• More from M-W
  • To save this word, you'll need to log in. Log In

Definition of thesis

Did you know.

In high school, college, or graduate school, students often have to write a thesis on a topic in their major field of study. In many fields, a final thesis is the biggest challenge involved in getting a master's degree, and the same is true for students studying for a Ph.D. (a Ph.D. thesis is often called a dissertation ). But a thesis may also be an idea; so in the course of the paper the student may put forth several theses (notice the plural form) and attempt to prove them.

Examples of thesis in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'thesis.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

in sense 3, Middle English, lowering of the voice, from Late Latin & Greek; Late Latin, from Greek, downbeat, more important part of a foot, literally, act of laying down; in other senses, Latin, from Greek, literally, act of laying down, from tithenai to put, lay down — more at do

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 3a(1)

Dictionary Entries Near thesis

the sins of the fathers are visited upon the children

thesis novel

Cite this Entry

“Thesis.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thesis. Accessed 6 Mar. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of thesis, more from merriam-webster on thesis.

Nglish: Translation of thesis for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of thesis for Arabic Speakers

Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about thesis

Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free!

Play Quordle: Guess all four words in a limited number of tries.  Each of your guesses must be a real 5-letter word.

Can you solve 4 words at once?

Word of the day.

See Definitions and Examples »

Get Word of the Day daily email!

Popular in Grammar & Usage

8 grammar terms you used to know, but forgot, homophones, homographs, and homonyms, your vs. you're: how to use them correctly, every letter is silent, sometimes: a-z list of examples, more commonly mispronounced words, popular in wordplay, the words of the week - mar. 1, 10 scrabble words without any vowels, 12 more bird names that sound like insults (and sometimes are), 8 uncommon words related to love, 9 superb owl words, games & quizzes.

Play Blossom: Solve today's spelling word game by finding as many words as you can using just 7 letters. Longer words score more points.

The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Thesis Statement

Matt Ellis

A thesis statement is a sentence in a paper or essay (in the opening paragraph) that introduces the main topic to the reader. As one of the first things your reader sees, your thesis statement is one of the most important sentences in your entire paper—but also one of the hardest to write! 

In this article, we explain how to write a thesis statement in the best way possible. We look at what to include and the steps to take for writing your own, along with plenty of thesis statement examples to guide you. 

Here’s a tip: Want to make sure your writing shines? Grammarly can check your spelling and save you from grammar and punctuation mistakes. It even proofreads your text, so your work is polished wherever you write.

Your writing, at its best Grammarly helps you communicate confidently Write with Grammarly

What is a thesis statement?

The goal of a thesis statement is to let your reader know what your paper or essay is about. It helps your reader understand the greater context and scope of your topic, plus it lets your readers know what to expect from the rest of the work. 

A secondary benefit of a thesis statement is that it makes it easier to search for papers on a particular topic, especially in the realm of academic writing like research papers and thesis papers (which are sometimes known as dissertations when written for doctoral degrees). For example, if you’re writing a paper of your own, you’ll want to look up other papers to use as evidence and sources . You can simply scan the thesis statements of several papers to see which match your topic and could be worthwhile sources to cite. 

How to write a thesis statement: Basics

Before we get into details, here are the basic steps for how to write a thesis statement: 

  • Develop the best topic to cover in your paper
  • Phrase your topic as a question-and-answer
  • Add some polish

We ’ ll describe each of those steps in more detail below, but we wanted to share a quick guide. Also, we ’ ll provide some thesis statement examples and talk about how to write a thesis statement for different kinds of essays: persuasive, compare-and-contrast, expository, and argumentative essays.

The thesis statement is located at the beginning of a paper, in the opening paragraph, making it an essential way to start an essay . A thesis statement isn’t necessarily the first sentence in an essay; typically you’ll want to hook the reader in an engaging way in the opening sentence before inserting your central idea or argument later in the first paragraph. A thesis statement is often confused with a topic sentence , the first sentence in a paragraph, because they both introduce the central idea of what follows. You can think of thesis statements as the topic sentence of your entire paper.  

What to include in a thesis statement (with examples)

Thesis statements are a necessary part of paper and essay writing , but different formats have different rules and best practices. Below, we break down how to write a thesis statement for the most common types of papers. 

How to write a thesis statement for expository and argumentative essays

Expository and argumentative essays are some of the most common types of academic papers. Because they don’t have a formal abstract like research papers, they rely on their thesis statements to provide an overview of what’s discussed. 

Thesis statements for argumentative and expository essays should use strong and decisive language; don’t be wishy-washy or uncertain. You want to take a stand right in the opening so that your readers understand what your paper is trying to show. 

Moreover, thesis statements for these essays should be specific, with some minor details to hint at the rest of the paper. It’s not enough to merely make your point; you also want to provide some basic evidence or background context to paint a full picture. 

If your paper dives into different subtopics or categories, try to fit them into the thesis statement if you can. You don’t have to get into details here, but it’s nice to mention the different sections at the top so that the reader knows what to expect. 

Thesis statement examples

Despite the taboo, insects make an excellent food source and could stem humanity’s looming food shortage, based on both their protein output and the sustainability of farming them. 

The backlash to rock ’n’ roll music in the ’50s by religious groups and traditionalists actually boosted the genre’s popularity instead of diminishing it as intended.

How to write a thesis statement for persuasive essays

Similar to argumentative essays, persuasive essays follow many of the same guidelines for their thesis statements: decisive language, specific details, and mentions of subtopics. 

However, the main difference is that, while the thesis statements for argumentative and expository essays state facts, the thesis statements for persuasive essays state clear opinions . Still, the format is the same, and the opinions are often treated like facts, including conclusive language and citing evidence to support your claims. 

Furthermore, unlike with other essays, it’s appropriate to make emotional connections in a thesis statement in persuasive essays. This can actually be a clever strategy to start your essay off on a more personal, impactful note. 

Advertising should not be allowed in public schools because it’s a distraction from studies and may lead to misguided priorities among the school board, to say nothing of the materialist culture it promotes. 

Exotic pets provide the same love and companionship as conventional pets, so the laws regulating which animals can and cannot be kept as pets should be more relaxed.

How to write a thesis statement for compare-and-contrast essays

Thesis statements for compare-and-contrast essays are tricky because you have at least two topics to touch on instead of just one. The same general guidelines apply (decisive language, details, etc.), but you need to give equal attention to both your topics—otherwise, your essay will seem biased from the start. 

As always, your thesis statement should reflect what’s written in the rest of your essay. If your essay spends more time comparing than contrasting, your thesis statement should focus more on similarities than differences. 

It sometimes helps to give specific examples as well, but keep them simple and brief. Save the finer details for the body of your essay. 

Sean Connery and Daniel Craig are the two most popular actors to portray James Bond, but both have their own distinct and at times contradictory interpretations of the character. 

How to write a thesis statement in 3 steps

Now that you know what you’re aiming for, it’s time to sit down and write your own thesis statement. To keep you on track, here are three easy steps to guide you. 

1 Brainstorm the best topic for your essay

You can’t write a thesis statement until you know what your paper is about, so your first step is choosing a topic. 

If the topic is already assigned, great ! That’s all for this step. If not, consider the tips below for choosing the topic that’s best for you:

  • Pick a topic that you’re passionate about. Even if you don’t know much about it, it’ll be easier to learn about it while writing if you’re genuinely interested. 
  • Narrow down your topic to something specific; otherwise, your paper will be too broad and perhaps too long. Just make sure it’s not too specific, or you won’t have enough to write about. Try to find a happy medium. 
  • Check beforehand that there are enough strong, credible sources to use for research. You don’t want to run out of referential material halfway through. 

Once you’ve chosen a topic—and the angle or stance you want to take—then it’s time to put the idea for your thesis sentence into words. 

2 Phrase your topic as a question and then answer it

It’s not always easy to fit your entire thesis into just one sentence, let alone one that’s written clearly and eloquently. Here’s a quick technique to help you get started. 

First, phrase your topic as a question. For example, if you want to write about Mahatma Gandhi’s legacy, ask yourself, “What influences did Gandhi have on society after his death?” 

If you already know the answer, write it down—that’s a good start for your thesis statement. If you don’t know the answer, do some preliminary research to find out; you can certainly use what you discover as evidence and sources in your essay’s body paragraphs . 

3 Add some polish

Chances are, your first attempt at a thesis statement won’t be perfect. To get it to its best, try revising , editing , and adding what’s missing. 

Remember the core traits for thesis statements we mentioned above: decisive language, a happy medium of specific but not too specific details, and mention of subtopics. If you’re struggling to contain everything in a single sentence, feel free to move the secondary information to the following sentence. The thesis statement itself should only have what’s most necessary. 

If you’re in doubt, read your thesis statement to a friend and ask them what they think your paper is about. If they answer correctly, your thesis statement does its job. 

Next comes the hard part—writing the rest! While the bulk of the writing lies ahead, at least you’ve nailed down your central idea. To plot out your supporting argument, follow our advice on essay structure and let your ideas flow. 

definition of thesis statement noun

Go to the homepage

Definition of 'thesis'

IPA Pronunciation Guide

Video: pronunciation of thesis

Youtube video

thesis in American English

Thesis in british english, examples of 'thesis' in a sentence thesis, related word partners thesis, trends of thesis.

View usage over: Since Exist Last 10 years Last 50 years Last 100 years Last 300 years

In other languages thesis

  • American English : thesis / ˈθisɪs /
  • Brazilian Portuguese : tese
  • Chinese : 论点
  • European Spanish : tesis
  • French : thèse
  • German : These
  • Italian : tesi
  • Japanese : 主張
  • Korean : 논지
  • European Portuguese : tese
  • Spanish : tesis
  • Thai : ข้อสมมุติ, ข้อวินิจฉัย

Browse alphabetically thesis

  • thesis play
  • thesmothete
  • All ENGLISH words that begin with 'T'

Related terms of thesis

  • academic thesis
  • central thesis
  • doctoral thesis
  • View more related words

Quick word challenge

Quiz Review

Score: 0 / 5

Image

Wordle Helper

Tile

Scrabble Tools

Image

  • Literary Terms
  • Definition & Examples
  • When & How to Write a Thesis

I. What is a Thesis?

The thesis (pronounced thee -seez), also known as a thesis statement, is the sentence that introduces the main argument or point of view of a composition (formal essay, nonfiction piece, or narrative). It is the main claim that the author is making about that topic and serves to summarize and introduce that writing that will be discussed throughout the entire piece. For this reason, the thesis is typically found within the first introduction paragraph.

II. Examples of Theses

Here are a few examples of theses which may be found in the introductions of a variety of essays :

In “The Mending Wall,” Robert Frost uses imagery, metaphor, and dialogue to argue against the use of fences between neighbors.

In this example, the thesis introduces the main subject (Frost’s poem “The Mending Wall”), aspects of the subject which will be examined (imagery, metaphor, and dialogue) and the writer’s argument (fences should not be used).

While Facebook connects some, overall, the social networking site is negative in that it isolates users, causes jealousy, and becomes an addiction.

This thesis introduces an argumentative essay which argues against the use of Facebook due to three of its negative effects.

During the college application process, I discovered my willingness to work hard to achieve my dreams and just what those dreams were.

In this more personal example, the thesis statement introduces a narrative essay which will focus on personal development in realizing one’s goals and how to achieve them.

III. The Importance of Using a Thesis

Theses are absolutely necessary components in essays because they introduce what an essay will be about. Without a thesis, the essay lacks clear organization and direction. Theses allow writers to organize their ideas by clearly stating them, and they allow readers to be aware from the beginning of a composition’s subject, argument, and course. Thesis statements must precisely express an argument within the introductory paragraph of the piece in order to guide the reader from the very beginning.

IV. Examples of Theses in Literature

For examples of theses in literature, consider these thesis statements from essays about topics in literature:

In William Shakespeare’s “ Sonnet 46,” both physicality and emotion together form powerful romantic love.

This thesis statement clearly states the work and its author as well as the main argument: physicality and emotion create romantic love.

In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne symbolically shows Hester Prynne’s developing identity through the use of the letter A: she moves from adulteress to able community member to angel.

In this example, the work and author are introduced as well as the main argument and supporting points: Prynne’s identity is shown through the letter A in three ways: adulteress, able community member, and angel.

John Keats’ poem “To Autumn” utilizes rhythm, rhyme, and imagery to examine autumn’s simultaneous birth and decay.

This thesis statement introduces the poem and its author along with an argument about the nature of autumn. This argument will be supported by an examination of rhythm, rhyme, and imagery.

V. Examples of Theses in Pop Culture

Sometimes, pop culture attempts to make arguments similar to those of research papers and essays. Here are a few examples of theses in pop culture:

FOOD INC TEASER TRAILER - "More than a terrific movie -- it's an important movie." - Ent Weekly

America’s food industry is making a killing and it’s making us sick, but you have the power to turn the tables.

The documentary Food Inc. examines this thesis with evidence throughout the film including video evidence, interviews with experts, and scientific research.

Blackfish Official Trailer #1 (2013) - Documentary Movie HD

Orca whales should not be kept in captivity, as it is psychologically traumatizing and has caused them to kill their own trainers.

Blackfish uses footage, interviews, and history to argue for the thesis that orca whales should not be held in captivity.

VI. Related Terms

Just as a thesis is introduced in the beginning of a composition, the hypothesis is considered a starting point as well. Whereas a thesis introduces the main point of an essay, the hypothesis introduces a proposed explanation which is being investigated through scientific or mathematical research. Thesis statements present arguments based on evidence which is presented throughout the paper, whereas hypotheses are being tested by scientists and mathematicians who may disprove or prove them through experimentation. Here is an example of a hypothesis versus a thesis:

Hypothesis:

Students skip school more often as summer vacation approaches.

This hypothesis could be tested by examining attendance records and interviewing students. It may or may not be true.

Students skip school due to sickness, boredom with classes, and the urge to rebel.

This thesis presents an argument which will be examined and supported in the paper with detailed evidence and research.

Introduction

A paper’s introduction is its first paragraph which is used to introduce the paper’s main aim and points used to support that aim throughout the paper. The thesis statement is the most important part of the introduction which states all of this information in one concise statement. Typically, introduction paragraphs require a thesis statement which ties together the entire introduction and introduces the rest of the paper.

VII. Conclusion

Theses are necessary components of well-organized and convincing essays, nonfiction pieces, narratives , and documentaries. They allow writers to organize and support arguments to be developed throughout a composition, and they allow readers to understand from the beginning what the aim of the composition is.

List of Terms

  • Alliteration
  • Amplification
  • Anachronism
  • Anthropomorphism
  • Antonomasia
  • APA Citation
  • Aposiopesis
  • Autobiography
  • Bildungsroman
  • Characterization
  • Circumlocution
  • Cliffhanger
  • Comic Relief
  • Connotation
  • Deus ex machina
  • Deuteragonist
  • Doppelganger
  • Double Entendre
  • Dramatic irony
  • Equivocation
  • Extended Metaphor
  • Figures of Speech
  • Flash-forward
  • Foreshadowing
  • Intertextuality
  • Juxtaposition
  • Literary Device
  • Malapropism
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Parallelism
  • Pathetic Fallacy
  • Personification
  • Point of View
  • Polysyndeton
  • Protagonist
  • Red Herring
  • Rhetorical Device
  • Rhetorical Question
  • Science Fiction
  • Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
  • Synesthesia
  • Turning Point
  • Understatement
  • Urban Legend
  • Verisimilitude
  • Essay Guide
  • Cite This Website
  • Resources Home 🏠
  • Try SciSpace Copilot
  • Search research papers
  • Add Copilot Extension
  • Try AI Detector
  • Try Paraphraser
  • Try Citation Generator
  • April Papers
  • June Papers
  • July Papers

SciSpace Resources

Everything You Need to Know About Thesis Statement

Deeptanshu D

Table of Contents

Thesis-Statement

Persuasion is a skill that every human leverages to achieve their goals. For example, you persuade your friends to join you on some trip, your parents to purchase you an automobile, and your committee or audience to provide you approval for your research proposal.

Likewise, every scholarly task is aimed to persuade your readers or audience for certain goals. And the end goal is to incline the readers towards your perspective (facts and evidence-based). So, the act of convincing readers of your viewpoints via research work is often termed academic argument, and it follows a predetermined pattern of guidelines-based writing. After providing a comprehensive introduction to the research topic, you are supposed to state your perspective on the topic in a sentence or two, known as Thesis Statement . It summarizes the argument you will make throughout the paper.

Also, the Thesis Statement often serves as an answer to your research question. Thus, the thesis statement is a must for every research paper and scholarly work.

What is Thesis Statement?

what-is-thesis-statement

A Thesis Statement:

  • Describes how you interpret the subject matter's cause, significance, and results.
  • Is a guideline for the paper. In other words, it provides an understanding of the research topic.
  • Directly answers the question you are asked. The thesis is not the question itself but an interpretation of it. For example, a thesis can be about World War II, and it should also provide a way to understand the war.
  • Claims that other people might disagree with.
  • Is a single sentence at the beginning of your paper or near the end of the first para (where you present your argument to the reader). The body of the essay is the rest of the paper. It gathers and organizes evidence to support your argument.

A thesis statement should be concise and easily understandable. Use it as a magnet to attract your readers to keep them reading your paper till the end.

What is the purpose or the goal of the thesis statement?

The real purpose of the thesis statement is:

  • To establish a gateway through which your readers can make an entrance into your research paper.
  • To bring the entire research paper together to an epicenter of various arguments provided throughout the paper.

Simply put, the goal of writing a strong thesis statement is to make your research paper appear interesting enough for the readers to understand it and prove your arguments right completely.

Additionally, the goal of the thesis statement varies from the kind of research you are presenting. If your thesis provides some claims, justifications, or study, you should present an argumentative thesis statement . However, if your thesis is based on analysis, interpretation, demonstration of cause and effect, comparisons, and contrast, you should develop a persuasive thesis statement.

What is the length of an Ideal Thesis Statement?

You should write your thesis statement in 1-2 sentences. Ideally, it should not be more than 50 words in total.

Also, you should try inserting the thesis statement at the end of the topic introduction or just before the background information.

While writing your thesis statement, be mindful that a thesis statement is never meant to be factual. Your thesis statement is one of the most important elements of your thesis that will help your audience understand what you discuss throughout your paper. So, ensure that your thesis statement must appear like an arguable statement, not a factual one.

Many early researchers or young scholars choose to write factual statements as thesis statements as they are easy to prove. However, resorting to factual statements instead of arguable ones will overshadow your analytical and critical thinking skills, which readers anticipate in your paper.

How to Start a Thesis Statement?

how-to-start-a-thesis-statement

The thesis statement is an outline of your research topic in one sentence. Therefore, you must write it in a concise and catchy style. So, here are a few quick tips that help you understand how to start a thesis statement for a research paper:

Discover Your Research Question

Once the subject matter is finalized for writing a research paper, the next requirement is to figure out the research question. While formulating your research question, make sure that it shows the gaps in the current field of study and should serve as a primary interrogation point for your research.

Figure out the answer and develop your argument

Carry out intensive research to determine the perfect answer for your research question. Your answer should further guide you to structure your entire research paper and its content flow.

For example, if you write an argumentative paper, craft your opinion and create an argument. Then, develop your claim against the topics you want to cover and justify it through various data & facts.

Establish back-up for your Answer with Evidence

The more you research, the more you will learn about the variations in the research answer that you were trying to formulate. Similarly, with various sources and newer evidence coming up, you should be able to make an answer that should stand coherently, correctly, relevant, and justified enough. The answer should enhance the reader’s understanding of your paper from beginning to end.

How to determine if my thesis statement is strong?

find-the-right-thesis-Statement

Make a self-evaluation of your thesis statement and check if it stands the following interrogation:

  • Does it answer the question?

Re-read to understand the question prompt to ensure that your answer or the thesis statement itself doesn't skip the focus of the question. Try rephrasing it if you feel that the question prompt is not structured or appropriately discussed.

  • Does my thesis statement appear like an argument (for or against)?

Suppose you have chosen to present the facts and rationality behind it in the best way possible and assume that no one would or could ever disagree with it. It indicates that you've presented a summary instead of presenting an argument. So, always pick an opinion from the topic and justify your arguments backed with various evidence.

  • Is the Thesis Statement explicit and specific?

It may lack a strong argument if you have written a very general statement or vaguely crafted a thesis statement. Your audience will figure it out instantly.

Therefore, if you have used words like “good’’ or “bad,” try to put it more specifically by answering and figuring out “Why something is good”? Or ''What makes something good or bad”?

  • Does it clear the “So What” test?

After reading any research paper, the prompt question that pops up from a reader's mind is, "So What?". Now, if your thesis statement urges the reader with such questions, you need to develop a strong argument or relationship that bridges your research topic to a more significant real-world problem.

  • Does it go beyond the “How” and “Why” assessments?

After going through your thesis statement, if the readers come up with questions like "How" and 'Why," it indicates that your statement failed to provide the reader with the critical insights to understand your thesis statement and is too open-ended. So, you must provide your readers with the best statement explaining the introduction's real significance and the impending need for further research.

Thesis Statement Examples

Follow through with some interesting and creative thesis statements to clarify your doubts and better understand the concept.

Example 1: Social Media affects public awareness both positively and negatively

Yeah, it does answer the question. However, the answer is pretty vague and generic as it shows the effects both positively and negatively.

Not accurately. The statement can be argued only with the people having opinions either on positive or the negative aspect. Therefore, it fails to address every section of the audience.

  • Is the Thesis statement specific enough?

Not exactly. This thesis statement doesn't provide any details on positive and negative impacts.

No, not at all. The thesis statement stated above provides no clarifications over how the positive or negative impacts build up or the factors that build up such impacts.

Again, No. It fails to justify why anyone should bother about the impacts, be it positive or negative.

A stronger and alternate version for the above thesis statement can be:

Since not every piece of information provided on social media is credible and reliable enough, users have become avid consumers of critical information and, therefore, more informed.

Even though the above thesis statement is lengthy, it answers every question and provides details over cause, effect, and critical aspects that readers can easily challenge.

Example 2: Analytical Thesis Statement

  • Water is extremely important for human survival, but consuming contaminated water poses many health risks.
  • The hibernation period is one of the most important periods in animals for healthy well-being. Still, it renders them in a state of weakness and exposed to external and environmental threats.

Example 3: Argumentative Thesis Statement

  • At the end of the nineteenth century, French women lawyers experienced misogynist attacks from male lawyers when they attempted to enter the legal profession because male lawyers wanted to keep women out of judgeships.
  • High levels of alcohol consumption have detrimental effects on your health, such as weight gain, heart disease, and liver complications.

Tips for writing a Strong Thesis Statement

tips-to-write-a-strong-Thesis-Statement

A strong thesis statement is the foremost requirement of academic writing, and it holds greater importance when written for research papers. However, it becomes more crucial when you want your readers to get convinced of your opinions or perspective of the subject matter.

Below are some pro-tips that can help you crack the code of how to write a strong thesis statement, especially for research papers, thesis, and dissertations:

Keep it specific

Readers often get disappointed and confused when you present a weak argument based on a generic thesis statement. To develop a strong thesis statement, focus on one key aspect and develop it further.

Keep it simple and clear

The essence of your entire research paper is dependent on your thesis statement. Also, a strong thesis statement stays hinged over the clarity it provides. Therefore, don't disrupt the meaning or clarity of your research paper by using some jargonish words or complexing it by combining different concepts.

Ingrain your opinions

Your thesis statement should explicitly display your opinion or position for the subject matter under discussion. Your reader wants to understand your position in detail and the factors you will justify with evidence and facts.

Make it unique and Original

Your audience or the readers have gone through the subject matter several times in their careers. Hence, you must present your thesis statement in a unique and completely original form. Never use generic statements; grow some risk-taking capability and surprise your readers.

Keep it Concise and Coherent

Your thesis statement can be considered good only if it is concise yet informational. Don’t make it wordy in any case, and never go beyond more than 50 words.

Additionally, your research paper will discuss many aspects of a topic. Still, in the end, every single aspect should come together to form a coherent whole, addressing, explaining, and justifying the research question.

Conclusion: How to write a Thesis Statement?

A strong thesis statement is the one of the most important elements of your research paper. The thesis statement always serves as a pillar that carries the entire load of a research paper and it’s several sections.

Whether your research paper is worthy of your audience time or not, entirely hinges upon your thesis statement. A thesis statement always depicts the plan for the research but a good thesis statement reflects your opinions, viewpoints and of course the trajectory that it sets for the entire paper.

So, always try to write a good thesis statement by carefully following its structure, about which we have already discussed.

Before you go: In view of your interest in simplifying research workflows, we suggest you take a look at SciSpace . In a single portal, you can complete all your research writing tasks, including literature searches.

Scispace products for publisher, writers & discover literature

SciSpace provides researchers, universities, and publishers with all the tools they need. Our comprehensive research repository features more than 200 million research papers from multiple disciplines with SEO-optimized abstracts, a publicly visible profile to highlight your expertise, a specially-built collaborative text editor, 20,000+ journal templates, and more.

SciSpace discover features

Hope the article has explained everything that you needed to know about the thesis statement. In case you have any questions or doubts, join our SciSpace (Formerly Typeset) community platform and put your questions there. We will make sure that you get your answers at the earliest.

You might also like

Consensus GPT vs. SciSpace GPT: Choose the Best GPT for Research

Consensus GPT vs. SciSpace GPT: Choose the Best GPT for Research

Sumalatha G

Literature Review and Theoretical Framework: Understanding the Differences

Nikhil Seethi

Types of Essays in Academic Writing

This IP Address is Blocked

Cambridge Dictionary

  • Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Meaning of thesis in English

Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio

  • I wrote my thesis on literacy strategies for boys .
  • Her main thesis is that children need a lot of verbal stimulation .
  • boilerplate
  • composition
  • dissertation
  • essay question
  • peer review

You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics:

thesis | Intermediate English

Examples of thesis, collocations with thesis.

These are words often used in combination with thesis .

Click on a collocation to see more examples of it.

Translations of thesis

Get a quick, free translation!

{{randomImageQuizHook.quizId}}

Word of the Day

a person who only eats food produced or prepared in a way that does not harm the environment

World-famous and newfound fame (Collocations of ‘famous’ and ‘fame’)

World-famous and newfound fame (Collocations of ‘famous’ and ‘fame’)

definition of thesis statement noun

Learn more with +Plus

  • Recent and Recommended {{#preferredDictionaries}} {{name}} {{/preferredDictionaries}}
  • Definitions Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English English Learner’s Dictionary Essential British English Essential American English
  • Grammar and thesaurus Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English Grammar Thesaurus
  • Pronunciation British and American pronunciations with audio English Pronunciation
  • English–Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Simplified)–English
  • English–Chinese (Traditional) Chinese (Traditional)–English
  • English–Dutch Dutch–English
  • English–French French–English
  • English–German German–English
  • English–Indonesian Indonesian–English
  • English–Italian Italian–English
  • English–Japanese Japanese–English
  • English–Norwegian Norwegian–English
  • English–Polish Polish–English
  • English–Portuguese Portuguese–English
  • English–Spanish Spanish–English
  • English–Swedish Swedish–English
  • Dictionary +Plus Word Lists
  • English    Noun
  • Intermediate    Noun
  • Collocations
  • Translations
  • All translations

Add thesis to one of your lists below, or create a new one.

{{message}}

Something went wrong.

There was a problem sending your report.

  • Dictionaries home
  • American English
  • Collocations
  • German-English
  • Grammar home
  • Practical English Usage
  • Learn & Practise Grammar (Beta)
  • Word Lists home
  • My Word Lists
  • Recent additions
  • Resources home
  • Text Checker

Definition of thesis noun from the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary

Questions about grammar and vocabulary?

Find the answers with Practical English Usage online, your indispensable guide to problems in English.

  • formulate/advance a theory/hypothesis
  • build/construct/create/develop a simple/theoretical/mathematical model
  • develop/establish/provide/use a theoretical/conceptual framework/an algorithm
  • advance/argue/develop the thesis that…
  • explore an idea/a concept/a hypothesis
  • make a prediction/an inference
  • base a prediction/your calculations on something
  • investigate/evaluate/accept/challenge/reject a theory/hypothesis/model
  • design an experiment/a questionnaire/a study/a test
  • do research/an experiment/an analysis
  • make observations/calculations
  • take/record measurements
  • carry out/conduct/perform an experiment/a test/a longitudinal study/observations/clinical trials
  • run an experiment/a simulation/clinical trials
  • repeat an experiment/a test/an analysis
  • replicate a study/the results/the findings
  • observe/study/examine/investigate/assess a pattern/a process/a behavior
  • fund/support the research/project/study
  • seek/provide/get/secure funding for research
  • collect/gather/extract data/information
  • yield data/evidence/similar findings/the same results
  • analyze/examine the data/soil samples/a specimen
  • consider/compare/interpret the results/findings
  • fit the data/model
  • confirm/support/verify a prediction/a hypothesis/the results/the findings
  • prove a conjecture/hypothesis/theorem
  • draw/make/reach the same conclusions
  • read/review the records/literature
  • describe/report an experiment/a study
  • present/publish/summarize the results/findings
  • present/publish/read/review/cite a paper in a scientific journal

Nearby words

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

  • Knowledge Base
  • Nouns and pronouns
  • What Is a Pronoun? | Definition, Types & Examples

What Is a Pronoun? | Definition, Types & Examples

Published on October 17, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on March 2, 2023.

A pronoun is a word that stands in for a noun , often to avoid the need to repeat the same noun over and over. Like nouns, pronouns can refer to people, things, concepts, and places. Most sentences contain at least one noun or pronoun.

People tend to use “pronouns” to mean personal pronouns specifically, but there are many other kinds of pronouns that are just as important to English grammar. The words highlighted in bold below are all pronouns.

It might rain tomorrow, but there isn’t much we can do about that .

These are the days that I like best.

Table of contents

How are pronouns used in sentences, pronouns vs. nouns, pronouns vs. determiners, personal pronouns (first-, second-, and third-person).

  • Demonstrative pronouns
  • Interrogative pronouns
  • Relative pronouns
  • Indefinite pronouns
  • Reciprocal pronouns
  • Dummy pronouns (expletives)

Other interesting language articles

Frequently asked questions.

The main function of pronouns is to replace nouns. Because of this, they are used in sentences in similar ways to nouns.

Like nouns, pronouns commonly serve as the subject of a sentence, followed by a verb (a word expressing an action).

We have never been to Germany before.

A pronoun can also function as the object in a sentence—either a direct or indirect object:

  • The direct object is something or someone that is directly acted upon by the verb.
  • The indirect object is someone or something that receives the direct object.

Can you promise her this ? Note A noun phrase is a noun or pronoun in combination with any determiners applied to it. Despite the name, noun phrases can just as well consist of pronouns as of nouns.

Pronoun antecedents

The antecedent of a pronoun is the noun that it refers back to. It’s usually mentioned in the text before the pronoun, but sometimes it comes just after it in a sentence. The antecedent may also be something the person you’re speaking to said. Pronoun-antecedent agreement means ensuring that the pronoun you use matches its antecedent in number, person, and gender.

As they debated the point, the students became increasingly animated.

Person A: What do you think of Julian ?

When you use any type of pronoun, it’s important to ensure that the antecedent is clear and unambiguous. If there is any ambiguity, use the noun instead. For example, below, “it” would be unclear, as it could refer to either the interview or the test.

  • After the interview and the written test were completed, it was checked for incomplete answers.
  • After the interview and the written test were completed, the test was checked for incomplete answers.

Check for common mistakes

Use the best grammar checker available to check for common mistakes in your text.

Fix mistakes for free

While pronouns constitute a relatively small class of words that tends not to change over time, nouns are a much broader class that is constantly expanding. Like pronouns, nouns refer to things, people, places, and concepts, but they do so with much greater specificity.

Like pronouns, nouns can function as the head of a noun phrase and as the object or subject of a verb . A complete sentence may consist of just a noun and a verb (“Jeremy spoke.”), just as it could of a pronoun and a verb (“He spoke.”).

Unlike pronouns, nouns are fixed in form—they don’t change spellings depending on their grammatical role in a sentence. For example, while the third-person masculine pronoun “he” becomes “him” when used as an object, the noun “man” doesn’t change.

Many pronouns are closely related to determiners, being spelled similarly (or identically) and expressing related meanings. For example, possessive pronouns like “yours” are closely related to possessive determiners like “your”; and demonstrative pronouns like “that” are identical to the demonstrative determiners.

The grammatical distinction between the two is that pronouns stand on their own as the subject or object of a verb, whereas determiners are only used to modify nouns, not acting as subjects or objects in their own right.

Personal pronouns are words like “he” that refer to yourself, the person you’re addressing, or other people and things. They usually refer to an antecedent but may occur without one when the reference is self-evident (e.g., “I” always refers to the person saying or writing it).

Personal pronouns can change their form based on:

  • Person ( first- , second- , or third-person )
  • Number (singular or plural)
  • Gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, or epicene)
  • Case ( subject , object , possessive , or reflexive / intensive )

The impersonal pronoun “one” is used in general statements about no particular person. It has fewer forms than the personal pronouns but is otherwise used in the same way.

Personal pronouns table

Download this table

The four demonstrative pronouns ( this , that , these , and those ) are used to indicate something previously mentioned or, in conversation, something that is clear from the context. For example, in the sentence “Take this,” “this” has no explicit antecedent, but it would be clear in context that it referred to whatever object you were being given.

The demonstrative pronouns give information about the relative closeness (literal or figurative) of the things they refer to, especially when they’re contrasted with each other:

  • The “near” demonstrative this (singular) or these (plural) indicates something close to you.
  • The “far” demonstrative that (singular) or those (plural) indicates something farther from you.

Interrogative pronouns are used (along with other types of interrogative words) to introduce questions. The interrogative pronouns are:

  • What and which , used to ask questions about things
  • Who and whom , used to ask about people
  • Whose , used to ask about ownership

What were your favorite classes at school?

A relative pronoun is used to introduce a relative clause—a phrase that usually supplies more information about the preceding noun. They have a lot in common with interrogative pronouns. The relative pronouns are:

  • Which(ever) , that , and what(ever) , used in relation to things
  • Who(ever) and whom(ever) , used in relation to people
  • Whose , used to indicate ownership

Relative pronouns are often omitted in practice (e.g., “the book [that] I read”). There’s nothing wrong with doing this as long as it doesn’t create ambiguity.

It doesn’t matter whose it was; it’s ours now!

Indefinite pronouns are words like “somebody” that refer to an unspecified person or thing. Many of them are formed using some combination of some- , any- , every- , or no- with -thing , -one , -where , or -body .

There are also various indefinite pronouns used to describe quantity, such as “little,” “many,” “none,” and “enough.” And there are distributive pronouns like “neither” and “each” that allow you to distinguish between options.

The impersonal pronoun “one” can also be regarded as indefinite.

No one likes him, and he doesn’t like anyone .

Some are born lucky, while others have to work hard for everything they get.

Reciprocal pronouns are used to indicate a reciprocal relationship between two people or things, where the members of a group each perform the same action relative to the other(s). The English reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another .

Some writers claim that “each other” should only be used to refer to groups of two and “one another” to groups of three or more. But this distinction is rejected by most style guides and not borne out in practice; you can use the two interchangeably.

A dummy pronoun (also called an expletive ) is a pronoun that doesn’t have any explicit meaning but is necessary to the sentence structure . Unlike other pronouns, dummy pronouns don’t actually replace a noun.

The two words used as dummy pronouns in English are it and there . Note that both words can also fulfill other grammatical roles. Dummy pronouns are commonly used to talk about the weather, to emphasize certain elements in a sentence, or to introduce the existence of something.

There are thousands of different species of birds in the world.

If you want to know more about nouns , pronouns, verbs , and other parts of speech , make sure to check out some of our other language articles with explanations and examples.

Nouns & pronouns

  • Common nouns
  • Proper nouns
  • Collective nouns
  • Personal pronouns
  • Uncountable and countable nouns
  • Verb tenses
  • Phrasal verbs
  • Types of verbs
  • Active vs passive voice
  • Subject-verb agreement
  • Interjections
  • Determiners
  • Prepositions

The term preferred pronouns is used to mean the (third-person) personal pronouns a person identifies with and would like to be referred to by. People usually state the subject and object pronoun (e.g., “she/her”) but may also include the possessive (e.g., “she/her/hers”).

Most people go by the masculine “he/him,” the feminine “she/her,” the gender-neutral singular “they/them,” or some combination of these. There are also neopronouns used to express nonbinary gender identity, such as “xe/xem.” These are less common than the singular “they.”

The practice of stating one’s preferred pronouns (e.g., in a professional context or on a social media profile) is meant to promote inclusion for transgender and gender-nonconforming people. The first- and second-person pronouns (“I” and “you”) are not included, since they’re the same for everyone.

A pronoun is a word that stands in for a noun. Like nouns, pronouns refer to people, things, concepts, or places. Most sentences contain at least one noun or pronoun.

A pronoun can serve as the subject or object in a sentence, and it will usually refer back (or sometimes forward) to an antecedent—the noun that the pronoun stands in for. Pronouns are used to avoid the need to repeat the same nouns over and over.

Pronouns can be categorized into many types, all of which are very commonly used in English:

  • Subject and object pronouns
  • Possessive pronouns
  • Reflexive pronouns and intensive pronouns
  • Impersonal pronouns

Pronouns are words like “I,” “she,” and “they” that are used in a similar way to nouns . They stand in for a noun that has already been mentioned or refer to yourself and other people.

Pronouns can function just like nouns as the head of a noun phrase and as the subject or object of a verb . However, pronouns change their forms (e.g., from “I” to “me”) depending on the grammatical context they’re used in, whereas nouns usually don’t.

Sources in this article

We strongly encourage students to use sources in their work. You can cite our article (APA Style) or take a deep dive into the articles below.

Caulfield, J. (2023, March 02). What Is a Pronoun? | Definition, Types & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved March 6, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/nouns-and-pronouns/pronouns/
Aarts, B. (2011).  Oxford modern English grammar . Oxford University Press.
Butterfield, J. (Ed.). (2015).  Fowler’s dictionary of modern English usage  (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Garner, B. A. (2016).  Garner’s modern English usage (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Is this article helpful?

Jack Caulfield

Jack Caulfield

Other students also liked, first-person pronouns | list, examples & explanation, what is a determiner | definition, types & examples, what is a proper noun | definition & examples.

action research examples for teachers

logo that says helpful professor with a mortarboard hat picture next to it

21 Action Research Examples (In Education)

action research examples and definition, explained below

Action research is an example of qualitative research . It refers to a wide range of evaluative or investigative methods designed to analyze professional practices and take action for improvement.

Commonly used in education, those practices could be related to instructional methods, classroom practices, or school organizational matters.

The creation of action research is attributed to Kurt Lewin , a German-American psychologist also considered to be the father of social psychology.

Gillis and Jackson (2002) offer a very concise definition of action research: “systematic collection and analysis of data for the purpose of taking action and making change” (p.264).

The methods of action research in education include:

  • conducting in-class observations
  • taking field notes
  • surveying or interviewing teachers, administrators, or parents
  • using audio and video recordings.

The goal is to identify problematic issues, test possible solutions, or simply carry-out continuous improvement.

There are several steps in action research : identify a problem, design a plan to resolve, implement the plan, evaluate effectiveness, reflect on results, make necessary adjustment and repeat the process.

Action Research Examples

  • Digital literacy assessment and training: The school’s IT department conducts a survey on students’ digital literacy skills. Based on the results, a tailored training program is designed for different age groups.
  • Library resources utilization study: The school librarian tracks the frequency and type of books checked out by students. The data is then used to curate a more relevant collection and organize reading programs.
  • Extracurricular activities and student well-being: A team of teachers and counselors assess the impact of extracurricular activities on student mental health through surveys and interviews. Adjustments are made based on findings.
  • Parent-teacher communication channels: The school evaluates the effectiveness of current communication tools (e.g., newsletters, apps) between teachers and parents. Feedback is used to implement a more streamlined system.
  • Homework load evaluation: Teachers across grade levels assess the amount and effectiveness of homework given. Adjustments are made to ensure a balance between academic rigor and student well-being.
  • Classroom environment and learning: A group of teachers collaborates to study the impact of classroom layouts and decorations on student engagement and comprehension. Changes are made based on the findings.
  • Student feedback on curriculum content: High school students are surveyed about the relevance and applicability of their current curriculum. The feedback is then used to make necessary curriculum adjustments.
  • Teacher mentoring and support: New teachers are paired with experienced mentors. Both parties provide feedback on the effectiveness of the mentoring program, leading to continuous improvements.
  • Assessment of school transportation: The school board evaluates the efficiency and safety of school buses through surveys with students and parents. Necessary changes are implemented based on the results.
  • Cultural sensitivity training: After conducting a survey on students’ cultural backgrounds and experiences, the school organizes workshops for teachers to promote a more inclusive classroom environment.
  • Environmental initiatives and student involvement: The school’s eco-club assesses the school’s carbon footprint and waste management. They then collaborate with the administration to implement greener practices and raise environmental awareness.
  • Working with parents through research: A school’s admin staff conduct focus group sessions with parents to identify top concerns.Those concerns will then be addressed and another session conducted at the end of the school year.
  • Peer teaching observations and improvements: Kindergarten teachers observe other teachers handling class transition techniques to share best practices.
  • PTA surveys and resultant action: The PTA of a district conducts a survey of members regarding their satisfaction with remote learning classes.The results will be presented to the school board for further action.
  • Recording and reflecting: A school administrator takes video recordings of playground behavior and then plays them for the teachers. The teachers work together to formulate a list of 10 playground safety guidelines.
  • Pre/post testing of interventions: A school board conducts a district wide evaluation of a STEM program by conducting a pre/post-test of students’ skills in computer programming.
  • Focus groups of practitioners : The professional development needs of teachers are determined from structured focus group sessions with teachers and admin.
  • School lunch research and intervention: A nutrition expert is hired to evaluate and improve the quality of school lunches.
  • School nurse systematic checklist and improvements: The school nurse implements a bathroom cleaning checklist to monitor cleanliness after the results of a recent teacher survey revealed several issues.
  • Wearable technologies for pedagogical improvements; Students wear accelerometers attached to their hips to gain a baseline measure of physical activity.The results will identify if any issues exist.
  • School counselor reflective practice : The school counselor conducts a student survey on antisocial behavior and then plans a series of workshops for both teachers and parents.

Detailed Examples

1. cooperation and leadership.

A science teacher has noticed that her 9 th grade students do not cooperate with each other when doing group projects. There is a lot of arguing and battles over whose ideas will be followed.

So, she decides to implement a simple action research project on the matter. First, she conducts a structured observation of the students’ behavior during meetings. She also has the students respond to a short questionnaire regarding their notions of leadership.

She then designs a two-week course on group dynamics and leadership styles. The course involves learning about leadership concepts and practices . In another element of the short course, students randomly select a leadership style and then engage in a role-play with other students.

At the end of the two weeks, she has the students work on a group project and conducts the same structured observation as before. She also gives the students a slightly different questionnaire on leadership as it relates to the group.

She plans to analyze the results and present the findings at a teachers’ meeting at the end of the term.

2. Professional Development Needs

Two high-school teachers have been selected to participate in a 1-year project in a third-world country. The project goal is to improve the classroom effectiveness of local teachers. 

The two teachers arrive in the country and begin to plan their action research. First, they decide to conduct a survey of teachers in the nearby communities of the school they are assigned to.

The survey will assess their professional development needs by directly asking the teachers and administrators. After collecting the surveys, they analyze the results by grouping the teachers based on subject matter.

They discover that history and social science teachers would like professional development on integrating smartboards into classroom instruction. Math teachers would like to attend workshops on project-based learning, while chemistry teachers feel that they need equipment more than training.

The two teachers then get started on finding the necessary training experts for the workshops and applying for equipment grants for the science teachers.

3. Playground Accidents

The school nurse has noticed a lot of students coming in after having mild accidents on the playground. She’s not sure if this is just her perception or if there really is an unusual increase this year.  So, she starts pulling data from the records over the last two years. She chooses the months carefully and only selects data from the first three months of each school year.

She creates a chart to make the data more easily understood. Sure enough, there seems to have been a dramatic increase in accidents this year compared to the same period of time from the previous two years.

She shows the data to the principal and teachers at the next meeting. They all agree that a field observation of the playground is needed.

Those observations reveal that the kids are not having accidents on the playground equipment as originally suspected. It turns out that the kids are tripping on the new sod that was installed over the summer.

They examine the sod and observe small gaps between the slabs. Each gap is approximately 1.5 inches wide and nearly two inches deep. The kids are tripping on this gap as they run.

They then discuss possible solutions.

4. Differentiated Learning

Trying to use the same content, methods, and processes for all students is a recipe for failure. This is why modifying each lesson to be flexible is highly recommended. Differentiated learning allows the teacher to adjust their teaching strategy based on all the different personalities and learning styles they see in their classroom.

Of course, differentiated learning should undergo the same rigorous assessment that all teaching techniques go through. So, a third-grade social science teacher asks his students to take a simple quiz on the industrial revolution. Then, he applies differentiated learning to the lesson.

By creating several different learning stations in his classroom, he gives his students a chance to learn about the industrial revolution in a way that captures their interests. The different stations contain: short videos, fact cards, PowerPoints, mini-chapters, and role-plays.

At the end of the lesson, students get to choose how they demonstrate their knowledge. They can take a test, construct a PPT, give an oral presentation, or conduct a simulated TV interview with different characters.

During this last phase of the lesson, the teacher is able to assess if they demonstrate the necessary knowledge and have achieved the defined learning outcomes. This analysis will allow him to make further adjustments to future lessons.

5. Healthy Habits Program

While looking at obesity rates of students, the school board of a large city is shocked by the dramatic increase in the weight of their students over the last five years. After consulting with three companies that specialize in student physical health, they offer the companies an opportunity to prove their value.

So, the board randomly assigns each company to a group of schools. Starting in the next academic year, each company will implement their healthy habits program in 5 middle schools.

Preliminary data is collected at each school at the beginning of the school year. Each and every student is weighed, their resting heart rate, blood pressure and cholesterol are also measured.

After analyzing the data, it is found that the schools assigned to each of the three companies are relatively similar on all of these measures.

At the end of the year, data for students at each school will be collected again. A simple comparison of pre- and post-program measurements will be conducted. The company with the best outcomes will be selected to implement their program city-wide.

Action research is a great way to collect data on a specific issue, implement a change, and then evaluate the effects of that change. It is perhaps the most practical of all types of primary research .

Most likely, the results will be mixed. Some aspects of the change were effective, while other elements were not. That’s okay. This just means that additional modifications to the change plan need to be made, which is usually quite easy to do.

There are many methods that can be utilized, such as surveys, field observations , and program evaluations.

The beauty of action research is based in its utility and flexibility. Just about anyone in a school setting is capable of conducting action research and the information can be incredibly useful.

Aronson, E., & Patnoe, S. (1997). The jigsaw classroom: Building cooperation in the classroom (2nd ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman.

Gillis, A., & Jackson, W. (2002). Research Methods for Nurses: Methods and Interpretation . Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.

Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of SocialIssues, 2 (4), 34-46.

Macdonald, C. (2012). Understanding participatory action research: A qualitative research methodology option. Canadian Journal of Action Research, 13 , 34-50. https://doi.org/10.33524/cjar.v13i2.37 Mertler, C. A. (2008). Action Research: Teachers as Researchers in the Classroom . London: Sage.

Dave

Dave Cornell (PhD)

Dr. Cornell has worked in education for more than 20 years. His work has involved designing teacher certification for Trinity College in London and in-service training for state governments in the United States. He has trained kindergarten teachers in 8 countries and helped businessmen and women open baby centers and kindergartens in 3 countries.

  • Dave Cornell (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/dave-cornell-phd/ 25 Positive Punishment Examples
  • Dave Cornell (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/dave-cornell-phd/ 25 Dissociation Examples (Psychology)
  • Dave Cornell (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/dave-cornell-phd/ 15 Zone of Proximal Development Examples
  • Dave Cornell (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/dave-cornell-phd/ Perception Checking: 15 Examples and Definition

Chris

Chris Drew (PhD)

This article was peer-reviewed and edited by Chris Drew (PhD). The review process on Helpful Professor involves having a PhD level expert fact check, edit, and contribute to articles. Reviewers ensure all content reflects expert academic consensus and is backed up with reference to academic studies. Dr. Drew has published over 20 academic articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education and holds a PhD in Education from ACU.

  • Chris Drew (PhD) #molongui-disabled-link 25 Positive Punishment Examples
  • Chris Drew (PhD) #molongui-disabled-link 25 Dissociation Examples (Psychology)
  • Chris Drew (PhD) #molongui-disabled-link 15 Zone of Proximal Development Examples
  • Chris Drew (PhD) #molongui-disabled-link Perception Checking: 15 Examples and Definition

2 thoughts on “21 Action Research Examples (In Education)”

' src=

Where can I capture this article in a better user-friendly format, since I would like to provide it to my students in a Qualitative Methods course at the University of Prince Edward Island? It is a good article, however, it is visually disjointed in its current format. Thanks, Dr. Frank T. Lavandier

' src=

Hi Dr. Lavandier,

I’ve emailed you a word doc copy that you can use and edit with your class.

Best, Chris.

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

  • Our Mission

How Teachers Can Learn Through Action Research

A look at one school’s action research project provides a blueprint for using this model of collaborative teacher learning.

Two teachers talking while looking at papers

When teachers redesign learning experiences to make school more relevant to students’ lives, they can’t ignore assessment. For many teachers, the most vexing question about real-world learning experiences such as project-based learning is: How will we know what students know and can do by the end of this project?

Teachers at the Siena School in Silver Spring, Maryland, decided to figure out the assessment question by investigating their classroom practices. As a result of their action research, they now have a much deeper understanding of authentic assessment and a renewed appreciation for the power of learning together.

Their research process offers a replicable model for other schools interested in designing their own immersive professional learning. The process began with a real-world challenge and an open-ended question, involved a deep dive into research, and ended with a public showcase of findings.

Start With an Authentic Need to Know

Siena School serves about 130 students in grades 4–12 who have mild to moderate language-based learning differences, including dyslexia. Most students are one to three grade levels behind in reading.

Teachers have introduced a variety of instructional strategies, including project-based learning, to better meet students’ learning needs and also help them develop skills like collaboration and creativity. Instead of taking tests and quizzes, students demonstrate what they know in a PBL unit by making products or generating solutions.

“We were already teaching this way,” explained Simon Kanter, Siena’s director of technology. “We needed a way to measure, was authentic assessment actually effective? Does it provide meaningful feedback? Can teachers grade it fairly?”

Focus the Research Question

Across grade levels and departments, teachers considered what they wanted to learn about authentic assessment, which the late Grant Wiggins described as engaging, multisensory, feedback-oriented, and grounded in real-world tasks. That’s a contrast to traditional tests and quizzes, which tend to focus on recall rather than application and have little in common with how experts go about their work in disciplines like math or history.

The teachers generated a big research question: Is using authentic assessment an effective and engaging way to provide meaningful feedback for teachers and students about growth and proficiency in a variety of learning objectives, including 21st-century skills?

Take Time to Plan

Next, teachers planned authentic assessments that would generate data for their study. For example, middle school science students created prototypes of genetically modified seeds and pitched their designs to a panel of potential investors. They had to not only understand the science of germination but also apply their knowledge and defend their thinking.

In other classes, teachers planned everything from mock trials to environmental stewardship projects to assess student learning and skill development. A shared rubric helped the teachers plan high-quality assessments.

Make Sense of Data

During the data-gathering phase, students were surveyed after each project about the value of authentic assessments versus more traditional tools like tests and quizzes. Teachers also reflected after each assessment.

“We collated the data, looked for trends, and presented them back to the faculty,” Kanter said.

Among the takeaways:

  • Authentic assessment generates more meaningful feedback and more opportunities for students to apply it.
  • Students consider authentic assessment more engaging, with increased opportunities to be creative, make choices, and collaborate.
  • Teachers are thinking more critically about creating assessments that allow for differentiation and that are applicable to students’ everyday lives.

To make their learning public, Siena hosted a colloquium on authentic assessment for other schools in the region. The school also submitted its research as part of an accreditation process with the Middle States Association.

Strategies to Share

For other schools interested in conducting action research, Kanter highlighted three key strategies.

  • Focus on areas of growth, not deficiency:  “This would have been less successful if we had said, ‘Our math scores are down. We need a new program to get scores up,’ Kanter said. “That puts the onus on teachers. Data collection could seem punitive. Instead, we focused on the way we already teach and thought about, how can we get more accurate feedback about how students are doing?”
  • Foster a culture of inquiry:  Encourage teachers to ask questions, conduct individual research, and share what they learn with colleagues. “Sometimes, one person attends a summer workshop and then shares the highlights in a short presentation. That might just be a conversation, or it might be the start of a school-wide initiative,” Kanter explained. In fact, that’s exactly how the focus on authentic assessment began.
  • Build structures for teacher collaboration:  Using staff meetings for shared planning and problem-solving fosters a collaborative culture. That was already in place when Siena embarked on its action research, along with informal brainstorming to support students.

For both students and staff, the deep dive into authentic assessment yielded “dramatic impact on the classroom,” Kanter added. “That’s the great part of this.”

In the past, he said, most teachers gave traditional final exams. To alleviate students’ test anxiety, teachers would support them with time for content review and strategies for study skills and test-taking.

“This year looks and feels different,” Kanter said. A week before the end of fall term, students were working hard on final products, but they weren’t cramming for exams. Teachers had time to give individual feedback to help students improve their work. “The whole climate feels way better.”

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

  • Knowledge Base

Methodology

  • What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples

What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples

Published on January 27, 2023 by Tegan George . Revised on January 12, 2024.

Action research Cycle

Table of contents

Types of action research, action research models, examples of action research, action research vs. traditional research, advantages and disadvantages of action research, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about action research.

There are 2 common types of action research: participatory action research and practical action research.

  • Participatory action research emphasizes that participants should be members of the community being studied, empowering those directly affected by outcomes of said research. In this method, participants are effectively co-researchers, with their lived experiences considered formative to the research process.
  • Practical action research focuses more on how research is conducted and is designed to address and solve specific issues.

Both types of action research are more focused on increasing the capacity and ability of future practitioners than contributing to a theoretical body of knowledge.

Here's why students love Scribbr's proofreading services

Discover proofreading & editing

Action research is often reflected in 3 action research models: operational (sometimes called technical), collaboration, and critical reflection.

  • Operational (or technical) action research is usually visualized like a spiral following a series of steps, such as “planning → acting → observing → reflecting.”
  • Collaboration action research is more community-based, focused on building a network of similar individuals (e.g., college professors in a given geographic area) and compiling learnings from iterated feedback cycles.
  • Critical reflection action research serves to contextualize systemic processes that are already ongoing (e.g., working retroactively to analyze existing school systems by questioning why certain practices were put into place and developed the way they did).

Action research is often used in fields like education because of its iterative and flexible style.

After the information was collected, the students were asked where they thought ramps or other accessibility measures would be best utilized, and the suggestions were sent to school administrators. Example: Practical action research Science teachers at your city’s high school have been witnessing a year-over-year decline in standardized test scores in chemistry. In seeking the source of this issue, they studied how concepts are taught in depth, focusing on the methods, tools, and approaches used by each teacher.

Action research differs sharply from other types of research in that it seeks to produce actionable processes over the course of the research rather than contributing to existing knowledge or drawing conclusions from datasets. In this way, action research is formative , not summative , and is conducted in an ongoing, iterative way.

As such, action research is different in purpose, context, and significance and is a good fit for those seeking to implement systemic change.

Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting

Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:

  • Academic style
  • Vague sentences
  • Style consistency

See an example

action research examples for teachers

Action research comes with advantages and disadvantages.

  • Action research is highly adaptable , allowing researchers to mold their analysis to their individual needs and implement practical individual-level changes.
  • Action research provides an immediate and actionable path forward for solving entrenched issues, rather than suggesting complicated, longer-term solutions rooted in complex data.
  • Done correctly, action research can be very empowering , informing social change and allowing participants to effect that change in ways meaningful to their communities.

Disadvantages

  • Due to their flexibility, action research studies are plagued by very limited generalizability  and are very difficult to replicate . They are often not considered theoretically rigorous due to the power the researcher holds in drawing conclusions.
  • Action research can be complicated to structure in an ethical manner . Participants may feel pressured to participate or to participate in a certain way.
  • Action research is at high risk for research biases such as selection bias , social desirability bias , or other types of cognitive biases .

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

  • Normal distribution
  • Degrees of freedom
  • Null hypothesis
  • Discourse analysis
  • Control groups
  • Mixed methods research
  • Non-probability sampling
  • Quantitative research
  • Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Research bias

  • Rosenthal effect
  • Implicit bias
  • Cognitive bias
  • Selection bias
  • Negativity bias
  • Status quo bias

Action research is conducted in order to solve a particular issue immediately, while case studies are often conducted over a longer period of time and focus more on observing and analyzing a particular ongoing phenomenon.

Action research is focused on solving a problem or informing individual and community-based knowledge in a way that impacts teaching, learning, and other related processes. It is less focused on contributing theoretical input, instead producing actionable input.

Action research is particularly popular with educators as a form of systematic inquiry because it prioritizes reflection and bridges the gap between theory and practice. Educators are able to simultaneously investigate an issue as they solve it, and the method is very iterative and flexible.

A cycle of inquiry is another name for action research . It is usually visualized in a spiral shape following a series of steps, such as “planning → acting → observing → reflecting.”

Sources in this article

We strongly encourage students to use sources in their work. You can cite our article (APA Style) or take a deep dive into the articles below.

George, T. (2024, January 12). What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved February 22, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/action-research/
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Research methods in education (8th edition). Routledge.
Naughton, G. M. (2001).  Action research (1st edition). Routledge.

Is this article helpful?

Tegan George

Tegan George

Other students also liked, what is an observational study | guide & examples, primary research | definition, types, & examples, guide to experimental design | overview, steps, & examples, what is your plagiarism score.

The Teachers' Blog Logo B&W

Action Research Guide and Examples for Teachers

Action Research

Every educator enters the world of teaching with a spark – a desire to make a difference, to ignite minds, and to shape the future. Yet, like any journey, the path of education is strewn with challenges, uncertainties, and countless moments of self-doubt. There was a point in my teaching career when I felt the weight of stagnation, wondering if I was truly making positive change. That’s when I stumbled upon the concept of action educational research. It wasn’t just another academic jargon or a fleeting trend; it was an invitation to embark on a journey of self-discovery and transformation.

This research method became my compass, guiding me through the intricate landscape of teaching and learning. It challenged me to be both the researcher and the subject, to question my practices, and to continuously evolve. No longer was I simply “teaching” – I was engaging in a dynamic dance of inquiry, reflection, and growth. And in this dance, I wasn’t alone. My students, often the silent recipients of teaching methodologies, became active partners, collaborators in this shared journey of discovery.

In this article, I hope to share the magic, challenges, and profound revelations of my experience with action research. But more than that, I aim to inspire you, my fellow educators, to see your classrooms as living laboratories, where every day presents a new opportunity to learn, evolve, and shine brighter. Join me as we delve deep into this transformative journey, exploring the boundless potentials that lie within each of us, waiting to be discovered.

At its core, action research is a reflective process that allows educators like you and me to investigate and improve our practices within our very classrooms. Think of it as a magnifying glass, honing in on specific aspects of our teaching, allowing us to see in detail and to understand more deeply. It’s not just about identifying what works and what doesn’t, but about understanding why certain instructional strategies succeed while others falter.

So, why is action research so pivotal in our teaching journey? The beauty of an action plan lies in its immediacy and relevance. It centers on real-world challenges and tangible solutions within our own contexts. While theoretical knowledge and external research studies offer valuable insights, action research empowers us with findings directly rooted in our classrooms. It bridges the gap between theory and practice, ensuring that our teaching methods are not just sound in theory but effective in real-world application.

In essence, embarking on action research is like setting sail on a voyage of enhanced self-awareness, with the following steps guiding the way:

Identifying a Problem: This is our starting point, our compass direction. What challenges or uncertainties are we facing in our teaching? What are we curious about?

Planning: With the problem or question in mind, we chart our course. How will we gather the information needed? What changes might we experiment with?

Action: With a plan in place, we set sail, implementing the strategies or changes we’ve identified.

Observation: As we navigate, we’re constantly watching the waves and the skies – in our case, gathering data and feedback from our actions.

Reflection: With data in hand, we drop anchor for a while, taking the time to think deeply about what we’ve learned.

Revision: In the final step, with fresh insights, we might adjust our course, refining our strategies based on our reflections, and begin sailing once again.

This cyclical process isn’t just about problem-solving. It’s a commitment to continuous growth, a promise that we make to ourselves and our students to be the best educators we can be. Through action research, we’re not just teaching; we’re evolving, learning, and rediscovering the joy of our profession every single day.

1. Charting the Course: The Art of Identifying a Problem

Finding the problem

The first and arguably most crucial step in the action research voyage is identifying a problem or pinpointing a question. This is where our journey truly begins. It’s akin to realizing there’s a distant shore we’ve not yet explored, a place where new discoveries await. But how do we find this shore? How do we articulate what we’re looking for?

Types of Problems to Explore

Start by looking at everyday challenges in the classroom. These problems can range from tangible issues like decreasing student engagement during specific subject matter or time of day, to more complex concerns like understanding why a specific subgroup of students struggles more than their peers. The key is to select a problem that’s significant enough to warrant investigation but also manageable given your resources and time frame.

Remember, your chosen issue doesn’t always have to stem from a negative challenge. Perhaps you’ve noticed an unexpectedly positive response from students during certain activities and want to explore why, aiming to amplify that success elsewhere.

Framing the Question

Once you’ve identified an area of interest, the next task is to articulate a clear and focused research question. This question should be open-ended, steering clear of simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answers. For instance, rather than asking, “Does using visual aids improve student understanding?” you might frame the question as, “How does the use of visual aids influence student understanding and engagement during history lessons?”

By framing our question in this manner, we’re setting ourselves up for a deeper dive, one that considers the nuances and variables at play.

Transitioning to Planning

With our problem identified and our question framed, the horizon is in sight, and it’s time to set the sails. But before we do, we need to gather our navigation tools. This means taking stock of the resources at hand and considering preliminary ideas about potential strategies or changes to implement.

To transition smoothly into the planning phase, start by:

Documenting Initial Observations: Make notes on the current scenario. This will give you a baseline against which you can compare post-action results.

Engaging Colleagues and Students: Share your observations and research questions with fellow educators or even your students. Their insights can often shed light on aspects you might have missed and can guide your planning.

Reviewing Existing Literature: While action research is primarily about your own classroom, drawing on existing studies or theories can provide foundational knowledge and inspiration.

With these transitional steps, you’ll find yourself better equipped and more confident as you step into the planning phase. Identifying a problem is not just about acknowledging a challenge or a question; it’s about reigniting our curiosity, remembering why we became educators, and setting forth on a transformative journey with renewed vigor and purpose.

2. Navigating with Precision: Crafting a Thoughtful Plan

After pinpointing our problem and framing our research question, we arrive at the pivotal phase of planning. Like a captain ensuring every instrument, map, and crew member is in place before setting sail, an educator’s plan is their beacon, illuminating the path ahead and minimizing unforeseen challenges.

Elements of a Robust Plan

Objective and Clear Goals : Start by defining what success looks like for your action research. Whether it’s an improvement in student achievement, better participation, or more positive feedback, having a clear goal will guide your every step.

Methods for Data Collection: Decide on the tools you’ll use to gather information. This could be student assessments, surveys, observation notes, or even video recordings. The method should align with the research question and be practical to implement.

Timeline: Construct a realistic timeline for your research. Define when you’ll start and finish the action, when you’ll collect data, and when you’ll analyze and reflect.

Resources: Identify any additional resources you may need. This could include technology, external expertise, or supplementary teaching materials.

Feedback Mechanisms: Plan for periodic checkpoints where you can gather interim feedback, either from students, peers, or through self-reflection.

Ensuring Success in Planning

Collaboration: Engage with fellow educators, seeking their insights or feedback on your plan. A second set of eyes can often identify potential pitfalls or areas of improvement.

Flexibility: While planning is essential, rigidly adhering to a plan without room for adjustment can be counterproductive. Be prepared to tweak your approach based on ongoing observations.

Alignment with Broader Curriculum: Ensure your action research plan doesn’t divert too significantly from the curriculum or educational goals. It should complement and enhance the broader educational objectives.

Knowing When the Plan is Ready for Action

Clarity and Vision: You should be able to succinctly explain your plan and its purpose to a colleague or even a student. If you can articulate it clearly, it’s a good sign you’ve thought it through.

Feasibility Check: Ensure that your plan is realistic. Do you have the resources, time, and support needed?

Positive Anticipation: If, after all the drafting and redrafting, you find yourself excited and optimistic about implementing your plan, it’s a good indicator that you’re ready to move forward.

Remember, a plan isn’t just a roadmap; it’s a promise – a commitment to our students and ourselves. It represents our dedication to enhancing our teaching practices and ensuring our best student outcomes. When the planning phase is executed with thoroughness and passion, the subsequent steps in our action research journey become more manageable and incredibly rewarding.

3. Setting Sail: The Vital Phase of Action in the Classroom

Setting Sail at Dawn

With our compass set and our maps drawn out, we step into the heart of our action research journey: the Action phase. This is the stage where our planning comes to life, our theories meet reality, and our classroom becomes the laboratory of educational innovation. Here, the rubber meets the road.

What Does Action Look Like in the Classroom?

Implementation of Strategies: At its core, the action phase involves bringing the planned strategies or changes into the classroom. This could mean introducing a new teaching technique, using a different form of technology, adjusting classroom seating arrangements, or integrating new types of learning materials.

Active Observation: As these strategies unfold, it’s vital to maintain an active observation stance. This means not just teaching but keenly watching and noting the students’ reactions, participation levels, and engagement.

Openness to Feedback: The action phase isn’t about getting everything right on the first try. It’s about learning and adapting. Be open to feedback, both from students and peers, and be prepared to make minor adjustments along the way.

Maintaining Consistency: While flexibility is crucial, it’s equally important to give your strategies enough time to truly take effect. Consistency ensures that the observed results are genuinely a product of the changes you’ve implemented.

Specifics of Implementing the Plan

Start with Clear Communication: Before diving in, communicate your intentions to your students. Let them know that you’re trying something new and that their feedback is crucial. This not only sets expectations but also fosters a collaborative environment.

Document Everything: Maintain a journal or a digital log to document daily observations, challenges, successes, and any unexpected occurrences. This documentation will be invaluable during the reflection phase.

Seek Peer Support: If possible, invite a fellow educator to observe a class session. Their external perspective can offer invaluable insights and provide an objective viewpoint on the efficacy of your strategies.

Stay Adaptable: If a particular strategy isn’t working as anticipated, don’t be disheartened. Remember, the action phase is as much about learning what doesn’t work as it is about discovering what does.

Maintain Student-Centricity: Always prioritize the well-being and learning experience of your students. Ensure that any adjustments made during the action phase align with the best interests of the learners.

In essence, the action phase is where our dedication, passion, and commitment are truly tested. But it’s also where we, as educators, experience the profound joy of discovery, the exhilaration of innovation, and the satisfaction of seeing our plans come to life. As we navigate the waters of our classrooms, every challenge encountered and every success celebrated enriches our journey, making us not just better classroom teachers but lifelong learners.

4. Observing with Intention: The Critical Lens of Data Collection

The canvas of our action research becomes vibrant as we immerse ourselves in the action phase, but the true depth of our insights emerges through the lens of observation. Observing is more than just watching; it’s a meticulous process of data collection, allowing us to gather evidence of our action’s impact. In this intricate dance of teaching and learning, observation is our spotlight, shedding light on both the expected and the unexpected outcomes of our efforts.

How Teachers Should Gather Data

Stay Organized: Organize your observation tools in advance. Whether it’s a digital tool, a journal, or a structured survey, having them readily available ensures you capture data efficiently.

Consistent Timing: Choose specific times for your observations. Consistency will help you understand patterns and changes over a period.

Diversify Data Collection Methods: To gain a holistic understanding, use a mix of observation tools and methods. This ensures you’re capturing a well-rounded snapshot of classroom dynamics.

Types of Data to Collect

Qualitative Data

Anecdotal Records: Keep a journal where you note down specific incidents, conversations, or behaviors that stood out during the lesson. This offers insights into individual student experiences and reactions.

Student Feedback: Collect feedback from students about their experiences. This can be done informally through discussions or formally through structured feedback forms.

Peer Observations: Invite fellow educators to your class and ask for their feedback. Their perspective can offer new insights or validate your observations.

Reflective Journaling: End each day with a personal reflection. How did you feel the lesson went? Were there surprises? What went well, and what could be improved?

Quantitative Data

Assessment Scores: Track students’ performance on tests or quizzes. This provides measurable evidence of learning outcomes.

Attendance and Participation Rates: Monitor if there’s a change in attendance or participation. Increased engagement or attendance could be a sign of positive reception to your strategies.

Time Tracking: Measure the time students take for specific tasks or the time spent on certain activities. This can show if students are becoming more efficient or if they are more engrossed in particular activities.

Surveys with Scaled Responses: Use surveys where students can rate statements on a scale (e.g., 1-5). This provides quantitative data on students’ perceptions and feelings.

Additional Considerations for the Observation Phase

Maintain Objectivity: As invested as you are in the outcome, strive for objectivity. Your aim is to understand the genuine impact of your actions, whether positive, negative, or neutral.

Ensure Confidentiality: If gathering feedback or noting specific student behaviors, ensure that data is kept confidential. Respect privacy and use data ethically.

Stay Open-Minded: Be prepared for unexpected outcomes. Sometimes, the most unexpected observations lead to the most profound insights.

Observation, when approached with diligence and intention, unveils the intricacies of our classroom dynamics. It offers us a mirror to see the results of our actions, a window into our students’ experiences, and a telescope to envision the future course of our teaching journey. In the vast ocean of education, observation is our guiding star, helping us navigate with clarity, purpose, and confidence.

5. The Harbor of Insight: Delving into the Reflection Stage

As our action research study begins to reach its crescendo, we find ourselves anchored at the reflection stage—a moment of pause, introspection, and insight. Like a traveler pouring over the pages of a travel journal, the educator now sifts through the collected data, seeking to understand, interpret, and ultimately chart the way forward. The reflection stage isn’t merely an endpoint; it’s a springboard for future journeys, a compass recalibration, ensuring our teaching sails are ever aligned with the winds of effective pedagogy.

Data Analysis

Descriptive Analysis : Begin by taking a broad view of your data. Lay out all the qualitative research and quantitative information and look for obvious trends, patterns, or standout points.

Comparative Analysis: Compare the data from different points in time. How have things changed from the start to the end of your research? Look for improvements, regressions, or constants.

Pattern Recognition: Especially with qualitative data, search for recurring themes or sentiments. Are students consistently expressing a particular feeling or opinion? Do certain topics or methods evoke similar reactions across the board?

Statistical Analysis: For quantitative data, employ basic statistical tools (mean, median, mode, standard deviation) to get a clearer sense of your results. Tools like spreadsheets can assist in visualizing data trends.

What to Do with the Data

Document Your Findings: Craft a comprehensive report or journal entry detailing your findings. This not only helps in organizing your thoughts but serves as a valuable resource for future reference or sharing with peers.

Evaluate Against Objectives: Revisit the goals you set during the planning stage. Have these been met, exceeded, or not reached? Understanding this alignment helps in measuring the success of your action research.

Seek External Perspectives: Share your findings with fellow educators, mentors, or even students. Their insights can offer additional interpretations or validate your conclusions.

Consider the Broader Implications: Think beyond the confines of your classroom. How might your findings impact the wider school community, curriculum planning, or even educational theory?

Guiding Questions for Deeper Reflection

  • How do the results align with my initial expectations?
  • Were there any surprises in the data? What might have caused them?
  • What were the challenges encountered, and how were they addressed?
  • How have my students truly benefited (or not) from the implemented changes?
  • What have I, as an educator, learned about myself, my teaching style, and my students through this process?
  • Given another opportunity, what would I do differently? What would I retain?

Reflection is a potent tool, transforming raw data into actionable insights. It challenges us, reaffirms our beliefs, or offers a fresh perspective. But, above all, the reflection stage celebrates the spirit of action research in education—the relentless pursuit of betterment, the unwavering commitment to growth, and the heartfelt dedication to our students’ success. With every cycle of reflection, we don’t just become better educators; we amplify our impact, one classroom at a time.

6. Recharting the Course: Embracing the Power of Revision

With reflection complete, the map of our action research is fully sketched, brimming with insights and discoveries. But like any map of uncharted territories, revisions are inevitable, even welcome. The revision stage is the alchemy of action research, where past learnings are transmuted into the gold of future strategies. It’s not just about identifying what went wrong, but more crucially, about envisioning how things can be even better.

Revising with Purpose

Identify Areas of Improvement: Using the findings from the reflection phase, pinpoint specific areas that did not meet expectations or had unintended outcomes. Highlight these as primary candidates for revision.

Revisit Goals: Sometimes, it’s not the strategy but the goal that might need reconsideration. Ensure your objectives remain relevant to the ever-evolving classroom dynamics.

Integrate Feedback: Take into account the feedback from students, peers, and your self-reflections. Feedback is the cornerstone for any revision process.

Seek External Resources: Dive into educational literature, attend workshops, or collaborate with fellow educators. Bringing in external insights can provide fresh perspectives for your revisions.

Feeding Back into Another Round of Action Research

Starting Anew, Armed with Knowledge: The revision essentially kickstarts a new cycle of action research. But this time, you’re not starting from scratch. You’re armed with past insights, making your next cycle more refined.

Refined Questioning: With the data and reflections from the previous cycle, you can frame more specific research questions, addressing nuances you might have missed earlier.

Iterative Process: Understand that action research is iterative. Each cycle of revision and implementation brings you closer to an optimal strategy. It’s about continuous improvement, not instantaneous perfection.

Building a Repository: With each iteration, you’re essentially adding to a repository of teaching strategies, observations, and reflections. This becomes an invaluable resource, not just for you but for any educator looking to embark on a similar journey.

Important Considerations for the Revision Stage

Embrace Change with Positivity: Revision isn’t an admission of failure. It’s a celebration of growth. Approach it with optimism and view it as an opportunity.

Maintain Student-Centricity: Always keep the students at the heart of your revisions. Any changes you introduce should foremost benefit their learning experience.

Pace Yourself: While the enthusiasm to correct and implement can be overwhelming, ensure you’re giving yourself ample time for revisions. Hasty changes might not yield the desired results.

Document the Process: Just as with the initial action research, document every step of your revision process. This creates a trail of your evolution as an educator and can be insightful for future reflections.

Revision, in essence, is the heartbeat of action research. It embodies the spirit of adaptability, resilience, and continuous learning. Each revision is a testament to an educator’s unwavering commitment to excellence, a nod to the belief that while perfection might be elusive, the next step is always worthwhile. And as the cycle recommences, each iteration, informed by the last, pushes the boundaries of what’s possible in our classrooms, one revision at a time.

10 Types of Action Research Projects That Might Interest Teachers

Action

  • Differentiated Instruction: Research how implementing differentiated instruction strategies affects student engagement and understanding in a mixed-ability classroom.
  • Incorporating Technology: Explore the effects of integrating technology (like tablets or specific educational apps) on student motivation and comprehension in a particular subject.
  • Mindfulness and Student Behavior: Investigate the impact of daily mindfulness exercises on student behavior, attention span, and emotional well-being.
  • Homework’s True Value: Study the correlation between the amount/type of homework given and students’ academic performance and stress levels.
  • Effects of Outdoor Education: Explore how outdoor education can improve student confidence, behavior, and overall demeanor.
  • Peer Tutoring and Collaboration: Research the effects of peer tutoring or cooperative learning structures on students’ academic achievements and social skills.
  • Reading Strategies for Struggling Readers: Investigate the effectiveness of specific reading interventions on improving the fluency and comprehension of struggling readers.
  • Feedback Methods: Explore the impact of various feedback methods (written comments, grades, peer feedback) on students’ academic performance and their perceptions about learning.
  • Culturally Responsive Teaching: Research the outcomes of implementing culturally responsive teaching methods on the engagement and achievement of students from diverse backgrounds.
  • Classroom Environment and Learning: Examine how changes in the classroom environment (e.g., seating arrangements, use of visuals, ambient noise) influence students’ concentration, participation, and overall learning experiences.

Each of these projects can help educators better understand their students, teaching methods, and overall classroom dynamics. By analyzing and reflecting upon the results, teachers can refine their practices to better meet the unique ways our students learn.

An Example of Action Research Project for Differentiated Instruction

Action research project plan: differentiated instruction in social sciences.

1. Introduction:

Purpose: To enhance student learning and engagement by tailoring instruction to meet individual needs.

Rationale: Observations indicate a range of abilities and learning styles within the classroom. A differentiated instruction approach may better cater to this diversity, ensuring all students are given an equitable opportunity to succeed.

2. Research Question:

How does the implementation of differentiated instruction strategies impact student engagement, understanding, and achievement in a mixed-ability classroom?

3. Data Sources:

Pre-assessment Surveys: Administer surveys to gauge students’ prior knowledge, learning preferences, and interests related to the topic at hand.

Lesson Observations: Use a checklist or journal to record levels of student engagement and participation during differentiated activities.

Student Feedback: Use informal discussions, suggestion boxes, or structured feedback forms to gather students’ perceptions of the differentiated activities.

Assessments: Compare performance on standardized tests or assignments before and after the introduction of differentiated strategies.

Teacher Reflection Journal: Maintain a daily or weekly journal to record personal observations, challenges, successes, and unexpected outcomes.

4. Differentiated Strategies to Implement:

Content Differentiation: Provide materials at varying reading levels, offer video/audio resources, and use graphic organizers.

Process Differentiation: Introduce tiered assignments where students can choose tasks based on complexity, conduct group activities tailored to different skill levels, and offer choice boards.

Product Differentiation: Allow students to showcase understanding in various ways (e.g., presentations, written reports, art projects, group projects, project-based learning, research paper).

5. Implementation Timeline:

Week 1: Administer pre-assessment surveys and conduct baseline observations.

Week 2-4: Gradually introduce differentiated strategies, starting with content differentiation.

Week 5-7: Incorporate process differentiation while continuing to monitor and adjust content differentiation based on feedback.

Week 8-10: Introduce product differentiation. Continue all forms of differentiation, making adjustments as needed.

Week 11: Administer post-assessment tests and gather student feedback.

Week 12: Analyze data, reflect on findings, and start drafting the research report.

6. Analysis:

Compare pre and post-assessment scores to gauge academic growth.

Analyze observation checklists to determine patterns in engagement and participation.

Use student feedback to understand their perceptions and experiences.

Reflect on teacher (the action researcher) journal entries to identify challenges, successes, and areas for future exploration.

7. Conclusion and Future Steps:

Summarize key findings, insights, and implications of implementing differentiated instruction.

Outline actionable steps for further refining and expanding the use of differentiated strategies based on the findings.

Consider collaborating with colleagues or attending professional development workshops for additional strategies and insights.

8. Share and Collaborate:

Present findings at school meetings or professional development sessions.

Collaborate with other educators to expand on successful strategies and brainstorm solutions for challenges.

Consider publishing findings in educational journals or sharing on teacher platforms to contribute to the wider educational community’s knowledge.

By following this plan, teachers can systematically investigate the potential benefits of differentiated instruction in their classrooms, allowing them to tailor their teaching methods to better serve all students.

Concluding the Action Research Odyssey: Refining Education One Cycle at a Time

The realm of education is in perpetual motion, driven by an unyielding quest for methods that can uplift, inspire, and catalyze effective learning. Action research emerges as an invaluable instrument in this quest. By weaving an intricate tapestry of questioning, planning, action, observation, reflection, and revision, action research empowers educators to actively sculpt their instructional practices, honing them in response to real-time classroom dynamics.

From the initial stages of identifying pertinent issues—be it the challenges of differentiated instruction, the integration of technology, or the nuances of classroom environment—to the iterative cycles of revision and reimplementation, participatory action research is a testament to educators’ proactive and adaptive spirit. It’s not merely about identifying what works but understanding why something works and how it can be improved.

Every phase, from the clarity of planning to the meticulousness of observation and the introspection of reflection, fortifies the foundation upon which educators build their strategies. The revision phase, integral to the cyclical nature of the action research process, underscores the philosophy that education is not static; it evolves, mirroring students’ dynamic needs and aspirations.

In essence, action research topics in education is both a journey and a destination. As a journey, it offers educators a structured pathway to navigate the intricate corridors of pedagogy, seeking betterment at every turn. As a destination, it culminates in classrooms where both teaching and learning are optimized, where educators, armed with insights and refined strategies, are better equipped to steer their students towards success.

In wrapping up our exploration, it’s clear that the action research cycle is not a mere academic exercise but a potent catalyst for transformative change in elementary schools, middle school, and secondary schools. It beckons educators worldwide to adopt a mindset of continuous improvement, forever striving, forever refining, and forever reimagining the horizons of what’s possible in our classroom practices.

Get 10% off at Teacher Shirts!

When you sign up for our updates, you'll also get 10% off your first order on amazing teacher themes t-shirts. We don’t spam! Read our privacy policy for more info.

Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription.

Teacher Shirts

Action research in the classroom: A teacher's guide

November 26, 2021

Action research in the classroom: A teacher's guide to understanding your learners and improving student outcomes.

Main, P (2021, November 26). Action research in the classroom: A teacher's guide. Retrieved from https://www.structural-learning.com/post/action-research-in-the-classroom-a-teachers-guide

What is action research?

Action Research is a systematic enquiry method that educators undertake as their practice researchers . The enquiry of the Action Research is mostly seen as a cyclical process . Below are the two examples of the action research process.

Within the context of professional development in schools, they provide teachers with reflective knowledge that can be used to advance pedagogical performance. This type of critical reflection can be built into a professional development cycle in a wide range of educational contexts.

This type of development of practice can improve the experience of students very quickly. When facilitated effectively, action research can equip classroom practitioners with a deeper understanding of their student's needs .

Regardless of whether the findings are written into a project report, the educational experiences can be used to inform curriculum design and delivery.

' Kurt Lewin ' (1944) was the first person to propose the term “ action research ,” for a process of inquiry and investigation that takes place as an action is carried out to solve a problem . Currently, we use the term ' action research' for a reflective process of inquiry , performed to improve practice and understanding . One may use the word “ action ” for the change he/ she is trying to implement and “ research ” to define a teacher's improved knowledge of the learning environment. In this article, we will explore how this professional learning model can be used to improve educational outcomes in both primary and secondary schools.

Creating an action research project

The action research process usually begins with a situation or issue that a teacher wants to change as part of school improvement initiatives .

Teachers get support in changing the ' interesting issue ' into a 'researchable question' and then taking to experiment. The teacher will draw on the outcomes of other researchers to help build actions and reveal the consequences .

Participatory action research is a strategy to the enquiry which has been utilised since the 1940s. Participatory action involves researchers and other participants taking informed action to gain knowledge of a problematic situation and change it to bring a positive effect. As an action researcher , a teacher carries out research . Enquiring into their practice would lead a teacher to question the norms and assumptions that are mostly overlooked in normal school life . Making a routine of inquiry can provide a commitment to learning and professional development . A teacher-researcher holds the responsibility for being the source and agent of change.

Examples of action research projects in education include a teacher working with students to improve their reading comprehension skills , a group of teachers collaborating to develop and implement a new curriculum, or a school administrator conducting a study on the effectiveness of a school-wide behavior management program.

In each of these cases, the research is aimed at improving the educational experience for students and addressing a specific issue or problem within the school community . Action research can be a powerful tool for educators to improve their practice and make a positive impact on their students' learning.

Potential research questions could include:

  • How can dual-coding be used to improve my students memory ?
  • Does mind-mapping lead to creativity?
  • How does Oracy improve my classes writing?
  • How can we advance critical thinking in year 10?
  • How can graphic organisers be used for exam preparation?

Regardless of the types of action research your staff engage in, a solid cycle of inquiry is an essential aspect of the action research spiral. Building in the process of reflection will ensure that key points of learning can be extracted from the action research study.

What is action research

What is an action research cycle?

Action research in education is a cycle of reflection and action inquiry , which follows these steps:

1. Identifying the problem

It is the first stage of action research that starts when a teacher identifies a problem or question that they want to address. To make an a ction research approach successful, the teacher needs to ensure that the questions are the ones 'they' wish to solve. Their questions might involve social sciences, instructional strategies, everyday life and social management issues, guide for students analytical research methods for improving specific student performance or curriculum implementation etc. Teachers may seek help from a wide variety of existing literature , to find strategies and solutions that others have executed to solve any particular problem. It is also suggested to build a visual map or a table of problems, target performances, potential solutions and supporting references in the middle.

2. Developing an Action Plan

After identifying the problem, after r eviewing the relevant literature and describing the vision of how to solve the problem; the next step would be action planning which means to develop a plan of action . Action planning involves studying the literature and brainstorming can be used by the action research planner to create new techniques and strategies that can generate better results of both action learning and action research. One may go back to the visual map or table of contents and reorder or colour-code the potential outcomes. The items in the list can be ranked in order of significance and the amount of time needed for these strategies.

An action plan has the details of how to implement each idea and the factors that may keep them from their vision of success . Identify those factors that cannot be changed –these are the constants in an equation. The focus of action research at the planning stage must remain focused on the variables –the factors that can be changed using actions. An action plan must be how to implement a solution and how one's instruction, management style, and behaviour will affect each of the variables.

Developing a model for action research

3. Data Collection

Before starting to implement a plan of action , the researcher must have a complete understanding of action research and must have knowledge of the type of data that may help in the success of the plan and must assess how to collect that data. For instance, if the goal is to improve class attendance, attendance records must be collected as useful data for the participatory action. If the goal is to improve time management, the data may include students and classroom observations . There are many options to choose from to collect data from. Selecting the most suitable methodology for data collection will provide more meaningful , accurate and valid data. Some sources of data are interviews and observation. Also, one may administer surveys , distribute questionnaires and watch videotapes of the classroom to collect data.

4. Data Analysis and Conclusions

At this action stage, an action researcher analyses the collected data and concludes. It is suggested to assess the data during the predefined process of data collection as it will help refine the action research agenda. If the collected data seems insufficient , the data collection plan must be revised. Data analysis also helps to reflect on what exactly happened. Did the action researcher perform the actions as planned? Were the study outcomes as expected? Which assumptions of the action researcher proved to be incorrect?

Adding details such as tables, opinions, and recommendations can help in identifying trends (correlations and relationships). One must share the findings while analysing data and drawing conclusions . Engaging in conversations for teacher growth is essential; hence, the action researcher would share the findings with other teachers through discussion of action research, who can yield useful feedback. One may also share the findings with students, as they can also provide additional insight . For example, if teachers and students agree with the conclusions of action research for educational change, it adds to the credibility of the data collection plan and analysis. If they don't seem to agree with the data collection plan and analysis , the action researchers may take informed action and refine the data collection plan and reevaluate conclusions .

Making insightful classrooms observations

5. Modifying the Educational Theory and Repeat

After concluding, the process begins again. The teacher can adjust different aspects of the action research approach to theory or make it more specific according to the findings . Action research guides how to change the steps of action research development, how to modify the action plan , and provide better access to resources, start data collection once again, or prepare new questions to ask from the respondents.

Teachers developing professional judgements

6. Report the Findings

Since the main approach to action research involves the informed action to introduce useful change into the classroom or schools, one must not forget to share the outcomes with others. Sharing the outcomes would help to further reflect on the problem and process, and it would help other teachers to use these findings to enhance their professional practice as an educator. One may print book and share the experience with the school leaders, principal, teachers and students as they served as guide to action research. Or, a community action researcher may present community-based action research at a conference so people from other areas can take advantage of this collaborative action. Also, teachers may use a digital storytelling tool to outline their results.

There are plenty of creative tools we can use to bring the research projects to life. We have seen videos, podcasts and research posters all being used to communicate the results of these programs. Community action research is a unique way to present details of the community-related adventures in the teacher profession, cultivate expertise and show how teachers think about education , so it is better to find unique ways to report the findings of community-led action research.

Final thoughts on action-research for teachers

All teachers want to help their students to become better citizens and learners. An action research project offers unique and reflective professional learning one may use to bring a positive change in educational and classroom practices and to find out whether those changes bring the desired results or not. An action research model provides unique ideas and knowledge along with critical action research making a great formula for effective change.

The advantages of action research are far and wide but some members of staff who are already swamped with a busy workload might need the development cycle broken down into really simple steps. Ultimately, the educational context in which these projects are facilitated will matter. Education practitioners will need a careful balance of autonomy and guidance to get the whole staff buy in.

As well as the various international journals that could take interest in your projects, there may well also be some local opportunities to showcase staff knowledge . Instead of writing a project report, participant observations could be explained within 'teach meets' or other collaborative sharing events. These types of occasions give members of their education community a clearer understanding of the development of practice that teachers have been engaged in.

action research examples for teachers

Enhance outcomes across your school

Download an overview of our classroom toolkit.

We'll send it over now.

Please fill in the details so we can send over the resources.

What type of school are you?

We'll get you the right resource

Is your school involved in any staff development projects?

Are your colleagues running any research projects or courses?

Do you have any immediate school priorities?

Please check the ones that apply.

action research examples for teachers

Download your resource

Thanks for taking the time to complete this form, submit the form to get the tool.

Classroom Practice

  • NAEYC Login
  • Member Profile
  • Hello Community
  • Accreditation Portal
  • Online Learning
  • Online Store

Popular Searches:   DAP ;  Coping with COVID-19 ;  E-books ;  Anti-Bias Education ;  Online Store

How to Do Action Research in Your Classroom

A teacher at a chalkboard

You are here

This article is available as a pdf. please see the link on the right..

Advertisement

Advertisement

Action Research as an Inquiry-Based Teaching Practice Model for Teacher Education Programs

  • Original Paper
  • Published: 21 May 2020
  • Volume 34 , pages 153–168, ( 2021 )

Cite this article

  • Selda Aras 1  

1366 Accesses

3 Citations

1 Altmetric

Explore all metrics

Although the role of action research is critically highlighted in research, it is not widely used by teachers in most schools. It may also be that our teacher education does not equip us with the necessary confidence to conduct much inquiry ourselves. This study aimed to investigate the experiences of early childhood preservice teachers. Participants were engaged in action research within their field experience and research project courses. Data sources for the study included observation notes gathered during weekly meetings with preservice teachers, observation notes from classroom discussions, and semi-structured interviews conducted afterwards. The study supports the call for enhancing the quality of early years education through inquiry-based approaches such as incorporating research tasks with practicum activities during teacher training.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Institutional subscriptions

Beers C (2018) Seven layers of strength in a model early childhood teacher preparation program. Action Teac Educ 40(1):3–18

Google Scholar  

Blumenreich M, Falk B (2006) Trying on a new pair of shoes: Urban teacher learners conduct research and construct knowledge in their own classrooms. Teach Teach Educ 22 (7):864e873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.07.004

Article   Google Scholar  

Boyle-Baise M, McIntyre DJ (2008) What kind of experience? Preparing teachers in PDS or community settings. In: CochranSmith M, Feiman-Nemser S, McIntyre DJ, Demers KE (eds) Handbook of research on teacher education: enduring questions in changing contexts, 3rd edn. Routledge and the Association of Teacher Educators, New York, pp 307–329

Burn K, Mutton T (2015) A review of ‘research-informed clinical practice’ in initial teacher education. Oxf Rev Educ 41 (2):217–233

Clarke PA, Fournillier JB (2012) Action research, pedagogy, and activity theory: tools facilitating two instructors’ interpretations of the professional development of four preservice teachers. Teach Teach Educ 28 (5):649–660

Cochran-Smith M, Lytle SL (1992) Communities for teacher research fringe or forefront. Am J Educ 100 (3):298e324. https://doi.org/10.1086/444019

Cochran-Smith M, Zeichner KM (2005) Studying teacher education: The report of the AERA panel on research and teacher education

Cochran-Smith M, Lytle S (2009) Inquiry as a stance: Practitioner research in the next generation. Teachers College Press, New York

Crocco MS, Faithfull B, Schwartz S (2003) Inquiring minds want to know: action research at a New York City professional development school. J Teach Educ 4 (1):19–30

Darling-Hammond L (2000) Teacher quality and student achievement. Education Policy Analysis Archives 8(1), Retrieved from http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/392

Darling-Hammond L (2010) Teacher Education and the American Future. J Teach Educ 61(1–2):35–47.10.1177/0022487109348024

Darling-Hammond L (2006) Constructing 21st-century teacher education. J Teach Educ 57 (3):300–314

Darling-Hammond L, Burns D, Campbell C, Goodwin AL, Low EL (2018) International lesses in teacher education. International handbook of teacher quality and policy, pp 336-349

Davis J, Clayton C, Broome J (2018) Thinking like researchers: action research and its impact on novice teachers’ thinking. Educ Action Res 26 (1):59–74

DeMonte J, Coggshall J (2018) New Collaborations, New Approaches: Research for Improvement in Teacher Preparation. American Institutes for Research

Denzin NK, Lincoln YS (2005) The Sage handbook of qualitative research . Sage

Edens KM (2012) Promoting communication, inquiry and reflection in an early practicum experience via an on-line discussion group. Action Teach Educ 22 (2):14–23

Ermeling BA (2010) Tracing the effects of teacher inquiry on classroom practice. Teach Teach Educ 26 (3):377–388

Ferrance E (2000) Themes in Education. Action Research. LAB. A Program of the Education Alliance. Northeast and Islands Regional Educational Laboratory at Brown University

Hatch A, Greer T, Bailey K (2007) Student-produced action research in early childhood teacher education. J Early Childhood Teach Educ 27 (2):205–212

Hennissen P, Beckers H, Moerkerke G (2017) Linking practice to theory in teacher education: A growth in cognitive structures. Teach Teach Educ 63:314–325

Hine GS (2013) The importance of action research in teacher education programs. Issues Educ Res 23 (2):151–163

Hollins ER (2011) Teacher preparation for quality teaching. J Teach Educ 62 (4):395–407

Howes C, Pianta RC (2011) Foundations for teaching excellence: Connecting early childhood quality rating, professional development, and competency systems in states. Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Baltimore

Hyson M, Biggar Tomlinson H, Morris CAS (2009) Quality improvement in early childhood teacher education: Faculty perspectives and recommendations for the future. Early Childhood Research and Practice, Spring, 11: 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2006(96)90025-3

Ingvarson L, Reid K, Buckley S, Kleinhenz E, Masters GN, Rowley G (2014) Best practice teacher education programs and Australia’s own programs. Department of Education, Canberra

Jacobs J, Hogarty K, Burns RW (2017) Elementary preservice teacher field supervision: a survey of teacher education programs. Action Teac Educ 39 (2):172–186

Katsarou E, Tsafos V (2013) Student-teachers as researchers: towards a professional development orientation in teacher education. Possibilities and limitations in the Greek university. Educ Action Res 21 (4):532–548

Kennedy-Clark S, Eddles-Hirsch K, Francis T, Cummins G, Feratino L, Tichelaar M, Ruz L (2018) Developing pre-service teacher professional capabilities through action research. Aust J Teach Educ 43 (9):39–58

King PM, Siddiqui R (2011) Self-authorship and metacognition: Related constructs for understanding college student learning and development. In: Hoare C (ed) The Oxford handbook of reciprocal adult development and learning, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736300.013.0053

Chapter   Google Scholar  

Korth BB, Baum A (2011) Teachers supporting future teachers: a critical part of early childhood teacher preparation. Young Child 66 (3):20–26

Kosnik C, Beck C (2000) The action research process as a means of helping student teachers understand and fulfil the complex role of the teacher. Educ Action Res 8(1):115–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650790000200107

Lachuk AJ, Gísladóttir KR, DeGraff T (2019) Using collaborative inquiry to prepare preservice teacher candidates who have integrity and trustworthiness. Teach Teach Educ 78 :75–84

Levin M, Martin A (2007) The Praxis of educating action researchers: the possibilities and obstacles in higher education. Action Res 5 (3):219–229

Levine TH, Marcus AS (2007) Closing the achievement gap through teacher collaboration: facilitating multiple trajectories of teacher learning. J Adv Acad 19 (1):116e138. https://doi.org/10.4219/jaa-2007-707

Lincoln Y, Guba EG (1985) Naturalistic inquiry . SAGE, Beverly Hills

Linn V, Jacobs G (2015) Inquiry-based field experiences: transforming early childhood teacher candidates’ effectiveness. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education 36 (4):272–288

Marshall C, Rossman G (2011) Designing qualitative research . Sage Publications, London

Melasalmi A, Husu J (2019) Shared professional agency in Early Childhood Education: an in-depth study of three teams. Teach Teach Educ 84 :83–94

Mitchell SN, Reilly RC, Logue ME (2009) Benefits of collaborative action research for the beginning teacher. Teach Teach Educ 25(2):344–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2008.06.008

Moore RA, Gilliard JL (2008) Preservice teachers conducting action research in early education centers. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education 29 (1):45–58

Moran MJ (2007) Collaborative action research and project work: Promising practices for developing collaborative inquiry among early childhood preservice teachers. Teach Teach Educ 23 (4):418–431

Munthe E, Rogne M (2015) Research based teacher education. Teach Teach Educ 46 :17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.10.006

National Council for Accreditation of Teachers (2010) Transforming teacher education through clinical practice: A national strategy to prepare effective teachers. Retrieved from www.ncate.org

Nicholas TM, Baker-Sennett J, McClanahan LG, Harwood AM (2011) Building professional understanding through community-based learning. Journal of Human Services 31 (1):38–50

Ponte P, Beijard D, Ax J (2004) Don’t wait till the cows come home: action research and initial teacher education in three different countries. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice 10(6):591–621

Price JN, Valli L (2005) Preservice teachers becoming agents of change: pedagogical implications for action research. J Teach Educ 56 (1):57–72

Qing-li H, Torres MN, Shi-Ji F (2019) Collaborative action research for preparing teachers as reflective practitioners. Syst Pract Action Res 32 (4):411–427

Rigelman NM, Ruben B (2012) Creating foundations for collaboration in schools: Utilizing professional learning communities to support teacher candidate learning and visions of teaching. Teach Teach Educ 28 (7):979–989

Rock TC, Levin BB (2002) Collaborative action research projects: enhancing preservice teacher development in professional development schools. Teach Educ Q 29 (1):7

Saldana J (2009) An introduction to codes and coding. The coding manual for qualitative researchers . Sage Publications, London

Saldana J (2015) The coding manual for qualitative researchers . Sage Publications, London

Santagata R, Guarino J (2012) Preparing future teachers to collaborate. Issues in Teacher Education 21 (1):59–69

Smith K, Sela O (2005) Action research as a bridge between pre-service teacher education and in-service professional development. The European Journal of Teacher Education 28(3):293–310.10.1080/02619760500269418

Sumrall TC, Scott-Little C, La Paro KM, Pianta RC, Burchinal M, Hamre B, Howes C (2017) Student teaching within early childhood teacher preparation programs: an examination of key features across 2-and 4-year institutions. Early Childhood Educ J 45 (6):821–830

Surbeck E (2009) Put academic content in early childhood education and early childhood teacher education: a response to Hyson et al. Early Child Res Pract 11 :1

Teitel L (2003) The professional development schools handbook . Corwin Press, Thousand Oaks

Tlale LD, Romm NR (2018) Systemic thinking and practice toward facilitating inclusive education: reflections on a case of co-generated knowledge and action in South Africa. Syst Pract Action Res 31 (2):105–120

Ulvik M (2014) Student-teachers doing action research in their practicum: why and how? Educ Action Res 22 (4):518–533

Ulvik M, Riese H, Roness D (2018) Action research–connecting practice and theory. Educ Action Res 26 (2):273–287

Van Schagen Johnson A, La Paro KM, Crosby DA (2017) Early practicum experiences: preservice early childhood students’ perceptions and sense of efficacy. Early Childhood Educ J 45 (2):229–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-016-0771-4

Whitebook M, Ryan S (2011) Degrees in context: Asking the right questions about preparing skilled and effective teachers of young children . National Institute for Early Education Research, New Brunswick

Willegems V, Consuegra E, Struyven K, Engels N (2017) Teachers and pre-service teachers as partners in collaborative teacher research: a systematic literature review. Teach Teach Educ 64 :230–245

Zeichner K (2010) Rethinking the connections between campus courses and field experiences in college-and university-based teacher education. J Teach Educ 61 (1-2):89–99

Download references

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my dear students, the partners of this study, who are now all early childhood teachers.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Selda Aras .

Additional information

Publisher’s note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Aras, S. Action Research as an Inquiry-Based Teaching Practice Model for Teacher Education Programs. Syst Pract Action Res 34 , 153–168 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-020-09526-9

Download citation

Published : 21 May 2020

Issue Date : April 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-020-09526-9

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Action research

  • Early childhood education
  • Teaching practice
  • Professional growth
  • Find a journal
  • Publish with us
  • Track your research

Open access

  • Published: 09 May 2018

The Potential of Teacher-Led Research: Teachers’ Action Research Collaborations in Science Education in Singapore

  • Gavin W. Fulmer 1 ,
  • Hye-Eun Chu 2 &
  • Sonya N. Martin 3  

Asia-Pacific Science Education volume  4 , Article number:  7 ( 2018 ) Cite this article

5085 Accesses

2 Citations

4 Altmetric

Metrics details

This special issue presents action research projects that serve as examples of research collaborations among teachers and university faculty that are practically significant to both schools and teachers while also having potential to inform theory and build scholarly knowledge. We see these examples of teacher-led research as highlights of work carried out by science teachers as education researchers in Singapore. Action research has been emphasized in Singapore for over 15 years as a way to promote school-based educational innovations and teachers’ self-development (Hairon, 2006 , 2017 ; Tang, 2000 ). However, to date, teacher-led and school-based research following other research models in East Asian contexts, such as Japanese lesson study and Chinese model lessons, have been more widely recognized. This dearth of published work belies the wide use of varied teacher-led research in Singaporean schools as many studies have been conducted over extended periods of time that encompass a wide range of topics. Unfortunately, relatively little has been published to describe the findings emerging from these action research projects.

The action research papers in this special issue originated from collaboration between school science teachers and university researchers and supervisors. The partnerships were bidirectional, establishing theoretical bases in teachers’ action research goals while helping the researchers have more direct views of research on implementation and teacher experience in real classrooms and school settings. Despite disagreement in the literature about how action research should be implemented (Beaulieu, 2013 ), we see that action research is not only a tool for professional development and lesson improvement, but also could serve as an avenue for engaging teachers in scholarship. Thus, the important idea coming from this set of special issue papers is that action research not only has immense potential help to increase teachers’ sense of reflection about teaching, it can also help teachers to look beyond the immediate classroom to speak to issues involving standards interpretation and implementation, novice teacher induction and retention, and more. Previously, these avenues of research were typically seen as the purview of university researchers or district personnel. Nevertheless, these studies show that teachers themselves have the capacity to develop as reflective practitioners, leaders, and researchers.

In the following introduction to this special issue, we give a brief background of the Singaporean education context and the role of action research in this context, summarize the papers that comprise the special issue, and then review the central theme from these action research reports.

Background on Singapore and its education system

Singapore’s education context is an example of a markedly cosmopolitan intersection of historical structures, cultural influences, and contemporary trends. The system has notable similarities to the UK, owing to its history as a British colony and ongoing membership in the Commonwealth of Nations (Gregory & Clarke, 2003 ). Singaporean students attend primary school for Grades 1–6 and secondary school for Grades 7–10, after which they have different routes depending on their own preferences, prior academic performance, and examination results. Singapore has its own adaptation of the Cambridge General Certificate of Education (GCE): The O-Level (Ordinary Level) that students sit at the end of Grade 10. Depending on their O-level results, Singaporean students may go to junior college for Grades 11–12, which prepares students for the GCE A-Level (Advanced Level) examinations and admission to university; to a polytechnic institute, which yields a three-year diploma suitable for entry-level employment in a variety of applied fields such as IT or nursing; or to a vocational education center, which offers two-year certificates in a skilled trade.

Singapore’s educational context demonstrates cultural influences similar to its Asian neighbors, especially those with Confucian bases. It is an assessment-driven society, influenced by cultural values regarding standardized examination systems similar to other Asian societies (Kennedy, 2007 ). Singapore also has a stated goal for the education system of supporting the national interest and developing a stable nation-state. That means participating in and endorsing the Singaporean meritocratic social model, inculcating values of multiculturalism and nation building, and developing students’ character, citizenship, and leadership (Gopinathan, 2012 ; Gregory & Clarke, 2003 ).

Singapore is also influenced by contemporary trends in education. Accountability pressure is constant, given the high social and economic stakes of standardized assessments for students, parents, teachers, and schools (Ng, 2010 ). The centralized teacher education system, while highly regarded, is also undergoing changes to incorporate new technological tools and to respond to educational models (Tan, 2018 ). At the same time, the Ministry of Education ( 2010 ) has adopted policies that target twenty-first century skills and promote innovation and adaptiveness. That has meant a move to soften the examination pressure, to provide multiple pathways for student advancement and recognition, and to promote alternative assessment practices at the school and classroom levels.

The role of action research in the system

Action research has been promulgated in Singapore by the Ministry of Education since 2000, during the introduction of a teacher collaborative platform called Learning Circles (Hairon, 2017 ), and has continued to be promoted in Singaporean schools at all levels in the past decade (Soh, 2011 ). Promotion of action research has resulted from education policymakers’ recognition of the need for innovations and improvements in the education system so that the Singaporean workforce can meet its future economic needs. Additionally, the Singapore Ministry of Education encourages use of action research as part of its school management and evaluation structures, such as the School Excellence Model and the Enhanced Performance Management System.

Singapore strives to be a leader in educational excellence, with attention to lessons learned from other countries and with extensive efforts at its own innovations. In examining the educational innovations in Singapore’s system, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD] , 2014 ) found Singapore’s top five innovations in organizational policy and practice to be: (1) more use of incentives for secondary teachers; (2) more external evaluation of primary and secondary school classrooms; (3) more parental involvement in school projects, programs, and trips; (4) more peer evaluation of teachers in secondary education; and (5) more enrichment education for secondary science students.

These innovations cannot succeed without research—especially action research. While one cannot estimate in isolation the extent to which action research helps Singapore achieve its educational innovations and its relatively high PISA and TIMSS results, it likely plays a meaningful role due to the importance of standardized assessments and school ranking within the Singaporean system. In a context that prioritizes students’ performance, teachers may use action research as a way to incorporate new instructional approaches iteratively while ensuring that student learning outcomes are at least as good as what would be achieved with traditional methods of instruction (Goh & Goh, 2006 ). In this way, action research provides a mechanism for supporting classroom innovation while keeping in mind a consistent learning goal.

Papers in this special issue

Hairon ( 2017 ) presents an overview of action research as it has been adopted and implemented in Singapore. This paper updates and expands on Hairon’s ( 2006 ) paper on action research in this setting, discussing how action research has been officially promoted, but also reviewing some of the challenges that face teachers who enact action research. It discusses some of the presumptions and priorities in action research, compares action research to other approaches common to the system, such as lesson study and professional learning communities, and looks at the skills, expectations, and work culture needs for successful action research.

Fernandez ( 2017 ) conducts a quasi-experiment on students’ learning of thermal physics, comparing an inquiry-based instruction approach in one classroom with traditional instruction in two other classes. The inquiry-based approach helped improve the students’ conceptual understanding and their sense of self-efficacy. The findings demonstrate that inquiry-oriented approaches can be implemented effectively in Singaporean secondary classrooms, with results for both traditional learning outcomes as well as affective ones.

Chua et al. ( 2017 ) report findings from a study of feedback order for chemistry and mathematics secondary students. Previous work on feedback has suggested that score reporting tends to detract from students’ attention to written comments. But to withhold scores would be roundly criticized in the Singaporean context, where parents and students pay great attention to grades and performance. By delaying score reporting until after students have received and responded to written feedback, the authors find that the benefits of descriptive comments can be maintained.

Long and Bae ( 2018 ) report on interviews with beginning primary school teachers where they discuss their conceptions of science inquiry and their challenges in implementing inquiry in their classes. This work differs from conventional views of action research because the teacher focuses on novice teachers’ views and practices as they grapple with the transition to full-time teaching and the use of inquiry-oriented approaches, while dealing with challenges including assessment expectations and lack of resources and planning time.

Teo et al. ( 2017 ) report on a teacher’s experience with participatory action research (PAR) where the teacher and students engaged in cogenerative dialogue (cogen) sessions. The goal of the sessions was to help the teacher transition from a teacher-centered approach to a more student-centered approach using insights from the cogen and with co-teaching by the researcher. The findings serve as a case study in the process of using cogen to transform one’s teaching and show the potential for benefits of cogen in the Singapore context.

Lessons from this special issue

The papers included in this special issue are all built around teachers’ experiences planning, conducting, and reporting on their school-based research projects. The educational level varies from primary school to secondary school. The subject matter also varies widely: physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and elementary science. The scope of the research varies from cogenerative dialogue sessions, to classroom units, to interviews with teachers about their experiences across units. This is intentional. An analysis of research presented at a local conference in Singapore revealed that 71 projects were related to action research (Tan et al., 2009 ). Of these, 86% used quantitative methodologies and the remaining 14% used qualitative or mixed methodologies. That more teachers adopted quantitative methods may be explained by the accountability pressures that teachers feel as they must demonstrate the effectiveness of their lessons as stipulated by the Enhanced Performance Management System. The studies in this special issue provide a wide perspective, as they include more qualitative and mixed methods work in addition to quantitative work. The breadth and variability of methodologies allows this set of papers to offer a valuable new perspective of action research in the Singapore context.

The salient emerging theme from these papers is that teachers can serve as knowledgeable partners for research that can contribute directly to the academic debate. The teachers writing these special issue papers are drawing ideas from the academic literature to design and conduct teacher-driven research that touches directly on problems arising in school contexts. Through these partnerships, the papers are then able to draw inferences and communicate directly back to the academic literature. Scholars can read these papers as direct contributions to the body of literature in their respective fields. The pieces can also be seen as highlights of the quality work that teachers can lead with the collaborative support from university partners.

The key lessons from our special issue are that teachers are not simply consumers of research and that action research need not be confined to informing professional development or iterative lesson improvement. Instead, strategic partnerships among teachers and university-based researchers can provide opportunities to find classroom implications from previous literature and to expand the literature based on research that has close ties to teachers’ own experiences. While previous work on action research has often positioned it as a professional development exercise, collaborative work between teachers and researchers can yield findings that can speak back to the academic setting.

We encourage researchers in other settings to build similar connections with teachers that aim to empower them to take the lead in formulating research questions and pursuing promising research alongside faculty members. In this way, we advocate for teachers and their students to be positioned to contribute more equally to the examination of scholarly problems in school settings. We especially hope to see more research like this conducted in the Asia-Pacific region and for the findings of these collaborations to be shared with readers of Asia-Pacific Science Education (APSE). We believe APSE can continue to lead the way in providing a channel for disseminating research that can make a difference in the teaching and learning of science in the region and beyond (for more information, see Martin & Chu, 2015 ).

Beaulieu, R. J. (2013). Action research: Trends and variations. The Canadian Journal of Action Research, 14(3), 29–39.

Chua, H. L., Lee, S. H., & Fulmer, G. W. (2017). Action research on the effect of descriptive and evaluative feedback order on student learning in a specialized mathematics and science secondary school. Asia-Pacific Science Education, 3 (4). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41029-017-0015-y .

Fernandez, F. B. (2017). Action research in the physics classroom: The impact of authentic, inquiry based learning or instruction on the learning of thermal physics. Asia-Pacific Science Education, 3 (3). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41029-017-0014-z .

Goh, S. H. J. J., & Goh, T. K. (2006). Using inquiry-based instruction for the teaching of electricity in physics. In Celebrating learning through active research: CLEAR symposium 2006 (pp. 279–283). Singapore: North Zone Schools, Ministry of Education.

Gopinathan, S. (2012). Fourth way in action? The evolution of Singapore’s education system. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 11 , 65–70.

Gregory, K., & Clarke, M. (2003). High-stakes assessment in England and Singapore. Theory Into Practice, 42 (1), 66–74.

Hairon, S. (2006). Action research in Singapore education: Constraints and sustainability. Educational Action Research, 14 (4), 513–523.

Hairon, S. (2017). Action research in Singapore: Where are we now? Asia-Pacific Science Education, 3 (5). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41029-017-0016-x .

Kennedy, K. J. (2007). Barriers to innovative school practice: A socio-cultural framework for understanding assessment practices in Asia. In Paper presented at redesigning pedagogy: Culture . Understanding and: Practice. Singapore.

Long, S. C. J., & Bae, Y. (2018). Action research: First-year primary school science teachers’ conceptions on and enactment of science inquiry in Singapore. Asia-Pacific Science Education, 4 (2). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41029-017-0017-9 .

Martin, S., & Chu, H. E. (2015). Asia-Pacific science education (APSE): Expanding opportunities for publishing science education research. Asia-Pacific Science Education, 1 (3), 1–18 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41029-015-0006-9 .

Ministry of Education. (2010). Nurturing our young for the future: Competencies for the 21st century . Singapore: Author.

Ng, P. T. (2010). The evolution and nature of school accountability in the Singapore education system. Educational Assessment, Evaluation & Accountability, 22 (4), 275–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-010-9105-z .

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD]. (2014). Measuring innovation in education: Singapore country note. Paris: Author. Retrieved 24 MAR 2018 from http://www.oecd.org/education/ceri/Measuring-Innovation-in-Education-Singapore.pdf

Soh, K. C. (2011). At the rear mirror and through the wind screen: Teachers becoming teacher-researchers in Singapore schools. New Horizons in Education, 59 (1), 12–24.

Tan, A.-L. (2018). Journey of science teacher education in Singapore: Past, present and future. Asia-Pacific Science Education, 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41029-017-0018-8 .

Tan, W. K., Macdonald, D., & Rossi, T. (2009). Educational action research in Singapore: To prove or improve? Asia Pacific journal of education, 29 (3), 357–371.

Tang, N. (2000). Teachers’ network: A new approach in the professional development of teachers. ASCD Review, 9(3), 48–55.

Teo, T. W., bin Badron, M. F., & Tan, A.-L. (2017). Enabling classroom change by infusing cogen and coteaching in participatory action research. Asia-Pacific Science Education, 3 (6). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41029-017-0019-7 .

The authors received no funding for this special issue.

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Authors’ contribution

All three authors supported the development of the special issue by working with authors and reviewers to prepare high quality research for the journal. All three authors worked to develop the editorial to describe and introduce the research in the special issue. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

College of Education, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

Gavin W. Fulmer

School of Education, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

Hye-Eun Chu

College of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Sonya N. Martin

Correspondence to Gavin W. Fulmer .

Ethics declarations

Author’s information.

Gavin Fulmer is an Assistant Professor at University of Iowa in Iowa City, USA, and was formerly in the Curriculum, Teaching, & Learning Group at Singapore’s National Institute of Education. His research focuses on development, application, and implications of assessment in science education. Hye-Eun Chu is a Lecturer at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, and was formerly in the Natural Sciences and Science Education Group at Singapore’s National Institute of Education. Her research focuses on monitoring students’ conceptual development and formative assessment practices in science classrooms. Sonya Martin is an Associate Professor of Science Education at Seoul National University in Korea. For many years, she has conducted classroom-based research with teachers and students using action research methodologies to improve science teaching and learning.

Competing interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Cite this article.

Fulmer, G.W., Chu, HE. & Martin, S.N. The Potential of Teacher-Led Research: Teachers’ Action Research Collaborations in Science Education in Singapore. Asia Pac. Sci. Educ. 4 , 7 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41029-018-0024-5

Received : 09 April 2018

Accepted : 16 April 2018

Published : 09 May 2018

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s41029-018-0024-5

action research examples for teachers

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

8 The Action Research Process from a High School ELA Teacher’s Perspective

Things to Think About

This chapter will provide a vignette of a one teachers use of action research in her (Jobe) classroom. Her vignette will also illustrate important aspects of the action research process and link back to those aspects in the chapters. We hope this will provide some coherence across the preceding chapters!

Many teachers think of research as a cumbersome and meticulous process involving piles of data and hours of analysis. Further, teachers’ attitudes toward research can be complicated:  while many teachers find value in research-supported systems and strategies, they often view researchers as being too far removed from classroom practice to really understand what teachers need. This is where teacher-driven Action Research comes in— teachers who act as researchers have the opportunity to be their own guide, potentially influencing teacher praxis in positive and practical ways.

If you find yourself feeling intimidated about conducting your own research, think of the process as very similar to what you already do every day as a teacher. When you consider the steps to Action Research (plan a change, take action, observe, reflect, repeat), it is easy to see correlations to the teaching cycle. First, teachers must consider their students and develop objectives for the growth they want to see over the course a unit ( plan a change ). Then, teachers must create a series of strategies to help students make progress ( take action ); during the learning process, teachers collect data on their students to understand what is working and what is not ( observe ). Finally, once a unit is over, teachers assess which students made progress and consider how they can help those students who are stuck ( reflect ). This cycle continues from one unit to the next with teachers modifying their actions to reflect their assessment of the students. Action Research follows in much the same way.

How Does Action Research Begin?

My first formal experience with Action Research emerged in the Teachers as Researchers course that I took during my master’s program. I used the weekly reflections on the required readings to identify issues to address in my classroom, either through pedagogical changes or adjustments to my curriculum, and I followed the outlined steps to action research to implement a plan, collect data, and develop a report. Yet, what this experience taught me was I was engaging in action research fairly regularly without realizing it.  Similar to my experience in graduate school, the action research process in my own classroom often began from reflection—action steps naturally emerged as part of my own teaching cycle, or from yearly evaluations with administration, during which I identified challenges I was experiencing and problem-solved—usually through research—ways to overcome.

In one particular year, after reflecting on my own practice, I realized (rather, admitted) that my junior-level English students did not enjoy our classroom novel studies, resulting in a lack of engagement and poor performance for many of them. The ‘start and stop’ method—where students read a chapter, then stop to either discuss the chapter or take a quiz—did not replicate how people read books, and it seemed to be destroying my students’ desire to engage with the novels they were assigned. This is where action research emerged, though if you had asked me at the time, I would not have identified this experience that way.

While the research I conducted in my classroom was not part of formalized project and did not emerge in a linear fashion, I will describe it to you using the outlined steps provided in subsequent chapters to make it clear how your own previous questioning and problem-solving experiences might fit into the action research model.

Topic Development

The first important step in any action plan is choosing a topic and understanding what you are hoping to accomplish. If I consider the questions posed in Chapter 2   related to the processes of an action research project, here is what I understood about my chosen topic:

  • Does it address a practical problem? I wanted to address students’ lack of engagement with classroom novels (research topic). This was a practical problem in an ELA classroom because the curriculum is often built around novel studies, and if students were not engaged with these units, they risked poor performance in the class.
  • Does it generate knowledge? The goal was to research different whole novel study strategies and implement changes in my own classroom to see which strategies improve engagement.
  • Does it enact change in your pedagogy/classroom/school? Yes. By addressing this problem in my own classroom first, I could test strategies that worked and develop a plan to share those strategies with colleagues in my ELA department.
  • Is it participatory? Yes. As the classroom teacher implementing the strategies, I would be actively involved in the research process.
  • Could it be a cyclical process? Yes. The strategies I implemented could work to improve engagement, but they may not improve overall performance, which would raise new questions for me as I refined the process. Each outcome could generate a new and interesting question to address in the future. Further, the strategies I develop could have a significant impact on one group of students while showing little effect on a different group, which would also prompt further investigation.

This particular research topic fit in the ‘ Improving Classroom Practice ’  context because my focus was on changing pedagogical strategies to improve student outcomes. From this point, I had to develop a research question to guide my thinking, knowing this question may change as the research process evolved. For this topic, my research question had three parts: How can I adapt whole novel studies to more closely reflect the natural reading process, take into account each student’s reading level, and improve overall reading performance and engagement? This question was complex, and multi-faceted, which meant it would likely change as the project developed, but it gave me a good place to start because it focused on the three challenges within my chosen topic.

Understanding the Research

In a formalized project, the literature review  would be a compilation of several pieces of research from different sources that help you understand the research that already exists over your chosen topic. In this example, my next step in this process was to find research on whole novel studies in the classroom and use that information as a catalyst for my own research. I read several articles and one full-length book on alternative methods to whole novel studies, but most of what I could find was based on a middle school classroom. This was good news! It meant, on a large scale, my research would have a place in the broad educational context by filling an existing void in the information available to classroom teachers. On a small scale, this meant other teachers in my own department could benefit from what I design since a lack of resources existed in this area.

Researching Action

The action part of the research comes from the literature review and understanding your topic: what are you going to do in your classroom to address your question? In this example, after reading several examples of alternative methods, I settled on three new strategies I was interested in testing in my classroom:

  • Allow students to read at their own pace –I held them accountable by asking them to do three things: read 25-30 pages per day, complete 4 sticky note annotations per chapter, and adhere to checkpoints throughout the unit. To support the goal pace, students were given in-class time dedicated to reading, and the only homework assigned during the unit was to read; however, students could read ahead if they wanted, and they were not necessarily punished if they got behind. This addressed part one of my research question: how can I adapt whole novel studies to more closely reflect the natural reading process?
  • Sticky Note Annotations with the Three Levels of Thinking (literal, inferential, critical)– Students had to complete four sticky note annotations per chapter with an attempt to demonstrate thinking at all three levels, and I offered extension activities for students who decided to read ahead. This addressed part two of my research question: how can I adapt whole novel studies to take into account each student’s reading level?
  • Personalized Writing Prompts — I allowed students to create their own writing prompts at the end of the unit to demonstrate their knowledge of the novel. This addressed the third part of my research question: how can I adapt whole novel studies to improve overall reading performance and engagement?

I implemented these strategies in two different courses, one of which was considered an ‘advanced’ course, with students at all different reading levels. The three strategies allowed for differentiation while also keeping the class on pace to finish the unit at the same time.

Data Collection and Analysis

The data I collected naturally aligned with the three new strategies I adopted for the unit. Since these strategies were all new to the classes, I could isolate my observations on those interventions and compare the outcomes to previous novel studies that did not incorporate these strategies.

Data Collection Methods

I collected data using four different sources throughout the unit: sticky note annotations, reading progress checks, student reflections, and final essays. First, to track progress toward part one of my research question, I monitored student reading engagement by observing their reading in class. Using a scale of 1-4, I recorded student progress toward the daily 30-page reading goal on a spreadsheet. Second, to track students’ understanding of the text, I read their sticky notes for each chapter, noting their level of thinking based on their commentary (literal, inferential, or critical). The goal would be to see students move toward more consistent critical thinking as the novel progressed. Finally, to gauge student engagement and performance, I used a formative assessment in the form of their final essays, and I used a reflection to understand their own feelings about the new method and their progress. These four data sources reflect a combination of qualitative and quantitative data.

Data Triangulation & Analysis

To better understand the efficacy of the new strategies I implemented, I looked at all four sources of data and I discovered that the qualitative data supported what I saw in the quantitative data. When I read student reflections, many mentioned feeling a greater sense of enjoyment throughout the novel study–some of these students admitted to getting behind on the reading at a few points, but concluded that having the final deadline as the only looming one eased their anxiety and allowed them to engage more completely with the novel as they worked to get caught up. Other students mentioned that they usually disliked annotating texts, but the sticky note process was less intrusive, and actually helpful as they went to plan their own essays. Finally, students enjoyed choosing their own writing prompts because it made them feel more ownership of the unit.

When I looked at my spreadsheets tracking student progress, I could see that students improved on the 1-4 scale over the course of the unit—the few students who were sometimes behind on meeting the daily reading goal had gotten back on track by the end of the unit, and the majority of students had stayed on pace the whole time. Annotations on sticky notes showed an increase in students at the critical thinking level, and their essays were largely more comprehensive and thoughtful than essays for previous novel studies.

Still, like with most things in teaching, not every student showed progress because of these strategies. While the vast majority did improve, there were still students in each class who showed no improvement in meeting the goals of the unit, despite the change in strategies. If I was going to continue this research, my next question in the cycle would begin here.

Action Implications

The final step in the process is to consider what the data implies about your research question. What I learned from implementing these new strategies is that adapting the whole novel study process to be more reflective of the natural reading process allowed me the room to take into account students’ different reading levels, which kept them on pace and engaged. By giving students more ownership in the unit, they performed better on assigned tasks, like reading on pace, taking notes regularly, and analyzing the novel at the critical level.

The successful first attempt at changing my practice was exciting because it meant I could (and should) continue to adapt these strategies each year, refining the process until it meets the needs of all students and generates positive outcomes in all classes. When I set out to change these classroom practices, I did so to benefit my own students, without any plans for taking the research and its outcomes beyond my two walls. However, I have always found the most meaningful professional development for me as a teacher is when I get the opportunity to learn from my peers. It was important to share what was happening in my classroom to give my colleagues that same opportunity.

Dissemination

To share my research, I developed a small presentation for my ELA department. I drafted an outline of the strategies, including examples of student work, to provide each teacher, and I spoke at a department meeting about the positive outcomes I had achieved from making these changes. I had several teachers request more information about this process following the presentation.

Dissemination plans do not have to be extensive to be effective. In Chapter 4, we discussed the need to understand your capabilities and realize that change often happens slowly. My research addressed an issue that many teachers in my department were dealing with but it focused just on my classroom, making data collection and analysis manageable. The opportunity for my research to impact more classrooms in my school came from my dissemination plan. I could continue to develop my reach by presenting at a school-wide or district-wide in-service, or I could even plan to present at a local, state, or national conference.

Conclusions

Action research is a powerful professional learning tool because it asks you, the teacher, to take a critical look at your own classroom and theorize about your pedagogy, with the understanding that this process is both reflective and fluid. Because action research is unique to your own educational context, it does not look the same for everyone, and each educator’s learning will be distinctive.

Though the example of action research provided here does not reflect a formalized project, it speaks to how teachers naturally engage in the process of questioning and problem-solving to create change for their students. It also demonstrates the value in what teachers discover in their own classrooms. By thinking of the action research process as similar to the teaching cycle, you can more easily step into the role of Teacher Researcher and begin developing a plan to positively impact your classroom.

To review, the steps to action research and the corresponding examples presented here are as follows:

  • How can I adapt whole novel studies to more closely reflect the natural reading process, take into account each student’s reading level, and improve overall reading performance and engagement?
  • Implement three new strategies: allow students to read at their own pace, utilize sticky note annotations, incorporate personalized writing prompts.
  • Use spreadsheet data on reading goal and levels of thinking, student essays, and student reflections.
  • Develop a presentation for a school department meeting.
  • Revise the strategies to address students who did not show progress in the unit. Ask more questions.

Action Research Copyright © by J. Spencer Clark; Suzanne Porath; Julie Thiele; and Morgan Jobe is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book

How action research can improve your teaching.

pile of photos

Do you ever find yourself looking at a classroom problem with not a clue in the world about how to fix it? No doubt, teaching art is difficult. Sometimes the issues we face don’t have easy solutions.

One method that is worth looking into is action research. In action research, a teacher takes the time to analyze a problem and then cycles through specific steps to solve it. If you’re struggling with a problem in your classroom, this might be the perfect strategy to try!

Simply put, action research describes a research methodology used to diagnose and address problems. In a school setting, the teacher plays the role of the researcher, and the students represent the study participants. Action research is a meaningful way for a teacher to find out why students perform the way they do.

The term, “action research,” was coined in 1933 by Kurt Lewin to describe a scenario in which a researcher and participants collaborate to solve a specific problem. Donald Schön  developed this idea further with the term, “reflective practitioner,” to describe a researcher who thinks systematically about their practice.

Educators have taken both of these ideas into the classroom to better serve their students.

Here is a look at the basic structure of an action research cycle. You might notice it looks a lot like the Design Thinking Process.

  • The teacher recognizes and wonders about a problem in the classroom.
  • The teacher thinks about possible reasons students are having trouble.
  • The teacher collects and analyzes data.
  • The teacher comes up with solutions to try.
  • The teacher analyzes the solution.

In this model, if the first solution is not effective, the cycle starts over again. The teacher recognizes what remains of the problem and repeats the steps to collect more evidence and brainstorm new and different solutions.

Download What Is Action Research?

action research examples for teachers

Download Now!

Because the process is cyclical, the teacher can loop through the steps as many times as needed to find a solution. Perhaps the best part of action research is that teachers can see which solutions have made a real impact on their students. If you’re looking for an even more in-depth take on the topic, The Art of Classroom Inquiry: A Handbook for Teacher-Researchers  by Hubbard and Powers is a great place to start.

Action research can be as informal or formal as you need it to be. Data is collected through observation, questioning, and discussion with students. Student artwork, photographs of your classroom at work, video interviews, and surveys are all valid forms of data. Students can be involved throughout the whole process, helping to solve the problem within the classroom. With a formal study for a university, there will be requests for permission to use student data through the Institutional Research Board (IRB) process.

How can action research be implemented in your classroom?

I discovered action research while working on my higher degree. Using action research allowed me to find real solutions for real issues in my classroom and gave me my topic of study for my dissertation at the same time!

The problem I chose to address was how to engage students in an analog photography course in the digital age.

student taking photo

I broke my classes into two groups. I taught the district curriculum to one group and an altered curriculum to another. In the altered version, I included big ideas and themes that were important to students such as family, identity, and community.

To gather data, I observed, compared the quality of the photos, and conducted student interviews. I found students were much more engaged when I switched the projects from a technical study (i.e., demonstrating depth of field) to a more personal focus (breaking the teenage stereotype.)

What are the benefits of action research?

Using action research in my classroom allowed me to involve students in the curriculum process. They were actively more engaged within the classroom and felt ownership of their learning.

pile of photos

I was able to show them that teachers can be lifelong learners, and that inquiry is a powerful way to enact change within the classroom. The students cheered me on as I was writing and defended the results of my study. Plus, I was able to connect with them on a personal level, as we were all students. Furthermore, my teaching practice became more confident, and my understanding of art education theory deepened.

Conducting action research also allowed me to become a leader in my community. I was able to present a way to be a reflective practitioner within my classroom and model it for other teachers. I shared my new knowledge with the other art teachers in my district and invited them to try their own informal studies within their classrooms. We were able to shift our focus from one of compliance to one of inquiry and discovery, thus creating a more engaging learning environment for our students.

Action research provides a way to use your new knowledge immediately in your classroom. It allows you to think critically about why and how you run your art classroom. What could be better?

What kinds of issues are you facing in the classroom right now?

What kind of research study might you be interested in conducting?

Magazine articles and podcasts are opinions of professional education contributors and do not necessarily represent the position of the Art of Education University (AOEU) or its academic offerings. Contributors use terms in the way they are most often talked about in the scope of their educational experiences.

action research examples for teachers

Alexandra Overby

Alexandra Overby, a high school art educator, is one of AOEU’s Adjunct Instructors. She immerses herself in topics of photography practice, visual ethnography, technology in the art room, and secondary curriculum.

girl with paintbrush

What Artist Are You? Take This Kindred Artist Quiz Today to Find Out!

phone and ring light

Lights, Camera, Action! 8 Easy Ways to Elevate Your Art Teacher Video Presence

cassette tape

Blast from the Past: 17 Fascinating Things Veteran Art Teachers Remember Doing

table art

Determine the Teaching Approach Mix That Fits Your Art Room Best

  • Publications
  • Conferences & Events
  • Professional Learning
  • Science Standards
  • Awards & Competitions
  • Daily Do Lesson Plans
  • Free Resources
  • American Rescue Plan
  • For Preservice Teachers
  • NCCSTS Case Collection
  • Partner Jobs in Education
  • Interactive eBooks+
  • Digital Catalog
  • Regional Product Representatives
  • e-Newsletters
  • Bestselling Books
  • Latest Books
  • Popular Book Series
  • Prospective Authors
  • Web Seminars
  • Exhibits & Sponsorship
  • Conference Reviewers
  • National Conference • Denver 24
  • Leaders Institute 2024
  • Submit a Proposal
  • Latest Resources
  • Professional Learning Units & Courses
  • For Districts
  • Online Course Providers
  • Schools & Districts
  • College Professors & Students
  • The Standards
  • Teachers and Admin
  • eCYBERMISSION
  • Toshiba/NSTA ExploraVision
  • Junior Science & Humanities Symposium
  • Teaching Awards
  • Climate Change
  • Earth & Space Science
  • New Science Teachers
  • Early Childhood
  • Middle School
  • High School
  • Postsecondary
  • Informal Education
  • Journal Articles
  • Lesson Plans
  • e-newsletters
  • Science & Children
  • Science Scope
  • The Science Teacher
  • Journal of College Sci. Teaching
  • Connected Science Learning
  • NSTA Reports
  • Next-Gen Navigator
  • Science Update
  • Teacher Tip Tuesday
  • Trans. Sci. Learning

MyNSTA Community

  • My Collections

Action Research for Science Teachers

The Science Teacher—February 2020 (Volume 87, Issue 6)

By Scott B. Watson and Michelle J. Barthlow

Share Start a Discussion

Action Research for Science Teachers

The purpose of educational research in general is to develop information which can be used to improve education. Alexakos (2015) stated that teachers conduct research to answer these questions about their own practice: How am I doing? How can I improve? What works? To answer these questions, teachers may conduct action research.

Action research is a special form of educational research. Gall, Gall, and Borg (2007) , authors of some of the most respected educational research texts, define action research as: “A type of applied research the purpose of which is the improvement of education professional’s own practice.” Lesha (2014) describes action research as being a cyclical or spiral process that begins with a teacher-researcher identifying a problem, investigating the problem, taking action, evaluating the results of the action, and then repeating the process. In doing so, teachers can develop the most appropriate strategies for their own classroom or school.

How is action research different?

Action research is not necessarily very different from other forms of educational research. The main difference is that it is conducted by practitioners in the schools instead of someone from outside the school, such as a university professor or another researcher. With schools focused on learning outcomes for students and the call for decisions based on student data, teachers need the skills and confidence to scientifically evaluate their own practice in order to make curriculum and instructional decisions. Action research provides teachers with the data needed to make informed decisions to benefit their students and improve their own classroom practice.

Action research is a great way for teachers to experience the 3D (three dimensional) approach of the Next Generation Science Standards ( NGSS ). NGSS incorporates the three dimensions of learning science: crosscutting concepts, science and engineering practices, and core ideas. As teachers embrace the NGSS , they will consider the crosscutting concepts of effective teaching and focus on the core ideas to be taught as they plan for instruction. Through action research, teachers can investigate their natural world—classroom instruction—to determine what is and is not resulting in learning gains for their students.

Educational trends without research

So why should science teachers be interested in research? Although most educational research is conducted by college professors and other professional researchers, teachers can enhance their own knowledge and may contribute to the research base through research in their own classrooms ( Abell 2007 ). Science teachers, because of the nature of their discipline, have a natural interest in research, and often have a good understanding of research methods.

Teachers seem to know many things intuitively (and through experience). A good example is using a hands-on approach to teaching science. The idea is that simply doing many activities is conducive to learning, which is not necessarily the case. Research findings indicate that if students do not fully understand what the activity is all about, very little learning really occurs ( Gough 1990 ; Nadelson 2009 ). In order to maximize learning (and achievement), a minds-on approach should be added to the hands-on approach. This should include using higher-order thinking and problem-solving skills in addition to simply participating in an activity ( Lumpe and Oliver 1991 ).

As another example of the practicality of conducting and understanding research for science teachers, consider the case of Mr. Nolan, a young chemistry teacher. Almost all of Mr. Nolan’s classes in college included midterm and final exams, mostly using a multiple-choice format. When he started teaching, he followed the same model with his own students. His whole evaluation system was based on teacher-made tests.

In an effort to increase his own knowledge in science and in education, Mr. Nolan enrolled in a graduate degree program at his local university. One of the early courses he completed was in educational research. During that time, he learned about reliability (internal consistency) of tests. Reliability is normally determined on a scale of 0 to 1, with 1 being perfect. It is an indicator of the precision, consistency, and stability of an instrument ( Gall, Gall, and Borg 2007 , p. 149).

One of his projects was to determine the reliability of one of his own tests. He picked one that he considered his best, and he ran a reliability figure using one of many available computer programs. Much to his dismay, he found that the reliability of his prized, multiple-choice measure was a .58, which is substantially lower than what is minimally acceptable for research purposes. He realized that relying on imperfect tests alone for grading purposes was a mistake. This discovery changed his teaching almost immediately, and he started including more projects, presentations, and practical labs as part of his assessment system. This also produced greater interest and participation among his students.

Basics of research methods: qualitative vs. quantitative

Two types of research methods are qualitative and quantitative studies. Denzin and Lincoln (1994) describe qualitative research as “interpretive, naturalistic….Qualitative researchers study things in their natural setting, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.” Quantitative research “…describes and explains…reality by collecting numerical data on observable behaviors…and by subjecting these data to statistical analysis” ( Gall, Gall, and Borg 2007 ).

Qualitative research differs from quantitative research in that it depends on numerical data; no statistics are needed. Qualitative research methods include interviews, surveys, and observations. Teachers could prepare a questionnaire to determine what methods and activities students feel are most beneficial to their learning. For more in-depth information, a teacher could conduct interviews with students.

A focus group of students can provide valuable insight into their experience in the classroom. Ary, Jacobs, and Sorenson (2010) point out that an advantage of a focus group is that participants respond not only to the interviewer but also to each other. These student-to-student interactions can result in more information than is typically collected in a one-on-one interview or survey.

Quantitative research is the systematic study of the relationships among variables. A variable is anything that can change during a study. An independent variable is sometimes referred to as the manipulated variable as it is deliberately changed (manipulated) during an experiment. A dependent, or responding, variable is one that may change as a result of the experiment. A controlled variable is a variable that you try to keep constant during the experiment. An extraneous variable is an outside or unknown variable that you have no control over.

Further explorations

For an action research project, Ms. Jones is curious about using the flipped classroom model, in which students first watch instructional videos outside of class and do homework and practice problems in class ( Brunsell and Horejsi 2013 ). For one unit of study, she decides to teach half of her class periods using the flipped model and the other half using the traditional model, where students engage in learning activities in class and do homework at home. She will give the same unit assessment to each group and compare the results.

Her independent variable is classroom pedagogy (flipped classroom vs. traditional). Her dependent variables are unit test results. The controlled variables include the length of time for the unit, the state standards, and the homework practice problems utilized. The examples given in class and on the teaching videos are all the same. Ms. Jones will compare the two group’s performance on the unit test using a t- test, which will allow her to determine if one group performs significantly better than the other on the assessment based on her pedagogy. Knowing what works best for students in her classroom will allow Ms. Jones to improve her teaching skills and will likely increase learning for her students.

Correlation studies

Simple forms of correlation research can be used to determine if there is a relationship between two continuous variables. A continuous variable is one that has a maximum value and a minimum value and can be any value in between ( Gall, Gall, and Borg 2007 ). A correlation will not show causation but will show if a relationship exists between two variables. An example action research project would be to determine if using a web-based practice quiz site prepares students for tests. A correlation could be performed to determine if the number of practice problems a student answers correctly correlates with their summative test score.

Quasi-experimental and causal-comparative designs

Statistical analysis, free statistical calculators.

Many statistical tests are available at no cost online or using Microsoft Excel. Some can even be performed with scientific or advanced calculators. Statistical analysis sources may be found by doing simple internet searches. One example of a free online resource for performing statistical calculations is GraphPad .

Getting started

Science teachers, due to their content training, have a real head start on most teachers in other fields when it comes to conducting research. Science teachers also have an advantage in their understanding of research because they already know that research can be fun, so get started!

Ary D., Jacobs L.C., and Sorenson C.. 2010. Introduction to research in education (8th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Brodie K. 2013. The power of professional learning communities. Education As Change 17 (1): 5–18. doi:10.1080/16823206.2013.773929

Brunsell E., and Horejsi M.. 2013. Science 2.0: A flipped classroom in action. The Science Teacher 80 (2): 8.

Denzin N.K., and Lincoln Y.S.. 2014. Handbook of qualitative research. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.

Gall M., Gall J., and Borg W.. 2007. Educational research: An introduction . Boston: Pearson.

Gough P. B., Ed. 1990. Hands-on/minds-on: Making science accessible. Kappan 71 (9).

Lesha J. 2014. Action research in education . European Scientific Journal 10, 379.

Literacy Research Teaching Strategies

You may also like

Reports Article

Journal Article

action research examples for teachers

Feedback is used to implement a more streamlined system. Homework load evaluation: Teachers across grade levels assess the amount and effectiveness of homework given. Adjustments are made to ensure a balance between academic rigor and student well-being.

Action research is a method to examine and improve educational practice by involving educators in disciplined inquiry, reflection, and action. Learn the nature, purpose, and models of action research for classroom teachers, and how to apply them in your own practice.

Learn how teachers at Siena School redesigned learning experiences to make them more relevant and engaging for students with mild to moderate language-based learning differences. The article shares their action research process, strategies, and results on authentic assessment and feedback.

Methodology What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples What Is Action Research? | Definition & Examples Published on January 27, 2023 by Tegan George . Revised on January 12, 2024. Action research is a research method that aims to simultaneously investigate and solve an issue.

What changes might we experiment with? Action: With a plan in place, we set sail, implementing the strategies or changes we've identified. Observation: As we navigate, we're constantly watching the waves and the skies - in our case, gathering data and feedback from our actions.

examples of successful Action Research projects in diverse educational setting. The process for Action Research will be unpacked to help educators clearly understand Action Research and the skills needed to conduct it. In addition, as you examine the principles of Action Research at your own pace, interactive exercises will allow you to

Action Research is a systematic enquiry method that educators undertake as their practice researchers. The enquiry of the Action Research is mostly seen as a cyclical process. Below are the two examples of the action research process. Within the context of professional development in schools, they provide teachers with reflective knowledge that ...

The data revealed action research impacted literacy instruction, teachers struggled with how to make their literacy instruction explicit, projects focused on specific literacy topics, teachers used a range of resources for their selected intervention and shared information with each other and with colleagues in their respective contexts.

11 Conducting Teacher Action Research This chapter describes a process for conducting a teacher action research study. The suggestions offered here have emanated from my reading in the action research literature and my personal experi-ences and engagement in a variety of collaborative teacher action research studies during the past 40 years.

Specifically, action. research is defined as one form of meaningful research that can be conducted by teachers with. students, colleagues, parents, and/or families in a natural setting of the classroom or school. Action research allows teachers to become the "researcher" and provides opportunities for them.

Home How to Do Action Research in Your Classroom. This article is available as a PDF. Please see the link on the right. Audience: Faculty, Teacher. Topics: Other Topics, Research, Teacher Research. Advertisement. Action research can introduce you to the power of systematic reflection on your practice.

Action research offers an opportunity for systematic, regular and critical inquiry to strengthen teachers' practices (Ferrance 2000; Mitchell et al. 2009; Davis et al. 2018).It provides an opportunity to make a connection between research on one's own practice and actual practice (Ulvik 2014).Action researchers systematically gather information, carry out dialogue with others, and ...

Action research and collaboration in professional learning. Action research has a long tradition of bridging gaps between research and practice development and has witnessed many iterations since its original forms in the 1950s, including the teacher-as-researcher movement in educational settings (cf. Zeichner & Noffke, Citation 2001).However, several critical aspects have been identified when ...

For example, commonly teachers want to try out an intervention that will potentially positively impact their students. When the teacher sets up the action research study, they may have a control group and an experimental group. There is potential to impair the learning of one of these groups if the intervention is either highly impactful or ...

We see these examples of teacher-led research as highlights of work carried out by science teachers as education researchers in Singapore. Action research has been emphasized in Singapore for over 15 years as a way to promote school-based educational innovations and teachers' self-development (Hairon, 2006, 2017; Tang, 2000). However, to date ...

Activities What are some examples of action research? Specifically at the time of writing, with COVID and hybrid learning models, how students learn may be of particular interest. It may be...

Mutlu Aksoy 1and Tuncay Ceylan 2 Academic Editor: Ehsan Namaziandost Received 04 Apr 2021 Revised 13 Aug 2021 Accepted 15 Sept 2021 Published 12 Oct 2021 Abstract The aim of this research is to reveal how communication and interaction in classrooms can be enhanced with the communicative approach education provided for social studies teachers.

I used the weekly reflections on the required readings to identify issues to address in my classroom, either through pedagogical changes or adjustments to my curriculum, and I followed the outlined steps to action research to implement a plan, collect data, and develop a report.

Action research (AR) is a practical and iterative research methodology and tool used by educators to conduct research in classrooms to identify strategies to examine, and ultimately...

Action research is a meaningful way for a teacher to find out why students perform the way they do. The term, "action research," was coined in 1933 by Kurt Lewin to describe a scenario in which a researcher and participants collaborate to solve a specific problem. Donald Schön developed this idea further with the term, "reflective ...

Action research is a great way for teachers to experience the 3D (three dimensional) approach of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS).NGSS incorporates the three dimensions of learning science: crosscutting concepts, science and engineering practices, and core ideas. As teachers embrace the NGSS, they will consider the crosscutting concepts of effective teaching and focus on the core ...

Abstract. This action research aimed to improve the mathematics performance of 56 Grade 11 students of Buug National High School students. Thirty-one or 55% scored the average and poor level of ...

DepEd Action Research is a process of systematic, reflective inquiry to improve educational practices or resolve problems in any operating unit (i.e. school, classroom, office). The research topic/area should be taken from Basic Education Research Agenda under the following themes: teaching and learning, child protection, human resource ...

What records are exempted from FERPA? Records which are kept in the sole possession of the maker of the records, are used only as a personal memory aid, and are not accessible or revealed to any other person except a temporary substitute for the maker of the records. Records of the law enforcement unit of an educational agency or institution.

IMAGES

  1. 25 Thesis Statement Examples (2024)

    definition of thesis statement noun

  2. Thesis Statement: Definition and Useful Examples of Thesis Statement

    definition of thesis statement noun

  3. PPT

    definition of thesis statement noun

  4. Mastering the Thesis Statement: Examples and Tips for Academic Success

    definition of thesis statement noun

  5. how to identify a good thesis statement

    definition of thesis statement noun

  6. What Is The Thesis Statement? Examples of Thesis Statements

    definition of thesis statement noun

VIDEO

  1. Understanding Thesis Statements vs. Topic Sentences

  2. How To Write A Thesis Statement

  3. What is Thesis Statement? Writing Thesis Statement with Practice in Urdu/Hindi #researchmethodology

  4. A Glossary of English Grammar Terms -Abstract Nouns

  5. Thesis Statement

  6. English 1AS Workshop: Thesis Statements & Support Workshop

COMMENTS

  1. thesis noun

    Definition of thesis noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more. ... thesis (that…) a statement or an opinion that is discussed in a logical way and presented with evidence in order to prove that it is true.

  2. Thesis Definition & Meaning

    The meaning of THESIS is a dissertation embodying results of original research and especially substantiating a specific view; especially : one written by a candidate for an academic degree. How to use thesis in a sentence. Did you know?

  3. THESIS STATEMENT Definition & Usage Examples

    Thesis statement definition: . See examples of THESIS STATEMENT used in a sentence.

  4. How to Write a Thesis Statement

    Placement of the thesis statement. Step 1: Start with a question. Step 2: Write your initial answer. Step 3: Develop your answer. Step 4: Refine your thesis statement. Types of thesis statements. Other interesting articles. Frequently asked questions about thesis statements.

  5. Parts of a Thesis Statement

    The thesis statement is the one sentence that encapsulates the result of your thinking, as it offers your main insight or argument in condensed form. A basic thesis statement has two main parts: Topic: What you're writing about. Angle: What your main idea is about that topic.

  6. How to Write a Thesis Statement

    1 Brainstorm the best topic for your essay. You can't write a thesis statement until you know what your paper is about, so your first step is choosing a topic. If the topic is already assigned, great! That's all for this step. If not, consider the tips below for choosing the topic that's best for you:

  7. What Is a Thesis?

    A thesis statement is a very common component of an essay, particularly in the humanities. It usually comprises 1 or 2 sentences in the introduction of your essay, and should clearly and concisely summarize the central points of your academic essay. A thesis is a long-form piece of academic writing, often taking more than a full semester to ...

  8. THESIS definition in American English

    thesis in American English. (ˈθisɪs) noun Word forms: plural -ses (-siz) 1. a proposition stated or put forward for consideration, esp. one to be discussed and proved or to be maintained against objections. He vigorously defended his thesis on the causes of war. 2. a subject for a composition or essay. 3.

  9. Thesis

    thesis: 1 n an unproved statement put forward as a premise in an argument Type of: assumption , premise , premiss a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn n a treatise advancing a new point of view resulting from research; usually a requirement for an advanced academic degree Synonyms: dissertation Type ...

  10. Thesis: Definition and Examples

    The thesis (pronounced thee -seez), also known as a thesis statement, is the sentence that introduces the main argument or point of view of a composition (formal essay, nonfiction piece, or narrative). It is the main claim that the author is making about that topic and serves to summarize and introduce that writing that will be discussed ...

  11. What is a thesis statement?

    The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons: It gives your writing direction and focus. It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point. Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

  12. THESIS

    THESIS definition: 1. a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one that is done for a higher…. Learn more.

  13. Thesis Statement

    A thesis statement is the main idea of a piece of writing. It's typically one or two sentences that sum up the main points/argument and showcase the reason for writing. In most cases, the thesis ...

  14. THESIS Definition & Usage Examples

    Thesis definition: a proposition stated or put forward for consideration, especially one to be discussed and proved or to be maintained against objections. See examples of THESIS used in a sentence.

  15. Thesis Statement: Definition, Examples, and Tips

    A Thesis Statement: Describes how you interpret the subject matter's cause, significance, and results. Is a guideline for the paper. In other words, it provides an understanding of the research topic. Directly answers the question you are asked. The thesis is not the question itself but an interpretation of it.

  16. What Is a Thesis Statement? Definition and Examples.

    A thesis statement is a declaration of one or two sentences that gives the topic and purpose of an essay or speech. More specifically, it provides information to the audience about what the author/speaker intends to prove or declare, with specific discussion points. The thesis statement is usually placed toward the end of the introductory ...

  17. THESIS

    THESIS meaning: 1. a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one that is done for a higher…. Learn more.

  18. thesis noun

    Definition of thesis noun in Oxford Advanced American Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more. ... 2 a statement or an opinion that is discussed in a logical way and presented with evidence in order to prove that it is true She concluded that there was no archaeological data to ...

  19. THESIS STATEMENT Definition & Usage Examples

    Thesis statement definition: . See examples of THESIS STATEMENT used in a sentence.

  20. Thesis Definition & Meaning

    1. : a long piece of writing on a particular subject that is done to earn a degree at a university. She wrote her thesis on Renaissance Nativity scenes. a master's/doctoral thesis on the effects of global warming. 2. formal : a statement that someone wants to discuss or prove. New evidence supports his thesis. We disagreed with the basic thesis ...

  21. Thesis Definition & Meaning

    Thesis definition: A proposition that is maintained by argument. ... More Noun Definitions (4) Synonyms: Synonyms: dissertation; master's essay; master's paper; ... (thesis, "a proposition, a statement, a thing laid down, thesis in rhetoric, thesis in prosody" ) From Wiktionary.

  22. What Is a Pronoun?

    Revised on March 2, 2023. A pronoun is a word that stands in for a noun, often to avoid the need to repeat the same noun over and over. Like nouns, pronouns can refer to people, things, concepts, and places. Most sentences contain at least one noun or pronoun. People tend to use "pronouns" to mean personal pronouns specifically, but there ...

  23. thesis statement noun definition

    Creating a thesis statement can be a daunting task. It's one of the most important sentences in your paper, and it needs to be done right. But don't worry — with these five easy steps, you'll be able to create an effective thesis statement ..... Writing a thesis statement can be one of the most challenging parts of writing an essay. A thesis statement is a sentence that summarizes the ...