presentation on marine life

The Ocean Life

This ppt contains the information about the ocean life. The description about the ocean layers then animals stays in ocean in different layers etc...This may be very interesting. Read less

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• 2.     We all know that our Planet earth is Blue Planet i.e. main composition is water. We have about 71% of water and out of which we have 97.5% saline water which we called a sea, a part of the ocean. An ocean is a body of saline water that composes a large part of a planet's hydrosphere. Its area is 361 million sq.km and has an
• 4. 106.4 million sq.km 26 Atlantic 20 18.8 million sq.km 5 Southern Ocean 3 Arctic Ocean 14.05 million sq.km Indian Ocean Ocean 73.5 million sq.km 46 Pacific Ocean 165.2 million sq.km
• 5.    Ocean life is refer to as the living organisms which are bounded to their marine life. These organisms may belong to Animals, plants, Micro-Organism, Reptiles and other creatures. The discovery of life in the ocean is still a mystery, we have achieved things working in the outer space but
• 8.     The uppermost layer of the world's oceans is bathed in sunlight during the daytime. This bright ocean layer is called the sunlit zone or the epipelagic zone. In clear water, the euphotic zone can be quite deep; it can be only 50 feet deep. On average, it extends to about 660 feet (200 meters); the depth of the ocean averages about 13,000 feet or 4,000 m. The temperature in this zone ranges from 104 to 27 degrees F.
• 9. Angelfish are brightly-coloured, flattened fish that live in shallow warm waters.
• 10.   Clown fish are small fish that live among this layer. The anemone's tentacles kill other fish that touch them, but the Clown fish seems to be
• 11.    The Blue fin Tuna is a large bony fish and is the largest tuna. The Bluefin Tuna lives for about 40 years. Found widely in the northern Pacific Ocean and locally in the south.
• 12.     The Mesopelagic Zone is the second zone of the ocean layers. Extending from 200 meters to a 1000 meters. In this zone there isn't almost any sunlight that penetrates these depths. It's also called the Twilight zone or the Middwater zone, most of the deep sea fishes are living in this
• 13.    Cuttlefish are marine animals of the order Sepiida. Cuttlefish have an internal cuttlebone, eight arms and two tentacles furnished with which they secure their prey. They generally range in size from 15 cm to 25 cm with the largest species, Sepia apama, reaching
• 14.    The Swordfish offers a very interesting body. They have the long bill that looks similar to a sword and that is where their name derives from. They can be up to 15 feet in length when fully mature. They can weigh up to 1,400 pounds so anyone fishing for them will have a challenge on
• 15.   Eels are elongated fish, ranging in length from 5 centimetres in the one-jawed eel to 4 metres. Adults range in weight from 30 grams to well over 25 kilograms.
• 16.    The bathypelagic zone or midnight zone can be as deep as 20,000 feet. No sunlight reaches this zone so it is freezing and completely dark. It also has a very intense water pressure which can be as great as two tons per square inch! Some organisms in this zone are vampire squid, giant squid, amphipod, slime stars, snake dragon fish, anglerfish, oarfish, gulper eel. The sperm whale even dives to these depths to search for food.
• 17.    The gulper eel, is one of the most bizarre looking creatures in the deep sea. Its most notable attribute is the large mouth. This enormous mouth is much larger than the eel's body. The gulper eel can swallow an animal much larger than itself.
• 18.    But in spite of its monstrous name, its is a small creature, growing to only about six inched in length. The vampire squid has large fins at the to of its body that resemble ears. The vampire squid has a very gelatinous form, resembling a jellyfish
• 19.    These giant tube worms grow up to eight feet (over two meters) in length and have no mouth and no digestive tract. They depend on bacteria that live inside them for their food. Giant tube worms reproduce by
• 20.    The abyssal zone is the abyssopelagic layer or pelagic zone At depths of 4,000 to 6,000 meters (13,123 to 19,685 feet), this zone remains in perpetual darkness and never receives daylight. It is the deeper part of the midnight zone which starts in the bathypelagic waters above.
• 21.     Sea spiders, also called Pantopoda. They are found especially in the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, as well as the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans. They are common around the site of the titanic. They are ranging in size from 1 to 10 millimetre to over
• 22.     Tripod fish, are a deep-sea benthic fish found at lower latitudes. The tripod fish has long, bony rays that stick out below its tail fin and both pectoral (chest) fins. Even though the fish’s body is 36 cm long, its fins can be more than a meter . Most of the time, the
• 23.   The black swallower, is a species of deep sea fish . And is notable for its ability to swallow fish larger than itself . The black swallower feeds on bony fishes, which are swallowed .
• 24.   The Hadalpelagic/ Hadopelagic Zone is the deepest portion of the ocean extending from just over 19,000 feet deep to the ocean's floor. The pressure is so great at those depths that the National Geographic News website compares it to the weight of 50 jumbo jets piled on top
• 25.     Rattail fish is also known as a grenadier, these fish were found at 7,000 meters. Rat-tails have large mouths and a tapering tail which makes them look like giant tadpoles. They also have a well developed sense of smell. They swallow up other
• 26.    Amphipods are softshelled crustaceans resembling large fleas. They eat debris from decaying plant and animal matter that floats to the bottom. They are most important as a food source for the larger
• 28.   Duckweeds, are aquatic plants which float on or just beneath the surface of still or slow-moving fresh water bodies and wetlands. These plants are very simple, lacking an
• 29.  Algae are a very large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to m ulticellular forms such as the giant kelps that grow to 65 meters in length.
• 30.   Seaweed is a loose colloquial term encompassing macroscopic, multicellular, benthic marine algae. The term includes
• 31. Pollution in the ocean is a major problem that is affecting the ocean and the rest of the Earth, too. Pollution in the ocean directly affects ocean organisms and indirectly affects human health and resources. People should learn more about these because if people know more about pollution in the ocean, then they will
• 32.    An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters. Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of
• 34.   The impacts of climate change , acidifying oceans, coral bleaching and habitat loss are the biggest cause of decline in ocean health, and the hardest to solve. "The effects are all around … If we don't do something quickly, the oceans in 50 years
• 35.   Humans are really responsible for spoiling the ocean Ecosystem. The main reason behind it is the exponential
• 36. GANPATI VISARJAN DUMPING OF FLOWERS
• 37. FISHING SLUDGE DUMPING

Editor's Notes

• This giant mouth gives the eel its other common name of umbrella mouth gulper.In spite of its gigantic mouth, it is believed that the gulper eel's diet consists mainly of small crustaceans. Since the eel has very tiny teeth, it probably does not eat large fish on a regular basis
• In fact, it was originally and mistakenly identified as an octopus by researchers in 1903.The vampire squid's body is covered with light-producing organs called photophores. This gives the squid the unique ability to "turn itself on or off" 

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Perspective

We Need to Protect Marine Life Before It Disappears

Seas and oceans cover 71 percent of the world’s surface and provide diverse habitats for a variety of marine life. Protecting them is essential for the future of life on this planet.

Perspective • Climate • Oceans

Words by Matthew Chalmers

Seas and oceans cover 71 percent of the world’s surface and provide diverse habitats for millions of unique species. From minuscule plankton and shrimps to the enormous shapes of blue whales and giant squid, marine life take thousands of brilliant forms. Although shallow, coastal waters, which profit from extra sunlight, tend to be more fertile zones for life than the deep deserts of the open ocean, life can be found in even the bleakest crevices of the sea. Indeed, the oceans are the font of all life on earth, from which our distant ancestors wriggled onto the shore some 500 million years ago. Yet however vast the oceans may be they cannot sustain the amount of pollution human beings pour into them. Sea-life is under immense pressure from plastic, rising temperatures, acidification, fishing, and more—and sterile seas have enormous implications for the existence of human life on the planet.

What Is Marine Life?

Marine life encompasses all animal life that exists in saltwater, in the planet’s seas and oceans. Freshwater life, that inhabits rivers and lakes, is categorized differently; “marine” specifically denotes sea-dwelling creatures.

What Is The Study Of Marine Life?

The study of marine life is called marine biology. Marine biologists are at the frontlines of both the scientific and conservationist communities. Their duties include collecting organism specimens at sea, crunching data, and experimenting in the lab. Areas of research are also multifarious but might include the study of animal migration patterns, underwater photosynthesis, or investigating the impact of human pollution, for example on coral reefs.

What Are The Types Of Marine Life?

The saltwater environs which make up the majority of the Earth are home to diverse species, and members of almost all classes of creatures, from mammals and mollusks to birds and reptiles, make the sea their home.

Cephalopods, Crustaceans, And Shellfish

These are a varied group of organisms that inhabit different roles within marine ecosystems. Cephalopods are a family of mollusks which include octopus, squid, cuttlefish, and nautili. These creatures fulfill an important role in consumption within an ecosystem, acting as both voracious predators and prey for various creatures. Although their role in ecosystems could be better understood , they are highly valuable creatures to study in the field of comparable intelligence. The intelligence of creatures like octopi is remarkable, capable of complex problem solving, daring escape acts and forming emotional bonds with people.

Crustaceans are a family of creatures that include crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and prawns. Crustaceans also inhabit a wide range of ecological niches, being an essential food source for many other creatures as well as largely being carnivores, acting as predators or detritus feeders themselves.

Shellfish is a colloquial term that incorporates crustaceans, which have thick exoskeletons, alongside various mollusks with shells such as bivalves like mussels, clams, oysters, cockles, and scallops. This last group also sustains its own important role in ecology, sifting nutrients and debris out from water which can make areas more habitable for other species of animal.

Corals And Invertebrates

Corals are invertebrate marine creatures that tend to live in large colonies which form reefs.. Reefs enrich the lives of many creatures, including humans. They protect coastlines from erosion and storms, attract tourism and build livelihoods, and act as sources of food and new medicines. Although less than 0.1 percent of the ocean is covered by coral reefs, 25 percent of marine species dwell in them; they are incubators for life. Other marine invertebrates include sponges, starfishes, and anemones. 

There are numerous mammals in the oceans, some of which hang closer to shore like seals and sea lions whilst others can travel vast distances, like dolphins, whales, and orcas. These creatures are some of the most intelligent of all marine life and even form interspecies bonds unprovoked, as documented by the friendly interactions between bottlenose dolphins and false killer whales, memorably captured in David Attenborough’s Blue Planet 2.

There are 20,000 different species of fish in our planet’s oceans. From tuna and marlin to clownfish, barracudas, and guppies they are the quintessential water creature. It is also the vertebrate animals that are killed by humans more than any other, with around one trillion fish being killed for human consumption each year.

Turtles And Reptiles    

Sea turtles are the most iconic marine reptile species, although other marine reptiles include sea snakes, marine iguanas, and saltwater crocodiles. Sea turtles provide irreplaceable ecological functions. Hawksbill turtles, for example, eat common sponge species which proliferate on coral reefs, which saves the corals from being strangled by the sponges and allows less common sponges to grow, adding to the reef’s biodiversity. Marine iguanas, which Charles Darwin heartlessly described as “most disgusting, clumsy lizards”, are poster boys for the Galapagos archipelago, and help draw in ecotourism funds which lead to the islands’ continued conservation.

Seabirds fish the coasts of various continents and include a wide array of creatures, from gulls, to albatrosses, penguins, cormorants, and puffins. Seabirds have provided some of the most emotive and haunting images of oil spills, and such disasters prove irreversibly damaging and lethal to such birds.

Sharks And Rays

Finally, sharks and rays, which are cartilaginous fish, whose skeletons are primarily composed of cartilage, remain. Sharks like Great Whites may have a bad rap due to movies like Jaws , but humans kill 100 million sharks each year, whilst sharks only kill 12 humans. Rays kick up sand when excavating for food, which created microhabitats for tiny invertebrates in an example of healthy ecosystem engineering .

How Much Marine Life Is In The Ocean?

Curiously, although the oceans make up 71 percent of the earth’s surface they only contain 15 percent of the Earth’s species; 80 percent of species dwell on land, and the remaining 5 percent in freshwater. The reasons for this are varied, including a lack of diversity in the architecture of ocean environments as opposed to the various geographies of land like deserts, mountains, forests, grasslands, and so on. However, this is no black mark against the oceans, which still contain an immense plethora of life. There are still a predicted 2 million species in the oceans, and only 228,450 are known to humanity. The oceans also contain the vast majority of animal life in terms of quantity, even if the types of life are less varied. Indeed 78 percent of animal biomass can be found in the oceans, which makes the oceans the home to the largest numbers of sentient beings out of any setting.

Why Are Marine Environments Important?

Marine environments are crucial to the entire planet for several reasons. Firstly, although estimates vary it is widely agreed that marine photosynthesizers, most notably tiny phytoplankton, create over 50 percent of the globe’s oxygen. This means that the health of these ocean organisms is integral to the continued breathability and temperature of the Earth; they also sequester carbon dioxide, the greenhouse gas, during photosynthesis. When these ecosystems are destroyed billions of tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere, accelerating global heating.

If that was not crucial enough, there are further reasons marine environments are important. They help regulate the planet’s climate and weather systems, and the warming of the oceans may lead to a higher incidence of extreme weather events like hurricanes and tsunamis, which are often deadly, and the El Niño and La Niña weather events which cause starvation in Asian and Pacific countries like Timor Leste .

Degrading marine environments actually endangers the 40 percent of global communities who live on the coast. Ecosystems on coasts, like mangroves, often provide services of flood and storm protection for adjacent human settlements. The destruction of marine environments can wreck people’s livelihoods. This is true for fisherman and tourist industries, like those anchored to marine wonders like the Great Barrier Reef, over half of which has died due to rising ocean temperatures. Even more alarming are those island nations which may be swallowed up as global warming melts the ice caps and ocean levels rise, and many have already had to evacuate their homes to escape the rising ocean, a bleak omen of what could occur if climate change proceeds unchecked.

How Does Pollution Affect Marine Life?

Pollution can be devastating for marine life, which is often sensitive to changes in their environment. Chemical pollution is a big problem for the oceans and before 1972 copious toxic chemicals, industrial waste, untreated sewerage, and even millions of tons of heavy metals and radioactive material were dumped into the sea. Although regulations have increased, chemical pollution continues to be a problem with animal agriculture being a lead cause , whose fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides leach into rivers which lead in turn to the ocean. Other chemical pollutants include crude oil, which has ended up in the ocean through spills like the Deepwater Horizon disaster . The effect of these chemicals can be devastating. In recent years, dead zones caused by toxic algae which feed on the nutrients which run off farms into the sea have become a more common occurrence, and these zones can be hundreds of miles long and kill all the marine life beneath them. Harmful chemicals are consumed by sea creatures and end up in their digestive systems.

Plastic pollution is another hugely pressing problem, and the amount of plastic in the oceans is incredibly vast. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, for example, is a floating body of garbage of immense size – at 620,000 square miles , it is twice the size of Texas. A huge contributor to ocean pollution is single-use plastics like plastic bags, which slowly dissolve into microplastics, small, insoluble particles that species of coral choose to eat over actual food, and kills them. Indeed, plastic bags are mistaken by sea turtles , who see them as jellyfish, who eat them and die as a result. Decaying plastic releases a smell similar to the foods of some seabirds, who proceed to choke on the plastics they try and consume. Marine mammals like whales also end up consuming the plastic, which kills them; some 88 pounds or 40 kilograms of plastic was discovered inside the body of a juvenile Cuvier’s beaked whale, who had been reported vomiting blood before he died. Yet domestic consumers are not the only ones responsible; unmoored nets used in commercial fishing nets drift freely for miles, ensnaring animals in their path and 46 percent of the Pacific garbage patch is made from fishing lines.

Although plastic and chemical pollution are perhaps the most egregious forms of marine pollution, humans also pollute the sea in other ways. Shallow waters near urban environments inevitably suffer from light pollution, which interferes with the circadian rhythms of coastal organisms which regulate their feeding, migratory and reproductive habits. Light pollution also makes it easier for predators to hunt small fish and damages the breeding capabilities of reef fish.

Noise pollution, from sonar devices, oil rigs, and large ships also pose problems. Mass beachings of various species of whales have been attributed to loud artificial noises caused by seismic human activity like oil or gas exploration, which panics and disorients whales, which exhaust themselves fleeing.

Finally, one of the most worrying ways pollution affects the ocean is through a gradual process of acidification. This is caused by humanity’s CO2 emissions, 30 percent of which are absorbed by the sea. This process of acidification is having damaging effects on wildlife across the seas; creatures like oysters and corals, which build shells and exoskeletons from calcium particles in seawater, are struggling as such particles are more rapidly dissolved. Miniature sea snails called pteropods, which feed organisms like krill and whales, are at risk. When researchers placed pteropod shells in water with the predicted pH and carbonate levels of the oceans by the year 2100, they found the shells dissolved over 45 days.

Other Marine Life Issues and Threats

Pollution is one way we damage marine environments, by poisoning them through neglect, but humanity also destroys them for its own benefit, financial and culinary.

Whaling has long been a highly controversial practice, particularly after some species of whale were nearly hunted to extinction in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Most whaling countries agreed to an effective moratorium on whaling in 1986, enforced by the IWC (International Whaling Commission). However, some allowances were made for whaling to persist for scientific research, a process that was allegedly abused by Japan. However, commercial whaling has remained persistent; Norway and Iceland continue to partake in commercial whaling and Japan followed suit as recently as 2019. Although whaling levels are minute compared to rates in the late 1960s the brutal and drawn-out method of killing whales, whereby they are stuck with numerous explosive harpoons and shot with rifles, is inhumane. Bearing in mind whales’ complex intelligence and sociality, such violence is inherently cruel.

Confinement of Marine Life

Marine life, particularly mammals, does not fare well in captivity. Killer whales provide the best example of this. Killer whales born in captivity lead unnaturally short lives , and captive orcas exhibit unique, stress-induced behaviors such as grinding their teeth against stone and bouts of aggression , which can be deadly for trainers. These creatures normally travel thousands of miles through the oceans, yet are confined into confined spaces; Lolita, an orca at the Miami Seaquarium, lives in a tank less than twice the length of her body.

Although orcas are the most famous examples of marine life suffering confinement there is evidence that other marine mammals experience similar effects. Obie , a rescued walrus who lived at SeaWorld San Diego, died at age 28, 12 years shy of life expectancy in the wild, and apparently exhibited stereotype behavior like biting the glass of his enclosure and regurgitating and re-eating his food, acts indicative of mental illness.

Commercial fishing is a significant contributor to the global decline of sustainable fisheries, and as the market continues to expand from $240.99 billion to a projected $438.59 billion by 2026 there is no sign that pressure is letting up. There is no acknowledgment from the fishing industry that fish may feel pain or emotion, despite studies to the contrary, leading to inhumane practices like killing by asphyxiation and the live gutting of fish, some of which can take an hour to die. Commercial fishing is also deeply inefficient and indiscriminate in its targets; about 40 percent of the global catch is bycatch, which is unwanted sea life thrown overboard, dead or dying. It isn’t only fish who are affected as an estimated 300,000 cetaceans (whales and dolphins) are accidentally killed by fishing vessels each year.

Shark Finning

Although international agreements are trying to halt its spread, shark finning remains a major problem. Over 90 percent of certain shark populations have been lost over the previous half-century due to this practice. The practice itself is also inhumane; sharks have their fins cut off whilst alive before they are thrown back into the ocean, where they inevitably die of blood loss or are eaten by other predators. Highly endangered shark species are among those who fall prey to this practice, and many vendors of shark fin soup don’t know what shark species the fins they purchase come from. This huge pressure on shark numbers, 100 million killed each year, can lead to ecosystem damage that spreads far and wide —without sharks rays proliferate, which eat more bivalves, which can harm dependent human communities and water quality.

How Can We Protect Marine Life?

One of the United Nations’ sustainable development goals, goal number 14 , is to ensure that the seas and their marine resources are sustainably used and developed. The United Nations has indeed seen progress towards the implementation of these goals, most notably their achievement of procuring the signatures of 97 countries on to the Agreement for Port State Measures , the first internationally binding agreement which seeks to disincentivize illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing. The amount of national waters which have gained protected status has doubled since 2010 , with most progress made in the Caribbean, Oceania, and Latin America. This represents progress, although such strides remain insufficient. The UN’s statistics report that although sustainable fisheries are declining at a slower rate , they are nonetheless declining—from 90 percent of stocks being biologically sustainable in 1970 to 65.8 percent in 2017. The UN freely admits that current efforts to protect marine environments are falling short of sustainability targets. It is also noteworthy that in the UN’s SDG Good Practices manual, a compilation of SDG-related success stories from around the globe, only three examples cited helped the oceans, and even these only tangentially. The UN only has limited power as an international broker—governments and consumers must act unilaterally.

Therefore, group organizing and lobbying local politicians, Members of Parliament, and Members of Congress to acknowledge and act on the importance of marine habitats for both animal and human communities is one way to apply pressure and enact change.

As an individual, there are impactful changes one can make. Limit your use of plastics, when you purchase items like plastic bags re-use them as much as you can and try and recycle when you do dispose of them. Discarding seafood from your diet is an effective change and a way to undermine the commercial foundations of an industry like fishing, which is so devastating to a wide range of animals and ecosystems. Adopting a fully plant-based diet is also the single biggest way an individual can contribute towards reversing climate change, so eating vegan will help stop ocean acidification, rising water temperatures, and sea levels, and limits the extent of the noxious agricultural chemicals which pour into the sea.

The Road Ahead

The oceans are where life on Earth began and contain the bulk of our planet’s animal life. Once thought a boundless reservoir of resources, time has revealed just how sensitive marine ecology is, and how deeply humanity and the planet rely on its continued health. Immense strides need to be made in protecting the oceans from the ravages of pollution, overfishing, and climate change. Otherwise, the vast and diverse oceans may become barren, ruining human and animal lives in the process.

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Marine LIFE.

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Marine Life PowerPoint Template shows the characteristics of the marine living organisms including sharks, whales, stingrays etc. Use this Free Marine Life Google Slides templates to show loving nature towards the fishes etc. is a professional-looking template design for Creating a presentation on animals which play an important role in biodiversity & keeping balance in nature. This Free Marine Life PowerPoint template has water surrounding environmental look with sharks and scuba diving can be used to prepare attractive presentations for school, colleges, institutions and other Projects. Feedback from your side is highly recommended and it makes our hard work useful. Also, do check our other posts for Animal Google slides Theme Presentations. Get the Newest Presentations here: MyFreeSlides.

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Editorial article, editorial: biology and ecology of marine air-breathing animals: challenges for their conservation.

• Instituto Español de Oceanografía Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Fuengirola, Spain

Editorial on the Research Topic Biology and ecology of marine air-breathing animals: challenges for their conservation

Air-breathing marine animals, which include marine reptiles (i.e. turtles, snakes, and crocodiles), seabirds and marine mammals (i.e. cetaceans, sirenia, pinniped, otters), are distributed throughout the world occupying habitats ranging from the coast to the open sea ( Favilla and Costa, 2020 ). Throughout history, humans have been captivated by the awe-inspiring presence of air-breathing marine animals, drawing inspiration from their majestic presence and enigmatic behaviors. These animals play essential roles as keystone species, influencing ecosystem structure and function ( Rhodes-Reese et al., 2021 ). In general, air-breathing marine animals share certain traits, such as being long-lived, some with late maturation and low reproductive rates, so their populations are heavily affected by anthropic sources of mortality. There are many anthropogenic threats to these animals, but climate change rises as a source of primary concern for the sustainability of their populations (in this Research Topic Gálvez et al. ; Hastings et al. ). Recognizing the importance of understanding the biology, ecology, and conservation challenges of air-breathing marine animals, we are proud to present this Research Topic dedicated to this crucial subject. The Research Topic assembled here address aspects of the biology and ecology of the green sea turtle (1), cetaceans (4), and pinniped (3).

Two of the most important topics in this Research Topic are the effect of marine heatwaves, and the study of isotopic niches. The effect of the marine heatwave during 2015-2016 on the mortality in the Guadalupe fur seal Arctocephalus townsendi , and Steller sea lion ( Eumetopias jubatus ) from Gulf of Alaska, are investigated by Gálvez et al. , and Hastings et al. , respectively. Fernandes et al. investigated the differential isotopic niches of green turtles in Brazil highlighted the importance of considering oceanographic characteristics to understand different behavior at different life stages, while Plint et al. found evidence of competition for resources from overlapping populations of different dolphin species, driven by climate change in the Northeast Atlantic.

Measurements of body volume and mass are essential for assessing marine mammal health status, energy capacity, metabolic expenditure, thermoregulatory demands, diving response, on-board oxygen storage and swimming cost. Zhang et al. explore the utility of 3D modeling techniques for estimating body volume in marine mammals, using finless porpoises ( Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri ) as a model species. Through direct measurements and 3D modeling validation, the researchers demonstrate the accuracy of Blender-generated models ( Blender Online Community, 2016 ) in estimating body volume compared to conventional methods. Their study highlights the potential of 3D modeling as a tool for non-invasive morphometric analysis in marine mammal research and conservation.

The study by Dönmez et al. delves into the molecular adaptations of harbor porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena ) in response to parasitic infestations in their respiratory tract. By employing transcriptome RNA sequencing, the researchers identified elevated responses to oxidative stress in the muscles of parasitized porpoises, suggesting a potential compensatory mechanism to mitigate the effects of enhanced reactive oxygen species production. These findings provide valuable insights into the physiological responses of marine mammals to parasitic infections and highlight the importance of understanding molecular adaptations in the face of anthropogenic stressors.

Athayde et al. contribute to our understanding of killer whale ( Orcinus orca ) ecology off the Brazilian coast, providing new insights into their movements, feeding habits, and social behavior. Through long-term observational data, the researchers document the presence of killer whales along the Brazilian coastline and characterize their group dynamics and feeding preferences. These findings enhance our knowledge of killer whale ecology in tropical and subtropical waters and underscore the importance of continued monitoring efforts to inform conservation strategies.

Kydyrmanov et al. conduct a comprehensive screening of pathogens in wild Caspian seals ( Pusa caspica ), providing valuable insights into disease prevalence and potential threats to population health. Through molecular and serological assays, the researchers identify evidence of infection by various pathogens, including Canine Distemper Virus, Phocine herpes virus, and Influenza A. Their findings underscore the importance of disease surveillance in marine mammal populations and highlight the need for proactive conservation measures to protect vulnerable species like the Caspian seal.

In conclusion, the articles presented in this Research Topic offer valuable insights into the biology, ecology, and conservation of air-breathing marine animals. By advancing our understanding of these fascinating creatures and the threats they face, we can better inform conservation efforts and work towards safeguarding their future in our oceans. We hope that this Research Topic serves as a catalyst for continued research and collaboration in the field of marine science, ultimately leading to more effective conservation strategies and a brighter future for marine biodiversity.

I extend my gratitude to the authors, and reviewers whose contributions have made this Research Topic possible. Through continued research and conservation efforts, we can safeguard the future of air-breathing marine animals and the ecosystems they inhabit.

Author contributions

JB: Writing – original draft.

Conflict of interest

The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Blender Online Community (2016). Blender- a 3D Modelling and Rendering Package (Amsterdam: Blender Foundation).

Google Scholar

Favilla A. B., Costa D. P. (2020). Thermoregulatory Strategies of Diving Air-Breathing Marine Vertebrates: A Review. Front. Ecol. Evol. 8. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2020.555509

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rhodes-Reese M., Clay D., Cunningham C., Moriles-Miller J., Reese C., Roman J., et al. (2021). Examining the Role of Marine Mammals and Seabirds in Southeast Alaska’s Marine Ecosystem Dynamics. Front. Mar. Sci. 8. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.720277

Keywords: marine mammal, seal, sea turtle, Cetacea, heatwave

Citation: Báez JC (2024) Editorial: Biology and ecology of marine air-breathing animals: challenges for their conservation. Front. Mar. Sci. 11:1388682. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1388682

Received: 20 February 2024; Accepted: 04 March 2024; Published: 08 March 2024.

Edited and Reviewed by:

Copyright © 2024 Báez. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Jose Carlos Báez, [email protected]

This article is part of the Research Topic

Biology and Ecology of Marine Air-Breathing Animals: Challenges for their Conservation

MARINE LIFE

Aug 01, 2014

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MARINE LIFE. START HERE FOR EXAM V. Environmental Zones Fig. 12.21 p 363. Epipalagic Zone - plankton - jelly fish - Bathyoalagic - fish with bioluminescent organs Nekton - most fish - mammals Intertidal Zone - cyanobacteria - crustations - mollusk - flat fish Hadal - bacteria.

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• soft sediment zone
• marine organisms
• molecular diffusion
• biological provinces

Presentation Transcript

MARINE LIFE START HERE FOR EXAM V

Environmental Zones Fig. 12.21 p 363 • Epipalagic Zone - plankton - jelly fish - • Bathyoalagic - fish with bioluminescent organs • Nekton - most fish - mammals • Intertidal Zone - cyanobacteria - crustations - mollusk - flat fish • Hadal - bacteria

Animals along the shore • Rocky shore Fig 15.2 p 440- 441 • Inter-tidal zonation • Plants Fig 15.14 p 449 (book) S&A 185 &186 • Tide pool • Soft sediment Fig 15.8 p 445

Life in the ocean • Living conditions in the open ocean • Three dimensional world • Largest space for life on Earth • Oceanic life styles (three) • Drifting (planktonic or pelagic) • Swimming (nektonic) • Attached (benthic)

Sea water density (1.025 g/cc) greater than air (0.0012) therefore able to support the plants/animals, so heavy skeleton is not needed • Distributions controlled by ocean conditions • Most marine organisms are cold blooded – warm water increases metabolism, cold water decreases metabolism

Effect of sinking • drag - resistance to sinking (your hand out of the car window) • density of organism • body morphology - appendages • Fig 12.9 p 355 T 115 • a. warm water b. cold water • fat in tissues • warm water less dense, thus more appendages

Defensive strategies • small size - include bacteria • transparency - difficult for predators to see • schooling - safety in numbers - confuse predators • vertical migration - stay in darker water at day, and move to top at night to feed - some may migrate several hundred meters daily

Defensive strategies cont. • color - blue on top - red further down (red light is absorbed by water) - gray or black in deepest oceans • counter shading - darker on top, lighter on bottom Fig. 12.19 p 378 (book) S&A 152 • change size by adding water - makes organism look bigger than it is (puffer fish) • spines - harder to swallow (rock fish) • See next slides

Pigment cells, camouflage

PLANKTONIC LIFE Phytoplankton

Food source for most marine organisms • Fig 12.3 p 350T 118 • Classified by size • nannooplankton - < 50 micrometers coastal- and open- equatorial waters • bacterioplankton (ultraplankton) < 0.005 mm in diameter

microphytoplankton 0.07 - 1 mm • macroplankton (large floating organisms) - large standing crop at higher latitudes

DiatomsFig 12.11 p 356 (book) • diatoms -> smaller with each split of shells - eventually so small that it looses shells and grows to larger size then divide to -> two daughter cells

Rock Snot Invasive algae • Didymosphenia geminata • River bed covered by Didymo

Dinoflagellates - second in abundance after diatoms Fig 13.9 c, d p 381(book) • nutrients in low concentrations taken up by molecular diffusion • favors microscopic organisms • have a flagellum

Dinoflagellates

Nannoplankton and bacteria • widespread in open ocean • dominant producers in open ocean 90% of standing crop • coccolithophores Fig 4.8 a p 109 & Fig 13.9 b p381 (book) • silicoflagellates p 115 • Using the next slide find the names of the organisms from Fig 4.8

Coccolithophores & silicoflagellates

Box 13.1 p 382- 383 Read this • Red tides - dinoflagellates • caused by Gonyaulax • plankton blooms that discolor water • often concentrated by physical processes - water run off - fertilizers - top of water column gets more sun - cyanobacteria thrive

PLANKTONIC LIFE ZOOPLANKTON

ZOOPLANKTON • T 118 and Fig 12.3 p 350 • Feed on phytoplankton, usually by filter-feeding • Few can swim and pursue prey • Narrow temperature range (few degrees) • Many are larval forms of benthic organisms

ZOOPLANKTON

Three types of zooplankton • 1. Holoplankton • 2. Meroplankton • 3. Gelatinous plankton

1. Holoplankton • entire life as plankton - dominate in the open ocean • Foraminifera live nearly everywhere in the ocean - porous CaCO3 shells Fig 4.8 c, & d p 109 Fig 14.4 p 407 (book) • Radiolaria entirely pelagic - siliceous skeletons Fig 4.8 d p 109 Fig 14.3 d p 407 S&A 168

ZOOPLANKTON • Crustaeca - most numerous - 70+% of all zooplankton • copepods occur throughout the ocean - among numerous marine herbivores Fig 14.5 a with egg sacs, b mating, d appendages to cling to rocks or other larger zooplankton p 408 T 118 g and h

euphausiids (krill) shrimp like large fishes and whales eat krill - krill eat diatoms Fig 14.6 p 409 S&A 167

Crustaeca cont. • pteropods small - pelagic snails - swim vertically (migrate) hundreds of meters daily without shells (carnivorous), • with shells (herbivores) (carbonate shells - form pteropode ooze)

2. Meroplankton • S&A 171 • larval forms of (bottom dwelling) benthic animals -Abundant in coastal waters • 80% of shallow-water benthic organisms in the tropics have planktonic larvae

Meroplankton cont. • Eggs and sperm of benthic animals are discharged to be fertilized in the water • Maturing larvae must find suitable bottom material on which to settle and grow

Meroplanktoncont. • Success of the young fish in a particular year class is affected by environmental factors: 1) temp, 2) currents, 3) nutrition, and 4) perdition • eggs: days--> larvae: weeks--> juveniles: months--> adult (sexual maturity 4 yrs)

3. Gelatinous plankton • nearly transparent organisms - trailing tentacles • Siphonophores Portuguese man-of-war - colonies of individuals that live together and function as one animal - nematocysts - threadlike poisonous stingers that can penetrate human skin Fig 14.7 p 409 (book) S&A 170

Can jellyfish mix the ocean?

Gelatinous plankton cont. • Ctenophores Sea walnuts or comb jellies S&A 169

Gelatinous plankton cont • Tunicates - barrel-shaped animals Fig 12.3 j p 350 T118

Feeding strategies • Herbivores - dominate near the surface – feed on phytoplankton • Carnivores - mid-depths - feed on herbivores - vertically migrating organisms • Omnivores - dominate the deeper parts of the ocean - eat anything that sinks out of the surface zone

Reproductive strategies dependent upon resources and population two strategies: opportunistic and nurturing

Opportunistic • common among planktonic organisms • depends upon abundant resources - food energy goes into producing gametes • can live in a hazardous environment - food for adults and other animals

Opportunistic cont. • mature early • produce many eggs or small forms • short life span • do not care for their young

Nurturing • common among larger animals • resource limited - food energy goes into growth and development • produce few offspring • long-lived • care for their young

Open-ocean biological provinces • Controlled by surface currents • Each province supports distinct group of organisms • Phytoplankton widespread - but patchiness due to physical properties (remember the Baring Sea)

Open-ocean biological provinces cont. • Zooplankton more restricted distributions temperature dependent • Physical properties • Langmuir cells • Western boundary currents with their rings • Up welling

Environmental Zones • Fig. 12.21 Table 15.1 p 455 S&A 158 • Benthic - most species and found at all depths Chapter 15 Fig 15.1 p 438 T 130 • Rocky shore zonation (epifauna) algae, crabs • Vertical and intertidal zonation Fig 15.2 a p 440 • Supraliteral zone (splash zone) • Littoral zone (between high and low tide) • Sublittoral zone (always under water) • Grazers, herbivores, ditritus feeders, filter feeders, predators • Soft sediment zone (infauna) • Soft sediment benthos

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