as applying not to the peoples but rather to the states and institutions compounded by a European Court of Justice that has consistently supported greater centralisation.

We understand and respect the right of others to maintain their commitment to this goal. But for Britain - and perhaps for others - it is not the objective.

And we would be much more comfortable if the Treaty specifically said so freeing those who want to go further, faster, to do so, without being held back by the others.

So to those who say we have no vision for Europe.

I say we have.

Flexible union

We believe in a flexible union of free member states who share treaties and institutions and pursue together the ideal of co-operation. To represent and promote the values of European civilisation in the world. To advance our shared interests by using our collective power to open markets. And to build a strong economic base across the whole of Europe.

And we believe in our nations working together to protect the security and diversity of our energy supplies. To tackle climate change and global poverty. To work together against terrorism and organised crime. And to continue to welcome new countries into the EU.

This vision of flexibility and co-operation is not the same as those who want to build an ever closer political union - but it is just as valid.

My third principle is that power must be able to flow back to Member States, not just away from them. This was promised by European Leaders at Laeken a decade ago.

It was put in the Treaty. But the promise has never really been fulfilled. We need to implement this principle properly.

So let us use this moment, as the Dutch Prime Minister has recently suggested, to examine thoroughly what the EU as a whole should do and should stop doing.

In Britain we have already launched our balance of competences review - to give us an informed and objective analysis of where the EU helps and where it hampers.

Let us not be misled by the fallacy that a deep and workable single market requires everything to be harmonised, to hanker after some unattainable and infinitely level playing field.

Countries are different. They make different choices. We cannot harmonise everything. For example, it is neither right nor necessary to claim that the integrity of the single market, or full membership of the European Union requires the working hours of British hospital doctors to be set in Brussels irrespective of the views of British parliamentarians and practitioners.

In the same way we need to examine whether the balance is right in so many areas where the European Union has legislated including on the environment, social affairs and crime.

Nothing should be off the table.

My fourth principle is democratic accountability: we need to have a bigger and more significant role for national parliaments.

There is not, in my view, a single European demos.

It is national parliaments, which are, and will remain, the true source of real democratic legitimacy and accountability in the EU.

It is to the Bundestag that Angela Merkel has to answer. It is through the Greek Parliament that Antonis Samaras has to pass his government’s austerity measures.

It is to the British Parliament that I must account on the EU budget negotiations, or on the safeguarding of our place in the single market.

Those are the Parliaments which instil proper respect - even fear - into national leaders.

We need to recognise that in the way the EU does business.

My fifth principle is fairness: whatever new arrangements are enacted for the Eurozone, they must work fairly for those inside it and out.

That will be of particular importance to Britain. As I have said, we will not join the single currency. But there is no overwhelming economic reason why the single currency and the single market should share the same boundary, any more than the single market and Schengen.

Our participation in the single market, and our ability to help set its rules is the principal reason for our membership of the EU.

So it is a vital interest for us to protect the integrity and fairness of the single market for all its members.

And that is why Britain has been so concerned to promote and defend the single market as the Eurozone crisis rewrites the rules on fiscal coordination and banking union.

These 5 principles provide what, I believe, is the right approach for the European Union.

So now let me turn to what this means for Britain.

Today, public disillusionment with the EU is at an all time high. There are several reasons for this.

People feel that the EU is heading in a direction that they never signed up to. They resent the interference in our national life by what they see as unnecessary rules and regulation. And they wonder what the point of it all is.

Put simply, many ask “why can’t we just have what we voted to join - a common market?”

They are angered by some legal judgements made in Europe that impact on life in Britain. Some of this antipathy about Europe in general really relates of course to the European Court of Human Rights, rather than the EU. And Britain is leading European efforts to address this.

There is, indeed, much more that needs to be done on this front. But people also feel that the EU is now heading for a level of political integration that is far outside Britain’s comfort zone.

They see Treaty after Treaty changing the balance between Member States and the EU. And note they were never given a say.

They’ve had referendums promised - but not delivered. They see what has happened to the Euro. And they note that many of our political and business leaders urged Britain to join at the time.

And they haven’t noticed many expressions of contrition.

And they look at the steps the Eurozone is taking and wonder what deeper integration for the Eurozone will mean for a country which is not going to join the Euro.

The result is that democratic consent for the EU in Britain is now wafer thin.

Some people say that to point this out is irresponsible, creates uncertainty for business and puts a question mark over Britain’s place in the European Union.

But the question mark is already there and ignoring it won’t make it go away.

In fact, quite the reverse. Those who refuse to contemplate consulting the British people, would in my view make more likely our eventual exit.

Simply asking the British people to carry on accepting a European settlement over which they have had little choice is a path to ensuring that when the question is finally put - and at some stage it will have to be - it is much more likely that the British people will reject the EU.

That is why I am in favour of a referendum. I believe in confronting this issue - shaping it, leading the debate. Not simply hoping a difficult situation will go away.

Some argue that the solution is therefore to hold a straight in-out referendum now.

I understand the impatience of wanting to make that choice immediately.

But I don’t believe that to make a decision at this moment is the right way forward, either for Britain or for Europe as a whole.

A vote today between the status quo and leaving would be an entirely false choice.

Now - while the EU is in flux, and when we don’t know what the future holds and what sort of EU will emerge from this crisis is not the right time to make such a momentous decision about the future of our country.

It is wrong to ask people whether to stay or go before we have had a chance to put the relationship right.

How can we sensibly answer the question ‘in or out’ without being able to answer the most basic question: ‘what is it exactly that we are choosing to be in or out of?’

The European Union that emerges from the Eurozone crisis is going to be a very different body. It will be transformed perhaps beyond recognition by the measures needed to save the Eurozone.

We need to allow some time for that to happen - and help to shape the future of the European Union, so that when the choice comes it will be a real one.

Real choice

A real choice between leaving or being part of a new settlement in which Britain shapes and respects the rules of the single market but is protected by fair safeguards, and free of the spurious regulation which damages Europe’s competitiveness.

A choice between leaving or being part of a new settlement in which Britain is at the forefront of collective action on issues like foreign policy and trade and where we leave the door firmly open to new members.

A new settlement subject to the democratic legitimacy and accountability of national parliaments where Member States combine in flexible cooperation, respecting national differences not always trying to eliminate them and in which we have proved that some powers can in fact be returned to Member States.

In other words, a settlement which would be entirely in keeping with the mission for an updated European Union I have described today. More flexible, more adaptable, more open - fit for the challenges of the modern age.

And to those who say a new settlement can’t be negotiated, I would say listen to the views of other parties in other European countries arguing for powers to flow back to European states.

And look too at what we have achieved already. Ending Britain’s obligation to bail-out Eurozone members. Keeping Britain out of the fiscal compact. Launching a process to return some existing justice and home affairs powers. Securing protections on Banking Union. And reforming fisheries policy.

So we are starting to shape the reforms we need now. Some will not require Treaty change.

But I agree too with what President Barroso and others have said. At some stage in the next few years the EU will need to agree on Treaty change to make the changes needed for the long term future of the Euro and to entrench the diverse, competitive, democratically accountable Europe that we seek.

I believe the best way to do this will be in a new Treaty so I add my voice to those who are already calling for this.

My strong preference is to enact these changes for the entire EU, not just for Britain.

But if there is no appetite for a new Treaty for us all then of course Britain should be ready to address the changes we need in a negotiation with our European partners.

[Political content removed]

It will be a relationship with the Single Market at its heart.

It is time for the British people to have their say. It is time to settle this European question in British politics.

I say to the British people: this will be your decision.

And when that choice comes, you will have an important choice to make about our country’s destiny.

I understand the appeal of going it alone, of charting our own course. But it will be a decision we will have to take with cool heads. Proponents of both sides of the argument will need to avoid exaggerating their claims.

Of course Britain could make her own way in the world, outside the EU, if we chose to do so. So could any other Member State.

But the question we will have to ask ourselves is this: is that the very best future for our country?

We will have to weigh carefully where our true national interest lies.

Alone, we would be free to take our own decisions, just as we would be freed of our solemn obligation to defend our allies if we left NATO. But we don’t leave NATO because it is in our national interest to stay and benefit from its collective defence guarantee.

We have more power and influence - whether implementing sanctions against Iran or Syria, or promoting democracy in Burma - if we can act together.

If we leave the EU, we cannot of course leave Europe. It will remain for many years our biggest market, and forever our geographical neighbourhood. We are tied by a complex web of legal commitments.

Hundreds of thousands of British people now take for granted their right to work, live or retire in any other EU country.

Even if we pulled out completely, decisions made in the EU would continue to have a profound effect on our country. But we would have lost all our remaining vetoes and our voice in those decisions.

We would need to weigh up very carefully the consequences of no longer being inside the EU and its single market, as a full member.

Continued access to the Single Market is vital for British businesses and British jobs.

Since 2004, Britain has been the destination for 1 in 5 of all inward investments into Europe.

And being part of the Single Market has been key to that success.

There will be plenty of time to test all the arguments thoroughly, in favour and against the arrangement we negotiate. But let me just deal with 1 point we hear a lot about.

There are some who suggest we could turn ourselves into Norway or Switzerland - with access to the single market but outside the EU. But would that really be in our best interests?

I admire those countries and they are friends of ours - but they are very different from us. Norway sits on the biggest energy reserves in Europe, and has a sovereign wealth fund of over 500 billion euros. And while Norway is part of the single market - and pays for the principle - it has no say at all in setting its rules: it just has to implement its directives.

The Swiss have to negotiate access to the Single Market sector by sector. Accepting EU rules - over which they have no say - or else not getting full access to the Single Market, including in key sectors like financial services.

The fact is that if you join an organisation like the European Union, there are rules.

You will not always get what you want. But that does not mean we should leave - not if the benefits of staying and working together are greater.

We would have to think carefully too about the impact on our influence at the top table of international affairs. There is no doubt that we are more powerful in Washington, in Beijing, in Delhi because we are a powerful player in the European Union.

That matters for British jobs and British security.

It matters to our ability to get things done in the world. It matters to the United States and other friends around the world, which is why many tell us very clearly that they want Britain to remain in the EU.

We should think very carefully before giving that position up.

If we left the European Union, it would be a 1-way ticket, not a return.

So we will have time for a proper, reasoned debate.

At the end of that debate you, the British people, will decide.

And I say to our European partners, frustrated as some of them no doubt are by Britain’s attitude: work with us on this.

Consider the extraordinary steps which the Eurozone members are taking to keep the Euro together, steps which a year ago would have seemed impossible.

It does not seem to me that the steps which would be needed to make Britain - and others - more comfortable in their relationship in the European Union are inherently so outlandish or unreasonable.

And just as I believe that Britain should want to remain in the EU so the EU should want us to stay.

For an EU without Britain, without 1 of Europe’s strongest powers, a country which in many ways invented the single market, and which brings real heft to Europe’s influence on the world stage which plays by the rules and which is a force for liberal economic reform would be a very different kind of European Union.

And it is hard to argue that the EU would not be greatly diminished by Britain’s departure.

Let me finish today by saying this.

I have no illusions about the scale of the task ahead.

I know there will be those who say the vision I have outlined will be impossible to achieve. That there is no way our partners will co-operate. That the British people have set themselves on a path to inevitable exit. And that if we aren’t comfortable being in the EU after 40 years, we never will be.

But I refuse to take such a defeatist attitude - either for Britain or for Europe.

Because with courage and conviction I believe we can deliver a more flexible, adaptable and open European Union in which the interests and ambitions of all its members can be met.

With courage and conviction I believe we can achieve a new settlement in which Britain can be comfortable and all our countries can thrive.

Because I believe something very deeply. That Britain’s national interest is best served in a flexible, adaptable and open European Union and that such a European Union is best with Britain in it.

Over the coming weeks, months and years, I will not rest until this debate is won. For the future of my country. For the success of the European Union. And for the prosperity of our peoples for generations to come.

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Speech on Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose in English – 23 January 2024

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The Complete and Official Information of  Speech on Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose in English – 23 January 2024

• Speech on Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose in English – 23 January 2023

Good Morning Respected Principal, Teacher and all my dear friends. My Name is Chetan Darji, I am here today to speak a few words about Subhash Chandra Bose.

Subhash Chandra Bose was one of the greatest leaders of India. He is famous by the name of Netaji. He gave up his life for his motherland. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was born on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack. His father was a famous lawyer. Netaji was a brilliant student who had scored the second position in the matriculation exam. He completed his B.A Hons. in Philosophy in 1918 from the University of Calcutta. He later went to England in September 1919, for further studies.

Netaji was selected for the Indian Civil Service but he did not want to stay in England and serve the British government. So, he quit his job and started fighting for the freedom of India. The Azad Hind Fauj was formed by Subhash Chandra bose. He coined the term ‘Jai indi’. His charisma and powerful personality inspired many people into the freedom struggle andcontinues to inspire Indians.

It is believed that he died in a plane crash on 18th August 1945, Though Netaji is no more in this world, yet his name will ever shine. He will always be counted as one of the greatest martyrs of the Country.

Thank You to All.

Jai Hind.. Jai Bharat

Demo Speech – 2 : Speech on Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose in English – 23 January 2023

Respected Principal Sir, Teachers and My Dear Friends Good Morning to All.

Subhash Chandra Bose is popularly known as Netaji in India. He was a well – known leader of the Indian independence movement and a promoter of Indian nationalism. He was a prominent member of the Indian National Congress and played a key role in the 1920 Non-Cooperation movements’ creation.

During the British Raj, Subhas Bose was born on January 23,1897, in Cuttack, Orissa, into a wealthy and privileged Bengali Family. The name of his mother was Prabhabati Bose. His father’s name was Janakinath Bose. In a family of fourteen children, he was the ninth child. His father was an advocate. He was a prominent Indian leader. He was an Indian Freedom fighter and he presided over the Indian National Congress from 1938 to 1939. Mahatma Gandhi’s influence led Subhas Chandra bose to become a member of the Indian National Congress in 1921 and start the newspaper “Swaraj”, which stands for self-governance. This was the beginning of his involvement in India’s protracted fight for independence and his introduction to politics.

10 Lines on Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose in English – 23 January

• Subhash Chandra Bose was a great freedom fighter.
• He was born on 23rd January 1897 in Cuttack, Odisha.
• His father’s name was Jankinath Bose and His mother’s name was Prabhavati Devi.
• He was popularly known as ‘Netaji’.
• Netaji started the newspaper ‘Swaraj’
• Netaji was the president of the Indian National Congress.
• Netaji formed Azad Hind Fauj and Indian National Army.
• His famous slogans are “Tum Mujhe Khoon Do, Mai Tumhe Azadi Dunga, Jai Hind and Delhi Chalo “
• Netaji wrote the book ‘The Indian Struggle 1920-1942.
• It is said that, Netaji died on 18th August 1945 in a plane crash.

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• Speech on Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose in Hindi – 23 January 2023
• What is Parakram Diwas 2023 & Quiz on Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose

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About the author.

Chetan Darji

Hi, My name is Chetan Darji , and I am the owner and Founder of this website. I am 24 years old, Gujarat-based (India) blogger. I started this blog on 20th January 2019.

Very nice sppech bkz it give me gold medal

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