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Chapter 6: Knowledge Integration

Case Study 1: Adult Client (continued)
1. Which findings are considered abnormal for this adult client? What medical terminology is used to define/label these findings?
- The pulse in lying position is within normal limits, but in the sitting and standing position, the pulse is elevated and is identified as tachycardia (> than 100 bpm)
- The pulse increased more than 20 bpm and the systolic BP decreased more than 20 mm Hg when the client moved from lying to standing, indicating orthostatic hypotension
- The pulse is weak and thready at 1+ force, which is abnormal
- The respiration rate is high: tachypnea (> 20 bpm)
- The oxygen saturations are slightly low (< 97%)
2. What further assessment should the healthcare provider do based on this adult client’s findings?
Continue to assess for signs of dehydration:
- Dry mucous membranes
- Poor skin turgor
- Decreased and concentrated urine output
3. What actions should the healthcare provider take based on this adult client’s findings?
- Notify the most responsible provider such as the physician or nurse practitioner.
- If you are the most responsible provider, discuss and initiate treatments such as fluid rehydration.
Vital Sign Measurement Across the Lifespan - 1st Canadian edition by Ryerson University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
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Case Study VITAL SIGNS [Critical Thinking Skills]

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CASE STUDY You are working in the night shift and noticed the following temperature readings in your client’s chart. When you assess your client temperature at midnight, it is 101.2˚F. Discuss the management of the patient as a nursing student.
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- 1. B Y : R AB I ’ AT U L AD AW I YAH B T S U L AI M AN 3 0 6 7 1 4 1 0 0 4 B AC H E L O R O F S C I E N C E I N N U R S I N G ( H O N S ) K P J H E ALT H C AR E U N I V E R S I T Y C O L L E G E M O N I TO R E D B Y : M AD AM G E M ALY N S . M AL D I S A CLIENT CARE 1 UNIT 8 : VITAL SIGNS CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
- 2. SCENARIO You are working in the night shift and noticed the following temperature readings in your client’s chart : When you assess your client temperature at midnight, it is 101.2˚F. TIME TEMPERATURE 4.00 a.m 97.4˚F 8.00 a.m 97.9˚F 12.00 noon 98.4˚F 4.00 p.m 99.6˚F 8.00 p.m 100.9˚F 12.00 a.m 101.2˚F
- 3. LINE CHART OF TEMPERATURE IN ˚F 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 4.00 a.m 8.00 a.m 12.00 p.m 4.00 p.m 8.00 p.m 12.00 a.m Temperature[˚F] Time [12 hours]
- 4. TASKS What do you notice about the pattern of the temperature readings? What is important in this scenario? As a nursing student, what should you do? Develop at least 1 possible nursing care plan for this patient.
- 5. DISCUSSION From the question, plan what to do : Find the formula to convert the temperature from °F to °C Sketch the graph showing the temperature to determine the pattern of the temperature readings List the normal temperature in the normal person Develop nursing care plan to help decrease client’s body temperature from 38.4°C back to normal range which are from 36.4°C to 37.5°C
- 6. FORMULA (FROM °F-°C AND °C-°F) °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32 If there are no calculator, use the following formula : °F = ( °C × 2) + 30 °C = (°F – 32) × 5/9
- 7. TABLE OF TEMPERATURE IN °C From the formula, the temperature can be convert from °F to °C : TIME TEMPERATURE 4.00 a.m 36.3 °C 8.00 a.m 36.6 °C 12.00 noon 36.9 °C 4.00 p.m 37.6 °C 8.00 p.m 38.3 °C 12.00 a.m 38.4 °C
- 8. LINE CHART OF TEMPERATURE IN ˚C 35 35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 38.5 39 4.00 a.m 8.00 a.m 12.00 p.m 4.00 p.m 8.00 p.m 12.00 a.m Temperature[°C] Time [12 hours]
- 9. From the above chart, it shows that the client’s temperature is increased gradually from 36.3°C to 38.4°C. There are several types of fever patterns but this client has constant fever pattern which also called continuous or sustained fever. Constant fever : body temperature remains consistently elevated and fluctuates less than 2°C. Examples of constant fever are : Lobar pneumonia, typhoid, urinary tract infection, brucellosis.
- 10. There are several factors which affecting the body temperature which are : Age and gender Exercise Hormones Diurnal variations [Circadian rhythm] Environmental temperature
- 11. BODY TEMPERATURE BODY TEMPERATURE Types Core Temperature • temperature of deep tissues of the body [abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity]. Surface Temperature • temperature of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and fat. Temperature Relatively constant [36°C to 37.5°C] Rises and falls in response to the environment. Measurement site i. Rectum ii. Tympanic membrane iii. Pulmonary artery iv. Urinary bladder i. Skin ii. Oral iii. Axilla
- 12. VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE BY AGE Source : Lippincott 2011 Kozier&Erb 2008 AGE TEMPERATURE (°C) Newborn 36.8 (axillary) 1-3 year 37.7 (rectal) 6-8 year 37 (oral) 10 year 37 (oral) Teens 37 (oral) Adults 37 (oral) >70 year 36 (oral)
- 13. It is varies among individuals with range of 0.3°C-0.6°C Source : Lippincott 2011 AVERAGE NORMAL TEMPERATURE FOR HEALTHY ADULTS Site Temperature (°C) Oral 37.0 Rectal 37.5 Axillary 36.5 Tympanic 37.5 Forehead 34.4
- 14. NURSING CARE PLAN NURSING DIAGNOSIS GOAL NURSING INTERVENTION EVALUATION Hyperthermia related to dehydration Client body temperature will be reduced from 38.4°C to normal range (36.5°C - 37.4°C) within 24 hours during hospitalization • Assess client general condition [general condition : skin warm to touch, flushed face, mild shivering, temperature 38.4°C] ® It is taken as a baseline data Client body temperature reduced from 38.4°C to normal range (36.5°C - 37.4°C) within 24 hours during hospitalization • Monitor client vital sign every two hours ® To detect any changes or deteriorate • Provide cold compress if client temperature is higher than 37.5°C ® Heat loss through conduction
- 15. NURSING CARE PLAN NURSING DIAGNOSIS GOAL NURSING INTERVENTION EVALUATION Hyperthermia related to dehydration. Client body temperature will be reduced from 38.4°C to normal range (36.5°C - 37.4°C) within 24 hours during hospitalization. • Encourage client to drink more than 2L per day ® To encourage hydration Client body temperature reduced from 38.4°C to normal range (36.5°C - 37.4°C) within 24 hours during hospitalization. • Encourage client to wear thin clothes, do not wear sweater ® To release heat from the body • Record all sources of fluid loss such as urine, vomiting and diarrhea ® To monitor or potentiates fluid and electrolyte loses • Administer antipyretic (paracetamol) 1000mg orally as prescribed by the doctor ® Help to reduce fever
- 16. NURSING CARE PLAN NURSING DIAGNOSIS GOAL NURSING INTERVENTION EVALUATION Hyperthermia related to dehydration Client body temperature will be reduced from 38.4°C to normal range (36.5°C - 37.4°C) within 24 hours during hospitalization • Turn on the air conditioner or the fan ® Heat loss through convection Client body temperature reduced from 38.4°C to normal range (36.5°C - 37.4°C) within 24 hours during hospitalization • Inform the client condition to the doctor ® For further intervention
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Jamaica Amurao, Kenny Dadacay and Josh Perez
Sean is a 21-year-old male who was admitted to the emergency department after being involved in a motor vehicle accident with his sister Anna. Anna was pronounced dead on scene and Sean suffered mild loss of consciousness. Upon arrival to the emergency department, Sean was confused and complained of left upper quadrant pain, which radiated to his left arm. During physical examination, Sean’s vital signs were: BP 123/85 mmHg, HR 95 beats/min., RR 22 breaths/min, Temp, 98.6°F, and an Oxygen Saturation of 97%. Sean’s orders included strict spinal immobilization protocols, EKG, IV fluid bolus, morphine and zofran, ultrasound (FAST), and a CT scan. After the CT scan, Sean lost consciousness and vital signs significantly changed from baseline. Sean’s vital signs were: BP 93/56 mmHg, HR 132 beats/ min, RR 34 breaths/min. Temp, 95.6°F, and an Oxygen Saturation of 89%. The trauma team performed resuscitation interventions and then the patient was transferred to the operating room to treat the cause of bleeding. Sean was hemodynamically stabilized and transferred to the intensive care unit for further monitoring.
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Nursing Case Studies by and for Student Nurses by jaimehannans is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
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IMAGES
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CASE STUDY You are working in the night shift and noticed the following ... List the normal temperature in the normal person Develop nursing care plan
During physical examination, Sean's vital signs were: BP 123/85 mmHg, HR 95 beats/min., RR 22 breaths/min, Temp, 98.6°F, and an Oxygen Saturation of 97%. Sean's
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