array new assignment

Declaration

There are two syntaxes for creating an empty array:

Almost all the time, the second syntax is used. We can supply initial elements in the brackets:

Array elements are numbered, starting with zero.

We can get an element by its number in square brackets:

We can replace an element:

…Or add a new one to the array:

The total count of the elements in the array is its length :

We can also use alert to show the whole array.

An array can store elements of any type.

For instance:

An array, just like an object, may end with a comma:

The “trailing comma” style makes it easier to insert/remove items, because all lines become alike.

Get last elements with “at”

Let’s say we want the last element of the array.

Some programming languages allow the use of negative indexes for the same purpose, like fruits[-1] .

Although, in JavaScript it won’t work. The result will be undefined , because the index in square brackets is treated literally.

We can explicitly calculate the last element index and then access it: fruits[fruits.length - 1] .

A bit cumbersome, isn’t it? We need to write the variable name twice.

Luckily, there’s a shorter syntax: fruits.at(-1) :

In other words, arr.at(i) :

• is exactly the same as arr[i] , if i >= 0 .
• for negative values of i , it steps back from the end of the array.

Methods pop/push, shift/unshift

A queue is one of the most common uses of an array. In computer science, this means an ordered collection of elements which supports two operations:

• push appends an element to the end.
• shift get an element from the beginning, advancing the queue, so that the 2nd element becomes the 1st.

Arrays support both operations.

In practice we need it very often. For example, a queue of messages that need to be shown on-screen.

There’s another use case for arrays – the data structure named stack .

It supports two operations:

• push adds an element to the end.
• pop takes an element from the end.

So new elements are added or taken always from the “end”.

A stack is usually illustrated as a pack of cards: new cards are added to the top or taken from the top:

For stacks, the latest pushed item is received first, that’s also called LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) principle. For queues, we have FIFO (First-In-First-Out).

Arrays in JavaScript can work both as a queue and as a stack. They allow you to add/remove elements, both to/from the beginning or the end.

In computer science, the data structure that allows this, is called deque .

Methods that work with the end of the array:

Extracts the last element of the array and returns it:

Both fruits.pop() and fruits.at(-1) return the last element of the array, but fruits.pop() also modifies the array by removing it.

Append the element to the end of the array:

The call fruits.push(...) is equal to fruits[fruits.length] = ... .

Methods that work with the beginning of the array:

Extracts the first element of the array and returns it:

Add the element to the beginning of the array:

Methods push and unshift can add multiple elements at once:

An array is a special kind of object. The square brackets used to access a property arr[0] actually come from the object syntax. That’s essentially the same as obj[key] , where arr is the object, while numbers are used as keys.

They extend objects providing special methods to work with ordered collections of data and also the length property. But at the core it’s still an object.

Remember, there are only eight basic data types in JavaScript (see the Data types chapter for more info). Array is an object and thus behaves like an object.

For instance, it is copied by reference:

…But what makes arrays really special is their internal representation. The engine tries to store its elements in the contiguous memory area, one after another, just as depicted on the illustrations in this chapter, and there are other optimizations as well, to make arrays work really fast.

But they all break if we quit working with an array as with an “ordered collection” and start working with it as if it were a regular object.

For instance, technically we can do this:

That’s possible, because arrays are objects at their base. We can add any properties to them.

But the engine will see that we’re working with the array as with a regular object. Array-specific optimizations are not suited for such cases and will be turned off, their benefits disappear.

The ways to misuse an array:

• Add a non-numeric property like arr.test = 5 .
• Make holes, like: add arr[0] and then arr[1000] (and nothing between them).
• Fill the array in the reverse order, like arr[1000] , arr[999] and so on.

Please think of arrays as special structures to work with the ordered data . They provide special methods for that. Arrays are carefully tuned inside JavaScript engines to work with contiguous ordered data, please use them this way. And if you need arbitrary keys, chances are high that you actually require a regular object {} .

Performance

Methods push/pop run fast, while shift/unshift are slow.

Why is it faster to work with the end of an array than with its beginning? Let’s see what happens during the execution:

It’s not enough to take and remove the element with the index 0 . Other elements need to be renumbered as well.

The shift operation must do 3 things:

• Remove the element with the index 0 .
• Move all elements to the left, renumber them from the index 1 to 0 , from 2 to 1 and so on.
• Update the length property.

The more elements in the array, the more time to move them, more in-memory operations.

The similar thing happens with unshift : to add an element to the beginning of the array, we need first to move existing elements to the right, increasing their indexes.

And what’s with push/pop ? They do not need to move anything. To extract an element from the end, the pop method cleans the index and shortens length .

The actions for the pop operation:

The pop method does not need to move anything, because other elements keep their indexes. That’s why it’s blazingly fast.

The similar thing with the push method.

One of the oldest ways to cycle array items is the for loop over indexes:

But for arrays there is another form of loop, for..of :

The for..of doesn’t give access to the number of the current element, just its value, but in most cases that’s enough. And it’s shorter.

Technically, because arrays are objects, it is also possible to use for..in :

But that’s actually a bad idea. There are potential problems with it:

The loop for..in iterates over all properties , not only the numeric ones.

There are so-called “array-like” objects in the browser and in other environments, that look like arrays . That is, they have length and indexes properties, but they may also have other non-numeric properties and methods, which we usually don’t need. The for..in loop will list them though. So if we need to work with array-like objects, then these “extra” properties can become a problem.

The for..in loop is optimized for generic objects, not arrays, and thus is 10-100 times slower. Of course, it’s still very fast. The speedup may only matter in bottlenecks. But still we should be aware of the difference.

Generally, we shouldn’t use for..in for arrays.

A word about “length”

The length property automatically updates when we modify the array. To be precise, it is actually not the count of values in the array, but the greatest numeric index plus one.

For instance, a single element with a large index gives a big length:

Note that we usually don’t use arrays like that.

Another interesting thing about the length property is that it’s writable.

If we increase it manually, nothing interesting happens. But if we decrease it, the array is truncated. The process is irreversible, here’s the example:

So, the simplest way to clear the array is: arr.length = 0; .

new Array()

There is one more syntax to create an array:

It’s rarely used, because square brackets [] are shorter. Also, there’s a tricky feature with it.

If new Array is called with a single argument which is a number, then it creates an array without items, but with the given length .

Let’s see how one can shoot themselves in the foot:

To avoid such surprises, we usually use square brackets, unless we really know what we’re doing.

Multidimensional arrays

Arrays can have items that are also arrays. We can use it for multidimensional arrays, for example to store matrices:

Arrays have their own implementation of toString method that returns a comma-separated list of elements.

Also, let’s try this:

Arrays do not have Symbol.toPrimitive , neither a viable valueOf , they implement only toString conversion, so here [] becomes an empty string, [1] becomes "1" and [1,2] becomes "1,2" .

When the binary plus "+" operator adds something to a string, it converts it to a string as well, so the next step looks like this:

Don’t compare arrays with ==

Arrays in JavaScript, unlike some other programming languages, shouldn’t be compared with operator == .

This operator has no special treatment for arrays, it works with them as with any objects.

Let’s recall the rules:

• Two objects are equal == only if they’re references to the same object.
• If one of the arguments of == is an object, and the other one is a primitive, then the object gets converted to primitive, as explained in the chapter Object to primitive conversion .
• …With an exception of null and undefined that equal == each other and nothing else.

The strict comparison === is even simpler, as it doesn’t convert types.

So, if we compare arrays with == , they are never the same, unless we compare two variables that reference exactly the same array.

For example:

These arrays are technically different objects. So they aren’t equal. The == operator doesn’t do item-by-item comparison.

Comparison with primitives may give seemingly strange results as well:

Here, in both cases, we compare a primitive with an array object. So the array [] gets converted to primitive for the purpose of comparison and becomes an empty string '' .

Then the comparison process goes on with the primitives, as described in the chapter Type Conversions :

So, how to compare arrays?

That’s simple: don’t use the == operator. Instead, compare them item-by-item in a loop or using iteration methods explained in the next chapter.

Array is a special kind of object, suited to storing and managing ordered data items.

The declaration:

The call to new Array(number) creates an array with the given length, but without elements.

• The length property is the array length or, to be precise, its last numeric index plus one. It is auto-adjusted by array methods.
• If we shorten length manually, the array is truncated.

Getting the elements:

• we can get element by its index, like arr[0]
• also we can use at(i) method that allows negative indexes. For negative values of i , it steps back from the end of the array. If i >= 0 , it works same as arr[i] .

We can use an array as a deque with the following operations:

• push(...items) adds items to the end.
• pop() removes the element from the end and returns it.
• shift() removes the element from the beginning and returns it.
• unshift(...items) adds items to the beginning.

To loop over the elements of the array:

• for (let i=0; i<arr.length; i++) – works fastest, old-browser-compatible.
• for (let item of arr) – the modern syntax for items only,
• for (let i in arr) – never use.

To compare arrays, don’t use the == operator (as well as > , < and others), as they have no special treatment for arrays. They handle them as any objects, and it’s not what we usually want.

Instead you can use for..of loop to compare arrays item-by-item.

We will continue with arrays and study more methods to add, remove, extract elements and sort arrays in the next chapter Array methods .

Is array copied?

What is this code going to show?

The result is 4 :

That’s because arrays are objects. So both shoppingCart and fruits are the references to the same array.

Array operations.

Let’s try 5 array operations.

• Create an array styles with items “Jazz” and “Blues”.
• Append “Rock-n-Roll” to the end.
• Replace the value in the middle with “Classics”. Your code for finding the middle value should work for any arrays with odd length.
• Strip off the first value of the array and show it.
• Prepend Rap and Reggae to the array.

The array in the process:

Calling in an array context

What is the result? Why?

The call arr[2]() is syntactically the good old obj[method]() , in the role of obj we have arr , and in the role of method we have 2 .

So we have a call of the function arr[2] as an object method. Naturally, it receives this referencing the object arr and outputs the array:

The array has 3 values: initially it had two, plus the function.

Sum input numbers

Write the function sumInput() that:

• Asks the user for values using prompt and stores the values in the array.
• Finishes asking when the user enters a non-numeric value, an empty string, or presses “Cancel”.
• Calculates and returns the sum of array items.

P.S. A zero 0 is a valid number, please don’t stop the input on zero.

Run the demo

Please note the subtle, but important detail of the solution. We don’t convert value to number instantly after prompt , because after value = +value we would not be able to tell an empty string (stop sign) from the zero (valid number). We do it later instead.

A maximal subarray

The input is an array of numbers, e.g. arr = [1, -2, 3, 4, -9, 6] .

The task is: find the contiguous subarray of arr with the maximal sum of items.

Write the function getMaxSubSum(arr) that will return that sum.

If all items are negative, it means that we take none (the subarray is empty), so the sum is zero:

Please try to think of a fast solution: O(n 2 ) or even O(n) if you can.

Open a sandbox with tests.

Slow solution

We can calculate all possible subsums.

The simplest way is to take every element and calculate sums of all subarrays starting from it.

For instance, for [-1, 2, 3, -9, 11] :

The code is actually a nested loop: the external loop over array elements, and the internal counts subsums starting with the current element.

The solution has a time complexity of O(n 2 ) . In other words, if we increase the array size 2 times, the algorithm will work 4 times longer.

For big arrays (1000, 10000 or more items) such algorithms can lead to serious sluggishness.

Fast solution

Let’s walk the array and keep the current partial sum of elements in the variable s . If s becomes negative at some point, then assign s=0 . The maximum of all such s will be the answer.

If the description is too vague, please see the code, it’s short enough:

The algorithm requires exactly 1 array pass, so the time complexity is O(n).

You can find more detailed information about the algorithm here: Maximum subarray problem . If it’s still not obvious why that works, then please trace the algorithm on the examples above, see how it works, that’s better than any words.

Open the solution with tests in a sandbox.

• If you have suggestions what to improve - please submit a GitHub issue or a pull request instead of commenting.
• If you can't understand something in the article – please elaborate.
• To insert few words of code, use the <code> tag, for several lines – wrap them in <pre> tag, for more than 10 lines – use a sandbox ( plnkr , jsbin , codepen …)

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Updating Arrays in State

Arrays are mutable in JavaScript, but you should treat them as immutable when you store them in state. Just like with objects, when you want to update an array stored in state, you need to create a new one (or make a copy of an existing one), and then set state to use the new array.

You will learn

• How to add, remove, or change items in an array in React state
• How to update an object inside of an array
• How to make array copying less repetitive with Immer

Updating arrays without mutation

In JavaScript, arrays are just another kind of object. Like with objects , you should treat arrays in React state as read-only. This means that you shouldn’t reassign items inside an array like arr[0] = 'bird' , and you also shouldn’t use methods that mutate the array, such as push() and pop() .

Instead, every time you want to update an array, you’ll want to pass a new array to your state setting function. To do that, you can create a new array from the original array in your state by calling its non-mutating methods like filter() and map() . Then you can set your state to the resulting new array.

Here is a reference table of common array operations. When dealing with arrays inside React state, you will need to avoid the methods in the left column, and instead prefer the methods in the right column:

Alternatively, you can use Immer which lets you use methods from both columns.

Unfortunately, slice and splice are named similarly but are very different:

• slice lets you copy an array or a part of it.
• splice mutates the array (to insert or delete items).

In React, you will be using slice (no p !) a lot more often because you don’t want to mutate objects or arrays in state. Updating Objects explains what mutation is and why it’s not recommended for state.

Adding to an array

push() will mutate an array, which you don’t want:

Instead, create a new array which contains the existing items and a new item at the end. There are multiple ways to do this, but the easiest one is to use the ... array spread syntax:

Now it works correctly:

The array spread syntax also lets you prepend an item by placing it before the original ...artists :

In this way, spread can do the job of both push() by adding to the end of an array and unshift() by adding to the beginning of an array. Try it in the sandbox above!

Removing from an array

The easiest way to remove an item from an array is to filter it out . In other words, you will produce a new array that will not contain that item. To do this, use the filter method, for example:

Click the “Delete” button a few times, and look at its click handler.

Here, artists.filter(a => a.id !== artist.id) means “create an array that consists of those artists whose IDs are different from artist.id ”. In other words, each artist’s “Delete” button will filter that artist out of the array, and then request a re-render with the resulting array. Note that filter does not modify the original array.

Transforming an array

If you want to change some or all items of the array, you can use map() to create a new array. The function you will pass to map can decide what to do with each item, based on its data or its index (or both).

In this example, an array holds coordinates of two circles and a square. When you press the button, it moves only the circles down by 50 pixels. It does this by producing a new array of data using map() :

Replacing items in an array

It is particularly common to want to replace one or more items in an array. Assignments like arr[0] = 'bird' are mutating the original array, so instead you’ll want to use map for this as well.

To replace an item, create a new array with map . Inside your map call, you will receive the item index as the second argument. Use it to decide whether to return the original item (the first argument) or something else:

Inserting into an array

Sometimes, you may want to insert an item at a particular position that’s neither at the beginning nor at the end. To do this, you can use the ... array spread syntax together with the slice() method. The slice() method lets you cut a “slice” of the array. To insert an item, you will create an array that spreads the slice before the insertion point, then the new item, and then the rest of the original array.

In this example, the Insert button always inserts at the index 1 :

Making other changes to an array

There are some things you can’t do with the spread syntax and non-mutating methods like map() and filter() alone. For example, you may want to reverse or sort an array. The JavaScript reverse() and sort() methods are mutating the original array, so you can’t use them directly.

However, you can copy the array first, and then make changes to it.

For example:

Here, you use the [...list] spread syntax to create a copy of the original array first. Now that you have a copy, you can use mutating methods like nextList.reverse() or nextList.sort() , or even assign individual items with nextList[0] = "something" .

However, even if you copy an array, you can’t mutate existing items inside of it directly. This is because copying is shallow—the new array will contain the same items as the original one. So if you modify an object inside the copied array, you are mutating the existing state. For example, code like this is a problem.

Although nextList and list are two different arrays, nextList[0] and list[0] point to the same object. So by changing nextList[0].seen , you are also changing list[0].seen . This is a state mutation, which you should avoid! You can solve this issue in a similar way to updating nested JavaScript objects —by copying individual items you want to change instead of mutating them. Here’s how.

Updating objects inside arrays

Objects are not really located “inside” arrays. They might appear to be “inside” in code, but each object in an array is a separate value, to which the array “points”. This is why you need to be careful when changing nested fields like list[0] . Another person’s artwork list may point to the same element of the array!

When updating nested state, you need to create copies from the point where you want to update, and all the way up to the top level. Let’s see how this works.

In this example, two separate artwork lists have the same initial state. They are supposed to be isolated, but because of a mutation, their state is accidentally shared, and checking a box in one list affects the other list:

The problem is in code like this:

Although the myNextList array itself is new, the items themselves are the same as in the original myList array. So changing artwork.seen changes the original artwork item. That artwork item is also in yourList , which causes the bug. Bugs like this can be difficult to think about, but thankfully they disappear if you avoid mutating state.

You can use map to substitute an old item with its updated version without mutation.

Here, ... is the object spread syntax used to create a copy of an object.

With this approach, none of the existing state items are being mutated, and the bug is fixed:

In general, you should only mutate objects that you have just created. If you were inserting a new artwork, you could mutate it, but if you’re dealing with something that’s already in state, you need to make a copy.

Write concise update logic with Immer

Updating nested arrays without mutation can get a little bit repetitive. Just as with objects :

• Generally, you shouldn’t need to update state more than a couple of levels deep. If your state objects are very deep, you might want to restructure them differently so that they are flat.
• If you don’t want to change your state structure, you might prefer to use Immer , which lets you write using the convenient but mutating syntax and takes care of producing the copies for you.

Here is the Art Bucket List example rewritten with Immer:

Note how with Immer, mutation like artwork.seen = nextSeen is now okay:

This is because you’re not mutating the original state, but you’re mutating a special draft object provided by Immer. Similarly, you can apply mutating methods like push() and pop() to the content of the draft .

Behind the scenes, Immer always constructs the next state from scratch according to the changes that you’ve done to the draft . This keeps your event handlers very concise without ever mutating state.

• You can put arrays into state, but you can’t change them.
• Instead of mutating an array, create a new version of it, and update the state to it.
• You can use the [...arr, newItem] array spread syntax to create arrays with new items.
• You can use filter() and map() to create new arrays with filtered or transformed items.
• You can use Immer to keep your code concise.

Try out some challenges

Challenge 1 of 4 : update an item in the shopping cart.

Fill in the handleIncreaseClick logic so that pressing ”+” increases the corresponding number:

How do you like these docs?

• Java Arrays
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• Java Collections Interview
• Java Interview Questions
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• Array Copy in Java
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Array Variable Assignment in Java

An array is a collection of similar types of data in a contiguous location in memory. After Declaring an array we create and assign it a value or variable. During the assignment variable of the array things, we have to remember and have to check the below condition.

1. Element Level Promotion

Element-level promotions are not applicable at the array level. Like a character can be promoted to integer but a character array type cannot be promoted to int type array.

2. For Object Type Array

In the case of object-type arrays, child-type array variables can be assigned to parent-type array variables. That means after creating a parent-type array object we can assign a child array in this parent array.

When we assign one array to another array internally, the internal element or value won’t be copied, only the reference variable will be assigned hence sizes are not important but the type must be matched.

3. Dimension Matching

When we assign one array to another array in java, the dimension must be matched which means if one array is in a single dimension then another array must be in a single dimension. Samely if one array is in two dimensions another array must be in two dimensions. So, when we perform array assignment size is not important but dimension and type must be matched.

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You can store multiple variables of the same type in an array data structure. You declare an array by specifying the type of its elements. If you want the array to store elements of any type, you can specify object as its type. In the unified type system of C#, all types, predefined and user-defined, reference types and value types, inherit directly or indirectly from Object .

An array has the following properties:

• An array can be single-dimensional , multidimensional , or jagged .
• The number of dimensions are set when an array variable is declared. The length of each dimension is established when the array instance is created. These values can't be changed during the lifetime of the instance.
• A jagged array is an array of arrays, and each member array has the default value of null .
• Arrays are zero indexed: an array with n elements is indexed from 0 to n-1 .
• Array elements can be of any type, including an array type.
• Array types are reference types derived from the abstract base type Array . All arrays implement IList and IEnumerable . You can use the foreach statement to iterate through an array. Single-dimensional arrays also implement IList<T> and IEnumerable<T> .

The elements of an array can be initialized to known values when the array is created. Beginning with C# 12, all of the collection types can be initialized using a Collection expression . Elements that aren't initialized are set to the default value . The default value is the 0-bit pattern. All reference types (including non-nullable types), have the values null . All value types have the 0-bit patterns. That means the Nullable<T>.HasValue property is false and the Nullable<T>.Value property is undefined. In the .NET implementation, the Value property throws an exception.

The following example creates single-dimensional, multidimensional, and jagged arrays:

Single-dimensional arrays

A single-dimensional array is a sequence of like elements. You access an element via its index . The index is its ordinal position in the sequence. The first element in the array is at index 0 . You create a single-dimensional array using the new operator specifying the array element type and the number of elements. The following example declares and initializes single-dimensional arrays:

The first declaration declares an uninitialized array of five integers, from array[0] to array[4] . The elements of the array are initialized to the default value of the element type, 0 for integers. The second declaration declares an array of strings and initializes all seven values of that array. A series of Console.WriteLine statements prints all the elements of the weekDay array. For single-dimensional arrays, the foreach statement processes elements in increasing index order, starting with index 0 and ending with index Length - 1 .

Pass single-dimensional arrays as arguments

You can pass an initialized single-dimensional array to a method. In the following example, an array of strings is initialized and passed as an argument to a DisplayArray method for strings. The method displays the elements of the array. Next, the ChangeArray method reverses the array elements, and then the ChangeArrayElements method modifies the first three elements of the array. After each method returns, the DisplayArray method shows that passing an array by value doesn't prevent changes to the array elements.

Multidimensional arrays

Arrays can have more than one dimension. For example, the following declarations create four arrays: two have two dimensions, two have three dimensions. The first two declarations declare the length of each dimension, but don't initialize the values of the array. The second two declarations use an initializer to set the values of each element in the multidimensional array.

For multi-dimensional arrays, elements are traversed such that the indices of the rightmost dimension are incremented first, then the next left dimension, and so on, to the leftmost index. The following example enumerates both a 2D and a 3D array:

In a 2D array, you can think of the left index as the row and the right index as the column .

However, with multidimensional arrays, using a nested for loop gives you more control over the order in which to process the array elements:

Pass multidimensional arrays as arguments

You pass an initialized multidimensional array to a method in the same way that you pass a one-dimensional array. The following code shows a partial declaration of a print method that accepts a two-dimensional array as its argument. You can initialize and pass a new array in one step, as is shown in the following example. In the following example, a two-dimensional array of integers is initialized and passed to the Print2DArray method. The method displays the elements of the array.

Jagged arrays

A jagged array is an array whose elements are arrays, possibly of different sizes. A jagged array is sometimes called an "array of arrays." Its elements are reference types and are initialized to null . The following examples show how to declare, initialize, and access jagged arrays. The first example, jaggedArray , is declared in one statement. Each contained array is created in subsequent statements. The second example, jaggedArray2 is declared and initialized in one statement. It's possible to mix jagged and multidimensional arrays. The final example, jaggedArray3 , is a declaration and initialization of a single-dimensional jagged array that contains three two-dimensional array elements of different sizes.

A jagged array's elements must be initialized before you can use them. Each of the elements is itself an array. It's also possible to use initializers to fill the array elements with values. When you use initializers, you don't need the array size.

This example builds an array whose elements are themselves arrays. Each one of the array elements has a different size.

Implicitly typed arrays

You can create an implicitly typed array in which the type of the array instance is inferred from the elements specified in the array initializer. The rules for any implicitly typed variable also apply to implicitly typed arrays. For more information, see Implicitly Typed Local Variables .

The following examples show how to create an implicitly typed array:

In the previous example, notice that with implicitly typed arrays, no square brackets are used on the left side of the initialization statement. Also, jagged arrays are initialized by using new [] just like single-dimensional arrays.

When you create an anonymous type that contains an array, the array must be implicitly typed in the type's object initializer. In the following example, contacts is an implicitly typed array of anonymous types, each of which contains an array named PhoneNumbers . The var keyword isn't used inside the object initializers.

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Nick McCullum

Software Developer & Professional Explainer

NumPy Indexing and Assignment

Hey - Nick here! This page is a free excerpt from my $199 course Python for Finance, which is 50% off for the next 50 students.

If you want the full course, click here to sign up.

In this lesson, we will explore indexing and assignment in NumPy arrays.

The Array I'll Be Using In This Lesson

As before, I will be using a specific array through this lesson. This time it will be generated using the np.random.rand method. Here's how I generated the array:

Here is the actual array:

To make this array easier to look at, I will round every element of the array to 2 decimal places using NumPy's round method:

Here's the new array:

How To Return A Specific Element From A NumPy Array

We can select (and return) a specific element from a NumPy array in the same way that we could using a normal Python list: using square brackets.

An example is below:

We can also reference multiple elements of a NumPy array using the colon operator. For example, the index [2:] selects every element from index 2 onwards. The index [:3] selects every element up to and excluding index 3. The index [2:4] returns every element from index 2 to index 4, excluding index 4. The higher endpoint is always excluded.

A few example of indexing using the colon operator are below.

Element Assignment in NumPy Arrays

We can assign new values to an element of a NumPy array using the = operator, just like regular python lists. A few examples are below (note that this is all one code block, which means that the element assignments are carried forward from step to step).

arr[2:5] = 0.5

Returns array([0. , 0. , 0.5, 0.5, 0.5])

As you can see, modifying second_new_array also changed the value of new_array .

Why is this?

By default, NumPy does not create a copy of an array when you reference the original array variable using the = assignment operator. Instead, it simply points the new variable to the old variable, which allows the second variable to make modification to the original variable - even if this is not your intention.

This may seem bizarre, but it does have a logical explanation. The purpose of array referencing is to conserve computing power. When working with large data sets, you would quickly run out of RAM if you created a new array every time you wanted to work with a slice of the array.

Fortunately, there is a workaround to array referencing. You can use the copy method to explicitly copy a NumPy array.

An example of this is below.

As you can see below, making modifications to the copied array does not alter the original.

So far in the lesson, we have only explored how to reference one-dimensional NumPy arrays. We will now explore the indexing of two-dimensional arrays.

Indexing Two-Dimensional NumPy Arrays

To start, let's create a two-dimensional NumPy array named mat :

There are two ways to index a two-dimensional NumPy array:

• mat[row, col]
• mat[row][col]

I personally prefer to index using the mat[row][col] nomenclature because it is easier to visualize in a step-by-step fashion. For example:

You can also generate sub-matrices from a two-dimensional NumPy array using this notation:

Array referencing also applies to two-dimensional arrays in NumPy, so be sure to use the copy method if you want to avoid inadvertently modifying an original array after saving a slice of it into a new variable name.

Conditional Selection Using NumPy Arrays

NumPy arrays support a feature called conditional selection , which allows you to generate a new array of boolean values that state whether each element within the array satisfies a particular if statement.

An example of this is below (I also re-created our original arr variable since its been awhile since we've seen it):

You can also generate a new array of values that satisfy this condition by passing the condition into the square brackets (just like we do for indexing).

An example of this is below:

Conditional selection can become significantly more complex than this. We will explore more examples in this section's associated practice problems.

In this lesson, we explored NumPy array indexing and assignment in thorough detail. We will solidify your knowledge of these concepts further by working through a batch of practice problems in the next section.

Hacks for Creating JavaScript Arrays

by Glad Chinda

Insightful tips for creating and cloning arrays in JavaScript.

A very important aspect of every programming language is the data types and structures available in the language. Most programming languages provide data types for representing and working with complex data. If you have worked with languages like Python or Ruby, you should have seen data types like lists , sets , tuples , hashes , dicts , and so on.

In JavaScript, there are not so many complex data types — you simply have arrays and objects . However, in ES6, a couple of data types and structures were added to the language, such as symbols , sets , and maps .

Arrays in JavaScript are high-level list-like objects with a length property and integer properties as indexes.

In this article, I share a couple of hacks for creating new JavaScript arrays or cloning already existing ones.

Creating Arrays: The Array Constructor

The most popular method for creating arrays is using the array literal syntax, which is very straightforward. However, when you want to dynamically create arrays, the array literal syntax may not always be the best method. An alternative method is using the Array constructor.

Here is a simple code snippet showing the use of the Array constructor.

From the previous snippet, we can see that the Array constructor creates arrays differently depending on the arguments it receives.

New Arrays: With Defined Length

Let’s look more closely at what happens when creating a new Array of a given length. The constructor just sets the length property of the array to the given length, without setting the keys.

From the above snippet, you may be tempted to think that each key in the array was set to a value of undefined . But the reality is that those keys were never set (they don’t exist).

The following illustration makes it clearer:

This makes it useless to attempt to use any of the array iteration methods such as map() , filter() or reduce() to manipulate the array. Let’s say we want to fill each index in the array with the number 5 as a value. We will attempt the following:

We can see that map() didn’t work here, because the index properties don’t exist on the array — only the length property exists.

Let’s see different ways we can fix this issue.

1. Using Array.prototype.fill()

The fill() method fills all the elements of an array from a start index to an end index with a static value. The end index is not included. You can learn more about fill() here .

Note that fill() will only work in browsers with ES6 support.

Here is a simple illustration:

Here, we have been able to fill all the elements of our created array with 5 . You can set any static value for different indexes of the array using the fill() method.

2. Using Array.from()

The Array.from() method creates a new, shallow-copied Array instance from an array-like or iterable object. You can learn more about Array.from() here .

Note that Array.from() will only work in browsers with ES6 support.

Here, we now have true undefined values set for each element of the array using Array.from() . This means we can now go ahead and use methods like .map() and .filter() on the array, since the index properties now exist.

One more thing worth noting about Array.from() is that it can take a second argument, which is a map function. It will be called on every element of the array. This makes it redundant calling .map() after Array.from() .

Here is a simple example:

3. Using the Spread Operator

The spread operator ( ... ), added in ES6, can be used to spread the elements of the array, setting the missing elements to a value of undefined . This will produce the same result as simply calling Array.from() with just the array as the only argument.

Here is a simple illustration of using the spread operator:

You can go ahead and use methods like .map() and .filter() on the array, since the index properties now exist.

Using Array.of()

Just like we saw with creating new arrays using the Array constructor or function, Array.of() behaves in a very similar fashion. In fact, the only difference between Array.of() and Array is in how they handle a single integer argument passed to them.

While Array.of(5) creates a new array with a single element, 5 , and a length property of 1 , Array(5) creates a new empty array with 5 empty slots and a length property of 5 .

Besides this major difference, Array.of() behaves just like the Array constructor. You can learn more about Array.of() here .

Note that Array.of() will only work in browsers with ES6 support.

Converting to Arrays: Array-likes and Iterables

If you have been writing JavaScript functions long enough, you should already know about the arguments object — which is an array-like object available in every function to hold the list of arguments the function received. Although the arguments object looks much like an array, it does not have access to the Array.prototype methods.

Prior to ES6, you would usually see a code snippet like the following when trying to convert the arguments object to an array:

With Array.from() or the spread operator, you can conveniently convert any array-like object into an array. Hence, instead of doing this:

you can do either of these:

These also apply to iterables as shown in the following illustration:

Case Study: Range Function

As a case study before we proceed, we will create a simple range() function to implement the new array hack we just learned. The function has the following signature:

Here is the code snippet:

In this code snippet, we used Array.from() to create the new range array of dynamic length and then populate it sequentially incremented numbers by providing a mapping function.

Note that the above code snippet will not work for browsers without ES6 support except if you use polyfills.

Here are some results from calling the range() function defined in the above code snippet:

You can get a live code demo by running the following pen on Codepen :

Cloning Arrays: The Challenge

In JavaScript, arrays and objects are reference types. This means that when a variable is assigned an array or object, what gets assigned to the variable is a reference to the location in memory where the array or object was stored.

Arrays, just like every other object in JavaScript, are reference types. This means that arrays are copied by reference and not by value.

Storing reference types this way has the following consequences:

1. Similar arrays are not equal.

Here, we see that although array1 and array2 contain seemingly the same array specifications, they are not equal. This is because the reference to each of the arrays points to a different location in memory.

2. Arrays are copied by reference and not by value.

Here, we attempt to copy array1 to array2 , but what we are basically doing is pointing array2 to the same location in memory that array1 points to. Hence, both array1 and array2 point to the same location in memory and are equal.

The implication of this is that when we make a change to array2 by removing the last item, the last item of array1 also gets removed. This is because the change was actually made to the array stored in memory, whereas array1 and array2 are just pointers to that same location in memory where the array is stored.

Cloning Arrays: The Hacks

1. using array.prototype.slice().

The slice() method creates a shallow copy of a portion of an array without modifying the array. You can learn more about slice() here .

The trick is to call slice() either with 0 as the only argument or without any arguments at all:

Here is a simple illustration of cloning an array with slice() :

Here, you can see that array2 is a clone of array1 with the same items and length. However, they point to different locations in memory, and as a result are not equal. You also notice that when we make a change to array2 by removing the last item, array1 remains unchanged.

2. Using Array.prototype.concat()

The concat() method is used to merge two or more arrays, resulting in a new array, while the original arrays are left unchanged. You can learn more about concat() here .

The trick is to call concat() either with an empty array( [] ) as argument or without any arguments at all:

Cloning an array with concat() is quite similar to using slice() . Here is a simple illustration of cloning an array with concat() :

3. Using Array.from()

Like we saw earlier, Array.from() can be used to create a new array which is a shallow-copy of the original array. Here is a simple illustration:

4. Using Array Destructuring

With ES6, we have some more powerful tools in our toolbox such as destructuring , spread operator , arrow functions , and so on. Destructuring is a very powerful tool for extracting data from complex types like arrays and objects.

The trick is to use a technique called rest parameters, which involves a combination of array destructuring and the spread operator as shown in the following snippet:

The above snippet creates a variable named arrayClone which is a clone of the originalArray . Here is a simple illustration of cloning an array using array destructuring:

Cloning: Shallow versus Deep

All the array cloning techniques we’ve explored so far produce a shallow copy of the array. This won’t be an issue if the array contains only primitive values. However, if the array contains nested object references, those references will remain intact even when the array is cloned.

Here is a very simple demonstration of this:

Notice that modifying the nested array in array1 also modified the nested array in array2 and vice-versa.

The solution to this problem is to create a deep copy of the array and there are a couple of ways to do this.

1. The JSON technique

The easiest way to create a deep copy of an array is by using a combination of JSON.stringify() and JSON.parse() .

JSON.stringify() converts a JavaScript value to a valid JSON string, while JSON.parse() converts a JSON string to a corresponding JavaScript value or object.

The JSON technique has some flaws especially when values other than strings, numbers and booleans are involved.

These flaws in the JSON technique can be majorly attributed to the manner in which the JSON.stringify() method converts values to JSON string.

Here is a simple demonstration of this flaw in trying to JSON.stringify() a value containing nested function.

2. Deep Copy Helper

A viable alternative to the JSON technique will be to implement your own deep copy helper function for cloning reference types whether they be arrays or objects.

Here is a very simple and minimalistic deep copy function called deepClone :

Now this is not the best of deep copy functions out there, like you will soon see with some JavaScript libraries — however, it performs deep copying to a pretty good extent.

3. Using JavaScript Libraries

The deep copy helper function we just defined is not robust enough in cloning all the kinds of JavaScript data that may be nested within complex objects or arrays.

JavaScript libraries like Lodash and jQuery provide more robust deep copy utility functions with support for different kinds of JavaScript data.

Here is an example that uses _.cloneDeep() from the Lodash library:

Here is the same example but using $.extend() from the jQuery library:

In this article, we have been able to explore several techniques for dynamically creating new arrays and cloning already existing ones, including converting array-like objects and iterables to arrays.

We have also seen how some of the new features and enhancements introduced in ES6 can enable us to effectively perform certain manipulations on arrays.

We used features like destructuring and the spread operator for cloning and spreading arrays. You can learn more about destructuring from this article .

Clap & Follow

If you found this article insightful, you are free to give some rounds of applause if you don’t mind.

You can also follow me on Medium ( Glad Chinda ) for more insightful articles you may find helpful. You can also follow me on Twitter ( @gladchinda ).

Happy hacking…

If this article was helpful, share it .

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Destructuring assignment

The destructuring assignment syntax is a JavaScript expression that makes it possible to unpack values from arrays, or properties from objects, into distinct variables.

Description

The object and array literal expressions provide an easy way to create ad hoc packages of data.

The destructuring assignment uses similar syntax but uses it on the left-hand side of the assignment instead. It defines which values to unpack from the sourced variable.

Similarly, you can destructure objects on the left-hand side of the assignment.

This capability is similar to features present in languages such as Perl and Python.

For features specific to array or object destructuring, refer to the individual examples below.

Binding and assignment

For both object and array destructuring, there are two kinds of destructuring patterns: binding pattern and assignment pattern , with slightly different syntaxes.

In binding patterns, the pattern starts with a declaration keyword ( var , let , or const ). Then, each individual property must either be bound to a variable or further destructured.

All variables share the same declaration, so if you want some variables to be re-assignable but others to be read-only, you may have to destructure twice — once with let , once with const .

In many other syntaxes where the language binds a variable for you, you can use a binding destructuring pattern. These include:

• The looping variable of for...in for...of , and for await...of loops;
• Function parameters;
• The catch binding variable.

In assignment patterns, the pattern does not start with a keyword. Each destructured property is assigned to a target of assignment — which may either be declared beforehand with var or let , or is a property of another object — in general, anything that can appear on the left-hand side of an assignment expression.

Note: The parentheses ( ... ) around the assignment statement are required when using object literal destructuring assignment without a declaration.

{ a, b } = { a: 1, b: 2 } is not valid stand-alone syntax, as the { a, b } on the left-hand side is considered a block and not an object literal according to the rules of expression statements . However, ({ a, b } = { a: 1, b: 2 }) is valid, as is const { a, b } = { a: 1, b: 2 } .

If your coding style does not include trailing semicolons, the ( ... ) expression needs to be preceded by a semicolon, or it may be used to execute a function on the previous line.

Note that the equivalent binding pattern of the code above is not valid syntax:

You can only use assignment patterns as the left-hand side of the assignment operator. You cannot use them with compound assignment operators such as += or *= .

Default value

Each destructured property can have a default value . The default value is used when the property is not present, or has value undefined . It is not used if the property has value null .

The default value can be any expression. It will only be evaluated when necessary.

Rest property

You can end a destructuring pattern with a rest property ...rest . This pattern will store all remaining properties of the object or array into a new object or array.

The rest property must be the last in the pattern, and must not have a trailing comma.

Array destructuring

Basic variable assignment, destructuring with more elements than the source.

In an array destructuring from an array of length N specified on the right-hand side of the assignment, if the number of variables specified on the left-hand side of the assignment is greater than N , only the first N variables are assigned values. The values of the remaining variables will be undefined.

Swapping variables

Two variables values can be swapped in one destructuring expression.

Without destructuring assignment, swapping two values requires a temporary variable (or, in some low-level languages, the XOR-swap trick ).

Parsing an array returned from a function

It's always been possible to return an array from a function. Destructuring can make working with an array return value more concise.

In this example, f() returns the values [1, 2] as its output, which can be parsed in a single line with destructuring.

Ignoring some returned values

You can ignore return values that you're not interested in:

You can also ignore all returned values:

Using a binding pattern as the rest property

The rest property of array destructuring assignment can be another array or object binding pattern. The inner destructuring destructures from the array created after collecting the rest elements, so you cannot access any properties present on the original iterable in this way.

These binding patterns can even be nested, as long as each rest property is the last in the list.

On the other hand, object destructuring can only have an identifier as the rest property.

Unpacking values from a regular expression match

When the regular expression exec() method finds a match, it returns an array containing first the entire matched portion of the string and then the portions of the string that matched each parenthesized group in the regular expression. Destructuring assignment allows you to unpack the parts out of this array easily, ignoring the full match if it is not needed.

Using array destructuring on any iterable

Array destructuring calls the iterable protocol of the right-hand side. Therefore, any iterable, not necessarily arrays, can be destructured.

Non-iterables cannot be destructured as arrays.

Iterables are only iterated until all bindings are assigned.

The rest binding is eagerly evaluated and creates a new array, instead of using the old iterable.

Object destructuring

Basic assignment, assigning to new variable names.

A property can be unpacked from an object and assigned to a variable with a different name than the object property.

Here, for example, const { p: foo } = o takes from the object o the property named p and assigns it to a local variable named foo .

Assigning to new variable names and providing default values

A property can be both

• Unpacked from an object and assigned to a variable with a different name.
• Assigned a default value in case the unpacked value is undefined .

Unpacking properties from objects passed as a function parameter

Objects passed into function parameters can also be unpacked into variables, which may then be accessed within the function body. As for object assignment, the destructuring syntax allows for the new variable to have the same name or a different name than the original property, and to assign default values for the case when the original object does not define the property.

Consider this object, which contains information about a user.

Here we show how to unpack a property of the passed object into a variable with the same name. The parameter value { id } indicates that the id property of the object passed to the function should be unpacked into a variable with the same name, which can then be used within the function.

You can define the name of the unpacked variable. Here we unpack the property named displayName , and rename it to dname for use within the function body.

Nested objects can also be unpacked. The example below shows the property fullname.firstName being unpacked into a variable called name .

Setting a function parameter's default value

Default values can be specified using = , and will be used as variable values if a specified property does not exist in the passed object.

Below we show a function where the default size is 'big' , default co-ordinates are x: 0, y: 0 and default radius is 25.

In the function signature for drawChart above, the destructured left-hand side has a default value of an empty object = {} .

You could have also written the function without that default. However, if you leave out that default value, the function will look for at least one argument to be supplied when invoked, whereas in its current form, you can call drawChart() without supplying any parameters. Otherwise, you need to at least supply an empty object literal.

For more information, see Default parameters > Destructured parameter with default value assignment .

Nested object and array destructuring

For of iteration and destructuring, computed object property names and destructuring.

Computed property names, like on object literals , can be used with destructuring.

Invalid JavaScript identifier as a property name

Destructuring can be used with property names that are not valid JavaScript identifiers by providing an alternative identifier that is valid.

Destructuring primitive values

Object destructuring is almost equivalent to property accessing . This means if you try to destruct a primitive value, the value will get wrapped into the corresponding wrapper object and the property is accessed on the wrapper object.

Same as accessing properties, destructuring null or undefined throws a TypeError .

This happens even when the pattern is empty.

Combined array and object destructuring

Array and object destructuring can be combined. Say you want the third element in the array props below, and then you want the name property in the object, you can do the following:

The prototype chain is looked up when the object is deconstructed

When deconstructing an object, if a property is not accessed in itself, it will continue to look up along the prototype chain.

Specifications

Browser compatibility.

BCD tables only load in the browser with JavaScript enabled. Enable JavaScript to view data.

• Assignment operators
• ES6 in Depth: Destructuring on hacks.mozilla.org (2015)

Python Tutorial

File handling, python modules, python numpy, python pandas, python matplotlib, python scipy, machine learning, python mysql, python mongodb, python reference, module reference, python how to, python examples, python arrays.

Note: Python does not have built-in support for Arrays, but Python Lists can be used instead.

Note: This page shows you how to use LISTS as ARRAYS, however, to work with arrays in Python you will have to import a library, like the NumPy library .

Arrays are used to store multiple values in one single variable:

Create an array containing car names:

What is an Array?

An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time.

If you have a list of items (a list of car names, for example), storing the cars in single variables could look like this:

However, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a specific one? And what if you had not 3 cars, but 300?

The solution is an array!

An array can hold many values under a single name, and you can access the values by referring to an index number.

Access the Elements of an Array

You refer to an array element by referring to the index number .

Get the value of the first array item:

Modify the value of the first array item:

The Length of an Array

Use the len() method to return the length of an array (the number of elements in an array).

Return the number of elements in the cars array:

Note: The length of an array is always one more than the highest array index.

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Looping Array Elements

You can use the for in loop to loop through all the elements of an array.

Print each item in the cars array:

Adding Array Elements

You can use the append() method to add an element to an array.

Add one more element to the cars array:

Removing Array Elements

You can use the pop() method to remove an element from the array.

Delete the second element of the cars array:

You can also use the remove() method to remove an element from the array.

Delete the element that has the value "Volvo":

Note: The list's remove() method only removes the first occurrence of the specified value.

Array Methods

Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on lists/arrays.

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1. Create Your Password

You'll need your email address and last name to create your Turnitin account password and set your security information; this information can be found in your welcome email. You can then log into Turnitin and begin customizing your account.

2. Create a Class

The creation of a class is the first step towards using the Turnitin services available to your institution. A Turnitin class groups assignments, helping you to organize student submissions. Once your classes have been created, you can start creating assignments.

• Click the All Classes tab from any Turnitin page to direct you to the homepage
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Add Students One by One

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• From the student list, click the Upload List button
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'I understand the assignment.' A packed Rupp Arena welcomes new Kentucky coach Mark Pope.

Apr. 14—READ MORE — Kentucky introduces new basketball coach Mark Pope

Click below to read more coverage from the Lexington Herald-Leader and Kentucky.com about the introduction of former UK player Mark Pope as the new Kentucky men's basketball coach.

New University of Kentucky men's basketball coach Mark Pope decided there was no time like the present to connect with Big Blue Nation on Sunday afternoon.

As fans lined up eager to get inside for their first live look at the new boss in Kentucky blue, Pope surprised the throng by walking among them on his way inside Rupp Arena for his open-to-the-public introductory news conference.

Amid speculation that Kentucky basketball might be too big for a coach with Pope's level of experience, the former BYU head man took that challenge head on, showing he's a "man of the people" on his first day on the job.

With the limelight — and the sunshine — on full blast, Pope high-fived, fist bumped and hugged fans thrilled with their first impression of the head coach.

Once inside, Pope was greeted by a cheering, chanting crowd that filled Rupp Arena to capacity — assembled on a warm spring day for a press conference.

'Crazy' Kentucky fans? There you go.

It was so crazy, in fact, that Pope's arrival was delayed more than 15 minutes to allow more fans into the arena.

The atmosphere inside, complete with music, scoreboard video, the UK band and live TV coverage, was every bit the match for some of the biggest games played in Kentucky's basketball palace.

Pope arrived inside Rupp Arena aboard a bus filled with former UK players and others associated with the program through the years.

Pope stepped out of the bus holding up the 1996 national championship trophy, the team for which he was captain.

Tom Leach, radio voice of the Wildcats and emcee for Sunday's event, welcomed Pope with the words "The captain is now the coach!"

After introductions by athletic director Mitch Barnhart, who presented the new UK coach with a Kentucky jersey, Pope stepped up to the microphone and addressed the fans.

"You've all seen these things all the time," Pope said as he surveyed the crowd. "But nobody in the world has ever seen anything like this."

Pope then had to pause his remarks as a chant of "Go Big Blue" thundered throughout Rupp Arena.

"Every coach in America comes to these introductory press conferences and tries to manage expectations," Pope said. "We don't do that at Kentucky. ..."

"I understand the assignment. We are here to win banners.

"And as we go through this journey. We're here to win banners in Nashville because you guys turn out in Nashville like nobody else and that matters," Pope added, in reference to the annual Southeastern Conference Tournament.

"And our job here is to win banners in the Final Four and the national championship. That's our job."

Pope also said he embraces the pressure that comes with Kentucky basketball.

"With those high expectations inevitably is going to come criticism," he said. "But I don't want you guys to worry. Because I'm on a group chat with every single one of my '96 championship teammates. And they will destroy me every time something goes wrong."

Pope later proceeded to lead the Rupp Arena crowd in an enthusiastic chant of "C-A-T-S, Cats, Cats Cats!"

Pope then introduced his family —wife Lee Ann and daughters Ella, Avery, Layla, and Shay.

"This is 100 percent a true story," Pope said. "When Mitch offered us the job, he gave us a couple hours to consult as a family. We didn't need it. He knew I would walk all the way here to take this job. But as we gathered the girls from all their various places, (daughter) Layla Pope walks in the door and, I kid you not, her first words were, because she knows the deal, 'Tell me who's in the house tonight, U-K! She did exactly that."

Pope numerous times during his introductory remarks referenced his reverence for the Kentucky program.

"It is the greatest honor that I will ever have in my professional, or this family, career to be able to come back here and do this with you." Pope said. "The difference between Kentucky and every other program in the country is that this is not my team. It's not even our team (pointing at those assembled on the floor). It is OUR team (gesturing to the entire arena)."

This story was originally published April 14, 2024, 5:09 PM.

(c)2024 the Columbus Ledger-Enquirer (Columbus, Ga.) Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.

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How Gen Z Made the Crossword Their Own

A younger generation of constructors is using an old form to reflect their identities, language and world.

Paolo Pasco, 23, the winner of this year’s American Crossword Puzzle Tournament. Credit... Frankie Alduino for The New York Times

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By Adrienne Raphel

Adrienne Raphel interviewed and solved puzzles by dozens of cruciverbalists under 30 for this article.

• April 13, 2024

30-Across: “___ and dry food (categories I will now be using to describe human food. Oh, so suddenly it’s weird?)”

31-Across: “TikTok videos of ‘Family Guy’ clips accompanied by Subway Surfers gameplay, e.g.”

26-Down: “Lili ___, one of the first trans women to receive gender-affirming surgery”

Who’s this “I” cracking jokes about WET food in the middle of a crossword clue? What is SLUDGE CONTENT doing inside a puzzle? How did we get to learn about Lili Elbe when the answer ELBE almost always refers to the German river ?

Welcome to the crossword in the age of Gen Z. Clues require internet meme literacy . Solutions may reflect the identity of the person behind the puzzle. And the way they’re constructed can involve vibrant online forums in addition to scraps of paper.

Grids these days are often “diaristic,” said Paolo Pasco, 23, the winner of this year’s American Crossword Puzzle Tournament, the Super Bowl of crosswords. They can reveal clusters of personal obsessions or glimpses of an idiosyncratic sense of humor. “That’s a big part of what got me into puzzles,” Mr. Pasco said. “This is an insight into the person’s brain who thought of that joke.”

It’s a noticeable shift from decades past, when crosswords were usually faceless, less a site for auteurism than a form of anonymous entertainment. But thanks to a variety of factors — rapidly improving technology to create puzzles, a much wider array of outlets eager to publish them and a push to celebrate new voices — constructors today are more inclined to express themselves in their work.

For Ada Nicolle, the constructor of those clues for WET, SLUDGE CONTENT and ELBE, which appear in a puzzle on her blog Luckystreak Xwords , discovering a love of crossword construction happened in tandem with coming out as a transgender woman. Ms. Nicolle, 22, who lives in Toronto, said she chose her first name in part because it appeared in crosswords so frequently — over 600 grids in The New York Times alone.

Now, she puts ADA in her own crossword puzzles.

Seeing a piece of information in a puzzle lends it a kind of authority, Ms. Nicolle said, which means she can use her puzzles to depict the way she wants the world to be.

“You see a bunch of news stories about these bills being passed about trying to take away your right to existence,” she added, “and if you’re solving a crossword puzzle and you see ‘gender euphoria’ in the grid as a matter-of-fact thing that people feel, it’s incredibly powerful.”

This isn’t the first time the crossword has undergone a youthquake. In the 1970s and 1980s, the crossword entered a period known as the Oreo Wars. The old guard insisted that pop-culture references and brand names should not appear in the venerable grid, and thus words like OREO had to be clued with their strict dictionary definitions. (“Oreography” is an alternate spelling for the study of mountains.)

But younger constructors and editors, like the New York Times crossword editor Will Shortz, argued that banning brand names from the puzzle meant leaving out major parts of contemporary life. By opening the crossword’s gates to more types of words and styles of wordplay, these editors reasoned, the form itself would become more capacious, inventive and, well, more fun.

Many Gen Z crossword enthusiasts point to the pandemic as the start of their obsession: Bored in high school or college, they were suddenly isolated and on the internet for a lot more time than ever before.

In the summer of 2020, Mr. Pasco, then an undergraduate student at Harvard, constructed a puzzle with Adam Aaronson, who was at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign at the time, over dozens of Twitter DMs. They had met online earlier that year, after Mr. Pasco complimented Mr. Aaronson on a clever clue.

When their puzzle together ran in The Times that August, it was the first time the paper had published a collaboration by constructors born in the 2000s. According to XWord Info , a database that aggregates information about every printed New York Times crossword, of the 68 constructors who have made their Times crossword debuts as teenagers, more than two dozen have been Gen Z.

Since then, more bespoke platforms have cropped up for constructors. In 2021, Mr. Aaronson, now a 22-year-old software engineer in New York, unveiled his own app, Wordlisted, which scrapes any given list of words to find specific letter patterns. It’s free, though users can leave Mr. Aaronson a tip for his troubles. (“Tipping out $10 for each puzzle Wordlisted helped me get published so far,” wrote one person who sent Mr. Aaronson $100.)

Many of the top Gen Z constructors have at least basic coding knowledge; several mentioned generating “baby Python scripts” to help them hunt for specific letter or theme combinations.

Such expertise, though, is hardly required for entry into this tight-knit group. In forums like Crosscord , a Discord server for crossword enthusiasts, people share advice for constructing puzzles and tips for solving them.

“Once people started talking to each other online and understanding how crosswords worked they realized, of course we can do those things,” said Ricky Cruz, 26, who started the forum in 2019 and watched it take off during the pandemic. Today, it has some 4,000 members, who can dip into channels like “spoilers” (to discuss the day’s puzzles), “crossword solving,” or “crossword construction,” where people test out themes and grids. In another channel, users can plug their work or link to Twitch streams of themselves solving a puzzle in real time.

Often, “crossword all-stars” will drop in, Mr. Aaronson added, so it is not a purely Gen Z space. But it’s these forums’ youngest members who drive the online conversation. They’re often the source of niche crossword-related memes, which then frequently find their way into puzzles on Et Tu Etui , a blog whose name is borrowed from an in-joke for the kind of obscure “crosswordese” that most editors today would never permit.

Like many trends, this one loops back around to its source. As many young people discover a love of crossword puzzles — sometimes with the help of these Gen Z-founded resources — they’re finding community within pages of newsprint.

Before the pandemic, most college newspapers either didn’t have a crossword puzzle, or they licensed ones from mainstream publications. But as crosswords have exploded across the internet, students have taken their own spin on the form. Dozens of student papers, like The Daily Princetonian and The Chicago Maroon, now feature regular full-fledged puzzle sections with games editors and staff constructors.

“It’s something I didn’t feel at all before, but now, online, at our school, through other schools — I have a crossword community,” said Pavan Kannan, 20, the crossword editor at The Michigan Daily.

As more members of Gen Z seize the means of crossword production, some are feeling emboldened.

“I feel like my generation is a lot smarter than people give us credit for,” said Ms. Nicolle, whose book “ A-to-Gen Z Crosswords: 72 Puzzles That Hit Different ,” is slated for release next month. “There should be hard crossword puzzles for people like me, that are funny and the references are current and they’re nostalgic toward the 2000s and early 2010s. You sometimes solve a puzzle and you think — I didn’t know this could be put in a puzzle.”

An earlier version of this article misstated Adam Aaronson’s age. He is 22, not 23.

How we handle corrections

Inside the World of Gen Z

The generation of people born between 1997 and 2012 is changing fashion, culture, politics, the workplace and more..

For many Gen-Zers without much disposable income, Facebook isn’t a place to socialize online — it’s where they can get deals on items  they wouldn’t normally be able to afford.

Dating apps are struggling to live up to investors’ expectations . Blame the members of Generation Z, who are often not willing to shell out for paid subscriptions.

Young people tend to lean more liberal on issues pertaining to relationship norms. But when it comes to dating, the idea that men should pay in heterosexual courtships  still prevails among Gen Z-ers .

We asked Gen Z-ers to tell us about their living situations and the challenges of keeping a roof over their heads. Here’s what they said .

What is it like to be part of the group that has been called the most diverse generation in U.S. history? Here is what 900 Gen Z-ers had to say .

Young people coming of age around the world are finding community in all sorts of places. Our “Where We Are” series takes you to some of them .

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• university of new orleans
• campus news
• the uno st. claude gallery presents ‘blind spot’

CAMPUS NEWS: APRIL 15, 2024

Mfa thesis exhibition, the uno st. claude gallery presents ‘blind spot’.

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Paige DeVries’ “A Room with a View” is part of her MFA thesis exhibition at the UNO St. Claude Gallery in New Orleans.

The UNO St. Claude Gallery in New Orleans presents Paige DeVries’ Master of Fine Arts thesis exhibition titled “Blind Spot.” Her paintings and photography address ideas of the sublime in the suburban and urban landscape.   DeVries’ work demonstrates how domestic spaces, like the exterior of a home or yard, are intimate portraits of humanity and the environment. The paintings and photographs use unconventional color and intimate imagery to blur the line between the banal and the provocative in New Orleans neighborhoods.

The exhibition, which opened April 13 with a reception and gallery walk through with DeVries discussing her work, will be on display through May 4. Gallery hours are Saturdays and Sundays, 12–5 p.m. The exhibition is free and open to the public. The UNO St. Claude Gallery is located at 2429 St. Claude Ave., New Orleans.

DeVries lives in New Orleans and will earn an MFA from the University of New Orleans in May 2024. She is a current artist-in-residence at the New Orleans Museum of Art and upcoming resident at the Joan Mitchell Center. Her work has been featured in New American Paintings and shown at the Ogden Southern Museum of Art and Contemporary Arts Center of New Orleans. DeVries has an upcoming solo exhibition at Good Children Gallery in July 2025 where she is a gallery member.

For more information contact the artist at (406)-274-0885, email her at [email protected] or visit www.paigedevries.org .

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