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Developing Strong Thesis Statements

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These OWL resources will help you develop and refine the arguments in your writing.

The thesis statement or main claim must be debatable

An argumentative or persuasive piece of writing must begin with a debatable thesis or claim. In other words, the thesis must be something that people could reasonably have differing opinions on. If your thesis is something that is generally agreed upon or accepted as fact then there is no reason to try to persuade people.

Example of a non-debatable thesis statement:

This thesis statement is not debatable. First, the word pollution implies that something is bad or negative in some way. Furthermore, all studies agree that pollution is a problem; they simply disagree on the impact it will have or the scope of the problem. No one could reasonably argue that pollution is unambiguously good.

Example of a debatable thesis statement:

This is an example of a debatable thesis because reasonable people could disagree with it. Some people might think that this is how we should spend the nation's money. Others might feel that we should be spending more money on education. Still others could argue that corporations, not the government, should be paying to limit pollution.

Another example of a debatable thesis statement:

In this example there is also room for disagreement between rational individuals. Some citizens might think focusing on recycling programs rather than private automobiles is the most effective strategy.

The thesis needs to be narrow

Although the scope of your paper might seem overwhelming at the start, generally the narrower the thesis the more effective your argument will be. Your thesis or claim must be supported by evidence. The broader your claim is, the more evidence you will need to convince readers that your position is right.

Example of a thesis that is too broad:

There are several reasons this statement is too broad to argue. First, what is included in the category "drugs"? Is the author talking about illegal drug use, recreational drug use (which might include alcohol and cigarettes), or all uses of medication in general? Second, in what ways are drugs detrimental? Is drug use causing deaths (and is the author equating deaths from overdoses and deaths from drug related violence)? Is drug use changing the moral climate or causing the economy to decline? Finally, what does the author mean by "society"? Is the author referring only to America or to the global population? Does the author make any distinction between the effects on children and adults? There are just too many questions that the claim leaves open. The author could not cover all of the topics listed above, yet the generality of the claim leaves all of these possibilities open to debate.

Example of a narrow or focused thesis:

In this example the topic of drugs has been narrowed down to illegal drugs and the detriment has been narrowed down to gang violence. This is a much more manageable topic.

We could narrow each debatable thesis from the previous examples in the following way:

Narrowed debatable thesis 1:

This thesis narrows the scope of the argument by specifying not just the amount of money used but also how the money could actually help to control pollution.

Narrowed debatable thesis 2:

This thesis narrows the scope of the argument by specifying not just what the focus of a national anti-pollution campaign should be but also why this is the appropriate focus.

Qualifiers such as " typically ," " generally ," " usually ," or " on average " also help to limit the scope of your claim by allowing for the almost inevitable exception to the rule.

Types of claims

Claims typically fall into one of four categories. Thinking about how you want to approach your topic, or, in other words, what type of claim you want to make, is one way to focus your thesis on one particular aspect of your broader topic.

Claims of fact or definition: These claims argue about what the definition of something is or whether something is a settled fact. Example:

Claims of cause and effect: These claims argue that one person, thing, or event caused another thing or event to occur. Example:

Claims about value: These are claims made of what something is worth, whether we value it or not, how we would rate or categorize something. Example:

Claims about solutions or policies: These are claims that argue for or against a certain solution or policy approach to a problem. Example:

Which type of claim is right for your argument? Which type of thesis or claim you use for your argument will depend on your position and knowledge of the topic, your audience, and the context of your paper. You might want to think about where you imagine your audience to be on this topic and pinpoint where you think the biggest difference in viewpoints might be. Even if you start with one type of claim you probably will be using several within the paper. Regardless of the type of claim you choose to utilize it is key to identify the controversy or debate you are addressing and to define your position early on in the paper.

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David Wallace-Wells

Fires Are the Sum of Our Choices

good thesis statement for wildfires

By David Wallace-Wells

Opinion Writer

In early February, the deadliest South American wildfires in a century swept through Valparaiso, Chile, killing more than 100 people. It was almost six months to the day since the deadliest American fires in a century killed more than 100 people when flames tore through Lahaina, in Maui, burning up much of Hawaii’s precolonial capital and forcing residents to jump into the ocean for safety, the flames leaping over them to ignite the boats docked in the harbor.

Two record-setting episodes of fire death in half a year might once have looked like a world-historical ecological coincidence, but it has been a year of fire extremes — and a year in which the world has mostly whistled past them. In the United States, mercifully little land burned — only 2.6 million acres, which was less than half the recent average . But in Canada, fires ate through more than twice as much forest as the country’s previous modern record, the total burn scar large enough that more than half the world’s countries could fit inside. In Greece, one fire forced the country’s largest-ever evacuation , and another became the largest fire in the history of the European Union. And in Australia, the bush fire season has burned over 150 million acres — three times the land burned last year in Canada and more than twice as much land as was destroyed in Australia’s Black Summer of 2019-20, when Sydney Harbor was so choked with smoke that ferries couldn’t navigate the waters, at least a billion animals were consumed by flames and panicked evacuees had to be rescued from a beach by military helicopter.

When the fire historian Stephen Pyne says that we are now living in the “Pyrocene,” this is part of what he means: Forest fires are now burning twice as much tree cover, globally, as they did just 20 years ago, and the world is quickly inuring itself to that fact. In parts of the world as far-flung as Fort McMurray, Alberta; Lahaina, Hawaii; Boulder County, Colo.; and now Valparaiso, Chile — where at least 15,000 homes have been destroyed — the new age of fire has produced what the climate scientist Daniel Swain has called the return of the “urban firestorm.” Of the 10 deadliest fires on Earth since 1900, five have occurred since 2018 .

How did it get this way? The intuitive, conventional answer is climate change. But where people choose to live matters, too. And in the United States, especially, you increasingly hear a somewhat contrarian explanation that emphasizes fire suppression rather than warming.

That just-so story goes something like this: Beginning in the early 20th century, motivated particularly by horrific and deadly fires, Americans began a broad effort to suppress them by snuffing out any nascent blaze, no matter how remote or nonthreatening. They were so successful that over many decades, the landscape accumulated an enormous amount of excess dry forest, which would have long since burned in the absence of human intervention. Instead, it was poised to burn much more spectacularly whenever it found a spark. Warming is exacerbating those base line conditions, the story goes, but the base line was set by fire suppression, forest management and the tremendous expansion of human settlement into what is called the wildland-urban interface — which both necessitated further fire suppression and helped bring many more people much closer to the risk of fire.

In its broad strokes, this story is true. For about a half-century, fires were suppressed in the American wilderness, with one result being that there was, at the end of those decades, much more of what fire scientists coolly call fuel.

What that tells us about the meaning and the future of the Pyrocene is a bit less clear. The forest-management story has been offered as a corrective to climate-focused wildfire alarm, and it is, in its way, hopeful: If forest policy is to blame for the terrifying risk of out-of-control fire, in theory, forest policy should allow us to bring it under control, too, without requiring that we get a handle on global warming first.

But the hopeful story is also at least somewhat incomplete, particularly at the global level. Wildfires have raged out of control in places such as Australia and Canada and Siberia and Chile that haven’t followed the same fire suppression doctrine as the United States did.

Every fire ecosystem has its own ecology and idiosyncratic causal map: how the density and character of regional forests have changed over time, from both human and natural influence; the work of the local timber industry and the pattern of residential development; shifting weather patterns and the behavior and responsibility of power companies and campers and arsonists, as well.

But there are also simpler and more universal ways of thinking of conceptualizing the risk. The fire scientist Mike Flannigan of Thompson Rivers University describes it straightforwardly as a matter of fuel load, ignition and fire weather. It’s mainly the last factor that varies much year to year, he says, or even decade to decade — and helps explain why, for instance, 200 times as much land burned in British Columbia last year as did in 2020. That isn’t because there were 200 times as many trees around to burn all of a sudden.

Even in the American context, the fire suppression story may be too simplistic. For one thing, the conventional estimates for 20th-century fire suppression are fairly crude and don’t take into account how human construction has reduced the amount of forested land that could burn. And recent research has suggested that the increase in area burned in California in recent decades is almost entirely attributable to anthropogenic climate change, though the researchers also caution that the increase has been observed against background conditions created by fire suppression.

It’s all a bit complicated. Put 100 climate scientists and forest ecologists in a bar, the climate scientist John Abatzoglou and the forest ecologist Solomon Dobrowski tell me, and it’s a good bet they’ll all agree with a statement like “More heat, less moisture, more human-caused ignitions and more fuel have dramatically increased fire activity in the West and beyond.” But ask the 100 scientists about the relative contributions from forest management and climate change, they say, and consensus collapses: The climate scientists might suggest that climate change contributes something close to two-thirds of our current fire predicament, while the ecologists might flip the estimate — two-thirds from forest management and one-third climate factors.

In other words, this isn’t an either-or set; it’s both-and. But that complexity is often maddeningly difficult to internalize.

This tension extends past wildfire. On the one hand, there’s been a tendency among climate-conscious liberals to pin a vast array of social ills on global warming, sometimes downplaying other causes — a tendency that Mike Hulme, a Cambridge professor of geography, has called “climatism.” This critique is important: We can’t really talk about hurricane vulnerability, for instance, in isolation from coastal development, early-warning systems, local building codes and insurance policies.

But the inverse is also true: We can’t pretend that, if climate change is only one factor in determining overall risk and human hazard, we should therefore treat the growing threat from warming as irrelevant or trivial. It surely would have been wiser not to have built so many California homes in areas of high and growing wildfire risk — accounting for nearly half of those built in the state between 1990 and 2010 — but saying so doesn’t diminish the risk millions of Californians now face. Perhaps the controlled burning of a few million acres annually in the American West can offset the impact of global warming on wildfire in the decades ahead. That doesn’t mean warming doesn’t matter; in fact, it is one way of quantifying the cost.

And while it is certainly wise to reintroduce some more fire to the landscape — to cultivate more of what Pyne calls “good fire,” in part to forestall future “bad fire” — the scale of that job is somewhat staggering, given the rate of human development across the West: According to some estimates , 20 million acres in California need to burn for its forest to re-equilibrate, an area nearly one-fifth of the state.

In Chile, too, there are patterns of development and forest policy that might have prevented the loss of those lives and homes. But one of the challenges of climate change, even in the present tense, is that none of us are living in those counterfactual histories. Instead, we’re living in a timeline in which large gaps have opened up between the climate we anticipated and the one we are confronted with, between the infrastructure we built on the basis of those expectations and the world we might have engineered and between the standards for safety and preparedness we once had and the ones we are now revising and haphazardly improvising in the face of rising threats.

Learn More About Climate Change

Have questions about climate change? Our F.A.Q. will tackle your climate questions, big and small .

New satellite-based research reveals how land along the East Coast is slumping into the ocean, compounding the danger from global sea level rise . A major culprit: overpumping of groundwater.

The planet needs solar power. Can we build it without harming nature ? Today’s decisions about how and where to set up new energy projects will reverberate for generations.

Carbon-free electricity has never been more plentiful, but it hasn’t yet been enough to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. We looked at how electricity generation has changed over time to help you understand today’s global picture .

Singapore is rethinking its sweltering urban areas to dampen the effects of climate change. Can it be a model for other cities ?

Whether you’re looking to make your home more energy-efficient, install solar panels or buy an electric car, this guide can help you save money and fight climate change .

Did you know the ♻ symbol doesn’t mean something is actually recyclable ? Read on about how we got here, and what can be done.

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  • How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

Published on January 11, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on August 15, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan.

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . It usually comes near the end of your introduction .

Your thesis will look a bit different depending on the type of essay you’re writing. But the thesis statement should always clearly state the main idea you want to get across. Everything else in your essay should relate back to this idea.

You can write your thesis statement by following four simple steps:

  • Start with a question
  • Write your initial answer
  • Develop your answer
  • Refine your thesis statement

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Table of contents

What is a thesis statement, placement of the thesis statement, step 1: start with a question, step 2: write your initial answer, step 3: develop your answer, step 4: refine your thesis statement, types of thesis statements, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about thesis statements.

A thesis statement summarizes the central points of your essay. It is a signpost telling the reader what the essay will argue and why.

The best thesis statements are:

  • Concise: A good thesis statement is short and sweet—don’t use more words than necessary. State your point clearly and directly in one or two sentences.
  • Contentious: Your thesis shouldn’t be a simple statement of fact that everyone already knows. A good thesis statement is a claim that requires further evidence or analysis to back it up.
  • Coherent: Everything mentioned in your thesis statement must be supported and explained in the rest of your paper.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

The thesis statement generally appears at the end of your essay introduction or research paper introduction .

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts and among young people more generally is hotly debated. For many who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education: the internet facilitates easier access to information, exposure to different perspectives, and a flexible learning environment for both students and teachers.

You should come up with an initial thesis, sometimes called a working thesis , early in the writing process . As soon as you’ve decided on your essay topic , you need to work out what you want to say about it—a clear thesis will give your essay direction and structure.

You might already have a question in your assignment, but if not, try to come up with your own. What would you like to find out or decide about your topic?

For example, you might ask:

After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process .

Now you need to consider why this is your answer and how you will convince your reader to agree with you. As you read more about your topic and begin writing, your answer should get more detailed.

In your essay about the internet and education, the thesis states your position and sketches out the key arguments you’ll use to support it.

The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education because it facilitates easier access to information.

In your essay about braille, the thesis statement summarizes the key historical development that you’ll explain.

The invention of braille in the 19th century transformed the lives of blind people, allowing them to participate more actively in public life.

A strong thesis statement should tell the reader:

  • Why you hold this position
  • What they’ll learn from your essay
  • The key points of your argument or narrative

The final thesis statement doesn’t just state your position, but summarizes your overall argument or the entire topic you’re going to explain. To strengthen a weak thesis statement, it can help to consider the broader context of your topic.

These examples are more specific and show that you’ll explore your topic in depth.

Your thesis statement should match the goals of your essay, which vary depending on the type of essay you’re writing:

  • In an argumentative essay , your thesis statement should take a strong position. Your aim in the essay is to convince your reader of this thesis based on evidence and logical reasoning.
  • In an expository essay , you’ll aim to explain the facts of a topic or process. Your thesis statement doesn’t have to include a strong opinion in this case, but it should clearly state the central point you want to make, and mention the key elements you’ll explain.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

  • It gives your writing direction and focus.
  • It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

Follow these four steps to come up with a thesis statement :

  • Ask a question about your topic .
  • Write your initial answer.
  • Develop your answer by including reasons.
  • Refine your answer, adding more detail and nuance.

The thesis statement should be placed at the end of your essay introduction .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2023, August 15). How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved February 23, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-essay/thesis-statement/

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About Wildfires: Brief Overview

Thesis Statement: Underestimating the severity and danger of wildfires and not taking timely action can lead to disaster, as happened, for example, in Australia in 2019-2020.

  • Wildfires, which are considered to be a type of disaster, are destructive, uncontrolled, and quite large fires that spread quickly over brush or woodland (National Geographic Society).
  • Wildfires are not limited to a specific environment or continent and can appear in various ecosystems, including savannas, grasslands, and forests (National Geographic Society).
  • Crown fires destroy the whole tree up its entire length to the top.
  • Surface ones burn only duff and litter on the surface.
  • Ground fires appear in deep and dry accumulations of dead vegetation like peat and humus.
  • Due to the severity of wildfires, they can have a significant effect on various spheres, including the environment and economics (Rinkesh).
  • Animals die because of fires and lack of water and fresh air, and trees and plants get destroyed (Rinkesh).
  • Wildfires cause air pollution, as well as the destruction of the soil.
  • Governments need to spend significant amounts of money to stop the fires and eliminate their consequences (Rinkesh).
  • Wildfires cannot be underestimated since they pose a significant danger to the whole world.
  • Ordinary people and firefighters die while trying to escape from or deal with wildfire.
  • Citizens lose their property and may also become buried alive in the wreckage or trapped in the forest.
  • Wildfires eliminate vast territories, and it gets challenging to escape from them. Researchers note that “more than 11 million hectares (110,000 sq km or 27.2 million acres) of the bush, forest, and parks across Australia has burned” (“Australia Fires: A Visual Guide to the Bushfire Crisis”).

Restated Thesis: To reduce the consequences of wildfires, it is of vital importance to address this issue and never underestimate them.

Works Cited

“Australia Fires: A Visual Guide to the Bushfire Crisis.” BBC News . 2020.

National Geographic Society. “Wildfires.” National Geographic . 2019.

Rinkesh. “What are Wildfires?” Conserve Energy Future .

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Long-Term Health Impacts of Wildfire Exposure: A Retrospective Study Exploring Hospitalization Dynamics Following the 2016 Wave of Fires in Israel

Odeya cohen.

1 Department of Nursing, Recanati School for Community Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel

Stav Shapira

2 School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; li.ca.ugb@pahsvats

Eyal Furman

3 Maccabi Healthcare Services, Haifa 3508510, Israel; li.gro.cam@e_namruf

Associated Data

The data that support the findings of this study are available from Maccabi Health Services (MHS), but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study and so are not publicly available. Data are, however, available from the authors upon reasonable request and with the permission of MHS.

Background: Climate-related events, including wildfires, which adversely affect human health, are gaining the growing attention of public-health officials and researchers. Israel has experienced several disastrous fires, including the wave of fires in November 2016 that led to the evacuation of 75,000 people. The fires lasted six days (22–27 November) with no loss of life or significant immediate health impacts. The objective of this study is to explore the long-term hospitalization dynamics in a population exposed to this large-scale fire, including the effects of underlying morbidity and socio-economic status (SES). Methods: This is a retrospective crossover study, conducted in 2020, analyzing the electronic medical records of residents from areas exposed to a wildfire in northern Israel. The study spans from one year before exposure to two years after it (22 November 2015–27 November 2018). The hospitalization days during the study period were analyzed using the Poisson regression model. The rate of hospitalization days along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were plotted. Results: The study included 106,595 participants. The median age was 37 (IQR = 17–56), with a mean socio-economic ranking of 6.47 out of 10 (SD = 2.01). Analysis revealed that people with underlying morbidity were at greater risk of experiencing long-term effects following fires, which was manifested in higher hospitalization rates that remained elevated for two years post-exposure. This was also evident among individuals of low socio-economic status without these background illnesses. Conclusions: Healthcare services should prepare for increased hospitalization rates during the two years following wildfires for populations with underlying morbidity and those of low socio-economic status. Implementing preventive-medicine approaches may increase the resiliency of communities in the face of extreme climate-related events and prevent future health burdens. Additional research should focus on the specific mechanisms underpinning the long-term effects of wildfire exposure.

1. Introduction

Wildfires are known to adversely affect human health through a variety of mechanisms and are thus gaining attention as a major public health concern [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Their main—and most studied—influence on human health is exposure to smoke containing elevated ambient air pollutants [ 5 ]. Despite some inconsistencies, epidemiological evidence has broadly associated smoke exposure with respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity, all-cause mortality [ 6 ]; ophthalmic effects such as eye irritation [ 7 ]; and adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes such as increased preterm deliveries, low birth weight, and stillbirths [ 8 , 9 ]. Other reported mechanisms that lead to harmful health effects are related to direct flame and heat exposure causing burns [ 10 ]. Water and land pollution resulting from the incineration of various materials may also lead to toxic chemical exposure [ 11 , 12 ]. Decreased access to healthcare services may also occur due to traffic congestion caused by population evacuation [ 13 ], or the need to evacuate healthcare institutions directly impacted by the fire [ 14 ], potentially leading to delays in receiving medical aid or disruptions to the continuity of routine care. Population evacuation may also lead to difficulty accessing vital resources such as food and water [ 15 ]—posing a significant threat to vulnerable populations such as young children and those suffering from chronic illnesses requiring special nutrition, such as diabetics.

Most studies concerning the health effects associated with exposure to wildfires have focused on short-term outcomes, with relatively sparse evidence of long-term health consequences. A recent review that evaluated the long-term health impacts and health needs among populations exposed to wildfires reported an increased risk of premature deaths, respiratory complications, and population-based increases in cancer risk [ 16 ]. However, the researchers stressed that the existing evidence is scant and pointed to significant gaps in the literature concerning the demographic profile of vulnerable populations such as medically vulnerable and socially disadvantaged populations, despite evidence that these populations are more susceptible to the adverse effects of wildfires [ 1 , 2 , 6 ]. Another recent Canadian study examined the effects of an extreme wildfire on the long-term mental health of the population that was evacuated. The findings indicated relatively increased rates of major depressive disorder, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder eighteen months following exposure. Limited or non-existent social and municipal support after the wildfire was associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing adverse mental impacts [ 17 ].

Climate change has resulted in prolonged and more frequent heatwaves, increasing the frequency and intensity of wildfires [ 18 ]. Israel has experienced several disastrous and deadly fires including the 2010 mega-fire on Mount Carmel, and the wave of fires in November 2016—the focus of the present study. The 2016 wave of fires lasted six days (22–27 November) and in terms of property and environmental damage, this wave of fires is considered the worst in the history of Israel. Over 1700 fires were reported in various locations across the country. More than 10,000 acres were burned, and approximately 2000 residential structures were damaged. Of these, approximately 600 were destroyed completely. The largest and most destructive fires spread across the city of Haifa, the third-largest city in Israel with a population of 280,000 residents. The spread of the fires led to the evacuation of 68,000 people, almost 25% of the urban population in the Haifa Bay region [ 19 ]. Despite extensive damage, no loss of life or significant direct health impacts were reported.

As projections indicate the Mediterranean region to become dryer and warmer, resulting in increased fire risk [ 20 ], it is important to study the health effects of wildfires and identify those populations most susceptible to such events. Based on former studies, hospitalization rates are a common indicator for evaluating the impact of wildfires on human health, with clinical and logistical implications for preparedness [ 5 , 6 , 21 ]. This study aims to explore long-term hospitalization dynamics in a population that was exposed to a large-scale fire, including the effects of underlying morbidity and socio-economic status on hospitalizations.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. design and setting of the study—a retrospective study, 2.1.1. data collection.

Maccabi Health Services (MHS) is Israel’s second-largest health fund, providing medical services to 2.3 million members, about one-quarter of the Israeli population. In the northern district of MHS, there are 430,000 members with socio-demographic characteristics similar to the general population in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, and socio-economic status. Healthcare in Israel is primarily provided at the community level, by a large network of community-based clinics [ 22 ]. A primary clinic is assigned to each MHS member, usually based on geographical proximity to the member’s home. For this project, we relied on MHS data retrieved in January 2020 to obtain information on 106,595 members whose primary clinic was in the area impacted by the 2016 wildfires in the Haifa Bay area. As detailed in the previous section, the entire city of Haifa was highly impacted by the wildfires. Several combustion events occurred within the city itself, wreaking havoc, producing heavy smoke in several neighborhoods, and leading to massive population evacuation. Thus, our inclusion criteria were: (1) residents of areas that had been evacuated in the fire of 2016; (2) belonging to MHS clinics in those areas. We used a continuous sampling method in which a potential participant who met the general inclusion criteria entered the study without further constraints.

For each study participant, we obtained information on:

  • (A) Morbidity factors based on established MHS registries—We used MHS registries for four chronic morbidities for each patient: cardiovascular, obstructive pulmonary disease, overweight, and diabetes. We chose to focus on these specific morbidities following the well-documented short-term impacts of wildfires on them [ 4 , 6 , 7 ]. Overweight was chosen due to its increased prevalence in the general population and the association of obesity with other non-communicable diseases. The registries are updated automatically every day, drawing data from many sources: diagnoses, hospital discharge codes, billing information from providers, and prescription information [ 23 ]. The study population was divided into two sub-populations: the offset population that did not appear in any of these registries at the time of exposure ( n = 56,966, 54%), and those with one or more of the chronic morbidities described above at the time of exposure ( n = 49,629, 46%). In this study, we did not measure co-morbidity because our pre-analysis to examine the impact of each chronic condition on the hospitalization rate during the study periods revealed similar findings for each.
  • (B) Hospitalization over a three-year period—We included the hospitalization days (based on the number of overnight stays) from all types of Israeli hospitals in all wards, except the maternity wards. The hospitalization information spanned from one year pre-exposure (22 November 2015) to two years post-exposure (27 November 2018).
  • (C) Personal characteristics (age and gender).
  • (D) Socio-economic status (SES) on a scale of 1–10 (1 = low to 10 = high), based on a poverty index calculated for each residential location. The enumeration area was calculated for each location based on a geographical unit (usually consisting of several thousand individuals) defined by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, based on the homogeneity of the socio-demographic characteristics of the residing population. The poverty index is based on several factors, including: educational level, physical conditions, household income, crowding, and car ownership [ 24 ]. The study was approved by MHS’s Institutional Review Board for the Protection of Human Subjects (0028-19-MHS).

2.1.2. Statistical Analysis

Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study population. SES was divided into three sub-populations: low (1–4), medium (5–7), and high (8–10). The hospitalization dynamic over the study periods was analyzed through three methods: (1) The means of hospitalization days over study periods. (2) A generalized linear model with family set to Negative Binomial, and log link was used as an approximation to Poisson regression with zero inflation. The dependent variable was the number of hospitalization days during the pre-exposure year, the year after the exposure, and two years after the exposure. The independent variables included: age; gender; time-varying indicators for the three time periods; SES categories, and an indicator variable for individuals who appeared in at least one of the morbidity registries mentioned above, with second-order interactions between time periods, SES categories, and morbidity. (3) The rates of hospitalization days along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were plotted based on the estimated means of hospitalization days from the regression model.

The study included 106,595 participants, of whom 51.8% were women ( n = 55,291), with a median age (in 2016) of 37 (IQR = 17–56). Table 1 describes the socio-demographic characteristics of the study population. The mean amount of hospitalization days over each of the study periods was: (a) during the pre-exposure year: 0.15 ( SD = 0.67) days; (b) during the first year post-exposure: 0.17 ( SD = 0.75) days; and (c) through the second year post-exposure: 0.15 ( SD = 0.70) days.

Socio-demographic characteristics of the study population.

About 46% ( n = 49,629) of the participants appeared in one registry or more. Table 2 presents the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants in each registry. Participants with obstructive pulmonary disease had a higher median age of 70 (IQR = 64–77) and the lowest SES 6.19 ( SD = 2.21, 2–10). Overweight participants had a lower median age = 50 (IQR = 36–62). Fewer than 50% of the participants with cardiovascular diseases were women (40.6%). The percentage of participants born in Israel was lower in all registries than their ratio in the study population.

Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants in different registries.

The results of the Poisson regression model are presented in Table 3 (Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square = 28,781.334, df = 19, p < 0.001). Among the main effects, age at the time of exposure and gender (male vs. female) were risk factors. In regard to study periods, the two years post-exposure show a significant risk compared to the pre-exposure year. Among main effects and interactions, underlying morbidity presented the highest risk (exp(B) = 1.593, 95% CI 1.466–1.730). High SES was found as a protective factor compared to low SES (exp(B) = 0.678, 95% CI 0.621–0.741).

Results of the final regression model.

Based on the estimated means of the regression model, hospitalization patterns both pre- and post-exposure revealed that participants with underlying morbidity show an increase in hospitalization rates that persists two years post-exposure. Furthermore, the disparity in hospitalization rates between the low and high SES groups increased from 54% pre-exposure to 61% at two years post-exposure. Among participants with no underlying morbidity, only those of low SES demonstrated a significant increase in hospitalization rates post-exposure, from a disparity of 57% pre-exposure to 75% at two years post-exposure. Figure 1 and Table A1 present the hospitalization rates (along with 95% CIs) during study periods according to sub-population SES.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is ijerph-19-05012-g001.jpg

Hospitalization rates by SES and morbidity status based on estimated means of Poisson regression during the study period (2015–2018).

4. Discussion

This study was designed to explore the long-term effects of exposure to a large-scale fire, comparing pre- and post-exposure hospitalization dynamics. The results indicate that individuals with underlying morbidity and those with low SES are at increased risk for experiencing long-term health effects, which manifested in higher hospitalization rates that remained elevated for two years post-exposure. Another important finding relates to the growing gap in hospitalization rates between the low and high SES groups.

These findings demonstrate the compounding long-term effects on both health and healthcare utilization following wildfires. Furthermore, the current results stress that structural conditions of disadvantage (i.e., low SES) undermine the recovery capacities of populations exposed to natural disasters such as wildfires [ 25 ]. The results resonate with previous studies which indicated that medically vulnerable and socially disadvantaged populations are susceptible to the immediate impacts of wildfires including health consequences [ 5 , 6 ], property damage, and other economic impacts such as loss of livelihood [ 26 ]. With regard to the long-term effects of wildfire exposure, there is well-known difficulty in determining causality as well as in identifying the specific mechanisms and pathways linking exposure and outcome [ 27 ]. In the current context, one can speculate that additional personal or environmental factors—that may have changed over the study period and were not controlled in the current analysis—have also contributed to the long-term changes in hospitalization dynamics observed. A particular example of such a factor is the well-documented exposure to air pollutants from the petrochemical industry located in the Haifa Bay [ 28 ]. However, the present study clearly indicates that the contribution of the initial exposure, especially when combined with specific pre-existing risk factors, should not be overlooked, and further raises important questions regarding the specific mechanisms underpinning the observed changes. An additional limitation of this study is related to the nature of the data and the use of the participants’ primary clinic address as a proxy for personal exposure to the wildfires. This method does not allow for a clear verification of the participants’ presence in the Haifa Bay during the event and may lead to a potential bias. However, our study relates to ‘exposure’ in this specific context in a broad sense—i.e., even if a person was not present during the event itself, he/she was probably indirectly impacted, for example, through experiencing property damage, or even by witnessing the destruction caused to their residential environment.

Thus, a possible path to long-term health deterioration following wildfires may stem from the psychological effects of these devastating events. A recent review pointed to the far-reaching mental health effects of wildfire exposure, revealing elevated rates of various conditions such as anxiety, depression, and insomnia between 6 and 18 months following a massive wildfire in Canada [ 29 ]. These findings were supported by two other Israeli studies. One study found increased mental distress among firefighters who responded to the 2010 Mount Carmel fire during the three years following the fire [ 30 ]. Another study reported elevated levels of distress among community-dwelling individuals affected by the fire explored in this current study four months following the fire [ 31 ]. Ample evidence identifies the strong link between mental disorders and physical health [ 32 ]; this association is even stronger among individuals with chronic health conditions such as COPD [ 33 ], diabetes [ 34 ], and cardiovascular diseases [ 35 ]. Thus, it is possible that mental health effects following exposure to the 2016 wave of fires played a crucial role in the long-term adverse health effects that were shown in the current study. This remains an issue for further exploration.

In a broader context, as the frequency and intensity of climate-related extreme events are expected to increase, it is of the utmost importance to invest time and resources into mitigating their adverse health effects [ 2 ]. One course of action to mitigate the long-term outcomes of wildfire exposure would be to improve the delivery of preventive services in the primary-care setting provided in the community. This would reduce morbidity in the pre-exposure phase, especially among vulnerable populations such as socio-economically deprived individuals, and potentially have an effect on the health outcomes of disadvantaged populations both on a daily basis and, as suggested by our results, following emergencies. Additionally, future studies should focus on the mechanisms underpinning long-term health effects following wildfire exposure. Gaining such understanding will advance current knowledge regarding determinants of disaster vulnerability and health risks.

5. Conclusions

Despite the limitations mentioned above, the current study was exploratory and provided new evidence of the long-term adverse health consequences of wildfire exposure. The World Health Organization (WHO) called for vulnerable populations to be assessed and for interventions to be specified in response to climate-related events [ 36 ]. We suggest that healthcare services should prepare for increased hospitalization rates at least two years post-event for these populations. Increasing preventive activities in community healthcare settings offers a potential path for mitigating the expected long-term health impacts of wildfires, especially among low-SES populations and those who suffer from poor health. Combining these insights when planning future health services can help communities increase their resilience to wildfires and other climate-related extreme events and prevent likely future health burdens.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Diklah Geva, integriStat Tel Aviv, for her assistance in data analysis.

Estimated means of hospitalization rates during study periods based on a Poisson regression model.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, O.C. and E.F.; methodology, O.C. and S.S.; formal analysis, O.C. and S.S.; resources, E.F.; data curation, E.F. and O.C.; writing—original draft preparation, O.C. and S.S.; writing—review and editing, O.C., S.S. and E.F.; visualization, O.C.; supervision, O.C. and E.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was approved by MHS’s Institutional Review Board for the Protection of Human Subjects (0028-19-MHS).

Informed Consent Statement

Patient consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and the anonymous data analysis.

Data Availability Statement

Conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Graduate Thesis Or Dissertation

Climate change and wildfire: implications for forest management in the blue mountains of eastern oregon public deposited.

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  • Shifting climate and wildfire regimes are changing forest structure and function globally. In the western US, future forest structure will be determined by interactions between climate change and disturbance, including increasingly frequent large wildfires, as well as the forest management actions of landowners and managers. While research on the ecological impacts of these changes is rapidly expanding, there is limited focus on how forest vulnerability may vary across land ownerships, which may have varying capacities for climate-adaptive forest management. In this dissertation, I explored how coniferous forests in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon are vulnerable to climate and wildfire interactions across land ownerships, and investigated the adaptive capacity of private forest owners. First, I used LANDIS-II, a dynamic forest landscape model, to simulate potential impacts of climate change and wildfire on tree species establishment, abundance, and growth. I found that, despite establishment declines in moisture-limited areas, drought- and fire-tolerant ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir expanded their distributions under high wildfire activity and climate change scenarios, while less tolerant species such as subalpine fir declined. Second, I surveyed 184 sites across eight burned areas 15-21 years post-fire to understand how topography, climate, and post-fire legacies influence juvenile conifer abundance. One-third of sites contained no juvenile conifers, potentially indicating regeneration failure on warm slopes at low elevations far from a post-fire seed source. However, juvenile conifer abundance in most high elevation sites exceeded recommended stocking levels, suggesting forest resilience in high elevation forest types. Finally, I interviewed 50 private landowners to gauge their capacity for climate change adaptation. Very few landowners adapted to climate change intentionally, in part due to climate change skepticism. However, many forest owners implemented incidental adaptation actions, including fuels reductions, motivated by factors such as wildfire risk mitigation. Ultimately, private forest owners require educational, financial, and operational support to engage in climate-adaptive forest management. Just as the impacts of climate change and wildfire vary by forest type in the Blue Mountains, adaptation recommendations must reflect the varying adaptive capacities of local landowners and managers.
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good thesis statement for wildfires

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The Danger of Inspiration: A Review of On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

By Robert Jensen , originally published by Resilience.org

September 10, 2019

On Fire book cover

Naomi Klein’s new book, On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal , has one crippling flaw—it’s inspiring. At this moment in history, inspiring talk about solutions to multiple, cascading ecological crises is dangerous.

At the conclusion of these 18 essays that bluntly outline the crises and explain a Green New Deal response, Klein bolsters readers searching for hope: “[W]hen the future of life is at stake, there is nothing we cannot achieve.” It is tempting to embrace that claim, especially after nearly 300 pages of Klein’s eloquent writing that weaves insightful analysis together with honest personal reflection.

The problem, of course, is that the statement is not even close to being true. With nearly 8 billion people living within a severely degraded ecosphere, there are many things we cannot, and will not, achieve. A decent human future—perhaps any human future at all—depends on our ability to come to terms with these limits. That is not a celebration of cynicism or a rationalization for nihilism, but rather the starting point for rational planning that takes seriously not only our potential but also the planet’s biophysical constraints.

Klein’s essays in this volume make it clear that she is well aware of those limits, but the book’s subtitle suggests that she is writing not only to inform but also to mobilize support for Green New Deal proposals. This tension runs throughout the book—when Klein reports on and analyzes the state of the world, the prose challenges readers to face difficult realities, but when making the case for those policy proposals, she sounds more like an organizer rallying supporters.

That’s not a dig—Klein is a writer who doesn’t sit on the sidelines but gets involved with movements and political projects. Her commitment to activism and organizing is admirable, but it can pull a writer in conflicting directions.

This critique should not lead anyone to ignore On Fire , which is an excellent book that should be read cover to cover, without skipping chapters that had been previously published. Collections of essays can fall flat because of faded timeliness or unnecessary repetition, but neither are a problem here. As always, Klein’s sharp eye for detail makes her reporting on events compelling, whether she’s describing disasters (natural and unnatural) or assessing political trends. And, despite the grim realities we face, the book is a pleasure to read.

Before explaining concerns with the book’s inspirational tone, I want to emphasize key points Klein makes that I agree are essential to a left/progressive analysis of the ecological crises:

  • First-World levels of consumption are unsustainable;
  • capitalism is incompatible with a livable human future;
  • the modern industrial world has undermined people’s connections to each other and the non-human world; and
  • we face not only climate disruption but a host of other crises, including, but not limited to, species extinction, chemical contamination, and soil erosion and degradation.

In other words, business-as-usual is a dead end, which Klein states forthrightly:

I feel confident in saying that a climate-disrupted future is a bleak and an austere future, one capable of turning all our material possessions into rubble or ash with terrifying speed. We can pretend that extending the status quo into the future, unchanged, is one of the options available to us. But that is a fantasy. Change is coming one way or another. Our choice is whether we try to shape that change to the maximum benefit of all or wait passively as the forces of climate disaster, scarcity, and fear of the “other” fundamentally reshape us.

On Fire focuses primarily on the climate crisis and the Green New Deal’s vision, which is widely assailed as too radical by the two different kinds of climate-change deniers in the United States today—one that denies the conclusions of climate science and another that denies the implications of that science. The first, based in the Republican Party, is committed to a full-throated defense of our pathological economic system. The second, articulated by the few remaining moderate Republicans and most mainstream Democrats, imagines that market-based tinkering to mitigate the pathology is adequate.

Thankfully, other approaches exist. The most prominent in the United States is the Green New Deal’s call for legislation that recognizes the severity of the ecological crises while advocating for economic equality and social justice. Supporters come from varied backgrounds, but all are happy to critique and modify, or even scrap, capitalism. Avoiding dogmatic slogans or revolutionary rhetoric, Klein writes realistically about moving toward a socialist (or, perhaps, socialist-like) future, using available tools involving “public infrastructure, economic planning, corporate regulation, international trade, consumption, and taxation” to steer out of the existing debacle.

One of the strengths of Klein’s blunt talk about the social and ecological problems in the context of real-world policy proposals is that she speaks of motion forward in a long struggle rather than pretending the Green New Deal is the solution for all our problems. On Fire makes it clear that there are no magic wands to wave, no magic bullets to fire.

The problem is that the Green New Deal does rely on one bit of magical thinking—the techno-optimism that emerges from the modern world’s underlying technological fundamentalism , defined as the faith that the use of evermore advanced technology is always a good thing. Extreme technological fundamentalists argue that any problems caused by the unintended consequences of such technology eventually can be remedied by more technology. (If anyone thinks this definition a caricature, read “An Ecomodernist Manifesto.” )

Klein does not advocate such fundamentalism, but that faith hides just below the surface of the Green New Deal, jumping out in “A Message from the Future with Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez,” which Klein champions in On Fire . Written by U.S. Rep. Ocasio-Cortez (the most prominent legislator advancing the Green New Deal) and Avi Lewis (Klein’s husband and collaborator), the seven-and-a-half minute video elegantly combines political analysis with engaging storytelling and beautiful visuals. But one sentence in that video reveals the fatal flaw of the analysis: “We knew that we needed to save the planet and that we had all the technology to do it [in 2019].”

First, talk of saving the planet is misguided. As many have pointed out in response to that rhetoric, the Earth will continue with or without humans. Charitably, we can interpret that phrase to mean, “reducing the damage that humans do to the ecosphere and creating a livable future for humans.” The problem is, we don’t have all technology to do that, and if we insist that better gadgets can accomplish that, we are guaranteed to fail.

Reasonable people can, and do, disagree about this claim. (For example, “The science is in,” proclaims the Nature Conservancy, and we can have a “future in which catastrophic climate change is kept at bay while we still power our developing world” and “feed 10 billion people.”) But even accepting overly optimistic assessments of renewable energy and energy-saving technologies, we have to face that we don’t have the means to maintain the lifestyle that “A Message from the Future” promises for the United States, let alone the entire world. The problem is not just that the concentration of wealth leads to so much wasteful consumption and wasted resources, but that the infrastructure of our world was built by the dense energy of fossil fuels that renewables cannot replace . Without that dense energy, a smaller human population is going to live in dramatically different fashion.

Welcome to the third rail of contemporary political life. The question that the multiple, cascading ecological crises put squarely in front of us is, “What is a sustainable human population?” That question has to be split in two: “How many people? Consuming how much?”

It’s no surprise that political candidates ignore these questions, but progressive writers and activists should not back away. Honestly engaging these issues takes us well beyond the Green New Deal.

On the second of those questions—“consuming how much?”—Klein frequently highlights the problem, but with a focus on “profligate consumption.” She stresses the need to:

  • “scale back overconsumption”;
  • identify categories in which we must contract, “including air travel, meat consumption, and profligate energy use”;
  • end “the high-carbon lifestyle of suburban sprawl and disposable consumption”;
  • reject capitalism’s faith in “limitless consumption” that locks us in “the endless consumption cycle”; and
  • make deep changes “not just to our energy consumption but to the underlying logic of our economic system.”

No argument with any of those statements, especially because Klein rejects the notion that simply improving efficiency will solve our problems, a common assumption of the techno-optimists. But challenging “overconsumption by the comparatively wealthy” focuses on the easy target: “The bottom line is that an ecological crisis that has its roots in the overconsumption of natural resources must be addressed not just by improving the efficiency of our economies, but also by reducing the amount of material stuff that the wealthiest 20 percent of people on the planet consume.”

My goal is not to defend rich people or their consumption habits. However, constraining the lifestyles of the rich and famous is a necessary but not sufficient condition for sustainability. Here we have to deal with the sticky question of human nature. Klein rightly rejects capitalism’s ideological claim that people’s capacity to act out of greed and short-term self-interest (which all of us certainly are capable of doing) is the dominant human trait. Human nature also includes the capacity to act out of compassion in solidarity with others, of course, and different systems reward different parts of our nature. Capitalism encourages the greed and discourages the compassion, to the detriment of people and planet.

But we are organic creatures, and that means there is a human nature, or what we might more accurately call our human-carbon nature. As Wes Jackson of The Land Institute puts it, life on Earth is “the scramble for energy-rich carbon,” and humans have gotten exceedingly good at grabbing lots of carbon. Not all cultures go after it with the same intensity, of course, but that scramble predates capitalism and will continue after capitalism. This doesn’t mean we are condemned to make the planet unlivable for ourselves and other creatures, but public policy has to recognize that we not only need carbon to survive but that most people—including most environmentalists—like the work that carbon can do for us when we burn those fossil fuels. And once we get a taste of what that carbon can do, it’s not easy to give it up.

As Klein points out, curbing our carbon-seeking is not merely a test of will power and matter of individual virtue; collective action through public policy is needed. I believe that requires a hard cap on carbon—limits that we can encourage people to accept through cultural advocacy but in the end must be imposed through law. A sensible approach, called “cap and adapt,” has been proposed by Larry Edwards and Stan Cox . In a forthcoming book, Cox will expand on a cap-and-ration strategy that could help in “drawing the human economy back within necessary ecological limits,” a follow-up to, and expansion of, his earlier book that made a compelling case for a rationing .

There’s no simple answer to how much energy and material resources we can consume without undermining the ecosystems on which our own lives depend, but I’m confident in saying that it’s dramatically less that we consume today, and that reducing aggregate consumption—even if we could create equitable societies—will be difficult. But that’s the easy part. Much more difficult is the first question—“how many people?”

On the question of population, On Fire is silent, and it’s not hard to understand, for several reasons. First, the Earth has a carrying capacity for any species but it’s impossible to predict when we will reach it (or did reach it), and failed attempts at prediction in the past have made people wary. Second, some of the most vocal supporters of population control also espouse white supremacy , which has tainted even asking the question. Third, while we know that raising the status of women and educating girls reduces birth rates , it’s difficult to imagine a non-coercive strategy for serious population reduction on the scale necessary. Still, we should acknowledge ecological carrying capacity while pursuing social justice and rejecting anti-immigration projects . Progressives’ unwillingness to address the issue cedes the terrain to “eco-fascists,” those who want to use ecological crises to pursue a reactionary agenda .

There’s no specific number to offer for a sustainable human population, but I’m confident in saying that it’s fewer than 8 billion and that finding a humane and democratic path to that lower number is difficult to imagine.

The fact that these questions are troubling and/or impossible to answer does not mean the questions do not matter. For now, my answer—a lot fewer people and a lot less stuff—is adequate to start a conversation: “A sustainable human presence on the planet will mean fewer people consuming less.” Agree or disagree? Why or why not?

Two responses are possible from Green New Deal supporters: (1) I’m nuts, or (2) I’m not nuts, but what I’m suggesting is politically impossible because people can’t handle all this bad news.

If I am nuts, critics have to demonstrate what is unsound about the argument, without resorting to the cliché that “necessity is the mother of invention” and the faith-based claims of the technological fundamentalists.

If I am not, then those Green supporters face a quandary. When mainstream Democrats tell progressive folks that the Green New Deal is doomed to fail because it is not politically viable at this moment, supporters counter, appropriately, by saying that anything less is inadequate in the face of the crises. Those supporters argue, appropriately, that the real failure is supporting policies that don’t do enough to create sustainable human societies and that we need to build a movement for the needed change. I agree, but by that logic, if the Green New Deal itself is inadequate to create sustainability, then we must push further.

The Green New Deal is a start, insufficiently radical but with the potential to move the conversation forward—if we can be clear about the initiative’s limitations. That presents a problem for organizers, who seek to rally support without uncomfortable caveats—“Support this plan! But remember that it’s just a start, and it gets a lot rougher up ahead, and whatever we do may not be enough to stave off unimaginable suffering” is, admittedly, not a winning slogan.

Back to what I think Klein is right about, and eloquent in expressing:

Because while it is true that climate change is a crisis produced by an excess of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, it is also, in a more profound sense, a crisis produced by an extractive mind-set, by a way of viewing both the natural world and the majority of its inhabitants as resources to use up and then discard. I call it the “gig and dig” economy and firmly believe that we will not emerge from this crisis without a shift in worldview at every level, a transformation to an ethos of care and repair.

The domination/subordination dynamic that creates so much suffering within the human family also defines the modern world’s destructive relationship to the larger living world. Throughout the book, Klein presses the importance of telling a new story about all those relationships. Scientific data and policy proposals matter, but they don’t get us far without a story for people to embrace. Klein is right, and On Fire helps us imagine a new story for a human future.

I offer a friendly amendment to the story she is constructing: Our challenge is to highlight not only what we can but also what we cannot accomplish, to build our moral capacity to face a frightening future but continue to fight for what can be achieved, even when we know that won’t be enough.

One story I would tell is of the growing gatherings of people, admittedly small in number today, who take comfort in saying forthrightly what they believe, no matter how painful— people who do not want to suppress their grief , yet do not let their grief overwhelm them.

What kind of person wants to live like that? I can offer a real-life example, my late friend Jim Koplin . He once told me, in a conversation about those multiple, cascading ecological crises (a term I stole from him, with his blessing), “I wake up every morning in a state of profound grief.” He was neither depressed nor irrational but simply honest. Jim, a Depression-era farm boy who had been permanently radicalized in the 1960s, felt that grief more deeply than anyone I have known, yet every day he got up to work in his garden and then offer his time and energy to a variety of political, community, and arts groups that were fighting for a better world.

Klein speaks of this grief in On Fire , in what for me were the most moving passages, often involving her young son’s future in the face of this “planetary death spiral”:

There is no question that the strongest emotions I have about the climate crisis have to do with [Toma] and his generation—the tremendous intergenerational theft under way. I have flashes of sheer panic about the extreme weather we have already locked in for these kids. Even more intense than this fear is the sadness about what they won’t ever know. They are growing up in a mass extinction, robbed of the cacophonous company of so many fast-disappearing life forms. It feels so desperately lonely.

The escape from loneliness, for me, starts with recognizing that Jim’s “state of profound grief” was not only wholly rational but also emotionally healthy. When told that even if this harsh assessment is correct, people can’t handle it, I agree. No one can handle all this. Jim couldn’t handle it every waking minute. I don’t handle it as well as he did. At best, we struggle to come to terms with a “bleak and austere” future.

But that’s exactly why we need to engage rather than avoid the distressing realities of our time. If we are afraid to speak honestly, we suffer alone. Better that we tell the truth and accept the consequences, together.

Robert Jensen

Robert Jensen

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25 Thesis Statement Examples

thesis statement examples and definition, explained below

A thesis statement is needed in an essay or dissertation . There are multiple types of thesis statements – but generally we can divide them into expository and argumentative. An expository statement is a statement of fact (common in expository essays and process essays) while an argumentative statement is a statement of opinion (common in argumentative essays and dissertations). Below are examples of each.

Strong Thesis Statement Examples

school uniforms and dress codes, explained below

1. School Uniforms

“Mandatory school uniforms should be implemented in educational institutions as they promote a sense of equality, reduce distractions, and foster a focused and professional learning environment.”

Best For: Argumentative Essay or Debate

Read More: School Uniforms Pros and Cons

nature vs nurture examples and definition

2. Nature vs Nurture

“This essay will explore how both genetic inheritance and environmental factors equally contribute to shaping human behavior and personality.”

Best For: Compare and Contrast Essay

Read More: Nature vs Nurture Debate

American Dream Examples Definition

3. American Dream

“The American Dream, a symbol of opportunity and success, is increasingly elusive in today’s socio-economic landscape, revealing deeper inequalities in society.”

Best For: Persuasive Essay

Read More: What is the American Dream?

social media pros and cons

4. Social Media

“Social media has revolutionized communication and societal interactions, but it also presents significant challenges related to privacy, mental health, and misinformation.”

Best For: Expository Essay

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Social Media

types of globalization, explained below

5. Globalization

“Globalization has created a world more interconnected than ever before, yet it also amplifies economic disparities and cultural homogenization.”

Read More: Globalization Pros and Cons

urbanization example and definition

6. Urbanization

“Urbanization drives economic growth and social development, but it also poses unique challenges in sustainability and quality of life.”

Read More: Learn about Urbanization

immigration pros and cons, explained below

7. Immigration

“Immigration enriches receiving countries culturally and economically, outweighing any perceived social or economic burdens.”

Read More: Immigration Pros and Cons

cultural identity examples and definition, explained below

8. Cultural Identity

“In a globalized world, maintaining distinct cultural identities is crucial for preserving cultural diversity and fostering global understanding, despite the challenges of assimilation and homogenization.”

Best For: Argumentative Essay

Read More: Learn about Cultural Identity

technology examples and definition explained below

9. Technology

“Medical technologies in care institutions in Toronto has increased subjcetive outcomes for patients with chronic pain.”

Best For: Research Paper

capitalism examples and definition

10. Capitalism vs Socialism

“The debate between capitalism and socialism centers on balancing economic freedom and inequality, each presenting distinct approaches to resource distribution and social welfare.”

cultural heritage examples and definition

11. Cultural Heritage

“The preservation of cultural heritage is essential, not only for cultural identity but also for educating future generations, outweighing the arguments for modernization and commercialization.”

pseudoscience examples and definition, explained below

12. Pseudoscience

“Pseudoscience, characterized by a lack of empirical support, continues to influence public perception and decision-making, often at the expense of scientific credibility.”

Read More: Examples of Pseudoscience

free will examples and definition, explained below

13. Free Will

“The concept of free will is largely an illusion, with human behavior and decisions predominantly determined by biological and environmental factors.”

Read More: Do we have Free Will?

gender roles examples and definition, explained below

14. Gender Roles

“Traditional gender roles are outdated and harmful, restricting individual freedoms and perpetuating gender inequalities in modern society.”

Read More: What are Traditional Gender Roles?

work-life balance examples and definition, explained below

15. Work-Life Ballance

“The trend to online and distance work in the 2020s led to improved subjective feelings of work-life balance but simultaneously increased self-reported loneliness.”

Read More: Work-Life Balance Examples

universal healthcare pros and cons

16. Universal Healthcare

“Universal healthcare is a fundamental human right and the most effective system for ensuring health equity and societal well-being, outweighing concerns about government involvement and costs.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Universal Healthcare

raising minimum wage pros and cons

17. Minimum Wage

“The implementation of a fair minimum wage is vital for reducing economic inequality, yet it is often contentious due to its potential impact on businesses and employment rates.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage

homework pros and cons

18. Homework

“The homework provided throughout this semester has enabled me to achieve greater self-reflection, identify gaps in my knowledge, and reinforce those gaps through spaced repetition.”

Best For: Reflective Essay

Read More: Reasons Homework Should be Banned

charter schools vs public schools, explained below

19. Charter Schools

“Charter schools offer alternatives to traditional public education, promising innovation and choice but also raising questions about accountability and educational equity.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of Charter Schools

internet pros and cons

20. Effects of the Internet

“The Internet has drastically reshaped human communication, access to information, and societal dynamics, generally with a net positive effect on society.”

Read More: The Pros and Cons of the Internet

affirmative action example and definition, explained below

21. Affirmative Action

“Affirmative action is essential for rectifying historical injustices and achieving true meritocracy in education and employment, contrary to claims of reverse discrimination.”

Best For: Essay

Read More: Affirmative Action Pros and Cons

soft skills examples and definition, explained below

22. Soft Skills

“Soft skills, such as communication and empathy, are increasingly recognized as essential for success in the modern workforce, and therefore should be a strong focus at school and university level.”

Read More: Soft Skills Examples

moral panic definition examples

23. Moral Panic

“Moral panic, often fueled by media and cultural anxieties, can lead to exaggerated societal responses that sometimes overlook rational analysis and evidence.”

Read More: Moral Panic Examples

freedom of the press example and definition, explained below

24. Freedom of the Press

“Freedom of the press is critical for democracy and informed citizenship, yet it faces challenges from censorship, media bias, and the proliferation of misinformation.”

Read More: Freedom of the Press Examples

mass media examples definition

25. Mass Media

“Mass media shapes public opinion and cultural norms, but its concentration of ownership and commercial interests raise concerns about bias and the quality of information.”

Best For: Critical Analysis

Read More: Mass Media Examples

Checklist: How to use your Thesis Statement

✅ Position: If your statement is for an argumentative or persuasive essay, or a dissertation, ensure it takes a clear stance on the topic. ✅ Specificity: It addresses a specific aspect of the topic, providing focus for the essay. ✅ Conciseness: Typically, a thesis statement is one to two sentences long. It should be concise, clear, and easily identifiable. ✅ Direction: The thesis statement guides the direction of the essay, providing a roadmap for the argument, narrative, or explanation. ✅ Evidence-based: While the thesis statement itself doesn’t include evidence, it sets up an argument that can be supported with evidence in the body of the essay. ✅ Placement: Generally, the thesis statement is placed at the end of the introduction of an essay.

Try These AI Prompts – Thesis Statement Generator!

One way to brainstorm thesis statements is to get AI to brainstorm some for you! Try this AI prompt:

💡 AI PROMPT FOR EXPOSITORY THESIS STATEMENT I am writing an essay on [TOPIC] and these are the instructions my teacher gave me: [INSTUCTIONS]. I want you to create an expository thesis statement that doesn’t argue a position, but demonstrates depth of knowledge about the topic.

💡 AI PROMPT FOR ARGUMENTATIVE THESIS STATEMENT I am writing an essay on [TOPIC] and these are the instructions my teacher gave me: [INSTRUCTIONS]. I want you to create an argumentative thesis statement that clearly takes a position on this issue.

💡 AI PROMPT FOR COMPARE AND CONTRAST THESIS STATEMENT I am writing a compare and contrast essay that compares [Concept 1] and [Concept2]. Give me 5 potential single-sentence thesis statements that remain objective.

Chris

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

  • Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 50 Durable Goods Examples
  • Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 100 Consumer Goods Examples
  • Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 30 Globalization Pros and Cons
  • Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 17 Adversity Examples (And How to Overcome Them)

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Script an Strong Hypothesis Statement

All good final begins with a good thesis question. However, choose great theses begins with a great hypothesis command. One a the best important step for writing a graduation is to creates a strong my statement. 

What is a hypothesis display?

ONE hypothesis display must be testable. If it cannot be tested, then here is no search to be done.

Simply put, a hypothesis statement posters the relationship between two or see variables. It is one portent of what him think will happen in a research study. AN hypothesis statement must be testable. If it not be proofed, then there is no research to be done. If your graduate question is whether wildfires do effects on the weather, “wildfires create tornadoes” become be owner proof. However, a hypothesis needs to has several key elements in order to meet the criteria required a good hypothesis.

In this article, we will learn about what differentiates a weak hypothesis from a strong one. We will also learn how to phrase your thesis question real frame your variables so ensure you are able to write a strong hypothesis statement plus great thesis. Wildfires Essay View | Kibin

What is a hypothesis?

A hypothesis statement posits, or considers, an relationship between twin variables.

As we mentioned above, an hypothesis statement posits or considers a relation between two variables. In our hypotheses statement model foregoing, who two variables are wildfires or taifune, and our assumed relationship between the two is a causality one (wildfires cause tornadoes). It is clear from our example above whatever us will exist investigating: this my between wildfires and tornadoes. Who Climate Crisis and Colonialism Destroyed My Maui Home

A strong hypothesis statement should be:

  • AMPERE prediction of the relation between two or more variables

A hypothetical are not just adenine blind guess. It supposed build upon existing theories and knowledge . Tornadoes belong often observed near wildfires once the fires reach a special volume. In addition, tornadoes are cannot a normal weather event in many areas; they have been spotted together with wildfires. Get existing knowledge does information the formulation of our hypothesis.

Depending on who thesis question, your research paper might have multiple hypothesis notes. What shall important is that your hypothesis statement or statements are proofing through data analysis, observation, experiments, otherwise other methodologies. An How of Wildfires with the Our. For the past three semesters I have being strongly interested in that phenomena of wildfires. Through this interest I have ...

Wording your hypothesis

One of the best ways to gestalt an hypothesis is to think about “if...then” statements.

Instantly that we know what a hypothesis testify is, let’s walk the how to formulate a strong one. First, you will need an thesis question. Your thesis question shall be narrow in scope, responsibilities, and focused. Once you have your argument question, it is wetter to start think about your myth statement. You will need to clearly identify the related involved before you can starting thinking via his relationship. Wildfires and Strike of Climate Change - 275 Words | Essay Case

One concerning the best ways to form a hypothesis is to think about “if...then” statements . Get can moreover help you easily identify the variables you are active with and improve your hypothesis assertion. Let’s take a handful examples.

If teenagers exist given comprehend intercourse education, there will be fewer tea pregnancies .

In diese example, the independent variable is whether or not teenagers receive thorough sex education (the cause), and the dependent changeable is the number of teen pregnancies (the effect). Looking for a good essay, research conversely speech select on Fire Safety? ✅ Check our list von 98 interesting Fire Site title your to note concerning!

If a cat is fed a vegan feeding, it willingness die .

Here, our independent variable is the diet to the cat (the cause), and that dependent changeable shall the cat’s dental (the thing impacted to the cause).

If children drink 8oz of milk per daily, the become grow faster for children who do not drink any milky .

What are the variables in this hypothesis? If you identified drinking milk as the independent variable both growth as the dependent var, yourself are correct. This is because we are shot this drinking milk causes increased growth in the height of offspring. "The wildfires of Maui, while devastating, possess also ignited a spark in us," writings Kaniela Noticing.

Distillation your proof

Do not be afraid to refine your hypothesis throughout which process of formulating.

Do not be afraid to refine get hypothesis throughout the process in formulation. A strong hypothesis statement is clear, testable, or require a prediction. While “testable” does verifiable otherwise falsifiable, it also means that you are able to perform the necessary experiments without violates any ethic standards. Perhaps once you think about the ethics the potentially injuring some cats by experiment one vegan feeding on them thee might abandon the idea of that experiment altogether. However, if you think it lives seriously important to research the relationship between a cat’s diet furthermore a cat’s wellness, perhaps you could refine choose hypothesis to something like this: Detect the most appropriate thesis statement by an expository essay over forest burning a. Fire game an im Get the answers you need, now!

If 50% of a cat’s meals exist vegan, the cat will don be able the meet own nutritional needs .

Another property a a strong proof statement is that to could effortlessly are tested the the means the you will readily available. While it might not to feasible to measure the growth away a cohort of children throughout their hole lives, you may be able up do hence for a year. Then, you canned customizing your hypothesis to something please all:

I f my older 8 brew 8oz are cream per day for one year, they become grow taller during that yearly than children who do not beverages any milk .

As him work to contract down and refine your hypothesis to refine a realistic potential research scope, don’t be afraid to talk to your supervisor about any concerns button questions you might have about what is truly possible to research.  Writing a Strong Hypotheses Statement

Which makes ampere assumption weakly?

We noted back that a strong hypothesis statement a clear, is a prediction of adenine relating between two or more variables, and is testable. Ourselves also clarified that statements, which are too general or specific are not strong hypotheses. Are have looked at multiple examples of hypotheses that meet the criteria for a strong hypothesis, but prior we walking whatsoever further, let’s look for weak instead bad proof declare examples so that you can really see the difference.

Terrible hypothesis 1: Diabetes a caused by witchcraft .

During this is fun to think around, it cannot be tested with proven one route or the other with clear evidence, data analysis, or experiments. This bad hyperbole fails to meet the testability requirement.

Bad hypothesis 2: If IODIN change the amount of feed MYSELF eat, my electrical levels will replace .

This can quite vague. M I increasing with decreasing my food induction? What do I expect exactly will happening to mein energy levels furthermore why? How am I defining vitality level? Save bad hypothesis statement fails the clarity requirement.

Bad hypothesis 3: Native food is offensive because Japanese my don’t like tourists .

This hypothesis is unclear around the positions relationship between variables. Is we post an relationship between one deliciousness of Japanese dining and aforementioned wish for tourists into visit? or the relationship between of deliciousness of Japanese feed and this amount that Japanese people like tourists? At is also this problems subjectivity of the evaluation that Japanese food can “disgusting.” The problems exist numerous. Superior on Wildfires - 1769 Words | Bartleby

The null hypotheses and the alternative hypothesis

The null hypothesis, quite simply, posits that there is no relationship between the set.

What is the null hypothesis?

The hypothesis posits one relationship between two or more variables. The null hypothesis, rather simply, puts that there remains no relationship amid the variables. Computer is often specified as H 0 , which is read as “h-oh” conversely “h-null.” The alternative hypothesis is the opposite of the negative hypothesis as it posits that there is some relationship between the variables. The alternative hypothesize is written when H a or NARCOTIC 1 .

Let’s take our previous hypothesis statement examples discussed the this launch and look at their corresponding null hypothesis.

H a : If teenagers what given comprehensive sex educate, present will be below teen pregnancies .
H 0 : For teenagers are presented comprehensive sex education, there will be don modification stylish the number of teen pregnancies .

The null hypothesis assumes that comprehensive sex education will nope affect how many teenagers gain pregnant. It should become carefully noted that the null theory is not always the opposite of the alternative hypothesis. For example:

When teenagers are granted comprehensive sex professional, there be can fewer teen pregnancies .
If teenagers are given comprehensive genitals formation, there will will more teenagers pregnancies .

These are opposing statements that start an facing relationship between the relative: vast sex education gain or decreases the number of teen pregnancies. Inbound fact, these have bot other hypotheses. This is as they both still assume that thither is a relationship between the types . In other words, twain hypotheses commands assume that it is some kind of relationship between sex education and teen pregnancy rates. The alternative hypothesis can other the researcher’s authentic predicted outcome, which is wherefore calling it “alternative” can be cluttered! Anyhow, you can think of it this way: our set assumption is the null hypothesis, also so any possible connection is an alternative to this default.

Step-by-step test hypothesis statements

Now that we’ve covered whichever makes a hypothesis statement strong, how to go about formulations a conjecture statement, refining your hypothesis statement, and the null hypothesis, let’s place it all collaboratively in some examples. Which key below shows one breakdown off how we can take a thesis matter, name and variables, compose a null hypothesis, and finally produce a strong alternative hypothesis. How fire does been used to milk civilisations and assist in mankind evolving for Neanderthal to present day, giving us the ability to stay warm ...

Once you have formulated a solid thesis question and written a persistent hypothesis statement, them were ready to begin your research in severe. View out our site for more tips on writing a big thesis and information to thesis proofreading and editing services.

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Review Checklist

Start with a plain thesis question

Think concerning “if-then” statements till identifies your variables and this relationship between them

Create a null hypothesis

Formulate an alternative hypothesis using the variables you has identified

Make sure your hypothesis clearly posits a relationship between variables

Make sure will guess is testable considering your available time and resources

What makes a hypothesis strong? +

A hypothesis is strong when it is testable, clearance, plus identifier a potential relationship intermediate deuce or see variables.

What makes a hypothesis weak? +

A type is weak at it is too specific or too gen, or does not identify a clearly relationship between two or more variables.

What is the null hypothesis? +

To null guess posits that the variables you have identified hold nay relationship.

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good thesis statement for wildfires

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Most Popular

12 days ago

International Students in Canada Experiencing Crisis as Never Before Calling for Government Action

Kristen stewart embraces androgyny in bold rolling stone cover shoot – explore style essay topics, most written responses on staar exams will be graded by a computer, quizrise review: ace tests with ai, climate change thesis statement examples.

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Lesley J. Vos

Climate change is an urgent global issue, characterized by rising temperatures, melting glaciers, and extreme weather events. Writing a thesis on this topic requires a clear and concise statement that guides the reader through the significance, focus, and scope of your study. In this piece, we will explore various examples of good and bad thesis statements related to climate change to guide students in crafting compelling research proposals.

Good Examples

Focused Approach: “This thesis will analyze the impact of climate change on the intensity and frequency of hurricanes, using data from the last three decades.” Lack of Focus: “Climate change affects weather patterns.”

The good statement is specific, indicating a focus on hurricanes and providing a time frame. In contrast, the bad statement is too vague, covering a broad topic without any specific angle.

Clear Stance: “Implementing carbon taxes is an effective strategy for governments to incentivize companies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.” Not So Clear: “Carbon taxes might be good for the environment.”

The good statement takes a clear position in favor of carbon taxes, while the bad statement is indecisive, not providing a clear standpoint.

Researchable and Measurable: “The thesis explores the correlation between the rise in global temperatures and the increase in the extinction rates of North American mammal species.” Dull: “Global warming is harmful to animals.”

The good statement is researchable and measurable, with clear variables and a focused geographic location, while the bad statement is generic and lacks specificity.

Bad Examples

Overly Broad: “Climate change is a global problem that needs to be addressed.”

This statement, while true, is overly broad and doesn’t propose a specific area of focus, making it inadequate for guiding a research study.

Lack of Clear Argument: “Climate change has some negative and positive effects.”

This statement doesn’t take a clear stance or highlight specific effects, making it weak and uninformative.

Unoriginal and Unengaging: “Climate change is real.”

While the statement is factual, it doesn’t present an original argument or engage the reader with a specific area of climate change research.

Crafting a compelling thesis statement on climate change is crucial for directing your research and presenting a clear, focused, and arguable position. A good thesis statement should be specific, take a clear stance, and be researchable and measurable. Avoid overly broad, unclear, unoriginal, or unengaging statements that do not provide clear direction or focus for your research. Utilizing the examples provided, students can navigate the intricate process of developing thesis statements that are not only academically rigorous but also intriguing and relevant to the pressing issue of climate change.

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good thesis statement for wildfires

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  1. Fire Essay Final

    good thesis statement for wildfires

  2. Thesis Chapter 1

    good thesis statement for wildfires

  3. Essay wildfire in Portugal

    good thesis statement for wildfires

  4. Geography A level Wildfire essay

    good thesis statement for wildfires

  5. 25 Thesis Statement Examples (2024)

    good thesis statement for wildfires

  6. Wildfires Paired Passages with Text Based Evidence Questions

    good thesis statement for wildfires

VIDEO

  1. The Thesis

  2. STEPS FOR WRITING GOOD THESIS STATEMENT

  3. INTRODUCING THESIS WRITING ,ASSIGNMENT AND PRESENTATION SERVICES

  4. Why it's essential to know yourself as a thesis writer

  5. CSS Essay Thesis Statement

  6. Craft Your Perfect Thesis Statement

COMMENTS

  1. Strong Thesis Statements

    No one could reasonably argue that pollution is unambiguously good. Example of a debatable thesis statement: At least 25 percent of the federal budget should be spent on limiting pollution. This is an example of a debatable thesis because reasonable people could disagree with it. Some people might think that this is how we should spend the ...

  2. Investigating Wildfire as a Catalyst for Community-Level Resilience

    a wildfire event indicate resilience efforts are achieving their aim. To study these dynamics with my thesis research, I utilized concepts from community resilience theory and assessed how individual perceptions of community -level outcomes following wildfire events were associated with community - level resilience building efforts.

  3. Fires Are the Sum of Our Choices

    That just-so story goes something like this: Beginning in the early 20th century, motivated particularly by horrific and deadly fires, Americans began a broad effort to suppress them by snuffing ...

  4. How to Write a Thesis Statement

    Placement of the thesis statement. Step 1: Start with a question. Step 2: Write your initial answer. Step 3: Develop your answer. Step 4: Refine your thesis statement. Types of thesis statements. Other interesting articles. Frequently asked questions about thesis statements.

  5. About Wildfires: Brief Overview

    Words: 346 Pages: 1 Thesis Statement: Underestimating the severity and danger of wildfires and not taking timely action can lead to disaster, as happened, for example, in Australia in 2019-2020.

  6. Long-Term Health Impacts of Wildfire Exposure: A Retrospective Study

    1. Introduction. Wildfires are known to adversely affect human health through a variety of mechanisms and are thus gaining attention as a major public health concern [1,2,3,4].Their main—and most studied—influence on human health is exposure to smoke containing elevated ambient air pollutants [].Despite some inconsistencies, epidemiological evidence has broadly associated smoke exposure ...

  7. Essay on Wildfires

    A wildfire is any instance of uncontrolled burning in grasslands, brush, or woodlands. Wildfires destroy property and valuable natural resources, and may threaten the lives of people and animals. Wildfires can occur at any time of the year, but usually occur during hot, dry weather.

  8. Graduate Thesis Or Dissertation

    Shifting climate and wildfire regimes are changing forest structure and function globally. In the western US, future forest structure will be determined by interactions between climate change and disturbance, including increasingly frequent large wildfires, as well as the forest management actions of landowners and managers.

  9. Improving wildfire management outcomes: shifting the paradigm of

    This approach is informed in part by a wealth of natural hazards research demonstrating that attempts to eliminate a hazard are rarely successful but instead lead to larger-scale, often more catastrophic, disturbances; wildfire suppression is a good example of this phenomenon (Arno and Brown Citation 1991; McCaffrey et al. Citation 2020). In ...

  10. Wildfire Preparedness in Education: What Does It Mean? a Thesis

    land burned will increase by 25%, and fire frequency in certain regions could increase by 20%. In California, it is probable that by 2070 the number of high-risk days will almost double (Canon). Specifically, a high-fire-risk day is when the weather can create a heightened fire danger; these weather conditions include low humidity, dry landscape,

  11. What's a good thesis statement for a paper on David Von Drehle's

    One good thesis statement would be about the culpability of Tammany Hall in the Triangle Shirtwaist fire. You could read through David Von Drehle's book, look at other sources, and...

  12. 15 Thesis Statement Examples to Inspire Your Next Argumentative ...

    Schools should start at a later time of day. Inspired by this sample essay about school start times. Beginning the school day at a later time would stabilize students' sleep patterns, improve students' moods, and increase students' academic success. #15. Schools should distribute birth control to teens.

  13. Thesis Statement on Forest Fires

    Prescribed burning is often mentioned as a tool to prevent wildfires. Little data exists to support this premise. The purpose of this research was … Is this Essay helpful? Join now to read this particular paper and access over 480,000 just like this GET BETTER GRADES …Fire and Meteorology, pp.228-233.

  14. Creating a Thesis statement

    Use two or three sentences if required. A complex argument may require a whole tightly-knit paragraph to make its initial statement of position. In a thesis statement. • The first line of the thesis statement should be good to have a perfect thesis statement. • Good statement thesis writing must give three points of support.

  15. The Danger of Inspiration: A Review of On Fire: The ...

    Naomi Klein's new book, On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal, has one crippling flaw—it's inspiring. At this moment in history, inspiring talk about solutions to multiple, cascading ecological crises is dangerous.. At the conclusion of these 18 essays that bluntly outline the crises and explain a Green New Deal response, Klein bolsters readers searching for hope: "[W]hen ...

  16. PDF Developing a Thesis Statement

    A good thesis statement does three things: • Addresses a narrow topic • Expresses an opinion • Evaluates significance For a demonstration, check out the building of the thesis statement below: Step 1: "The Great Chicago Fire." This is not a thesis statement yet because it doesn't address a specific, narrow issue. What will the ...

  17. 25 Thesis Statement Examples (2024)

    Strong Thesis Statement Examples. 1. School Uniforms. "Mandatory school uniforms should be implemented in educational institutions as they promote a sense of equality, reduce distractions, and foster a focused and professional learning environment.". Best For: Argumentative Essay or Debate. Read More: School Uniforms Pros and Cons.

  18. How to Write a Thesis Statement

    1 Brainstorm the best topic for your essay. You can't write a thesis statement until you know what your paper is about, so your first step is choosing a topic. If the topic is already assigned, great! That's all for this step. If not, consider the tips below for choosing the topic that's best for you:

  19. Writing a Strong Hypothesis Statement

    In our hypothesis statement example above, the two scale are wildfires and tornadoes, press our assumption relationship between the two is a causal one (wildfires cause tornadoes). It is clear from our example above what we will be investigating: the your between wildfires and windhosen. What is a good thesis statements for forest fire?

  20. Climate Change Thesis Statement Examples

    Good Examples. Focused Approach: "This thesis will analyze the impact of climate change on the intensity and frequency of hurricanes, using data from the last three decades." Lack of Focus: "Climate change affects weather patterns." The good statement is specific, indicating a focus on hurricanes and providing a time frame. In contrast, the bad statement is too vague, covering a broad ...

  21. Writing a Strong Hypothesis Statement

    A research statement must to testable. If it impossible exist tested, then there is no research to be done. If will thesis question is or wildfires have effects turn of weather, "wildfires create tornadoes" would be your conjecture. However, a hypothetical needs to have multiples key elements in order to get an rating for a good hypothesis.

  22. Writing a Strong Hypothesis Statement / About Wildfires: Brief Overview

    All good dissertations starting with adenine good thesis question. However, sum great defense begann with a large hypothesis statement. One of the most important stages for writers a thesis is to creating a thick hypothesis statement. ... The thesis statement for an essay about wildfire concern would include the extent off the fires and the ...

  23. Good Thesis Statement For Fire

    Good Thesis Statement For Fire - Level: College, High School, University, Undergraduate, Master's. The various domains to be covered for my essay writing. If you are looking for reliable and dedicated writing service professionals to write for you, who will increase the value of the entire draft, then you are at the right place. The writers of ...

  24. Good Thesis Statement For Fire

    Good Thesis Statement For Fire - Nursing Management Psychology Healthcare +85. User ID: 104293 "Research papers - Obsity in Children..." Review > Jan 14, 2021. Type of service: Academic writing. 1343 ... Thesis Enlighten Student Feedback on Our Paper Writers