references footnotes size

Andrew Appleby notes that “shaving one’s arm pit hair is a surprisingly recent custom.”¹ Ada Lovelace is often credited with envisioning the computer;¹ less attention has been paid to her tumultuous personal life.

The only time a footnote number comes before the punctuation is if you’re using a dash. Note as well that you should never insert multiple footnotes right after each other.

Formatting Footnotes

One annoying feature about CMS is that it can be tricky to format your footnotes properly in Microsoft Word. Here’s what you’ll need to do:

For help with these formatting rules, please watch the video above. Do note that in unpublished manuscripts you are allowed to use superscript in the notes (see section 14.24), so if you’re writing an essay for your teacher you don’t have to worry about the last style rule.

Basic Citations

When you cite a source in a footnote, the key elements (author, title, etc.) are separated by commas:

1. Jennifer Trip, “Conservative Politics and the Slippery Slope Argument,” Old Fashioned Quarterly 99, no. 1 (Winter 2017): 78.

By contrast, in your final bibliography you would use periods, invert the name, and either leave out the page or (for some citations) give the full page range:

Trip, Jennifer. “Conservative Politics and the Slippery Slope Argument.” Old Fashioned Quarterly 99, no. 1 (Winter 2017): 70-79.

The basic format of a citation thus includes an author, title, and publication information.

Shortened Citations

Sources that are cited multiple times can be shortened after the first citation. In such cases you can provide just the author’s last name, the title (shortened if longer than four words), and a page reference:

1. Amy Sung, The Siamese Art of Double Dating (Hong Kong: Inky Press, 1999), 87. 2. Sung, Double Dating , 107-11.

When shortening a title, remove the articles ( a , an , the ) and use just a few key words. For the author, omit first names and remove references to contributor roles (e.g., ed. or trans. ).

When citing the same source in quick succession, you can even leave out the title of the source:

9. Sung, Double Dating , 144. 10. Sung, 159. 11. Sung, 162.

Quotation in a Note

When adding a quotation in a footnote, add the citation as a separate sentence:

1. As Michelle Gobbledygook writes, “ancient Roman aqueducts may have been used for elaborate canoe races.” Gobbledygook, The Kayaking Ostrogoth Tribe that Vandalized the Roman Aqueducts (Vancouver: Arch Publications, 1984), 44.

You have some freedom in terms of whether you wish to repeat the author’s entire name.

See and cf.

A common way to introduce references is to write see :

1. Some tennis experts feel that the fifth set tie breaker should be simplified due to the number of power hitters who dominate the service game. See Kevin Isner, “Going the Distance: The Problem of the Fifth Set,” Wimbledon Advantage 55, no. 2 (2018): 22.

You can also use the abbreviation cf. (from Latin confer , compare), but only if you actually intend the reader to compare two perspectives on an issue.

If you want to emphasize part of a quote, add italics, or make any other changes you desire, you can add a quick note at the end of your citation:

5. Castafiore, Milanese Nightingale , 377 (emphasis added).

Multiple Citations

When citing multiple sources in a row, you can often separate them with a semi-colon:

6. Important studies of the history of the kettle include Ernst Schwartz, The Black Kettle (Hamburg: Dietrich Verlag, 2016); Ulrich Smelch, From Cauldron to Kettle (Coventry: Witch’s Press, 2001); and Iris Plasterer, “The Plastic Kettle and the Problem of Limescale.” Kittles and Kettles 17, no. 3 (2007): 14-28.

Cross-Referencing

You can cross reference notes, though you’ll have to double check that your numbering remains accurate:

12. See note 5 above. 4. See chap. 2, n. 9. 9. See 201n15. 13. See 5nn1-2.

In the last two examples, the abbreviations n and nn stand for note and notes . The number that precedes them is the page reference.

Beyond Page Numbers

Sometimes it happens that a source does not use page numbers. In that case you may want to substitute a chapter title, a paragraph number, or some other description of where the claim or quote may be located.

By contrast, for many classic literary works you will have to familiarize yourself with how a work is customarily cited. Dante’s Divine Comedy , for instance is usually cited by canto and line number:

1, Dante, Inferno , canto 3, lines 7-8 2. Dante, Inferno , 3.28-29.

In such complex citations you can use the abbreviations p. and pp. (for page and pages ), but do write out line and lines .

One reason to prefer endnotes over footnotes is that the latter can be a distraction from the body of your text. On the other hand, the downside to endnotes is that many readers don’t like flipping back and forth to compare the notes to the text.

Endnotes are primarily used for books and select scholarly publications. Most students can rely on using footnotes instead.

Citations in endnotes follow the same rules as for footnotes. However, the Chicago Manual of Style recommends that for the sake of clarity writers are more cautious about using shortened citations (see above).

To format your endnotes, add the title “Notes.” If you’re working with a longer document, you can add section headings as well (e.g., “Chapter 5” or “Chapter 5: The Wedding from Hell”). In such cases you can restart the numbering, beginning with 1.

Finally, when using endnotes in a book it is customary to add a running head to each page (e.g., “notes to pages 77-79”) to make it easy for readers to match up the notes with the original citation.

More Information

For more information about footnotes and endnotes, see sections 14.1-14.60 of the Chicago Manual of Style (17 th ed.).

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Fletcher Guide for Preparation of Dissertations: Footnotes OR Parenthetical Citations

Selected Resources for Style and Format

Dissertation Sections to Include

Footnote-Bibliography Style

Parenthetical (Author-Date) Style

Review of Format

Dissertation Submission

Open Access vs. Traditional Publishing

Tufts Digital Collections and Archives

ProQuest Help and Contacts

The footnote numbers should be placed at the end of the passage. In the text, the number should be typed slightly above the line (half-space), and should have no punctuation, parentheses, or slashes.

Arabic numerals should be used.

The footnotes themselves should be placed in numerical order at the foot of the page. The first footnote should be separated from the text by a single line which is two spaces below the last line of text. Footnotes must begin on the page where they are referenced.

Footnotes should be single-spaced. Font size should be 1 or 2 points smaller than text font.

Subsequent (repeated) references: within one chapter, all subsequent references to an author and title that have already been cited should use the author's last name, and if necessary to distinguish, a shortened title with appropriate page numbers. When beginning a new chapter, repeat the full citation the first time the reference is used and use the short form thereafter.

The Latin abbreviation Ibid. should be used only when the same author and title are cited as in the footnote immediately preceding. If the preceding footnote contains more than one reference, Ibid. should not be used.

Parenthetical (Author-Date) References

Author-date references are placed within the text. They should be placed where they least interfere with the flow of the text, such as just before a punctuation mark.

The reference consists of the author's last (or family) name, the year of publication of the work, and the page number(s), if any. Author may mean editor, compiler, organization, or multiple authors.

No punctuation is used between the author's name and the date. A comma is used between the date and the page number, and no abbreviation for "page" is included.

In this system, the bibliography is called a reference list, and has a different format from the bibliography associated with footnotes.

Citation: (Spence 1990, 207)

Reference List: Spence, Jonathan. 1990. The Search for Modern China . New York: Norton.

Getting Help

Erin Wright Writing

Writing-Related Software Tutorials

How to Modify the Style of Footnotes and Endnotes in Microsoft Word

By Erin Wright

Today, we’re going to modify the style of footnotes and endnotes in Microsoft Word. We’re also going to modify the style of the superscripted reference numbers, letters, and symbols in the text. Style includes font, font size, color, emphasis (italics, bold, underline), alignment, spacing, and indentation.

Plus, the bonus section at the end shows how to delete or modify the separator line above footnotes and endnotes .

This tutorial is available as a YouTube video showing all the steps in real time.

Watch more than 200 other writing-related software tutorials on my YouTube channel .

The images below are from Word for Microsoft 365. The steps will also work for Word 2021, Word 2019, Word 2016, Word 2013, and Word 2010. However, your interface may look slightly different in those older versions of the software.

How to Modify the Style of Footnotes and Endnotes

Select the Home tab in the ribbon.

Select the dialog box launcher in the Styles group.

Styles group dialog box launcher in Word 365

Select the Manage Styles button in the Styles pane.

Manage Styles button in the Styles pane in Word 365

Select Alphabetical in the Sort order menu in the Manage Styles dialog box.

Sort Order menu in the Manage Styles dialog box in Word 365

"Select a style to edit" menu in the Manage Styles dialog box in Word 365

Select the Modify button.

Modify button in the Manage Styles dialog box in Word 365

Important Note: The Font, Font size, Emphasis, and Font Color are the only options available for the Footnote Reference and Endnote Reference styles.

Formatting options in the Modify Style dialog box in Word 365

Ensure that Automatically Update is not checked. If Automatically Update is checked, you won’t be able to manually change the style of individual footnotes or endnotes.

Unchecked "Automatically update" option in the Modify Style dialog box in Word 365

Ensure that Only in this document is selected to limit your custom style to your current document.

"Only in this document" option in the Modify Styles dialog box in Word 365

Select the OK button to close the Modify Style dialog box.

OK button in the Modify Style dialog box in Word 365

Select another style to change or select the OK button to close the Manage Styles dialog box.

OK button in the Manage Styles dialog box in Word 365

Select the X to close the Styles pane.

Closing X in the Styles pane in Word 365

Your new footnote or endnote style should appear immediately.

How to Delete or Modify the Footnote or Endnote Separator Line

Select the View tab in the ribbon.

Select Draft in the Views group to switch to the draft view. (Word normally opens in the Print Layout view.)

Select the References tab in the ribbon.

Select Show Notes in the Footnotes group.

(Optional Step) If you have footnotes and endnotes, choose View footnote area or View endnote area followed by the OK button in the Show Notes dialog box. (This dialog box won’t appear if you only have footnotes or endnotes.)

It is not possible to modify the style of the footnote separator and endnote separator at the same time.

Select Footnote Separator or Endnote Separator from the menu in the Footnotes pane at the bottom of the screen.

Select and delete the separator line or use the options in the font Mini toolbar to modify the style. (You can also use the options in the Font group in the Home tab.)

Here are a few tips:

Footnotes pane with shortcut menu in Word 365

After modifying the separator line, select the Print Layout button at the bottom of the screen (or in the View tab) to return to the Print Layout view.

Your separator line modifications should appear immediately.

Related Resources

How to Convert Individual Footnotes to Endnotes in Microsoft Word (and Individual Endnotes to Footnotes)

How to Insert Citations in Microsoft Word

Three Ways to Insert Superscripts and Subscripts in Microsoft Word

Updated February 20, 2023

Ready, Set, Cite (APA, 7th)

Formatting your paper, headings organize your paper (2.27), video tutorials.

For help on all aspects of formatting your paper in APA Style, see The Essentials page on the APA Style website.

Paper Elements

Student papers generally include, at a minimum:

Student papers may include additional elements such as tables and figures depending on the assignment. So, please check with your teacher!

Student papers generally DO NOT include the following unless your teacher specifically requests it:

For complete information on the order of pages , see the APA Style website.

Number your pages consecutively starting with page 1. Each section begins on a new page. Put the pages in the following order:

Sample Papers With Built-In Instructions

To see what your paper should look like, check out these sample papers with built-in instructions.

APA Style uses five (5) levels of headings to help you organize your paper and allow your audience to identify its key points easily. Levels of headings establish the hierarchy of your sections just like you did in your paper outline.

APA tells us to use "only the number of headings necessary to differentiate distinct section in your paper." Therefore, the number of heading levels you create depends on the length and complexity of your paper.

See the chart below for instructions on formatting your headings:

Use Word to Format Your Paper:

Use Google Docs to Format Your Paper:

Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommerical International 4.0 License .

IMAGES

Deleting Footnotes and Endnotes (Microsoft Word)
Footnote and bibliography
How To Write Footnotes
biblatex
Footnote Style
Document references and footnotes: how do you write yours?

VIDEO

References...(Footnotes)
How to put in Footnotes and references into a word document
Check out our website for more size references 👌🏼 akings.com
Footnote Demonstration
Top Philosophy Books You Need to Read
Inserting footnotes "Beneath text"

COMMENTS

What Size Is a Teaspoon?
A teaspoon is the same size as 1/6 fluid ounces. A teaspoon is also equivalent to 4.92892 millimeters or 0.4929 centiliters. One cup holds 48 teaspoons or 16 tablespoons as there are three teaspoons in one tablespoon.
What Shoe Size Is a 39?
In men’s shoes, a European size 39 is the equivalent of a size 5 to 5.5 in the United States. In women’s shoes, a European size 39 is the same as a women’s size 7.5 to 8.
What Is the Size of a Bandana?
Bandanas come in a variety of sizes, but the standard dimensions are 22 inches by 22 inches. An oversized bandana is typically 27 inches on each side. Bandanas also come in smaller sizes. A child’s bandana generally measures about 18 inches...
Footnote reference size in text and footer
A simple test to prove this is to set your footnote style at 20 pt and you will see that nothing changes to the superscript reference height in
Citing Sources: Footnotes
The preferred method is to use the same font and font size as your text (12 pt font ... Journal article: Footnote and Bibliography entry.
Paper Formatting
Paper Formatting · Footnotes will always appear at the bottom of the page where the reference occurs and endnotes go on a separate page after the
Footnotes and Endnotes
Footnotes and endnotes are set smaller than body text. The difference in size is usually about two points, but this can vary depending on the size
Footnotes
The footnote reference should look like an integer enclosed in parentheses. It should be drawn as a superscript in a somewhat smaller font size.
Footnotes and Endnotes
Formatting Footnotes · Use Times New Roman font, size 12. · Indent the first line of each footnote one tab space. · Single space your footnotes, but add a space
Footnotes OR Parenthetical Citations
Footnotes should be single-spaced. Font size should be 1 or 2 points smaller than text font. Subsequent (repeated) references: within one
How to Modify the Style of Footnotes and Endnotes in Microsoft Word
Important Note: The Font, Font size, Emphasis, and Font Color are the only options available for the Footnote Reference and Endnote Reference styles.
Chapter 15
Copy preparers must see that references and footnotes are plainly marked. 15.4.
Formatting the Paper
Font: Uniform typeface and font size. 12 point, roman, proportional serif font (such as Times or Palatino). Except for footnotes which should be
Formatting Your Paper
Page 2: Abstract (if your teacher requires an abstract); Page 3: Text; References begin on a new page after the last page of text; Footnotes