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Assignments: The Basic Law

The assignment of a right or obligation is a common contractual event under the law and the right to assign (or prohibition against assignments) is found in the majority of agreements, leases and business structural documents created in the United States.

As with many terms commonly used, people are familiar with the term but often are not aware or fully aware of what the terms entail. The concept of assignment of rights and obligations is one of those simple concepts with wide ranging ramifications in the contractual and business context and the law imposes severe restrictions on the validity and effect of assignment in many instances. Clear contractual provisions concerning assignments and rights should be in every document and structure created and this article will outline why such drafting is essential for the creation of appropriate and effective contracts and structures.

The reader should first read the article on Limited Liability Entities in the United States and Contracts since the information in those articles will be assumed in this article.

Basic Definitions and Concepts:

An assignment is the transfer of rights held by one party called the “assignor” to another party called the “assignee.” The legal nature of the assignment and the contractual terms of the agreement between the parties determines some additional rights and liabilities that accompany the assignment. The assignment of rights under a contract usually completely transfers the rights to the assignee to receive the benefits accruing under the contract. Ordinarily, the term assignment is limited to the transfer of rights that are intangible, like contractual rights and rights connected with property. Merchants Service Co. v. Small Claims Court , 35 Cal. 2d 109, 113-114 (Cal. 1950).

An assignment will generally be permitted under the law unless there is an express prohibition against assignment in the underlying contract or lease. Where assignments are permitted, the assignor need not consult the other party to the contract but may merely assign the rights at that time. However, an assignment cannot have any adverse effect on the duties of the other party to the contract, nor can it diminish the chance of the other party receiving complete performance. The assignor normally remains liable unless there is an agreement to the contrary by the other party to the contract.

The effect of a valid assignment is to remove privity between the assignor and the obligor and create privity between the obligor and the assignee. Privity is usually defined as a direct and immediate contractual relationship. See Merchants case above.

Further, for the assignment to be effective in most jurisdictions, it must occur in the present. One does not normally assign a future right; the assignment vests immediate rights and obligations.

No specific language is required to create an assignment so long as the assignor makes clear his/her intent to assign identified contractual rights to the assignee. Since expensive litigation can erupt from ambiguous or vague language, obtaining the correct verbiage is vital. An agreement must manifest the intent to transfer rights and can either be oral or in writing and the rights assigned must be certain.

Note that an assignment of an interest is the transfer of some identifiable property, claim, or right from the assignor to the assignee. The assignment operates to transfer to the assignee all of the rights, title, or interest of the assignor in the thing assigned. A transfer of all rights, title, and interests conveys everything that the assignor owned in the thing assigned and the assignee stands in the shoes of the assignor. Knott v. McDonald’s Corp ., 985 F. Supp. 1222 (N.D. Cal. 1997)

The parties must intend to effectuate an assignment at the time of the transfer, although no particular language or procedure is necessary. As long ago as the case of National Reserve Co. v. Metropolitan Trust Co ., 17 Cal. 2d 827 (Cal. 1941), the court held that in determining what rights or interests pass under an assignment, the intention of the parties as manifested in the instrument is controlling.

The intent of the parties to an assignment is a question of fact to be derived not only from the instrument executed by the parties but also from the surrounding circumstances. When there is no writing to evidence the intention to transfer some identifiable property, claim, or right, it is necessary to scrutinize the surrounding circumstances and parties’ acts to ascertain their intentions. Strosberg v. Brauvin Realty Servs., 295 Ill. App. 3d 17 (Ill. App. Ct. 1st Dist. 1998)

The general rule applicable to assignments of choses in action is that an assignment, unless there is a contract to the contrary, carries with it all securities held by the assignor as collateral to the claim and all rights incidental thereto and vests in the assignee the equitable title to such collateral securities and incidental rights. An unqualified assignment of a contract or chose in action, however, with no indication of the intent of the parties, vests in the assignee the assigned contract or chose and all rights and remedies incidental thereto.

More examples: In Strosberg v. Brauvin Realty Servs ., 295 Ill. App. 3d 17 (Ill. App. Ct. 1st Dist. 1998), the court held that the assignee of a party to a subordination agreement is entitled to the benefits and is subject to the burdens of the agreement. In Florida E. C. R. Co. v. Eno , 99 Fla. 887 (Fla. 1930), the court held that the mere assignment of all sums due in and of itself creates no different or other liability of the owner to the assignee than that which existed from the owner to the assignor.

And note that even though an assignment vests in the assignee all rights, remedies, and contingent benefits which are incidental to the thing assigned, those which are personal to the assignor and for his sole benefit are not assigned. Rasp v. Hidden Valley Lake, Inc ., 519 N.E.2d 153, 158 (Ind. Ct. App. 1988). Thus, if the underlying agreement provides that a service can only be provided to X, X cannot assign that right to Y.

Novation Compared to Assignment:

Although the difference between a novation and an assignment may appear narrow, it is an essential one. “Novation is a act whereby one party transfers all its obligations and benefits under a contract to a third party.” In a novation, a third party successfully substitutes the original party as a party to the contract. “When a contract is novated, the other contracting party must be left in the same position he was in prior to the novation being made.”

A sublease is the transfer when a tenant retains some right of reentry onto the leased premises. However, if the tenant transfers the entire leasehold estate, retaining no right of reentry or other reversionary interest, then the transfer is an assignment. The assignor is normally also removed from liability to the landlord only if the landlord consents or allowed that right in the lease. In a sublease, the original tenant is not released from the obligations of the original lease.

Equitable Assignments:

An equitable assignment is one in which one has a future interest and is not valid at law but valid in a court of equity. In National Bank of Republic v. United Sec. Life Ins. & Trust Co. , 17 App. D.C. 112 (D.C. Cir. 1900), the court held that to constitute an equitable assignment of a chose in action, the following has to occur generally: anything said written or done, in pursuance of an agreement and for valuable consideration, or in consideration of an antecedent debt, to place a chose in action or fund out of the control of the owner, and appropriate it to or in favor of another person, amounts to an equitable assignment. Thus, an agreement, between a debtor and a creditor, that the debt shall be paid out of a specific fund going to the debtor may operate as an equitable assignment.

In Egyptian Navigation Co. v. Baker Invs. Corp. , 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 30804 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 14, 2008), the court stated that an equitable assignment occurs under English law when an assignor, with an intent to transfer his/her right to a chose in action, informs the assignee about the right so transferred.

An executory agreement or a declaration of trust are also equitable assignments if unenforceable as assignments by a court of law but enforceable by a court of equity exercising sound discretion according to the circumstances of the case. Since California combines courts of equity and courts of law, the same court would hear arguments as to whether an equitable assignment had occurred. Quite often, such relief is granted to avoid fraud or unjust enrichment.

Note that obtaining an assignment through fraudulent means invalidates the assignment. Fraud destroys the validity of everything into which it enters. It vitiates the most solemn contracts, documents, and even judgments. Walker v. Rich , 79 Cal. App. 139 (Cal. App. 1926). If an assignment is made with the fraudulent intent to delay, hinder, and defraud creditors, then it is void as fraudulent in fact. See our article on Transfers to Defraud Creditors .

But note that the motives that prompted an assignor to make the transfer will be considered as immaterial and will constitute no defense to an action by the assignee, if an assignment is considered as valid in all other respects.

Enforceability of Assignments:

Whether a right under a contract is capable of being transferred is determined by the law of the place where the contract was entered into. The validity and effect of an assignment is determined by the law of the place of assignment. The validity of an assignment of a contractual right is governed by the law of the state with the most significant relationship to the assignment and the parties.

In some jurisdictions, the traditional conflict of laws rules governing assignments has been rejected and the law of the place having the most significant contacts with the assignment applies. In Downs v. American Mut. Liability Ins. Co ., 14 N.Y.2d 266 (N.Y. 1964), a wife and her husband separated and the wife obtained a judgment of separation from the husband in New York. The judgment required the husband to pay a certain yearly sum to the wife. The husband assigned 50 percent of his future salary, wages, and earnings to the wife. The agreement authorized the employer to make such payments to the wife.

After the husband moved from New York, the wife learned that he was employed by an employer in Massachusetts. She sent the proper notice and demanded payment under the agreement. The employer refused and the wife brought an action for enforcement. The court observed that Massachusetts did not prohibit assignment of the husband’s wages. Moreover, Massachusetts law was not controlling because New York had the most significant relationship with the assignment. Therefore, the court ruled in favor of the wife.

Therefore, the validity of an assignment is determined by looking to the law of the forum with the most significant relationship to the assignment itself. To determine the applicable law of assignments, the court must look to the law of the state which is most significantly related to the principal issue before it.

Assignment of Contractual Rights:

Generally, the law allows the assignment of a contractual right unless the substitution of rights would materially change the duty of the obligor, materially increase the burden or risk imposed on the obligor by the contract, materially impair the chance of obtaining return performance, or materially reduce the value of the performance to the obligor. Restat 2d of Contracts, § 317(2)(a). This presumes that the underlying agreement is silent on the right to assign.

If the contract specifically precludes assignment, the contractual right is not assignable. Whether a contract is assignable is a matter of contractual intent and one must look to the language used by the parties to discern that intent.

In the absence of an express provision to the contrary, the rights and duties under a bilateral executory contract that does not involve personal skill, trust, or confidence may be assigned without the consent of the other party. But note that an assignment is invalid if it would materially alter the other party’s duties and responsibilities. Once an assignment is effective, the assignee stands in the shoes of the assignor and assumes all of assignor’s rights. Hence, after a valid assignment, the assignor’s right to performance is extinguished, transferred to assignee, and the assignee possesses the same rights, benefits, and remedies assignor once possessed. Robert Lamb Hart Planners & Architects v. Evergreen, Ltd. , 787 F. Supp. 753 (S.D. Ohio 1992).

On the other hand, an assignee’s right against the obligor is subject to “all of the limitations of the assignor’s right, all defenses thereto, and all set-offs and counterclaims which would have been available against the assignor had there been no assignment, provided that these defenses and set-offs are based on facts existing at the time of the assignment.” See Robert Lamb , case, above.

The power of the contract to restrict assignment is broad. Usually, contractual provisions that restrict assignment of the contract without the consent of the obligor are valid and enforceable, even when there is statutory authorization for the assignment. The restriction of the power to assign is often ineffective unless the restriction is expressly and precisely stated. Anti-assignment clauses are effective only if they contain clear, unambiguous language of prohibition. Anti-assignment clauses protect only the obligor and do not affect the transaction between the assignee and assignor.

Usually, a prohibition against the assignment of a contract does not prevent an assignment of the right to receive payments due, unless circumstances indicate the contrary. Moreover, the contracting parties cannot, by a mere non-assignment provision, prevent the effectual alienation of the right to money which becomes due under the contract.

A contract provision prohibiting or restricting an assignment may be waived, or a party may so act as to be estopped from objecting to the assignment, such as by effectively ratifying the assignment. The power to void an assignment made in violation of an anti-assignment clause may be waived either before or after the assignment. See our article on Contracts.

Noncompete Clauses and Assignments:

Of critical import to most buyers of businesses is the ability to ensure that key employees of the business being purchased cannot start a competing company. Some states strictly limit such clauses, some do allow them. California does restrict noncompete clauses, only allowing them under certain circumstances. A common question in those states that do allow them is whether such rights can be assigned to a new party, such as the buyer of the buyer.

A covenant not to compete, also called a non-competitive clause, is a formal agreement prohibiting one party from performing similar work or business within a designated area for a specified amount of time. This type of clause is generally included in contracts between employer and employee and contracts between buyer and seller of a business.

Many workers sign a covenant not to compete as part of the paperwork required for employment. It may be a separate document similar to a non-disclosure agreement, or buried within a number of other clauses in a contract. A covenant not to compete is generally legal and enforceable, although there are some exceptions and restrictions.

Whenever a company recruits skilled employees, it invests a significant amount of time and training. For example, it often takes years before a research chemist or a design engineer develops a workable knowledge of a company’s product line, including trade secrets and highly sensitive information. Once an employee gains this knowledge and experience, however, all sorts of things can happen. The employee could work for the company until retirement, accept a better offer from a competing company or start up his or her own business.

A covenant not to compete may cover a number of potential issues between employers and former employees. Many companies spend years developing a local base of customers or clients. It is important that this customer base not fall into the hands of local competitors. When an employee signs a covenant not to compete, he or she usually agrees not to use insider knowledge of the company’s customer base to disadvantage the company. The covenant not to compete often defines a broad geographical area considered off-limits to former employees, possibly tens or hundreds of miles.

Another area of concern covered by a covenant not to compete is a potential ‘brain drain’. Some high-level former employees may seek to recruit others from the same company to create new competition. Retention of employees, especially those with unique skills or proprietary knowledge, is vital for most companies, so a covenant not to compete may spell out definite restrictions on the hiring or recruiting of employees.

A covenant not to compete may also define a specific amount of time before a former employee can seek employment in a similar field. Many companies offer a substantial severance package to make sure former employees are financially solvent until the terms of the covenant not to compete have been met.

Because the use of a covenant not to compete can be controversial, a handful of states, including California, have largely banned this type of contractual language. The legal enforcement of these agreements falls on individual states, and many have sided with the employee during arbitration or litigation. A covenant not to compete must be reasonable and specific, with defined time periods and coverage areas. If the agreement gives the company too much power over former employees or is ambiguous, state courts may declare it to be overbroad and therefore unenforceable. In such case, the employee would be free to pursue any employment opportunity, including working for a direct competitor or starting up a new company of his or her own.

It has been held that an employee’s covenant not to compete is assignable where one business is transferred to another, that a merger does not constitute an assignment of a covenant not to compete, and that a covenant not to compete is enforceable by a successor to the employer where the assignment does not create an added burden of employment or other disadvantage to the employee. However, in some states such as Hawaii, it has also been held that a covenant not to compete is not assignable and under various statutes for various reasons that such covenants are not enforceable against an employee by a successor to the employer. Hawaii v. Gannett Pac. Corp. , 99 F. Supp. 2d 1241 (D. Haw. 1999)

It is vital to obtain the relevant law of the applicable state before drafting or attempting to enforce assignment rights in this particular area.

Conclusion:

In the current business world of fast changing structures, agreements, employees and projects, the ability to assign rights and obligations is essential to allow flexibility and adjustment to new situations. Conversely, the ability to hold a contracting party into the deal may be essential for the future of a party. Thus, the law of assignments and the restriction on same is a critical aspect of every agreement and every structure. This basic provision is often glanced at by the contracting parties, or scribbled into the deal at the last minute but can easily become the most vital part of the transaction.

As an example, one client of ours came into the office outraged that his co venturer on a sizable exporting agreement, who had excellent connections in Brazil, had elected to pursue another venture instead and assigned the agreement to a party unknown to our client and without the business contacts our client considered vital. When we examined the handwritten agreement our client had drafted in a restaurant in Sao Paolo, we discovered there was no restriction on assignment whatsoever…our client had not even considered that right when drafting the agreement after a full day of work.

One choses who one does business with carefully…to ensure that one’s choice remains the party on the other side of the contract, one must master the ability to negotiate proper assignment provisions.

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Business Law Assignment: Everything You Need to Know

A business law assignment is generally a legal case study about a dispute which law students are given to resolve through a legal means. 4 min read updated on February 01, 2023

A business law assignment is generally a legal case study about a dispute which law students are given to resolve through a legal means.

Business Law

Business law disputes arise between two parties over matters such as a sale, contract, merger, and others.

What Is an Example of a Business Case?

Tiffany got a mailer from Glam Girl Hair Salon. The salon's adverts claimed people could get manicures and any hairstyle of their choice for $15. A surprised Tiffany couldn't resist such a mouthwatering opportunity. She believed the salon was trying to woo new customers with the giveaway price. On getting to the salon, the manager informed Tiffany that there was a typo in the message she received and that the actual price was $100.

It's still a great price, said the manager as it costs about $200 for such service under normal circumstances. An exasperated Tiffany flared up in anger because of the fuel she used to get herself to the salon. Advise Tiffany as a lawyer. What advice would you give her if she was only informed of the real price after getting her hair styled and the manicure?

What Is the Solution to the Sample Business Case?

When a seller advertises his or her products inviting the public to buy, such information is referred to as an "invitation to treat" under contract law. If a buyer offers to buy the product and the seller agrees to sell, an enforceable agreement can be established. In Tiffany's case, she can't claim any travel expense because she only responded to an advert, which in this case is an "invitation to treat". If she had used the service without knowing the actual price, she would be forced to pay $100 and thus be able to establish an enforceable contract .

What Is the Purpose of a Business Law Assignment Report?

The purpose of the business law assignment report is to provide foreign clients with the fundamentals of English law. The report is divided into two parts. The first part details the various sources of English law as well as specific laws which apply to every type of organization.

The second part explains the role of government in legislation and common laws used in the court of justice. The role of government assesses the superiority of the parliament, bill formation, passage of laws, and royal assent. Also, the common law and its application in court use case law and the doctrine of precedent as its legal structure. The report also includes statutory law and its application in legal processes and related legislation.

What Is the Purpose of Law?

The fundamental concept of law holds that laws are formed to maintain basic societal structure through specific behaviors. Violating these behaviors may lead to sanctions on the violator. The court of law or justice is responsible for identifying and measuring rules violations.

What Does the English Law Deal with?

The English law system deals with the following:

  • Legislation

What Is the Jurisdiction of the English Law?

The jurisdiction of English law is restricted to England and Wales. England and Wales's legal structure has primary and secondary legislative divisions.

What Is the Primary Legislation of The English Law?

The primary legislation of English law refers to laws created by the delegates of the English Parliament. These laws are similar to legislation created in the Scottish parliament or Ireland's assembly. Also, parliamentary delegates are empowered to create secondary legislation.

What Does Primary Legislation Include?

The primary legislation includes the following:

  • Public Act: Acts are passed in parliament after royal assent. Acts can either be old or modern. Examples of acts include the Housing Act 1963 and the Transport Act 2000.
  • Local and Personal Act: Local acts cover organizational benefits and corporate restrictions while personal acts cover divorce, grants of citizenship, name and title changes and others.
  • Church of England and Church Assembly Measures: The 1919 Power Act (UK) gives the Church of England parliamentary powers. It also includes the Clergy Measure Act and Beneficiary Act.
  • Privy Council : These form part of the royal limits. These laws are modified by parliament. They cover the appointments of the prime minister, civil services, overseas limitations under the provisions of the Civil Contingency Act, Government of Wales Act 2006, and the Statutory Instrument Act.

What Is the Secondary Legislation of The English Law?

Secondary legislation are laws created by delegates of primary legislative authority. They include national laws such as the Ireland Act of 1973, National Assembly of Wales Act, Warranty and Regulation Acts and so on.

If you need help with business law assignment, you can post your legal need on UpCounsel's marketplace. UpCounsel accepts only the top 5 percent of lawyers to its site. Lawyers on UpCounsel come from law schools such as Harvard Law and Yale Law and average 14 years of legal experience, including work with or on behalf of companies like Google, Menlo Ventures, and Airbnb.

Hire the top business lawyers and save up to 60% on legal fees

Content Approved by UpCounsel

  • Language Discrimination
  • Business Law Definition
  • Mercantile Law
  • Salon Contracts for Employees
  • Purposes and Functions of Business Law
  • Commercial Law vs Corporate Law
  • Difference Between Commercial Law and Business Law
  • Applicable Law in a Contract
  • Introduction
  • 1.1 Basic American Legal Principles
  • 1.2 Sources and Types of Law
  • 1.3 Important Business Laws and Regulations
  • Assessment Questions
  • 2.1 Negotiation
  • 2.2 Mediation
  • 2.3 Arbitration
  • 3.1 Business Ethics
  • 3.2 Social Responsibility
  • 4.1 Commerce Clause
  • 4.2 Constitutional Protections
  • 5.1 Common Business Crimes
  • 5.2 Civil vs. Criminal Liability
  • 6.1 Intentional Torts and Negligence
  • 6.2 Product and Strict Liability
  • 7.1 Agreement, Consideration, and Promissory Estoppel
  • 7.2 Capacity and Legality
  • 7.3 Breach of Contract and Remedies
  • 8.1 The Nature and Origins of Sales Contracts
  • 8.2 Warranties and Sales Contracts
  • 9.1 Employment, Worker Protection, and Immigration Law
  • 9.2 Labor Law
  • 9.3 Equal Opportunity in Employment
  • 10.1 Administrative Law
  • 10.2 Regulatory Agencies
  • 11.1 History of Antitrust Law
  • 11.2 Antitrust Laws
  • 12.1 Unfair Trade Practices
  • 12.2 The Federal Trade Commission
  • 13.1 Introduction to International Law
  • 13.2 Sources and Practice of International Law
  • 14.1 Liability Under the Securities Act
  • 14.2 The Framework of Securities Regulation

Chapter Outline

Learning outcome.

  • Describe the foundation and sources that establish American law.

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Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/business-law-i-essentials/pages/1-introduction
  • Authors: Mirande Valbrune, Renee De Assis
  • Publisher/website: OpenStax
  • Book title: Business Law I Essentials
  • Publication date: Sep 27, 2019
  • Location: Houston, Texas
  • Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/business-law-i-essentials/pages/1-introduction
  • Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/business-law-i-essentials/pages/1-introduction

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Assignment is a legal term whereby an individual, the “assignor,” transfers rights, property, or other benefits to another known as the “ assignee .”   This concept is used in both contract and property law.  The term can refer to either the act of transfer or the rights /property/benefits being transferred.

Contract Law   

Under contract law, assignment of a contract is both: (1) an assignment of rights; and (2) a delegation of duties , in the absence of evidence otherwise.  For example, if A contracts with B to teach B guitar for $50, A can assign this contract to C.  That is, this assignment is both: (1) an assignment of A’s rights under the contract to the $50; and (2) a delegation of A’s duty to teach guitar to C.  In this example, A is both the “assignor” and the “delegee” who d elegates the duties to another (C), C is known as the “ obligor ” who must perform the obligations to the assignee , and B is the “ assignee ” who is owed duties and is liable to the “ obligor ”.

(1) Assignment of Rights/Duties Under Contract Law

There are a few notable rules regarding assignments under contract law.  First, if an individual has not yet secured the contract to perform duties to another, he/she cannot assign his/her future right to an assignee .  That is, if A has not yet contracted with B to teach B guitar, A cannot assign his/her rights to C.  Second, rights cannot be assigned when they materially change the obligor ’s duty and rights.  Third, the obligor can sue the assignee directly if the assignee does not pay him/her.  Following the previous example, this means that C ( obligor ) can sue B ( assignee ) if C teaches guitar to B, but B does not pay C $50 in return.

            (2) Delegation of Duties

If the promised performance requires a rare genius or skill, then the delegee cannot delegate it to the obligor.  It can only be delegated if the promised performance is more commonplace.  Further, an obligee can sue if the assignee does not perform.  However, the delegee is secondarily liable unless there has been an express release of the delegee.  That is, if B does want C to teach guitar but C refuses to, then B can sue C.  If C still refuses to perform, then B can compel A to fulfill the duties under secondary liability.

Lastly, a related concept is novation , which is when a new obligor substitutes and releases an old obligor.  If novation occurs, then the original obligor’s duties are wiped out. However, novation requires an original obligee’s consent .  

Property Law

Under property law, assignment typically arises in landlord-tenant situations.  For example, A might be renting from landlord B but wants to another party (C) to take over the property.   In this scenario, A might be able to choose between assigning and subleasing the property to C.  If assigning , A would be giving C the entire balance of the term, with no reversion to anyone whereas if subleasing , A would be giving C for a limited period of the remaining term.  Significantly, under assignment C would have privity of estate with the landlord while under a sublease, C would not. 

[Last updated in May of 2020 by the Wex Definitions Team ]

  • business law
  • landlord & tenant
  • property & real estate law
  • trusts, inheritances & estates
  • wex definitions

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Penulisan ini membahas tentang realisasi Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (APBD) dalam Pemilihan Bupati dan Wakil Bupati Kabupaten Pasuruan tahun 2018. Terkait dengan APBD dalam Pelaksanaan Pemilukada Wilayah Jawa Timur Tahun 2018 dapat diketahui bahwa Kabupaten Pasuruan menduduki posisi pertama dengan total pengeluaran APBD Pemilukada tertinggi di Jawa Timur. Dana yang dianggarkan dalam pelaksanaan pemilihan umum kepala daerah ini sebesar Rp 52.743.061.900,00. Pemilihan lokasi penulisan di Kabupaten Pasuruan dilatarbelakangi oleh besarnya anggaran yang diberikan oleh pihak KPU Kabupaten Pasuruan, sementara dalam pelaksanaan Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah hanya diikuti oleh satu calon pasangan tunggal sekaligus petahana. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana realisasi APBD dalam Pemilihan Bupati dan Wakil Kabupaten Pasuruan Tahun 2018. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini merupakan kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dan dokumentasi. Konsep yan...

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Module 4: Writing in College

Writing assignments, learning objectives.

  • Describe common types and expectations of writing tasks given in a college class

Man writing in a notebook sitting on a couch.

Figure 1 . All college classes require some form of writing. Investing some time in refining your writing skills so that you are a more confident, skilled, and efficient writer will pay dividends in the long run.

What to Do With Writing Assignments

Writing assignments can be as varied as the instructors who assign them. Some assignments are explicit about what exactly you’ll need to do, in what order, and how it will be graded. Others are more open-ended, leaving you to determine the best path toward completing the project. Most fall somewhere in the middle, containing details about some aspects but leaving other assumptions unstated. It’s important to remember that your first resource for getting clarification about an assignment is your instructor—they will be very willing to talk out ideas with you, to be sure you’re prepared at each step to do well with the writing.

Writing in college is usually a response to class materials—an assigned reading, a discussion in class, an experiment in a lab. Generally speaking, these writing tasks can be divided into three broad categories: summary assignments, defined-topic assignments, and undefined-topic assignments.

Link to Learning

Empire State College offers an  Assignment Calculator  to help you plan ahead for your writing assignment. Just plug in the date you plan to get started and the date it is due, and the calculator will help break it down into manageable chunks.

Summary Assignments

Being asked to summarize a source is a common task in many types of writing. It can also seem like a straightforward task: simply restate, in shorter form, what the source says. A lot of advanced skills are hidden in this seemingly simple assignment, however.

An effective summary does the following:

  • reflects your accurate understanding of a source’s thesis or purpose
  • differentiates between major and minor ideas in a source
  • demonstrates your ability to identify key phrases to quote
  • shows your ability to effectively paraphrase most of the source’s ideas
  • captures the tone, style, and distinguishing features of a source
  • does not reflect your personal opinion about the source

That last point is often the most challenging: we are opinionated creatures, by nature, and it can be very difficult to keep our opinions from creeping into a summary. A summary is meant to be completely neutral.

In college-level writing, assignments that are only summary are rare. That said, many types of writing tasks contain at least some element of summary, from a biology report that explains what happened during a chemical process, to an analysis essay that requires you to explain what several prominent positions about gun control are, as a component of comparing them against one another.

Writing Effective Summaries

Start with a clear identification of the work.

This automatically lets your readers know your intentions and that you’re covering the work of another author.

  • In the featured article “Five Kinds of Learning,” the author, Holland Oates, justifies his opinion on the hot topic of learning styles — and adds a few himself.

Summarize the Piece as a Whole

Omit nothing important and strive for overall coherence through appropriate transitions. Write using “summarizing language.” Your reader needs to be reminded that this is not your own work. Use phrases like the article claims, the author suggests, etc.

  • Present the material in a neutral fashion. Your opinions, ideas, and interpretations should be left in your brain — don’t put them into your summary. Be conscious of choosing your words. Only include what was in the original work.
  • Be concise. This is a summary — it should be much shorter than the original piece. If you’re working on an article, give yourself a target length of 1/4 the original article.

Conclude with a Final Statement

This is not a statement of your own point of view, however; it should reflect the significance of the book or article from the author’s standpoint.

  • Without rewriting the article, summarize what the author wanted to get across. Be careful not to evaluate in the conclusion or insert any of your own assumptions or opinions.

Understanding the Assignment and Getting Started

Woman sitting on a sofa with a statistics book next to her, reading another book.

Figure 2 . Many writing assignments will have a specific prompt that sends you first to your textbook, and then to outside resources to gather information.

Often, the handout or other written text explaining the assignment—what professors call the assignment prompt —will explain the purpose of the assignment and the required parameters (length, number and type of sources, referencing style, etc.).

Also, don’t forget to check the rubric, if there is one, to understand how your writing will be assessed. After analyzing the prompt and the rubric, you should have a better sense of what kind of writing you are expected to produce.

Sometimes, though—especially when you are new to a field—you will encounter the baffling situation in which you comprehend every single sentence in the prompt but still have absolutely no idea how to approach the assignment! In a situation like that, consider the following tips:

  • Focus on the verbs . Look for verbs like compare, explain, justify, reflect , or the all-purpose analyze . You’re not just producing a paper as an artifact; you’re conveying, in written communication, some intellectual work you have done. So the question is, what kind of thinking are you supposed to do to deepen your learning?
  • Put the assignment in context . Many professors think in terms of assignment sequences. For example, a social science professor may ask you to write about a controversial issue three times: first, arguing for one side of the debate; second, arguing for another; and finally, from a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective, incorporating text produced in the first two assignments. A sequence like that is designed to help you think through a complex issue. If the assignment isn’t part of a sequence, think about where it falls in the span of the course (early, midterm, or toward the end), and how it relates to readings and other assignments. For example, if you see that a paper comes at the end of a three-week unit on the role of the Internet in organizational behavior, then your professor likely wants you to synthesize that material.
  • Try a free-write . A free-write is when you just write, without stopping, for a set period of time. That doesn’t sound very “free”; it actually sounds kind of coerced, right? The “free” part is what you write—it can be whatever comes to mind.  Professional writers use free-writing to get started on a challenging (or distasteful) writing task or to overcome writer’s block or a powerful urge to procrastinate. The idea is that if you just make yourself write, you can’t help but produce some kind of useful nugget. Thus, even if the first eight sentences of your free write are all variations on “I don’t understand this” or “I’d really rather be doing something else,” eventually you’ll write something like “I guess the main point of this is…,” and—booyah!—you’re off and running.
  • Ask for clarification . Even the most carefully crafted assignments may need some verbal clarification, especially if you’re new to a course or field. Professors generally love questions, so don’t be afraid to ask. Try to convey to your instructor that you want to learn and you’re ready to work, and not just looking for advice on how to get an A.

Defined-Topic Assignments

Many writing tasks will ask you to address a particular topic or a narrow set of topic options. Defined-topic writing assignments are used primarily to identify your familiarity with the subject matter. (Discuss the use of dialect in  Their Eyes Were Watching God , for example.)

Remember, even when you’re asked to “show how” or “illustrate,” you’re still being asked to make an argument. You must shape and focus your discussion or analysis so that it supports a claim that you discovered and formulated and that all of your discussion and explanation develops and supports. 

Undefined-Topic Assignments

Another writing assignment you’ll potentially encounter is one in which the topic may be only broadly identified (“water conservation” in an ecology course, for instance, or “the Dust Bowl” in a U.S. History course), or even completely open (“compose an argumentative research essay on a subject of your choice”).

Pencil sketches of a boo, a magnifying glass, and paper.

Figure 3 . For open-ended assignments, it’s best to pick something that interests you personally.

Where defined-topic essays demonstrate your knowledge of the content , undefined-topic assignments are used to demonstrate your skills— your ability to perform academic research, to synthesize ideas, and to apply the various stages of the writing process.

The first hurdle with this type of task is to find a focus that interests you. Don’t just pick something you feel will be “easy to write about” or that you think you already know a lot about —those almost always turn out to be false assumptions. Instead, you’ll get the most value out of, and find it easier to work on, a topic that intrigues you personally or a topic about which you have a genuine curiosity.

The same getting-started ideas described for defined-topic assignments will help with these kinds of projects, too. You can also try talking with your instructor or a writing tutor (at your college’s writing center) to help brainstorm ideas and make sure you’re on track.

Getting Started in the Writing Process

Writing is not a linear process, so writing your essay, researching, rewriting, and adjusting are all part of the process. Below are some tips to keep in mind as you approach and manage your assignment.

Graphic labeled "The Writing Process." From left to right, it reads: Topic, Prewrite, Evidence, Organize, Draft, Revise, Proofread.

Figure 4 . Writing is a recursive process that begins with examining the topic and prewriting.

Write down topic ideas. If you have been assigned a particular topic or focus, it still might be possible to narrow it down or personalize it to your own interests. 

If you have been given an open-ended essay assignment,  the topic should be something that allows you to enjoy working with the writing process. Select a topic that you’ll want to think about, read about, and write about for several weeks, without getting bored. 

A computer keyboard and fingers.

Figure 5 . Just getting started is sometimes the most difficult part of writing. Freewriting and planning to write multiple drafts can help you dive in.

If you’re writing about a subject you’re not an expert on and want to make sure you are presenting the topic or information realistically, look up the information or seek out an expert to ask questions.

  • Note: Be cautious about information you retrieve online, especially if you are writing a research paper or an article that relies on factual information. A quick Google search may turn up unreliable, misleading sources. Be sure you consider the credibility of the sources you consult (we’ll talk more about that later in the course). And keep in mind that published books and works found in scholarly journals have to undergo a thorough vetting process before they reach publication and are therefore safer to use as sources.
  • Check out a library. Yes, believe it or not, there is still information to be found in a library that hasn’t made its way to the Web. For an even greater breadth of resources, try a college or university library. Even better, research librarians can often be consulted in person, by phone, or even by email. And they love helping students. Don’t be afraid to reach out with questions!

Write a Rough Draft

It doesn’t matter how many spelling errors or weak adjectives you have in it. Your draft can be very rough! Jot down those random uncategorized thoughts. Write down anything you think of that you want included in your writing and worry about organizing and polishing everything later.

If You’re Having Trouble, Try F reewriting

Set a timer and write continuously until that time is up. Don’t worry about what you write, just keeping moving your pencil on the page or typing something (anything!) into the computer.

Contribute!

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Donald Trump spent over $52 million in PAC donor money on legal fees last year. Here's where it all went.

  • Donald Trump spent $52,431,858 on legal fees in 2023 using PAC funds, a Business Insider analysis found.
  • The vast majority — nearly $40 million — went to law firms working on his personal legal problems.
  • Trump spent this small fortune in donor money on his legal fees despite being a billionaire.

Insider Today

Former President Donald Trump has a lot of legal problems.

So do his company and three eldest children.

Often, political donors are footing the bill.

A Business Insider analysis has found that Trump supporters funded at least $52,431,858 in legal services in 2023 through two political action committees the GOP frontrunner controls.

Nearly $40 million of the $52.4 million in donor money was spent on law firms working on cases that had nothing to do with Trump's candidacy for the 2024 presidential election , the analysis found.

The legions of MAGA faithful may not have been aware of this when they parted with their small-dollar donations last year, galvanized by Trump's cries of "witch hunt" as he was indicted in a New York hush-money scheme in April and a Georgia election-interference case in August.

But significant portions of their donations went to law firms defending Trump in civil cases involving his real-estate empire and its top executives, including Donald Trump Jr., Eric Trump, and Ivanka Trump .

The former president's legal expenses form the vast majority of 2023 disbursements from the two fundraising entities, the Save America PAC and Make America Great Again PAC.

Together, the two PACs spent $71,433,368 on all disbursements last year. They raised a total of $64,565,815 in 2023, Federal Election Commission filings show.

The FEC disclosures did not specify the work for which each law firm was paid. Because several law firms worked on multiple cases, and because it's unclear whether other sources paid the firms for their work on Trump's legal problems , BI could not get a breakdown of how much was spent on each particular case.

The vast majority of the legal spending, however, appears to be on cases that were personal in nature.

Only about $861,000 was spent on law firms working exclusively on political issues. Another $3 million was spent on firms involved in both personal and political cases.

BI conducted this analysis by examining FEC filings that disclosed spending on law firms, individual lawyers, and entities specializing in legal-work services, such as compliance and litigation technology. We also reviewed court dockets involving Trump, the Trump Organization, and Trump's family members to see which lawyers represented them in different cases. To fill out our database, we looked at reports from other media outlets, including litigation trackers from Lawfare and Just Security , as well as news stories from Politico , Reuters , The Daily Beast , Above the Law , and Law360 . Where there were gaps, we contacted law firms and individual lawyers who received money from the PACs.

You can see the full table with the total payments to each law firm in 2023, along with which cases they worked on, at the bottom of this article.

Trump has claimed that all the lawsuits and indictments against him are part of a politically motivated "witch hunt," even as judges and jurors have handed him losses in some of them. For this analysis, BI categorized legal work related to his role as a politician running for office — such as ballot-access issues and lawsuits over whether Trump should be disqualified from state ballots because of Section 3 of the 14th Amendment of the US Constitution, along with legal work related to the House-committee investigation of January 6, 2021 — as political in nature. We categorized other litigation as personal in nature, including his criminal indictments over his attempts to subvert the results of the 2020 election to stay in power, his keeping of classified documents after he left the office of the presidency, and the hush money paid to Stormy Daniels , as well as civil sexual abuse and defamation civil lawsuits from E. Jean Carroll , the Trump Organization's finances, copyright infringement, and lawsuits against his perceived political enemies.

From the known data, Trump spent over $14 million on firms working exclusively on criminal cases, nearly $19 million on lawyers working exclusively on civil matters, and about $7 million for representation in both criminal and civil cases.

Trump has his favorite law firms

The analysis shows that Trump has several go-to firms, which his donors have paid handsomely.

The firm that received the most money from the former president's donors in 2023 was Robert & Robert, which collected nearly $5.3 million from the Save America PAC. It was involved entirely in legal cases for Trump's personal problems.

One of its namesake leaders, Clifford S. Robert, was deeply involved in Trump's defense in the three-month trial last year for the New York attorney general's fraud lawsuit against the Trump Organization , Trump himself, his three eldest children, and other company executives. At the trial, Robert represented the interests of Trump's two eldest sons, Eric Trump and Donald Trump Jr., who worked at the company. A decision in that case is expected to come later in February.

Robert was also involved in two other major Trump cases in 2023.

One lawsuit concerned legal bills for Michael Cohen , Trump's former attorney, that he alleged went unpaid. It was settled just before trial in July. The other regarded Trump's involvement in a multilevel-marketing company , which was dismissed for jurisdictional reasons in January.

Ivanka Trump was dropped as a defendant in the New York attorney general's lawsuit in the middle of 2023. Two firms exclusively representing her — Troutman Pepper Hamilton Sanders and Kellogg, Hansen, Todd, Figel & Frederick — were also generously paid. They collectively received more than $2.3 million from donors to her father's PACs in 2023.

Last year, Trump's PACs paid more than $4 million to Habba Madaio & Associates, run by Alina Habba (who serves as the general counsel for the Save America PAC ) and Michael Madaio. Trump has used them to attack some of his political enemies, such as in a lawsuit filed against his former presidential rival Hillary Clinton, the Democratic National Committee, former FBI Director James Comey, and others Trump falsely accused of colluding with each other to rig the 2016 election, which Trump won. A judge tossed that lawsuit, sanctioned the lawyers involved in the case, and fined them nearly $1 million (an appeal is pending).

Habba and Madaio have also led a lawsuit against The New York Times and Mary Trump, Trump's niece, over the publication of Trump's tax records. A judge has dismissed the claims against the Times and told Trump to pay the company about $400,000 in legal fees, but the claims against Mary Trump remain pending.

The law firm has also been involved in some of Trump's other personal lawsuits, including the New York attorney general's case and two trials related to the sexual-abuse and defamation claims from Carroll, an advice columnist . A federal jury in Manhattan found Trump liable for sexual abuse and defamation in the first trial, held in May 2023. The second Carroll trial — which resulted in an $83.3 million jury judgment against Trump — was held in January of this year, and it's not clear whether the 2023 disbursements accounted for payments for that trial. (Joe Tacopina and Chad Seigel, whose firm received nearly $1.8 million from Trump's PACs last year, led the defense in the first Carroll trial — and also participated in his defense for the Manhattan criminal case — but withdrew from representing the ex-president before the second trial.)

Trump also spent donor money heavily (nearly $4.5 million) on Christopher Kise , a former Florida solicitor general who was one of the most aggressive lawyers in the Trump Organization's fraud trial last year and is working on the Mar-a-Lago documents case. Another top recipient of PAC money, Continental LLP (also $4.5 million), employs Jesus M. Suarez and at least two other attorneys in the court records who were deeply involved in the fraud-trial defense. Nearly $1 million went to Eli Bartov, an expert witness who testified on Trump's behalf and made $22.50 a minute.

Outside the fraud trial, the firm Silverman Thompson Slutkin & White received over $2.6 million. It employs Evan Corcoran, an attorney who was forced to testify to a grand jury for the documents case and worked on the Washington, DC, election-interference case.

Trump also hired Todd Blanche, whose firm received more than $2.3 million last year, as one of his go-to lawyers for criminal cases. A former Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft partner, Blanche is Trump's defense in District Attorney Alvin Bragg's Manhattan criminal case alleging Trump falsified business documents to illegally disguise hush-money payments made to Daniels, the adult-film actor who says she had an affair with Trump, before the 2016 election. Susan Necheles , another defense-team member, received nearly $1 million from the PACs last year and represented the Trump Organization in its own criminal trial in 2022.

John Lauro, who's working on the Washington election-interference case, is another top-paid lawyer, receiving more than $2.6 million in PAC money last year. Trump's election-interference criminal case in Fulton County, Georgia, is defended by a team that includes Steven H. Sadow (over $1.5 million), Drew Findling (his firm got nearly $1.2 million), and Jennifer Little (over $600,000).

The Binnall Law Group, led by Jesse R. Binnall, an attorney who frequently defends Trump on social media, received over $2 million in 2023. By sheer volume, it's worked on more cases than any other law firm Trump employs — including Washington civil lawsuits alleging Trump illegally stoked the Capitol riot — but many of them are not as far along as some of the more high-profile cases.

Two lawyers, Jim Trusty and John Rowley, stopped representing Trump shortly after his second of four indictments. They were still paid handsomely. Trusty's firm, Ifrah Law, received more than $723,000. Rowley's firm, SECIL Law, got nearly $366,000, and another $35,000 through his firm JPRowley Law.

Trump also spent millions of dollars of his donors' money on law firms representing codefendants and witnesses in his criminal and civil cases. In 2023, nearly $345,000 went to Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, which represented Allen Weisselberg , the former Trump Organization chief financial officer who was convicted in a criminal trial in 2022. Weisselberg also testified in the 2023 civil fraud trial and may soon face more charges over accusations that he perjured himself on the witness stand. Another $44,514 went to ArentFox Schiff, a law firm representing Jeff McConney, another Trump Organization executive who testified in the civil trial.

Stanley Woodward and Stanley Brand of Brand Woodward Law , which received $511,456, represent Trump's codefendant Waltine Nauta in the Mar-a-Lago documents case and have also represented Trump's affiliates in the proceedings of the January 6 House committee. Trump's other codefendant in the classified-documents case, Carlos de Oliveira , is represented by John S. Irving of Earth & Water Law, which got $168,474 in donor money last year. Boris Epshteyn and Kenneth Chesebro are among the other Trump affiliates whose law firms were paid with PAC funds in 2023.

Some of the firms that Trump's PACs paid have appeared further afield in MAGAworld. Troutman Pepper, which represented Ivanka Trump in the civil fraud lawsuit, also works with Newsmax in defamation lawsuits over 2020 election conspiracy theories. Harmeet Dhillon's law firm — working on Trump's legal defense in the hush-money criminal case in New York and election litigation across the country — is deeply embedded within the conservative movement, and Dhillon recently mounted a challenge to lead the Republican National Committee.

Aside from law firms involved in litigation, the top recipient of legal expenses from the Save America and MAGA PACs is Red Curve Solutions, which collected more than $4.5 million. Led by Bradley T. Crate, who serves as treasurer for both PACs, the company handles accounting and compliance for political groups. Crate didn't respond to requests for comment.

Overall, the two PACs spent just under $5.4 million on law firms and vendors specializing in things such as litigation technology, compliance, and financial management.

Other people's money

BI could not identify the work done by 21 of the 74 law firms and lawyers that received funds. We reached out to all of them. Some did not respond to requests for comment, and some did not specify their work for Trump or his election efforts.

Some of those firms had roles in Trump's many other, older legal sagas. But it's not clear why they would have received funds in 2023.

The law firm Morvillo Abramowitz, for example, represented David Pecker, the former publisher of the National Enquirer, during the investigation by the Manhattan district attorney's office into hush-money payments for Daniels. It received $7,700 in 2023 from Trump's PACs. In an email, Elkan Abramowitz, one of the firm's partners, said the payments were not related to Pecker but declined to comment further.

A spokesperson for Greenberg Traurig, which received nearly $307,000, said the firm "represented witnesses" and declined to elaborate. Ballard Spahr, which represented clients suing Trump's campaign last year , received over $590,000 in Trump donor money. It's unclear what those fees were for, and a spokesperson for the firm declined to comment.

Elsewhere Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, which received more than $426,000, previously represented the lobbyist and former Trump campaign manager Corey Lewandowski during the special counsel Robert Mueller's Russia investigation. Jones Day, which got $22,000, was instrumental in helping Trump select judicial nominees when he was president. It's unclear why they would have received payment from Trump donors in 2023. Those firms didn't respond to requests for comment.

A representative for Trump didn't respond to a request for comment for this story.

Trump founded the Save America PAC shortly after he lost reelection in 2020. He has used it as his primary fundraising vehicle as he runs in the 2024 election, where he remains the frontrunner for the Republican presidential nomination. To solicit money from his supporters, the PAC frequently sends out messages falsely claiming the 2020 election was stolen. Because both the Save America PAC and the MAGA PAC are configured as leadership PACs with the FEC, they have wide latitude in how they can spend money.

It's not clear why Trump uses money from his political donors to pay for his personal legal expenses. He's worth about $2.6 billion, a September analysis from Forbes found. In a deposition taken for the New York attorney general's civil fraud lawsuit, Trump suggested his net worth was as much as $14 billion. A January analysis from Bloomberg found he had $600 million in liquid assets.

Trump may not be permitted to use PAC money to pay for any losses in court, though the FEC commissioners — half of whom are Republicans — have hesitated to enforce the agency's limits on spending.

For the $5 million in sexual-abuse and defamation damages owed to Carroll for the loss in his 2023 trial, Trump took money from his real-estate company and gave it to himself, according to court filings. He then transferred the cash to a court-controlled account, where it must remain as he appeals the verdict.

He must soon pay another $83.3 million for the second Carroll trial — which far exceeds his PAC coffers — and may need to put up hundreds of millions of dollars more once the judge who oversaw his civil fraud trial issues a judgment. In all those cases, he must put up the money as a bond or in escrow as he pursues appeals, which could take years to resolve.

The PAC spending on legal fees in 2023 far exceeded previous years. In 2021 and 2022 combined, Trump spent $16 million on legal fees through the Save America PAC.

Trump is poised to spend even more money on legal expenses this year. He already went through a grueling two-week trial in January to determine damages for defaming Carroll. In March, he's expected to sit for his first criminal trial, over the Manhattan district attorney's indictment over the payments to Daniels. Three more criminal cases are to follow.

And then there's the race for the presidency, which Trump hopes to recapture. He might want to spend money on that, too.

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Watch: REPORT: Trump used charity money to pay for legal fees

business law individual assignment

  • Main content

2024 SEC indoor track and field championships

🥎 Mary Nutter Collegiate Classic schedule, scores

⛹️‍♀️ Obstacles for Caitlin Clark, Iowa

Kaitlyn Schmidt | NCAA.com | February 22, 2024

  • Penn State takes down No. 12 Illinois, LSU beats Kentucky at the buzzer in wild Wednesday

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Second-half comebacks and an incredible sequence finishing with a buzzer-beating lay-in headlined a wild Wednesday in men's hoops. Here's what you need to know.

Fans at Rec Hall storm the court as Penn State rallies down 14 in second half

In the final 15 minutes of regulation, the Penn State Nittany Lions erased a 14-point deficit and beat No. 12 Illinois by just one free throw down the stretch, 90-89 .

It was Jameel Brown and Zach Hicks who wrestled the Nittany Lions from the double-digit hole, each contributing 11 second-half points. Coming off the bench, Brown found his groove in the nick of time, sinking a trio of crucial threes and three steals to steer momentum in Penn State's direction — his last robbery with :30 on the clock set up a Puff Johnson layup that brought the Nittany Lions within two (89-87).

📊 FINAL STATS: How Penn State pulled off the comeback

On the next possession, Illinois' Coleman Hawkins failed to convert both of his free throws, then he fouled Hicks on his way up for three, painting the perfect comeback picture for Penn State. Roars from the white-out crowd rumbled as Hicks drained each of his three foul shots for a one-point advantage with three seconds left. What happens next, well... You can see the scenes in the Tweet below:

THE COURT STORMS KEEP COMING ⛈️ @PennStateMBB (via @CBBonFOX ) pic.twitter.com/R0pgwV5WDG — NCAA March Madness (@MarchMadnessMBB) February 22, 2024

Nick Kern was Penn State's most prolific shooter, finishing with a team-high 22 points. Hicks was a driver in Penn State's second-half comeback, finishing the game with 13 points and eight boards.

Despite the loss, Illinois dominated the offensive and defensive glass, grabbing 49 total rebounds to Penn State's 25. Fifth-year guard Terrence Shannon Jr. put up a career-high 35 points — shooting 10-18 from the field — and a season-best 11 boards to keep the Fighting Illini in the game. Illinois trailed by nine points early in the game, but went into halftime up 48-41. Critical turnovers and missed shots decided the game.

This marks Penn State's second ranked win this season. The Nittany Lions took down then-No. 11 Wisconsin in mid-January, 87-83, and are now 13-14 on the season (7-9 Big Ten). A middle-dweller in Big Ten standings this year, Penn State can use this Quad 1 win to garner some momentum just three weeks before the conference tournament. As for Illinois (19-7)... Wisconsin and Purdue loom in the next two weeks, as the Illini must prove where they stack up.

Wild sequence at the end of LSU vs. Kentucky ends with an incredible buzzer beater 

What started as Rob Dillingham doing what Rob Dillingham does — sinking a clutch jumper to seal what looked like a Kentucky win, ended with an incredible Tyrell Ward lay-in to send the Wildcats home with a 75-74 loss. Watch the sequence below: 

WHAT. A. SEQUENCE. 😱 UNBELIEVEABLE SCENES IN BATON ROUGE 🤯 pic.twitter.com/bgeB9Inrzc — NCAA March Madness (@MarchMadnessMBB) February 22, 2024

With the win LSU improves to 14-12 on the year, inching closer and closer to the NCAA tournament bubble, while Kentucky falls to 18-8 and 8-5 in SEC play, tied for fifth with Florida in the conference.  

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  • Creighton heats up, scorches No. 1 UConn in Omaha

business law individual assignment

College basketball career scoring leaders in NCAA history

business law individual assignment

2024 March Madness men's bracket predictions: Less than 1 month before Selection Sunday

March madness.

  • 🗓️ 2024 March Madness schedule, dates
  • 👀 Everything to know about March Madness
  • ❓ How the field of 68 is picked
  • 📓 College basketball dictionary: 51 terms defined

business law individual assignment

Greatest buzzer beaters in March Madness history

business law individual assignment

Relive Laettner's historic performance against Kentucky

business law individual assignment

The deepest game-winning buzzer beaters in March Madness history

business law individual assignment

College basketball's NET rankings, explained

business law individual assignment

What March Madness looked like the year you were born

Di men's basketball news.

  • Men's college basketball career scoring leaders
  • 2024 March Madness bracket predictions: Less than 1 month before Selection Sunday
  • Texas' Max Abmas scores 3,000th career point, No. 2 Houston handles No. 6 Iowa State in men's hoops Monday
  • 16 men's college basketball questions to ponder, less than a month before Selection Sunday
  • Houston surges up Andy Katz's latest Power 36
  • Ohio State men's basketball upsets No. 2 Purdue in shocking fashion
  • Undefeated teams in DI college basketball
  • LSU stuns No. 11 South Carolina, Iowa rallies in OT and more on crucial men's basketball Saturday

Follow NCAA March Madness

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